Journal articles on the topic 'Corporate culture – Pakistan'

This study intends to examine corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Pakistan’s banking sector, CSR disclosure practices and their impact on financial performance. For the study, relevant data was collected from the banks’ annual reports, financial websites, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSE) from 2008 to 2018. The methods utilized in this research study were content analysis and panel data techniques. The results indicate an increase in overall CSR disclosure by all banks in the sample and the findings suggest the involvement of commercial banks in CSR activities, and its proper disclosure has helped to improve their accounting-based financial performance proxied by the return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA). The research findings contribute to a better understanding of the CSR practices in the financial sector of an emerging country, which makes a dynamic effort to develop its financial culture and can encourage rapprochement with Pakistan’s financial sector.

The issues surrounding corporate sustainability (CS), which have gained importance in organizational theory and practice that could help in gaining a competitive advantage, are becoming complex and far-reaching. Competitive advantage could decline if CS will not be maintained. Various factors affect CS. Among those, corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices, organizational culture (OC), and reputation (R) are important factors to consider for improving corporate sustainability. Therefore, the current study objective was to investigate the impact of OC on CSR in the hospitality industry. In addition, the mediating role of R between CSR and CS has been analyzed. The data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire from 350 managers, who were working in the hospitality industry across the country, by using a convenient sampling technique to test the proposed hypotheses empirically and validate the findings. Using a cross-research design and a quantitative-research approach, the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) findings indicated a positive impact by OC, CSR, and R on CS. Based on these findings, the study has practical and theoretical implications for researchers and practitioners. Moreover, the current study is also considered to be a pioneer study, contributing to the related findings in the previous literature specifically in the context of Pakistan.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) concepts are spread out in different organizations and cultures. To comprehend the Muslim consumers’ perception of CSR, this study conducted a self-administered survey in two Muslim-culture-rich countries, Pakistan and Sudan. Combined with previous studies and Carroll’s pyramid of CSR, this study shows that Muslim consumers have more supportive responses toward CSR compared to consumers of Western, developed countries. The findings of the study also reveal that Carroll’s pyramid of responsibilities could be applied in the Muslim culture, as the relative importance placed by Muslim consumers on the four responsibilities of firms—economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic—is significantly different from that in Western, developed countries. These differences provide useful guidance for firms intending to use CSR for strategic purposes in Muslim countries. The reasons for these phenomena are also discussed.

The study aims to explore the CSR's structure over some time (2016-2019) and draw a distinct pattern about the MNEs operating in Pakistan. Content analysis was used to extract the contextual meaning from the available data to set up the foundation for further research questions and draw a basic CSR prototype through an inductive method to develop a theory. CSR's structure is scattered and irregular in Pakistan. The exact pattern and involvement in specific dimensions are not defined, and the tendency is not identical even in the same industry. All enterprises operating in Pakistan need to exercise the updated corporate governance styles, practice both local and international CSR standards to achieve maximum corporate benefits. CSR concept is a 'time & space' sensitive phenomenon and receptive to domestic culture and institution, especially in developing countries. This research study has tried to sketch a fundamental and general but exact pattern of CSR activities observed within MNEs working in Pakistan.

The purpose of this study is to explore the aesthetical features of corporate recruitment websites, including the website design, style, and color, and to investigate their impact on organizational attractiveness and applicants' intention to apply. By doing so, the study also examines the effects of corporate websites on applicants' perception of the corporate culture and measures the mediating impact of perceptions of organizational culture on organizational attractiveness and applicants' intention to apply for the jobs in the context of Pakistan. The study is based on a laboratory experiment with three hundred undergraduate business students conducted at a university computer lab. Correlation, Independent T-test, One-way ANOVA, and Simple Linear Regression were applied to analyze variables using SPSS. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that website features have a significant positive impact on applicants' perceived organizational attractiveness. However, the website's design does not seem to impact applicants' intentions to apply for the job substantially. The regression analysis results also revealed that the perceived organizational culture partially mediates the relationship between website features and organizational attractiveness and fully mediates the relationship between website features and intentions to Apply.

With the story line of the senior HR leadership team at Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) gathered to reflect on HR function’s evolution since PTCL’s privatization in 2006 to UAE telecom conglomerate Etisalat Group, this case focuses on PTCL’s journey as this corporate giant went through large-scale structural and cultural changes in an attempt to become more performance-centric. The decade long journey covers major changes, for example, a reduction in the size of workforce from 64,000 to 18,000, a move from annual confidential reviews to a balanced scorecard approach in performance management, adoption of the HR business partner model, and various leadership development initiatives. Overall, the case presents a real-life story of evolution of the HR function from an administrative to a strategic role in a large organization. It allows for an in-depth discussion on the adoption of best practices belonging to the academic framework of high performance work practices (HPWPs), and portrays the effects of Pakistan’s distinct national culture and contextual factors on implementation of HPWPs. The case can also be used to enhance familiarity and awareness of Pakistani national culture in the international academic and business community for future research and business opportunities.

AbstractThis article attempts and establishes a positive and direct link between Islamic law and the principles of corporate governance, using practical examples from the banking and finance industry. Several theoretical approaches are implemented to analyse the subject of corporate governance. Commentators have previously linked theories to explain the elements of corporate governance and its essential principles, ranging from board activities to internal control mechanisms such as auditing. Once proven that there is a link, this research attempts to analyse how well or how this Islamic approach to corporate governance is enriched within organisations based in Pakistan. However, at the same time, despite the Islamic element involving accountability to God and individual responsibilities under Islam as a religion, one finds immense similarities to the types of internal and external control mechanisms. There is a similarity in the way an Islamic organisation is counselled by the Shariah Supervisory Board just as a conventional Board would perform their actions. Similar problems are associated in organisations implementing Islamic principles of corporate governance. The main difference unearthed by this research is the element of religious beliefs. Pakistan as a country exemplifies how the development of corporate governance code is more inclined towards the Anglo-Saxon model than towards the Islamic perspective, despite a strong Islamic law background. However, this does not mean that one perspective is better than the other. It just illustrates the flexibility of the subject of corporate governance and its principles. The task to choose the type of principles to adhere to is entirely up to the region, culture, and the corporate structure.

This study is aimed to investigate the impact of senior management support, employees’ involvement and open corporate culture on the motivation of employees in the education sector of Pakistan. To collect the primary data, a self-administrated questionnaire is used while for secondary data collection research journals and articles are used. The sample size of this study consists of two hundred employees (hundred from public and hundred from private institutes). SPSS is used for measuring the association between variables and to see the impact of senior management support, open corporate culture, and involvement of employees on the motivation of employees. Correlation analysis and regression analysis are used to test the hypothesis of the research model. The motivation of the employees mainly depends upon senior management support and employees' involvement in decision making. Findings of the results support hypothesis 1, 2 & 3 while disproving hypothesis 4. Senior management support and employees’ involvement in decision making have a significant and positive impact on the motivation of employees. And the open corporate culture has no meaningful impact on employees’ motivation.

John Gray presents interesting metaphor for men and women in his best seller title “Men are from Mars and Women are from Venus” as men are warrior; protector of fields and territory while women are the symbols of love, beauty and fertility in a society. If summed up the characteristics of men and women in single word for each, explained by Gray, most probably the men are ‘tuff’ and women are ‘fragile’. Are they really so? The claim of Gray can not be out rightly rejected. Although most of the researches in the field of ‘gender and management’ did not endorse the Gray’s analogy but accepted a few differences in the management and leaderships styles of men and women at the work place. In Pakistan too, gender equality or inequality is being debated like anywhere in the world. Pakistani organizations are predominantly managed by men. Few women can be seen at the top slot of management in the Pakistani corporate organizations. It is generally perceived that management is a masculine role, though management role is not a single role rather management roles are further classified into various sub roles, whereas some are perceived masculine and others are perceived as feminine roles. Being an active part of the corporate world, the researchers have observed differences in the managerial styles between men and women and wanted to find out through scientific method whether in Pakistani corporate culture, is management still associated with men only or its sub roles are more/less associated with men and women; both?

The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding in debate of governance demographics by investigate the impact of board diversity on dividend policy and moderating effect of corporate investment efficiency on dividend policy. The sample incorporated in this study comprises of panel data of 77 firms listed in Karachi stock exchange (KSE) during the period of 2012-2019. This study performs a parametric technique regression analysis to measure the investment efficiency and Panel least square models to investigate the association between board diversity and dividend policy. Furthermore, hierarchical explained the results for interaction effect of investment efficiency. This study adds a new finding in the corporate governance through empirical an investigation on the association between board diversity and dividend policy. Results support the interaction effect of investment efficiency between board diversity and dividend policy. Our study suggests that firms involve in high level of efficient investment with diverse ethnic backgrounds and gender in corporate board significantly associated with dividend policy. This study explains the practical implications for the corporate boards in the south Asian culture who enhance the investment efficiency that main goal of finance to enhance the wealth maximization of shareholders in terms of dividends.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship (CE), organizational culture (OC) and business performance (BP). Additionally, the study has attempted to address the moderating influence of OC on CE–BP relationship. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from middle managers of Big Five banks of Pakistan. A two-step approach to structural equation modeling was used. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the measurement model fit was determined. The significance of the theoretical relationship was assessed using structural model. Findings The results have supported the hypothesized direct and moderated relationship. Originality/value The present study extends the body of knowledge in testing the resource-based view of the firm theory and contingency theory through providing empirical evidence on the hypothesized relationships. Additionally, the study has contributed in the existing theory through evaluating the moderating of OC by using interaction effect in partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).

The essential feature of a perfectly competitive labour market is that workers who accept jobs can expect to receive compensation equal to their opportunity cost. Firms pay a wage which is just sufficient enough, to attract workers of the quality they desire and no higher [Krueger and Summers (1988)]. Overall, the markets do not follow the law of one price, contradicting the competitive framework. This is where the problem of wage differentials across different industries needs to be assessed, and has also been the focus of many studies over the years, mainly in the industrialised countries, e.g. USA, European Countries. However, the issue of wage differentials has been addressed by very few studies in the developing countries [Arbache (2001) and Erdil, et al. (2001)]. Wage differentials analysis in developing countries should also have equal importance as in the industrialised countries, in order to gauge the effect of the corporate culture and centralisation/decentralisation on the different industries and labour market of those developing countries.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the employees–corporate social responsibility (CSR) relationship by studying the influence of two cultural values – collectivism and masculinity –on the formation of CSR perceptions. We adopted theoretical framework proposed by Hur and Kim (2017), in which Hofstede’s cultural framework was proposed to explain the effect of the cultural values on employees’ perceptions of CSR practices with the mediatory role of motivational attributions. To establish this framework empirically on Pakistan, a survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 190 employees’ in Pakistan. Data analysis was performed using SEM and CFA. The results indicate that collectivistic (masculine) values were positively (negatively) related to perceptions of CSR. Furthermore, intrinsic attributions of CSR initiatives mediate the positive relationship between collectivism and CSR perceptions and the negative relationship between masculinity and CSR perceptions. These findings suggest that managers must seek to understand employees’ cultural characteristics and the attributions of CSR motivations in order to engage them in driving CSR practices effectively and displaying a positive image of organization.

Employee deviance is an important issue to be focused on in an organization. Most of the time, positive work behaviors are discussed in the studies but negative behaviors do not get much attention. This research is based on understanding how the negative and deviant behavior of the employees can get affected. This research is based on examining the effect of trust in the manager-employee relationship on employees’ deviance and what would be the impact of job satisfaction by keeping it as the mediator among these variables. This study explored how trust in manager-employee relationships might help the organizations to reduce the employees’ deviance toward their organization, toward their colleagues, and toward their customers, known as organizational deviance, interpersonal deviance, and frontline deviance respectively. To investigate the phenomenon, the employees of private sector banks were taken as a sample for this study. Data was collected through online questionnaires. The results of this study validate that there is a negative impact of trust in the manager-employee relationship on employees’ deviance in the presence of job satisfaction as a mediator. If the employees are satisfied with their jobs and they have trust in their manager, they tend to show less deviant behavior toward the organization, their colleagues, and the customers.

Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) is the form of entrepreneurship which has been experienced by firms for almost the past five decades, but there is a lack of empirical studies on this contemporary concept relating to Pakistan. A few studies have been conducted on CE in private sector organizations however it pertains to a unique significance in the public sector domain which has its own importance in economy and growth. Previous research has also indicated a dearth of CE studies relating to public limited companies in eastern countries. Therefore, the major purpose of this study is to check the impact of Corporate Entrepreneurship in municipal organizations of Karachi, Pakistan. Besides, this study has also incorporated a moderating variable, Organizational Culture, in an attempt to devise a robust model relationship. Nevertheless, due to the limitations of data collection from government employees, especially from municipal corporations, the study has adopted the quota sampling technique and a sample of one hundred respondents was selected. The data was analyzed through SMART-PLS software and results highlighted that the changing organizational dynamics require Corporate Entrepreneurship to be adopted by municipal organizations and it has transpired as a dominant element for the growth and performance of firms.

Bearing in mind the environmental corrosion primarily triggered by the service sector, as well as the lack of studies detecting the factors that enable an organization to deal with this concern, the aim of this study is to analyze the impact of total quality management (TQM) practices on corporate green performance (CGP) and to investigate the causal relationship between total quality management practices and corporate green performance. This research also explores the mediating role of organizational culture (OC) within the relationship between TQM practices and CGP. In particular, this study is based on the MBNQA model, institutional theory, and green theory. The researchers collected data from 369 participants across 123 large and medium-sized private firms in the health sector in Pakistan. The structural analyses revealed the significant and positive impact of TQM practices on CGP. This demonstrates that TQM practices substantially augment organizational competencies to achieve green performance objectives. TQM practices have also had a positive and significant impression on organizational culture; furthermore, a parallel impact is seen between OC and CGP. Finally, OC is shown to have positively and significantly mediated the relationship between TQM and CGP. This study’s contextual analysis suggests that TQM is an equally important factor in accomplishing CGP objectives for both large and medium-sized firms.

The internal dimension of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the socially responsible behavior of an organization towards its employees. The CSR relationship to employee behavior has received some attention but in general, there is little knowledge about the underlying explanatory mechanisms that can describe this relationship. In this study, a theoretical model of mediation and moderation is developed to explain how CSR can influence employee behavior. Organizational identification and work engagement are used as proxies for employee behavior in the model and internal dimension of CSR is assumed to affect both of them positively. Further, it is proposed that CSR influences the organizational identification positively and this relationship will be stronger in a collectivist culture, which will eventually lead to higher work engagement. A proposed model was tested on a sample of bank employees in Pakistan by using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. The results of this study provide contextual and empirical insights into how CSR influences employee behavior.

Corporate governance (CG) is often split among rule and principle-based methods to regulation in distinctive institutional contexts. Relying on an alternative theoretical framework (i.e. institutional theory), rather than the dominant agency theory, this study conceptualizes corporate governance practices and structures as institutionally resolute and directed and explores the key institutional determinants of good CG practices in an emerging economy. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative methods, this study conducted semi-structured interviews from eight CG professionals, followed by a survey questionnaire (N=105) from PSX listed firms. The study explores the extent to which certain underlying formal and informal institutional determinants, such as the auditing, political, legal, board, shareholders awareness, voting, culture, and values play a determining role in corporate governance. Using exploratory factor analysis, this study identified five major barriers, i.e. firm-level barriers, external barriers, social barriers, education and training barriers and legal barriers which restrain good CG practices in Pakistan. In addition, this study identified four major drivers, i.e. internal drivers, regulatory drivers, motivational drivers and collaborative drivers which can promote good CG practices in Pakistan. The findings of multiple hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the CGI score has a significant positive relationship with both return on assets and return on equity. This study emphasizes the necessity to revisit the foundation of institutional and agency theories in the environment of developing countries.

Current study investigates concept of Corporate Social responsibility (CSR), Ethical Citizenship Behavior and firm reputation from three different tires of organizations. Cluster sampling was applied and finally 150 participants from three different clusters were selected. Response rate varies from the different cluster. Finally, 240 participant’s data were analyzed for further analysis. Data was collected through adopted version of questionnaires. Barron and Kenny method was employed to check the mediational as well as moderating role of organization culture. The results indicate that firm reputation is strongly associated with corporate social responsibility procedures of selected firm. It is evident that CSR leads to formulate the favorable citizenship culture which in turn create positive image of firm. Based on the results it is recommended that as the concept of CSR responsively is yet in the introductory stage in Pakistan as well as other developing countries, that’s why it will take time to apply the concept of CSR in its true manner.

CSR leads to short-term costs that do not drive the business towards the quick economic benefit, but rather it encourages and emphasizes social and environmental change. The objective of this research is to deal with relevant concepts, principles and practices about the effective design and implementation of CSR in Pakistan. This research conducts a comparison of the process of CSR in Pakistan with CSR in India and the U.K. It explores and formulates the process of CSR which can be suitable for the implementation of CSR in Pakistan. Methodology used to conduct this study is doctrinal and qualitative employing exploratory methods. The findings of this paper explore that the 2013 Companies Act offered a history for an Indian version of business sustainability and other excellent possibilities to contribute to a company community connexion that is context-specific and culture-sensitive. The UK firms are making fair attempts to reveal details about their CSR operations. Over the next few years, many of the organizations who are already integrating the CSR reports in their annual results would appreciate that at the end of the year, any socially responsible organization can generate a standout CSR report. Nonetheless, it has been shown that most firms in Pakistan do not comply with these regulations and the responsibility of ensuring that these laws are followed and enforced in their true letter and spirit is assigned to the regulatory organizations responsible for their duties. The analysis of this research provides a theoretical framework that contributes meaningfully in the existing knowledge. Key Words: Corporate social responsibility, Corporate protected areas, non-governmental organizations, Philanthropic activity, Voluntarism.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate if market discipline and legal environment are sufficient to motivate firms to disclose optimal level of corporate information voluntarily in the context of a developing country that is Pakistan. Furthermore, it was examined if regulators have sufficient regulatory capacity to influence the extent up to which politically connected companies disclose corporate information. Design/methodology/approach An in-depth investigation was carried out through qualitative content analysis of 200 annual reports from 40 companies listed on Karachi Stock Exchange along with 26 semi-structured interviews from experts in the field of corporate governance. Findings Findings from the research indicated that there is an absence of culture for disclosure of information and country’s existing institutional environment is not sufficiently strong to support self-regulation or voluntary disclosure of information. It is argued that stringent disclosure regulation results in better flow of information in politically connected companies and helps in curbing opportunistic behaviour. Practical implications This research carries significant policy implications. It is proposed that in addition to mandatory disclosure requirements, the code of corporate governance should indicate desirable disclosure levels for voluntary corporate information as well. Originality/value This is the first study to examine the effectiveness of role and usefulness of mandatory corporate disclosure regulation, voluntary disclosure practices, and capacity of regulators to enhance dissemination of corporate information in a developing country with high levels of political corruption and cronyism through an in-depth research.

Present study explores the rather new phenomenon in Pakistan, dubbed Turkish TV series and their effects in the form of fashion trend on the youth of two major Metropolitans (Islamabad and Lahore) of Pakistan. Literature reveals that dubbed Turkish TV series reached to the Muslim world and significant part of the world. Turkish TV series are raising the image of Turkey as soft power because of their significant cultural cultivation effects on the above said societies. For this, a purposive sample of 400 respondents is taken under the age of 18-23 years males and females equally from Islamabad and Lahore. The findings of the study divulge that significant cultivation effects of dubbed Turkish series observe on the youth. This cultural cultivation is dominant in the form of visual culture and fashion trends. The study also reveals that these significant effects are more persistent on the youth of Islamabad as compare to Lahore. This study has theoretical and corporate implications.

Employee Work Behaviour (EWB) is a critical aspect of organizational culture that has a substantial impact on productivity and performance. Employees are expected to behave positively at work in order to build and maintain a healthy corporate culture. Employee benefit programs are implemented by companies to increase employee commitment and performance. Employee Commitment (EC) is another important cultural attribute of a high-performing workplace. The impact of the Employee Old-Age Benefit Institute (EOBI) (Old Age Pension) on EWB was investigated, as well as the involvement of EC as a mediating factor. A quantitative research approach was used to assess the impact of EOBI (Old-Age Pension) on EWB. All EOBI-registered business units in Lahore, Pakistan, make up the population. The list of business units was provided by the EOBI office in Lahore, Pakistan. We chose a sample of 145 units from a sampling frame of five hundred using a basic random sampling approach. The study's findings demonstrate a positive and substantial relationship between EOBI (Old Age Pension) and EWB, as well as a positive and significant relationship between EC and EWB. The EC partially mediates the relationship between EOBI (Old Age Pension) and EWB. employee benefit programmes are suggested as a way to improve job performance and dedication, according to the study's findings.

This paper is aimed at discussing Mohsin Hamid’s novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist in the postmodern and postcolonial scene in order to explore the ways in which Hamid’s exploration of cultural hybridity reshapes the complex identity politics as a mutable, fluctuating and dynamic process in-between world that works to dismantle the literary horizon of the essentialized fundamentalist ‘Otherness’. In this novel, the main character Changez is a Pakistani Muslim who has ever studied and resided in the United States and has great expectations of acquiring a successful career in the corporate world. Unfortunately, he is constantly trapped, to a different extent, in the crisis of identity politics whether in the pre-9/11 context or in the Post-9/11 attack which has been a crucial turning point of social, cultural and political transformation around the globe. In this sense, whenever he constantly feels alienated, misrepresented and misjudged in his adopted country, and torn apart between two cultures in terms of settings of juxtaposing Pakistan culture and American dominance. However, the objective existence of cultural difference and heterogeneity in every historic moment of transition consistently urges Changez to move beyond the essentialized and categorized identities, relocating and redefining his cultural identity as a dynamic process in liminal space, a world ‘in-between’, due to the transnationality and transculturality in the age of globalization, though cultural clash and confrontation might be unavoidable.

This study aims to observe the impact of work social system (WSS) on innovative capability through knowledge sharing process and corporate social responsibility (CSR) through happiness feeling and job satisfaction. Several models from empirical studies were developed to test the relations such as organizational trust as moderator and happiness, knowledge sharing and job satisfaction as mediators. The data was collected in the form of questionnaires from the bank employees in the southern region of Pakistan. The study finds the results in consistent with the previous studies which show the positive relation between trust, innovation, and the supervisory support. This paper concludes that taking volunteer activities increases job satisfaction, happiness feeling in employees. This study has implications of promoting positive environment and culture by the managers and using organizational trust as a moderator instead of a mediator.

This study aims to observe the impact of work social system (WSS) on innovative capability through knowledge sharing process and corporate social responsibility (CSR) through happiness feeling and job satisfaction. Several models from empirical studies were developed to test the relations such as organizational trust as moderator and happiness, knowledge sharing and job satisfaction as mediators. The data was collected in the form of questionnaires from the bank employees in the southern region of Pakistan. The study finds the results in consistent with the previous studies which show the positive relation between trust, innovation, and the supervisory support. This paper concludes that taking volunteer activities increases job satisfaction, happiness feeling in employees. This study has implications of promoting positive environment and culture by the managers and using organizational trust as a moderator instead of a mediator.

Purpose This study aims to ascertain the impact of customer perception of CSR activities (philanthropic, environmental and ethical) conducted on various consumer and corporate related dimensions including; customer loyalty, consumer attachment, corporate performance and repurchase intention. The study also adds value by taking customer perception of CSR as a mediator between green image and performance. Design/methodology/approach Structural equation modelling is used after using different (valid and reliable) instruments to measure latent constructs. The study has a sample size of 250 “CSR Consumers”, who had some knowledge and awareness of CSR and green image being advertised and or labelled by the company (such as printing “Recycled” or other eco-friendly images/labels on shopping bag, fliers, outlets, etc.) and are consumers/customers of such firms. The respondent’s awareness was measured by randomly asking them to recall organizations that might have eco-friendly policies. Findings The key findings of the study are that perceived fit of culture along with CSR capability radically influences CSR perception within consumer minds and so, subsequently, customer attachment and overall performance of the corporation. The outcomes bestow significant ramifications for marketing and advertising philosophy combined with practice. Practical implications Stakeholders exist in the form of consumers other than employees. So consumer satisfaction must be imparted its fair share of importance. Managers must make sure that initiatives for societal benefit are well accepted and well recognized by consumers in a positive array of light. Corporations enthusiastically involved in initiating CSR activities and forecast a positive income. The study guides managers into not falling in this misconception and by recognizing that the fact is that the company managers must only expect higher performance levels once their CSR is in synchronization with the firm’s culture. Originality/value A number of studies have been conducted about CSR practices in the Indian context for example (Khan and Atkinson, 1987; Krishna, 1992; Arora and Puranik, 2004; Sood and Arora, 2006; Mishra and Suar, 2010); however, there is dearth of research in its neighbouring country Pakistan about CSR practices and consumer perceptions. Therefore, this research aims to fill this gap by examining CSR practices in Pakistan which has similar historical and colonial roots with India. In doing so, this study ascertains the impact of CSR activities conducted on various consumer and corporate related dimensions that incorporate customer loyalty, consumer attachment and corporate performance.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of board diversity on corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and the interaction effect of Shariah compliance of firms with religious and ethical principles. Design/methodology/approach A total of 65 firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) were selected. The data were collected from the companies’ financial reports from 2012 to 2018 (n = 455). The data were analyzed using fixed and random effects regression models to test the effect of board diversity on firms’ CSR activities, while hierarchical moderated regression analysis was used to determine the moderating effects of Shariah compliance. Findings The study found evidence for a moderating effect of Shariah compliance on the relationship between board diversity and CSR activities. The findings suggest that a high level of Shariah compliance together with diverse educational backgrounds and presence of both genders among corporate members significantly promoted CSR activities. Research limitations/implications The present study included the demographic variables, gender, ethnicity and education; but excluded language and culture. The results suggest that the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan should attach more importance to Shariah compliance by firms in developing their CSR policies to improve social development and human well-being. Policy-makers should encourage more women to become directors on company boards and to increase philanthropic and charitable activities. These findings possess important implications for many Islamic countries irrespective of whether they are developed or developing. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study provides the first empirical analysis of the relationship between CSR and board diversity from the perspective of Islamic Shariah law. The findings will contribute both theoretically and empirically to the existing body of knowledge.

The capacity of the organization to produce high-quality products at the lowest cost with the fast pace of delivery of goods and services has the potential to determine the survival, sustainability, and growth of organizations in emerging globalization and competition. The researcher has critically examined the impact of people's development, employee welfare, leadership effectiveness, and Human Resources operations effectiveness in the context of local, Multinational Companies, and public sector organizations operating in Pakistan. This research has also considered previous studies. The study results show that the sustainability and growth of organizations depend on how engaged and motivated employees the companies have to be to achieve organizational goals. MNCs invest in best talent acquisition and development, take care of employee welfare, and consistently improve the system thus sustain and grow. It was discovered that the local companies still could not shift from ownership to corporate culture and leading by "Seth" (entrepreneur mindset) lacking professional approaches. The local organizations are penny-wise, by compromising on capacity building of people, employee welfare, leadership development, and implying an efficient system. Unlike MNCs, 'Seth' companies operate with low capacity employees, disengaged workforce, ineffective leadership, and obsolete systems and suffer huge hidden productivity and efficiency losses that are never surfaced and monitored. The data of this research was generated based on information provided by HR heads of 15 MNCs, local and public sector companies. HR experts were interviewed in focused groups and through questionnaires.

To have an ideal mix of debt and equity in a balance sheet of an entity is till to date a very complicated issue for managers as there is no such rule to predict an optimal capital structure. An in-depth understanding is required for the corporate culture, the degree of the development of the capital market and the economy in which the firms operate. This study seeks to investigate the leverage composition of Pakistani corporations through their determinants. Fixed effect regression is used to show the relationship of determinants of capital structure on leverage corporations listed on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) for the period of 2006 to 2013. The results suggest that agency cost, growth, age, and size are significantly and negatively associated with the capital structure of Pakistan firms, however, collateral value of asset is significantly but positively associated with the capital structure of the firm. On the other hand, free cash flows, non debt tax shield, profitability, business risk and bankruptcy cost are not significantly associated with leverage composition of the firms and are against the signaling theory and peaking order theory. The key importance of this study is that no prior research was done for determinants like agency cost, free cash flows, bankruptcy cost and age as determinants of capital structure for Pakistani firms among other determinants. Further, this study does not confine to a particular sector rather it covers all companies listed by Karachi Stock Exchange.

The purpose of the article: This research explored and contributes to the leadership literature by investigating the influence of transactional leadership over employee engagement at certain banks located in KPK and Punjab province of Pakistan. It observes the influence of main aspects i-e contingent reward, active management by exception (MBE active) on worker’s regular job commitmentMaterials and methods: This distinctive combination of leadership behaviors are compared with attention given specifically to everyday work settings. Twenty banks are selected involving 180 employees. Questionnaires and interviews are conducted to collect data.Results of the research: The relationships among variables are examined through the Spearman Rank-order correlation coefficient. The moderating effects associated with corporate culture are observed by employing multiple regression analyses. A positive and significant relationship is revealed between transactional management and chosen variables except “passive management by exemption”. It is safely predicted that employee job satisfaction can be greatly elevated through transactional leadership. It is established that “contingent reward” and “active management by exemption” improve worker's engagement in contrast to passive management by exemption. Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of Drivers of Employee Engagement and Role of Transactional Leadership-Case of Pakistani Banking Sector is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.

Branding activities provide space to create internal culture, processes and a kind of organizational system which allows employees to use their abilities to their maximum. Internal corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of an organization increase employee commitment, which ultimately enhances employee retention. There is a need to explore internal branding in relation to internal CSR for the sake of managing employee retention. Therefore, the study empirically examines the underlying associations among internal branding, employee retention and internal CSR. The data are collected from higher education institutions operating in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. The sample size was 377 faculties belonging to both private and public sector higher education institutions. The analysis is based on variance-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that the internal branding practices have a significant impact on employee’s intention to stay within the organization, and intrasample analysis suggests few comprehensible variations with respect to private and public academic institutions. The research article also provides insights to faculty, academic entrepreneurs and marketers, especially those belonging to developing countries and facing issues of branding and employee retention.

Promoting corporate social responsibility (CSR) and co-creation has become a crucial relationship marketing strategy for the banks. This research empirically investigates how banks’ CSR activities generate positive customer responses in the form of co-creation, customer–company identification (CCI), and loyalty. This research sheds light on the influence of CSR on customer behavior by analyzing the underlying psychological processes through the sequential mediation of co-creation and CCI. Working with a sample of 280 banking customers in Pakistan, partial least square based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is employed to test the conceptual model. CSR is a multidimensional formative construct that affects customer loyalty both directly and indirectly. Sequential partial mediations of co-creation and CCI are found between CSR activities and customer loyalty. Lastly, CCI has a direct and significant impact on co-creation and customer loyalty. Banks must include CSR in their long-term marketing plans to improve overall customer behavior because banks’ CSR activities result in customer identification and co-creation. Similarly, banks should welcome the customers’ participation in service design and use their knowledge and skills to improve overall service culture.

Purpose In the wake of growing environmental issues, active public and corporate interventions are inevitable to reduce the negative impact of human activities on global environments. Building on the Norm Activation Model and Value-Belief-Norm Theory, the purpose of this paper is to report on research exploring consumers’ eco-socially conscious behaviours related to the choice and use of personal cars in a developing country, Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach To test a moderated-mediation model of environmental values, perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE), spirituality and eco-socially conscious consumer behaviours (ESCCBs), data were collected from 447 customers of three automobile manufacturing firms from eight different cities of Pakistan. The data collection was undertaken by using a self-administered questionnaire based on key themes in the literature. Findings Analysis of the data revealed that altruistic and egoistic values were negatively while biospheric values were positively associated with eco-ESCCB. PCE mediated all the relationships and spirituality moderated the mediated paths. Originality/value Although there are several models that explain purchase and use of personal cars in isolation or in conjunction with other general pro-environmental behaviours, an explanation of the eco-social aspects of purchase and use of personal cars in one theoretical model is rare to find. Second, among the many theoretical predictors and intervening factors explaining several pro-environmental behaviours, some culture-specific factors have been ignored – spirituality being one of them. This study contributes to the body of knowledge related to pro-environmental behaviours by conceptualising and testing the impact of spirituality in a moderated-mediation model.

<p>The main aim of this study is to compare and analyses the financial performance and non-financial analyses related to the corporate governance of Islamic banks, as reported in narrative communication. It also examines the presence of board impression management in leading the company through level optimism, positive emotion, and so on. The data is obtained from the annual report of two Islamic banks, which are BankIslami Pakistan Limited (BIP) from Pakistan and Warba Bank (WB) from Kuwait during 2012-2016. However, the analyses excluding 2014 because WB only provides a report in the Arabic language. Financial and other non-financial aspects comprising of country analysis, company-level analysis and narrative quality analysis are conducted to investigate the effect of how social system covers nation and company culture, governance structure, and management quality influence the performance of Islamic banks. The comprehensive content analysis method is used to measure the suitability of Islamic value and the impact of the non-financial institution; therefore, it can be the main contribution of this paper. The study found, in the financial aspects, WB has better performance that contributes to IFDI indicators and able to provide information about the source and disbursement zakat fund. Further, in non-financial performance found both Islamic banks still lack information in delivering detail contracts via <em>uqud</em>, environmental aspect, and code ethic of the employee. However, BIP poses bad political affairs in corruption level and role-duality within board structure that can contribute to the lack of transparency and the absence of independence.</p><p> </p>

Purpose Corporate sustainability is an evolutionary strategic management concept that has now attained much attention both in literature and practice. In the present globalization and digital age, the competitive strengths of technology management (TM) and TQM practices are widely accepted but to what extent these strategies can interact and impact the sustainability performance is unknown. The purpose of this paper is to portray the significant role of TM and TQM in pursuing corporate sustainability performance (CSP) and to investigate their integrated relationship as a common framework. Design/methodology/approach This is a survey-based empirical research that has been carried out by means of development of a survey questionnaire and its distribution to multifaceted business organizations in a developing country. Random sampling technique was used for the data collection from companies registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP). Response from 209 companies was found useful for analysis in the study. After confirming the questionnaire items for reliability and validity (content, criterion-related and construct validity) correlation, regression, factor analysis, path analysis and mediation analysis were performed through SPSS and AMOS to assess the composition and causal association of factors. Findings Statistical results show that TQM does not only significantly impact CSP but also has an impact on each CSP dimension (economical, social and environmental sustainability performance), whereas TM has an insignificant direct effect on CSP and impacts economical sustainability dimension only. From nine hypotheses, two hypotheses are rejected suggesting that TM does not directly impact social and environmental sustainability. However, when mediation analysis was run by taking TQM as a mediator, the total effect of TM on CSP found significant suggesting that TQM significantly impacts the relationship. Research limitations/implications Paucity of response data can be a limitation for such empirical research. Due to practical limitations and risks in the data presentation of mixed cultural dimensions, the data was collected only from in country organizations. Moreover, respondents in the local country do not keenly participate in such surveys because of a gap between the industry and academia. Practical implications The study attempts to examine the practice and performance levels of CSP, TQM and TM among multi industries, thereby, extending a better understanding of the prevailing situation with regards to these concepts in a developing country. Though the results of the study confine local inferences but the findings can be generalized to other part of the world if further research is carried out with more data. Social implications The study outcomes draw the attention of the country’s executive leadership and the industrial boards toward the implementation of the most top-ranked agenda of sustainability performance in connection to quality and TM practices. One of the major findings reveals that local organizations are primarily more focused toward economical sustainability dimension, however, benefits of economical stability can be improvised to attain environmental and social sustainability performances with desired concentration on technology advancement and TQM culture and practice. Originality/value The study is unique in the prescribed scope which has been carried out in a developing country with focus on strategic concepts, and their interacted relationship, of CSP, TQM and TM in form of proposed research framework. This framework can be used or further investigated for validation, by practitioners and managers working to lead sustainability management in respective areas.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a new conceptual framework for service organizations to achieve sustainable business performance through strategic quality orientation and innovation capabilities on the basis of relevant literature review and integration of various innovation and business sustainability theories and models. The study tests if the strategic quality orientation enhances innovation capabilities in terms of exploitation and explorative innovation, which, in turn, can lead to sustainable business growth. Mediating impact of innovation capabilities between strategic quality orientation and sustainable business growth relationship is also examined.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual framework was developed to test and establish these relationships. Results were analyzed based on 442 questionnaires collected from five different service industries of Pakistan, and the structural equation modeling technique was used to empirically test the conceptual framework.FindingsThe results indicate that strategic quality orientation directly affects innovation capabilities and sustainable business growth and also indirectly impacts sustainable business growth through its effect on innovation capabilities.Practical implicationsThe study suggests service organizations can jointly implement quality and innovation using a structured approach, with strategic quality orientation as the foundation. In this way, they can leverage from their strategic quality management, supplier relationship, corporate quality culture, continual improvement and people management in order to ensure innovation and sustainability in their business growth.Originality/valueThe study integrates strategic quality orientation and innovation capabilities, and validates a new organizational framework through empirical examination which can be used by service organizations to ensure their sustainable business growth.

This research study attempts to investigate the moderating role of financial institutions with corporate governance and firm performance variables in the light of a purposely developed contingent theoretical framework. The current study analyzed an unbalanced panel of 287 non-financial sector firms listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) from 2005 to 2015 by using the technique Arellano-Bond dynamic panel-data estimation under assumptions of generalized methods of moments (GMM). The contingency framework proposed in this study confirmed the moderating role of financial institutions in corporate governance and performance variables. Empirical evidence revealed that higher level of institutional ownership in firm's ownership structure although discourages the large size board but encourages higher ratio of independent directors in the governing body. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the current study provides a deeper understanding regarding the role of financial institutions in corporate governance and performance mechanism particularly in the context of Pakistani emerging economy.

Under the Company Law of Pakistan the winding up process through Court is regulated under sections 293, 305, 306 and of new Companies Act 2017. Nonetheless, the main focus of the courts is “to save the corporate sector” on the ground that it is “just and equitable” under Section 301 of Act, that a company should be put to winding up proceeding or not and there is no other mode to avoid the winding up of the companies like providing financial assistance. However, a radical change has been introduced in the world, in the field of windings up of the companies since the incorporation of the companies in Pakistan. Firstly we followed Companies Act 1913 and secondly a company ordinance 1984 promulgated and recently Companies’ Act 2017 has been introduced but no substantial change has been introduced in winding up proceeding of the companies. In the wake of the present mechanism and corporate legal framework in Pakistan, it is endeavored to research whether, in view of modern corporate cultures prevalent in the world, the Companies Act, 2017 provides adequate measures for the companies sought to be wound up in Pakistan. This article also aims, inter alia, to analyze the new techniques prevalent in various jurisdictions of the world and consider the aspects of legislative transplant of the same within the corporate legal system of Pakistan.

The main purpose of this research is to look into the link between corporate entrepreneurship and financial performance in Pakistani manufacturing firms. Corporate entrepreneurship is becoming increasingly popular among huge corporations. The idea is employed in major corporations to stimulate innovation or to improve the company's performance. Existing companies' new ventures confront numerous obstacles, and data suggests that the majority of them fail. For large corporations, corporate entrepreneurship is very important. This is a quantitative study that used a questionnaire research methodology since it was deemed appropriate for this type of research.The respondents were chosen from the manufacturing sector of the Lahore Chamber of Commerce using simple random sampling. The study's target population was managers in Pakistan's manufacturing industry. This study employed a sample size of 307 people from a population of 10,000. The validity and reliability of the research instruments utilised in the study were tested in a pilot study. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the study's findings (SPSS version 21). For assessing associations between variables, the researchers utilised the Pearson-Correlation Coefficient and the Multiple Linear Regression Model.The study established that corporate entrepreneurship dimensions (innovation, new business ventures, strategic renewal, pro-activeness, risk-taking, and autonomy) were found to have a statistically significant link with financial performance in the study. Strategic renewal and autonomy were also found to have a high relationship with financial performance in the study. According to the findings, corporate entrepreneurship features such as innovation, new business ventures, risk-taking, strategic renewal, pro-activeness, and autonomy have a favourable impact on manufacturing companies' financial performance in Pakistan.The report suggests that managers in Pakistan's manufacturing sector concentrate on corporate entrepreneurship characteristics. You'll need a goal and a plan if you want your corporate entrepreneurship attempts to succeed. Open to risk, encourage partnerships, create skills and expertise, offer management assistance, allow access to critical resources, maintain a supportive organisational structure, and set realistic performance targets are all characteristics of the most successful entrepreneurial cultures. For the best results, don't forget to analyse your entrepreneurial environment on a frequent basis.

Employee satisfaction and high performance is every organization’s goal. When seen through the lens of stakeholder theory, these goals could be achieved by CSR practices through certain ways. Stakeholder theory affords an initial point to assimilate stakeholder pressure and corporate social responsibility practices. This research studies the effect of pressure from stakeholders over organization performance and wellbeing of employees by including the mediating effect of CSR oriented culture, CSR practices, organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, and organizational trust in Pakistan’s banking sector. The study employs quantitative and cross sectional research design. A sample of 180 banks was studied through employing SmartPLS3.0 software using mediation analyses.The findings reveal that CSR oriented culture mediates between stakeholder pressure and CSR practices; CSR practices affect organization performance through organization citizenship behavior. Further, trust is a partial mediator among CSR practices and wellbeing of employees. Serial mediators play their role between stakeholder pressure and organization performance, and also play a role between stakeholder pressure and employee wellbeing. Implications/Originality/Value: The findings suggest Pakistani banks to acknowledge pressure from all stakeholders, and concentrate on CSR practices for their bank performance and staff wellbeing.

This study empirically investigates the role of employees’ perceptions of CSR in improving their green behavior in the hospitality industry. In addition, this study investigates the mediating role of employee well-being and the moderating role of hotels’ environmental strategy in this relationship. Empirical analysis is performed in a cross-country setting using evidence from Pakistan and Italy. The study model is tested through PLS-SEM using survey data of 485 hotel employees. Findings from the overall sample and country-specific samples reveal that CSR is positively and significantly related to employee green behavior. Moreover, employee well-being serves as a significant mediator in the relationship between corporate social responsibility and employee green behavior, while hotels’ environmental strategy significantly moderates this relationship in the overall and country-specific samples. These results suggest that paradoxically, though the selected countries have different tourism implementation levels, economic development, and cultures, the employees’ perceptions of CSR and its effect on their green behavior do not vary significantly across both countries.

In this research paper, the facts about the impact of organizational support and commitment on job performance are intended to be produced and presented. The study validates the study findings by collecting primary data from 120 respondents through questionnaire distribution using a convenient random sampling technique. This is a cross-sectional research study supported with the findings of empirical as well theoretical evidence. The data was collected using a closed-ended and self-explanatory questionnaire. According to the findings, the study found all hypotheses accepted that claim that job performance is dependent on organizational support and there is a positive relationship between the variables; job commitment has a direct and positive relationship to job performance, and both organizational support and commitment have a positive and influencing relationship with the job performance. Whereas we also identified that organizational support has a strong correlation with job performance; job commitment has also been found to have a strong correlation with job performance at a highly significant level. This bivariate correlated study has significant support for organizations based in Pakistan and in similar cultures to produce and enhance job performance while increasing job commitment and organizational support of their employees. Theoretical as well as empirical evidence strongly supports the findings of this study and recommends organizational practitioners to consider both organizational commitment as well as organizational support while making any corporate-level decision related to enhancing job performance and productivity.

The environment at home, school, social circles, and key life events all have an impact on students’ wellbeing in the formative years. The tremendous familial and societal pressure placed on pupils to be high academic achievers is a prevalent factor in the Pakistan’s context. Scoring marks is the primary goal, particularly in South Asian culture where students’ performance has been reduced down to competitive testing formats. High grades on progress cards have been linked to a better likelihood of gaining admission to prestigious schools, resulting in a promising career and future. Security, family pride, and social position have all been connected to these factors. With this perspective, parents, often impose unrealistic expectations on the child and in schools, teachers deliberately or unintentionally use the corporal punishment to achieve and maintain the discipline and good grades of the students which negatively affect their behaviors and regress them academically (Nair, 2014). This narrative review-based paper explain why teachers are using corporal punishment as the terminal solution for most of the problems despite of legislation against corporal punishment in schools through “Prohibition of corporal punishment Bill, 2014”? This paper concluded that teachers are unable to abide this law effectively due to their personality traits tagged with their own aggressive childhood experiences. Therefore, it was suggested that in order to eradicate the corporal punishment from schools, teachers’ psychological well-being assessments and their counseling may be way forward to achieve the students’ well-being.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya tentang audit syariah dan perannya dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan syariah di lembaga keuangan syariah (LKS). Penelitian ini juga menguraikan tantangan yang dihadapi oleh LKS dan solusi dalam mengimplementasikan audit syariah. Sebanyak 308 publikasi diperoleh dari database Google scholar, Emerald Insight, Research Gate, Crossref, Microsoft Academic and Pubmed yang diakses dengan perangkat lunak Publish or Perish (PoP) dalam kurun waktu 2008-2021. Studi ini menerapkan analisis bibliometrik menggunakan VOSviewer, yang mengubah metadata publikasi menjadi visualisasi sesuai dengan co-occurrence. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa audit syariah telah diterapkan di beberapa negara yang didominasi oleh Malaysia. Sebagian besar praktik audit syariah merupakan bagian dari fungsi audit internal. Audit syariah diidentifikasi sebagai mekanisme untuk memastikan kepatuhan syariah. Tantangan utama dalam pelaksanaan audit syariah antara lain: kurangnya kerangka dan standar audit syariah yang menyebabkan perselisihan di antara praktisi LKS, kurangnya auditor syariah yang berkualitas yang memiliki pengetahuan syariah yang memadai dan terlatih dengan baik, audit syariah dianggap menciptakan masalah inefisiensi. Peran komite tata kelola syariah dan dewan pengawas syariah direkomendasikan agar lebih optimal untuk memastikan efektivitas audit syariah. Penelitian ini memberikan pembahasan komprehensif tentang audit syariah, perannya dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan syariah, tantangan dan solusi yang ditawarkan belajar dari berbagai negara. Kata Kunci: Audit syariah, kepatuhan syariah, lembaga keuangan syariah, bibliometrik. ABSTRACT This study aimed to map out previous studies on sharia auditing and its role in improving sharia compliance in Islamic financial institutions (IFIs). It also outlined the challenges faced by IFIs and solutions in implementing shariah audit. A total of 308 publications were obtained from the Google scholar database, Emerald Insight, Research Gate, Crossref, Microsoft Academic and Pubmed which were accessed using the Publish or Perish (PoP) software in the 2008-2021 period. This study finds that sharia audits have been implemented in several countries, dominated by Malaysia. Most shariah audit practices are part from internal audit function of IFIs. Sharia audit is identified as a mechanism to assure shariah compliance. The main challenges in implementing sharia audit include: a lack of framework and standard of shariah audit that led to dispute among IFIs practitioners, a lack of qualified shariah auditors who have an adequate shariah knowledge and well trained , shariah audit identifed creating an efficiency issue. The role of the shariah governance committee and the shariah supervisory board may be optimized to ensure the effectiveness of shariah audit. 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Purpose This study aims to investigate the determinants of localised corporate social responsibility (LCSR) activities in Pakistan. The present study explores factors influencing the corporate sector to promote the welfare of local areas where the company has located its manufacturing plants. Design/methodology/approach The authors selected 100 companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. Data were collected from the companies’ financial reports issued from 2012 to 2017 (N = 700). The authors analysed the data using fixed- and random-effects regression models to test the factors influencing LCSR activities. Findings The findings indicate that directors’ ancestry significantly enhances LCSR. This implies that boards with a greater number of directors whose names indicate their relevant ancestry are more likely to engage in LCSR. Moreover, environmental-protection activity by the corporate sector promotes LCSR initiatives. However, Pakistan’s corporate sectors are not promoting the essential aspects of their workers’ welfare, e.g. health and education. Research limitations/implications The present study was limited to the directors’ ancestry, environmental corporate social responsibility (CSR), CSR for factory workers and donation. Other factors, such as culture and language, may play an important role in determining LCSR. Practical implications The results suggest that the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan should emphasise the importance of LCSR to develop rural areas and devise meaningful policy for CSR. These findings provide substantial evidence that regulators and policymakers should encourage the inclusion of LCSR by firms listed on the stock exchange to increase environmental protection through CSR policy. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to explore the determinants of LCSR. Moreover, the present study investigates for the first time the influence of directors’ ancestry on rural development in any of Asia’s developing countries, including Pakistan. The findings of this study contribute theoretically and empirically to the literature.

Purpose: The study tests conventional and behavioral pricing multifactor impact on price fragility from the equity market of Pakistan.Methodology: The positivist approach is used to deduct study rationale via probability sampling. At the same time, systematic sampling for data collection of PSX is tested in parallel to mean-variance random walk theory.Findings: The impact of conventional factors is significant on price fragility in the short run and vice versa in the long run. Specifically, herd behavior and disposition effects are found to be insignificant. But size, value, illiquidity, and price earning had a significant impact on price fragility in the short run.Limitations: The current research has not covered the desired scope of the topic due to time limitations, lack of harmony in corporate data on databases, and literature on price fragility being very scarce.Implication: In PSX, there is a need to develop a corporate culture to promote the standard modern financial practice to enhance financial productivity and sustainability. For corporate culture to be established, corporate governance boards should be established, and family governance systems should be replaced by an independent democratic board. Mispricing and arbitragers need serious control.Originality: The value of the research is that little research currently exists on about pricing multifactor impact on price fragility.

This study is based on the natural resource based view, which examines the impact of holistic marketing orientation on business performance (BP) by defining the role of enablers and mediators. The drivers, including corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental culture (EC) influence, are tested by analyzing the role of sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) as a mediator. The analysis is based on 298 samples collected from top and middle-level managers working in the pharmaceutical industry. Structural equation modeling was undertaken using Smart PLS 3.2.8. The research outcomes reveal that corporate social responsibility and environmental culture have a substantial impact on green marketing orientation (GMO). The results show that GMO has a significant direct and indirect impact on business performance while a full mediation of sustainable competitive advantage exists between the green marketing orientation and business performance. The outcomes will facilitate managers in green marketing strategy and decision making in the long-term, with 3-fold benefits in addition to strengthening their competitiveness.