Relevant bibliographies by topics / Corporate collapse

Academic literature on the topic 'Corporate collapse'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Corporate collapse"

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Whitfield, Richard. "Avoiding corporate collapse." Strategic Direction 34, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sd-07-2018-0159.

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Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings Using financial and non-financial indicators in combination represents the most effective approach to identifying emerging problems within companies. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives, strategists and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.
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Flavell, R. "Predicting corporate collapse." International Journal of Forecasting 4, no. 2 (January 1988): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-2070(88)90092-1.

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Argenti, John. "Signs of Corporate Collapse." IEEE Engineering Management Review 13, no. 4 (December 1985): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emr.1985.4306157.

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Hossari, Ghassan. "Multiple classification schemes for signalling corporate collapse." International Journal of Accounting and Information Management 22, no. 2 (April 29, 2014): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijaim-11-2012-0073.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to undertake an analysis of two recent classification schemes in the literature for ratio-based modelling of corporate collapse; namely the dual-classification scheme (DCS) and the multi-classification scheme (MCS). Its contribution to the literature lies in investigating whether a trade-off exists between the structural efficiency and the practical adeptness of these two schemes. Design/methodology/approach – The methodological approach for the DCS relies on a combination of multiple discriminant analysis and multi-level modelling, whereas that for the MCS utilizes multi-classification constrained-covariance regression analysis. Findings – Based on a unified data set of 112 collapsed companies and 341 non-collapsed companies utilised across both the DCS and the MCS, the results indicate that whilst both classification schemes are comparable in their predictive accuracy with respect to signalling collapse, they exhibit a trade-off between their structural efficiency and their practical adeptness. Originality/value – Whilst novel classification schemes such as the DCS and the MCS have been successful in addressing the inherent problem of identifying unclassifiable companies in the literature for ratio-based modelling of corporate collapse, thus far no attempt has been made to investigate the trade-off between their structural efficiency and their practical adeptness. Moreover, by utilising a unified data set, the robustness of this investigation is enhanced. Accordingly, this paper provides economic insight into more stable financial modelling.
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Nguyen, Huu Cuong. "Enron fiasco: Business difficulty and the role of Enron’ directors." Corporate Ownership and Control 8, no. 4 (2011): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv8i4c1p2.

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Enron Corporation’s high-profile collapses marked a new period for dramatic changes to corporate governance worldwide that mainly focuses on law reform to prevent, or al least mitigates, similar future corporate collapse. The paper investigates Enron’s demise by addressing the two main aspects: Enron’s business and the role of Enron’s director in governing the Corporation, especially with the presence of dual role of the chairman and chief executive officer in its organisational structure
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Kangarlouei, Saeid Jabbarzadeh, and Morteza Motavassel . "The Comparison of the Ownership Structure at Different Level of the Financial Collapse in Listed Firms of Tehran Stock Exchange." Information Management and Business Review 4, no. 1 (January 15, 2012): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v4i1.963.

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The main objective of this study is to compare ownership structure of different levels of collapse in listed companies of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Study variables are the ownership structure that includes governmental ownership, private ownership (corporate ownership and individual ownership) and the different levels of collapse including latency stage, the stage of cash deficits and commercial and financial insolvency and complete collapse. Altman model (Z´- Score) is used to predict the collapse of firm and Chi-Square test is used to test the research hypothesis. The study is the applied research and statistical population of study includes 96 collapse firms that are active in the TSE (subject to Business Law Article 141). Given the availability of financial information of distressed companies in 7 years between 2004-2010 years, a sample of 81 members was selected. The results show that the ownership structure of collapsed firms is independent from their different levels of collapse.
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Monem, Reza. "The One.Tel Collapse: Lessons for Corporate Governance." Australian Accounting Review 21, no. 4 (December 2011): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2011.00151.x.

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Rossouw, Jannie, and James Styan. "Steinhoff collapse: a failure of corporate governance." International Review of Applied Economics 33, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2019.1524043.

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Sharma, Jai Prakash. "Corporate Governance Failure: A Case Study of Satyam." Indian Journal of Corporate Governance 3, no. 2 (July 2010): 136–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974686220100204.

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Corporate Governance has become prominent over the last two decades as many countries witnessed corporates succumbing to questionable corporate policies and unethical practices, setting in motion reforms through codes and standards on corporate governance. India too had had its share of corporate scams. The recent fraud in Satyam has shattered the dreams of various investors, shocked the government and regulators alike and led to questioning the accounting practices of statutory auditors and corporate governance norms. Unethical business conduct, cooking of books of accounts, questionable role of audit committee, flawed ownership structure and other major governance flaws were noticed in the collapse of Satyam. As in USA, UK and other countries, India too needs similar kind of corporate governance reforms. Even though corporate governance mechanisms cannot prevent unethical activity by top management completely, but they can at least act as a means of detecting such activity before it is too late.
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Teng, Kevin Low Lock, David Yong Gun Fie, and Bala Shanmugam. "The enigma of corporate governance." Corporate Ownership and Control 1, no. 3 (2004): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv1i3p1.

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The issue of corporate governance has in recent years received more attention than it would ordinarily have in the light of series of corporate failure that gave rise to implications the affect not only those directly connected with the corporations concerned, but also those affected by its existence such as employees, customers, suppliers and the environment. This interest is further aggravated by occurrences of major corporate failures such as the collapse of the BCCI Bank, collapse of the Barings Empire, the Daiwa Bank debacle and the Maxwell affair which all have pointed to the lack of a proper corporate governance system as a major course. Studies have shown that a majority of corporate failures were predominantly dominated by one individual, occupying a position of trust, who apart from losing large amounts of money also committed illegal acts.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Corporate collapse"

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Larson, Heather Ann. "THE FINANCIAL COLLAPSE OF 2008: DOES CORPORATE GOVERNANCE HELP FIRMS SURVIVE?" Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192514.

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Hossari, Ghassan, and hossari7@bigpond net au. "A ratio-based multi-level modelling approach for signalling corporate collapse a study of Australian corporations." Swinburne University of Technology. Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060320.114422.

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The objective of this study is to introduce a more refined methodological approach for signalling corporate collapse. The proposed methodological approach provides informed stakeholders in a corporation with a tool that would help them signal impending collapse with a higher degree of accuracy than the existing mainstream methodology. By doing so, the proposed methodological approach helps stakeholders take appropriate measures, if possible, to save their company from collapse. The motivation behind this study emanates from a need in the literature in relation to coming up with a new methodological approach that is superior to what is available. For example, Jones and Hensher (2004), one of the most recent studies in the field, stated that over the past three decades there has been a conspicuous absence of modelling innovation in the literature on financial distress prediction, as well as a failure to keep abreast of important methodological developments emerging in other fields of the social sciences. Specifically, this study introduces a new ratio-based multivariate methodological approach for signalling corporate collapse, called Multi-Level Modelling (MLM). Moreover, this study demonstrated that MLM provides informed stakeholders in a corporation with a tool that would help them signal impending collapse with a higher degree of accuracy than Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA), which is the mainstream benchmark methodological approach. By doing so, MLM helps stakeholders take appropriate measures, if possible, to save their company from collapse. The empirical results depicted the superiority of MLM over MDA. MLM generated better overall predictive power and dramatically reduced the occurrence of Type I error (classifying a collapsed company as non-collapsed). Moreover, MLM achieved those results while at the same time capturing variations in industry sectors among the data sample of companies. This is something that MDA was not capable of.
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Hoyte, Catherine, and n/a. "An Australian Mirage." Griffith University. School of Arts, Media and Culture, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040719.103628.

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This thesis contains a detailed academic analysis of the complete rise and fall of Christopher Skase and his Qintex group mirage. It uses David Harvey's 'Condition of Postmodernity' to locate the collapse within the Australian political economic context of the period (1974-1989). It does so in order to answer questions about why and how the mirage developed, why and how it failed, and why Skase became the scapegoat for the Australian corporate excesses of the 1980s. I take a multi-disciplinary approach and consider corporate collapse, corporate regulation and the role of accounting, and corporate deviance.
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Hoyte, Catherine. "An Australian Mirage." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367545.

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This thesis contains a detailed academic analysis of the complete rise and fall of Christopher Skase and his Qintex group mirage. It uses David Harvey's 'Condition of Postmodernity' to locate the collapse within the Australian political economic context of the period (1974-1989). It does so in order to answer questions about why and how the mirage developed, why and how it failed, and why Skase became the scapegoat for the Australian corporate excesses of the 1980s. I take a multi-disciplinary approach and consider corporate collapse, corporate regulation and the role of accounting, and corporate deviance.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Arts, Media and Culture
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Auke, Elise Marita Faret. "Corporate responsability in the fast fashion industry: how media pressure affected corporate disclosure after the collapse of Rana Plaza." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/14138.

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This thesis aims to explore the reasons why companies themselves get involved in CSR initiatives and whether global news media attention has an effect on a company’s CSR disclosure and initiatives. The study draws upon legitimacy theory and media agenda-setting theory to explore the link between CSR disclosure and news coverage in the aftermath of the Rana Plaza collapse in 2013. Four global retails H&M, Walmart, Loblaw and Primark were deliberately chosen at the center of the analysis, for their different CSR profiles and their involvement in the Rana Plaza collapse. The thesis is divided into three parts; each part explores in an inductive approach CSR before, during and after the collapse of Rana Plaza. The result of the research and data analysis shows that the disclosures varied depending on the company's CSR profile. The media coverage was different depending on the company's CSR initiatives and pro-activity in relation to the collapse. One company got a substantial amount of positive media coverage, while another got a great deal of negative media attention. The result from the comparison with the disclosures shows that two companies did put effort to improve their disclosure and transparency in their disclosure of CSR activities, while the two other companies were less transparent. This research has shown how preexisting reputation determines how a company is portrayed to the public by the media when it comes to major events and that negative media pressure does not necessary make for more or better disclosures.
Esta tese pretende explorar as razões pelas quais as próprias empresas se envolvem em iniciativas de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC) e se a atenção mediática global tem efeito na divulgação e iniciativas de RSC de uma empresa. O estudo baseia-se na teoria da legitimidade e na teoria do agendamento para explorar a relação entre divulgação da RSC e cobertura mediática na sequência do desabamento do Rana Plaza em 2013. Quatro retalhistas internacionais, H&M, Walmart, Loblaw e Primark, foram especificamente escolhidos como foco da análise, devido aos seus distintos perfis deii RSC e o seu envolvimento no desabamento do Rana Plaza. Esta tese está dividida em três partes, sendo que cada uma explora, numa abordagem indutiva, o antes, o durante e o depois do desabamento. O resultado da pesquisa e análise dos dados mostram que as divulgações variaram dependendo do perfil de RSC das empresas. A cobertura mediática também foi diferente, dependendo nas iniciativas de RSC das empresas e a sua proatividade perante o desabamento. Enquanto uma empresa recebeu uma considerável cobertura mediática positiva, outra deparou-se com muita atenção mediática negativa. O resultado da comparação das divulgações mostra que duas empresas se esforçaram por melhorar as suas divulgações e a transparência das mesmas nas suas atividades de RSC, enquanto as duas outras empresas foram menos transparentes. Esta pesquisa demonstrou como a reputação preexistente determina a forma como uma empresa é retratada pela imprensa quando se trata de acontecimentos importantes e que a pressão mediática negativa não implica mais ou melhores divulgações.
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Hossari, Ghassan. "A ratio-based multi-level modelling approach for signalling corporate collapse a study of Australian corporations /." 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060320.114422.

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Thesis (PhD) - Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006.
A thesis submitted to the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology - 2006. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 307-341).
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Traistaru, Felicia. "La série Mad Men : une élégie de la révolution créative dans les années soixante." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20153.

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Books on the topic "Corporate collapse"

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Walsh, Robert M. Predicting Corporate collapse. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1994.

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Clarke, Frank L. Corporate collapse: Regulatory, accounting, and ethical failure. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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Woods, P. The Zeta approach to predicting corporate collapse in Britain. Dublin: University CollegeDublin, 1995.

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Potter, Peter. Understanding the corporate collapse and subsequent management buy-out of Beans Industries. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1997.

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Drummond, Helga. The dynamics of organizational collapse: The case of Barings Bank. New York: Routledge, 2009.

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L, Culp Christopher, Niskanen William A. 1933-, and Cato Institute, eds. Corporate aftershock: The public policy lessons from the collapse of Enron and other major corporations. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley, 2003.

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Drummond, Helga. The dynamics of organizational collapse: The case of Barings Bank. New York, NY: Routledge, 2008.

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Drummond, Helga. The dynamics of organizational collapse: The case of Barings Bank. New York, NY: Routledge, 2008.

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The big lie: Spying, scandal, and ethical collapse at Hewlett-Packard. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010.

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The bold riders: Behind Australia's corporate collapses. St. Leonards, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Corporate collapse"

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Holmes, Martin. "The Collapse of Corporate State Keynesianism." In Ideas and Politics in Modern Britain, 203–12. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20686-5_12.

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Dobson, John. "Enron: The Collapse of Corporate Culture." In Enron and World Finance, 193–205. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230518865_12.

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Clarke, Frank, and Graeme Dean. "Corporate Collapse: Regulatory, Accounting and Ethical Failure." In Accounting and Regulation, 9–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8097-6_2.

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Haines, Fiona. "Crime? What Crime? Tales of the Collapse of HIH." In International Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime, 523–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34111-8_26.

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MacAvoy, Paul W. "‘Where Was the Board?’ Share Price Collapse and the Governance Crisis of 2000–2002." In The Recurrent Crisis in Corporate Governance, 66–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403946881_6.

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Watson, Matthew. "Stock Price Psychosis and the Pathology of a Corporate Meltdown: The Collapse of Enron." In The Political Economy of International Capital Mobility, 166–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230592667_8.

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Gowanlock, Jordan. "Animating Management." In Palgrave Animation, 119–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74227-0_5.

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AbstractThis chapter studies how the management theory of digital animation studios like Pixar Animation has been influenced by the paradigms that premise their unpredictable algorithmic animations. This epistemic frame leads Pixar to represent creativity as the unpredictable product of carefully controlled conditions and parameters. This collapse of technology, animation, and management science helps to sculpt Pixar’s own corporate image as both an animation studio and a technology company. These findings nuance existing accounts of post-Fordist labor in creative industries.
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Vanpeperstraete, Ben. "The Rana Plaza Collapse and the Case for Enforceable Agreements with Apparel Brands." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 137–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_9.

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AbstractDisasters like the Rana Plaza collapse and the Tazreen Fashions and Ali Enterprises fires painfully demonstrate the limits of conventional models of labour regulation in global supply chains. Buyer-driven markets characterised by outsourcing, subcontracting and offshoring, and the price pressure that results from them, undermines both the regulatory role of the state and the potential for collective bargaining. As a result, poor and unsafe working conditions prevail in transnational corporate supply chains in the garment industry. The aforementioned disasters offer a textbook example of the challenges facing the current clothing industry and the limits of the dominant “Corporate Social Responsibility” (CSR) model used to address labour rights abuses.Yet, the responses to these disasters also provide fertile ground for alternative “worker-driven” strategies, where worker organisations enter into negotiated supply chain agreements with transnational corporations and hold the latter to account. The Bangladesh Accord and Rana Plaza Arrangement, as well as the corollary Tazreen Compensation Agreement and Ali Enterprises Compensation Agreement attempt to develop a counter-hegemonic alternative to dominant CSR practices and offer new strategies for social justice within global supply chains. This chapter describes and contextualises these agreements in a broader trajectory of labour organisations bargaining and negotiating such agreements with lead firms, highlighting how the post-Rana Plaza momentum made significant strides possible in terms of the depth, scope and enforceability of these negotiated agreements. The chapter identifies the strengths of these developments, but also identifies room for improvement for future negotiated enforceable agreements with apparel brands.
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El-Ali, Leena. "Sexual Misconduct: What the Qur’an Tells Us about Pre-Marital vs Extra-Marital Sex." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 249–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83582-8_19.

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AbstractIn the Qur’an, sex outside marriage is a topic addressed to men and women equally, although society has come down much harder on women in this regard. A distinction is made between pre-marital and extra-marital sex (adultery), yet we hear almost nothing about that, with the two typically collapsed into a single category in the public discourse. While four witnesses are required to prove illicit sex of any kind, a mere expression of remorse is sufficient for the accused to be left alone per Qur’anic dictate. Where remorse is absent, the Qur’an takes a harder line against extra-marital sex and instructs “flogging”, an act of (limited) public shaming undertaken with harmless instruments, per the historical record, rather than the commonly held belief that its intention was corporal harm. How could it be otherwise, anyway, since women are prescribed the same number of “lashes” as men despite the physical differences between the two? As for stoning, it is not mentioned anywhere in the Qur’an.
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"Corporate strategy." In Privatisation and Financial Collapse in the Nuclear Industry, 190–202. Routledge, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203946275-22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Corporate collapse"

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Bunikowski, Dawid. "Corporate governance and the financial crisis: the new paradigm of the rule of law after the collapse." In XXVI World Congress of Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy. Initia Via, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17931/ivr2013_wg136_04.

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Torselletti, Enrico, Luigino Vitali, Roberto Bruschi, and Leif Collberg. "Minimum Wall Thickness Requirements for Ultra Deep-Water Pipelines." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37219.

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The offshore pipeline industry is planning new gas trunklines at water depth ever reached before (up to 3500 m). In such conditions, external hydrostatic pressure becomes the dominating loading condition for the pipeline design. In particular, pipe geometric imperfections as the cross section ovality, combined load effects as axial and bending loads superimposed to the external pressure, material properties as compressive yield strength in the circumferential direction and across the wall thickness etc., significantly interfere in the definition of the demanding, in such projects, minimum wall thickness requirements. This paper discusses the findings of a series of ultra deep-water studies carried out in the framework of Snamprogetti corporate R&D. In particular, the pipe sectional capacity, required to sustain design loads, is analysed in relation to: • The fabrication technology i.e. the effect of cold expansion/compression (UOE/UOC) of TMCP plates on the mechanical and geometrical pipe characteristics; • The line pipe material i.e. the effect of the shape of the actual stress-strain curve and the Y/T ratio on the sectional performance, under combined loads; • The load combination i.e. the effect of the axial force and bending moment on the limit capacity against collapse and ovalisation buckling failure modes, under the considerable external pressure. International design guidelines are analysed in this respect, and experimental findings are compared with the ones from the application of proposed limit state equations and from dedicated FE simulations.
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Reports on the topic "Corporate collapse"

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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.

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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor
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