Journal articles: 'Coronaviruses'

1

Tang, X. C., J. X. Zhang, S. Y. Zhang, P. Wang, X. H. Fan, L. F. Li, G. Li, et al. "Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Coronaviruses in Bats from China." Journal of Virology 80, no. 15 (August 1, 2006): 7481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00697-06.

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ABSTRACT Coronaviruses can infect a variety of animals including poultry, livestock, and humans and are currently classified into three groups. The interspecies transmissions of coronaviruses between different hosts form a complex ecosystem of which little is known. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the recent identification of new coronaviruses have highlighted the necessity for further investigation of coronavirus ecology, in particular the role of bats and other wild animals. In this study, we sampled bat populations in 15 provinces of China and reveal that approximately 6.5% of the bats, from diverse species distributed throughout the region, harbor coronaviruses. Full genomes of four coronavirues from bats were sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses of the spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleoprotein structural proteins and the two conserved replicase domains, putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and RNA helicase, revealed that bat coronaviruses cluster in three different groups: group 1, another group that includes all SARS and SARS-like coronaviruses (putative group 4), and an independent bat coronavirus group (putative group 5). Further genetic analyses showed that different species of bats maintain coronaviruses from different groups and that a single bat species from different geographic locations supports similar coronaviruses. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that bats may play an integral role in the ecology and evolution of coronaviruses.

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2

BARLOUGH, J. E. "Cats, coronaviruses and coronavirus antibody tests." Journal of Small Animal Practice 26, no. 6 (June 1985): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1985.tb02210.x.

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3

Haake, Christine, Sarah Cook, Nicola Pusterla, and Brian Murphy. "Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features." Viruses 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2020): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12091023.

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Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, or systemic diseases in a variety of mammalian hosts that vary in clinical severity from subclinical to fatal. The host range and tissue tropism are largely determined by the coronaviral spike protein, which initiates cellular infection by promoting fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Companion animal coronaviruses responsible for causing enteric infection include feline enteric coronavirus, ferret enteric coronavirus, canine enteric coronavirus, equine coronavirus, and alpaca enteric coronavirus, while canine respiratory coronavirus and alpaca respiratory coronavirus result in respiratory infection. Ferret systemic coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, a mutated feline enteric coronavirus, can lead to lethal immuno-inflammatory systemic disease. Recent human viral pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and most recently, COVID-19, all thought to originate from bat coronaviruses, demonstrate the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses and their potential to have devastating impacts. A better understanding of the coronaviruses of companion animals, their capacity for cross-species transmission, and the sharing of genetic information may facilitate improved prevention and control strategies for future emerging zoonotic coronaviruses. This article reviews the clinical, epidemiologic, virologic, and pathologic characteristics of nine important coronaviruses of companion animals.

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Laçinel Gürlevik, Sibel. "Koronavirüsler ve Yeni Koronavirüs SARS-CoV-2." Journal of Pediatric Infection 14, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/ced.202017.

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5

Jonassen, Christine Monceyron, Tone Kofstad, Inger-Lise Larsen, Atle Løvland, Kjell Handeland, Arne Follestad, and Atle Lillehaug. "Molecular identification and characterization of novel coronaviruses infecting graylag geese (Anser anser), feral pigeons (Columbia livia) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80927-0.

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In light of the finding of a previously unknown coronavirus as the aetiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), it is probable that other coronaviruses, than those recognized to date, are circulating in animal populations. Here, the results of a screening for coronavirus are presented, using a universal coronavirus RT-PCR, of the bird species graylag goose (Anser anser), feral pigeon (Columbia livia) and mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Coronaviruses were found in cloacal swab samples from all the three bird species. In the graylag goose, 40 of 163 sampled birds were coronavirus positive, whereas two of 100 sampled pigeons and one of five sampled mallards tested positive. The infected graylag geese showed lower body weights compared with virus-negative birds, suggesting clinical significance of the infection. Phylogenetic analyses performed on the replicase gene and nucleocapsid protein sequences, indicated that the novel coronaviruses described in the present study all branch off from group III coronaviruses. All the novel avian coronaviruses harboured the conserved s2m RNA structure in their 3′ untranslated region, like other previously described group III coronaviruses, and like the SARS coronavirus. Sequencing of the complete nucleocapsid gene and downstream regions of goose and pigeon coronaviruses, evidenced the presence of two additional open reading frames for the goose coronavirus with no sequence similarity to known proteins, but with predicted transmembrane domains for one of the encoded proteins, and one additional open reading frame for the pigeon coronavirus, with a predicted transmembrane domain, downstream of the nucleocapsid gene.

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Khaitovich, A. B. "CORONAVIRUS (TAXONOMY, VIRUS STRUCTURE)." Crimea Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 10, no. 3 (2021): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2224-6444-2020-10-3-69-81.

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The review is devoted to the little-known and insufficiently studied until recently taxonomic group of viruses - coronaviruses. The publication provides definitions: «coronaviruses» and «coronavirus infection». The issues of modern taxonomy of coronaviruses and its development from the discovery of the first coronavirus to the emergence of the last pandemic species - SARS-CoV-2 are discussed. The modern results of studying the morphology, structure and structure of the viral cell in coronaviruses, the characteristics of various representatives that cause diseases in humans and are of medical importance are described. The differences in the structure and structure of viruses of different types are pointed out and it is proposed to conditionally divide into «especially dangerous» and «banal» groups of coronaviruses. To analyze virological problems, modern literary sources, the opinion of international organizations, articles in the world’s leading medical and biological journals were used. In subsequent publications, the topic of coronaviruses and coronavirus infection will be continued.

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7

Harrison, Cameron M., Jayden M. Doster, Emily H. Landwehr, Nidhi P. Kumar, Ethan J. White, Dia C. Beachboard, and Christopher C. Stobart. "Evaluating the Virology and Evolution of Seasonal Human Coronaviruses Associated with the Common Cold in the COVID-19 Era." Microorganisms 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020445.

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Approximately 15–30% of all cases of the common cold are due to human coronavirus infections. More recently, the emergence of the more severe respiratory coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, have highlighted the increased pathogenic potential of emergent coronaviruses. Lastly, the current emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated not only the potential for significant disease caused by emerging coronaviruses, but also the capacity of novel coronaviruses to promote pandemic spread. Largely driven by the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic, significant research in coronavirus biology has led to advances in our understanding of these viruses. In this review, we evaluate the virology, emergence, and evolution of the four endemic coronaviruses associated with the common cold, their relationship to pandemic SARS-CoV-2, and discuss the potential for future emergent human coronaviruses.

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Baallal, Hassan, Hatim Belfquih, Amine Adraoui, and Ali Akhaddar. "Neuroinvasive Coronaviruses." Journal of Medical Research and Surgery 1, no. 3 (May 6, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.52916/jmrs204015.

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Following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), another highly pathogenic coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 (previously known as 2019-nCoV) emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spreads around the world. Several recognized respiratory viral agents have a neuroinvasive capacity since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the Central Nervous System (CNS). Once there, infection of CNS cells (neurotropism) could lead to human health problems, because they are naturally neuroinvasive and neurotropic, human coronaviruses are suspected to participate in the development of neurological diseases. Therefore, collecting new data will be instrumental to our understanding of how the ubiquitous human coronaviruses, given the proper susceptibility conditions and proper virus evolution and infection conditions, could participate in the induction or exacerbation of human neuropathologies. In the present study, we deduct the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in the Brain.

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9

Woo, Patrick, Susanna Lau, Cyril Yip, Yi Huang, and Kwok-Yung Yuen. "More and More Coronaviruses: Human Coronavirus HKU1." Viruses 1, no. 1 (June 11, 2009): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v1010057.

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Lv, Wenchang, Min Wu, Yuping Ren, Ning Zeng, Pei Deng, Hong Zeng, Qi Zhang, and Yiping Wu. "Coronavirus Disease 2019: Coronaviruses and Kidney Injury." Journal of Urology 204, no. 5 (November 2020): 918–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ju.0000000000001289.

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11

Chang, Le, Ying Yan, and Lunan Wang. "Coronavirus Disease 2019: Coronaviruses and Blood Safety." Transfusion Medicine Reviews 34, no. 2 (April 2020): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmrv.2020.02.003.

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12

Si, Fusheng, Ruisong Yu, Shijuan Dong, Bingqing Chen, Chunhua Li, and Shuai Song. "Towards a Safer Future: Enhancing Vaccine Development to Combat Animal Coronaviruses." Vaccines 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2024): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030330.

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Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large class of positively stranded RNA viruses that pose a significant threat to public health, livestock farming, and wild animals. These viruses have the ability to cross species barriers and cause devastating epidemics. Animals are considered to be intermediate hosts for many coronaviruses, and many animal coronaviruses also have the potential for cross-species transmission to humans. Therefore, controlling the epidemic transmission of animal coronaviruses is of great importance to human health. Vaccination programs have proven to be effective in controlling coronaviruses infections, offering a cost-effective approach to reducing morbidity and mortality, so the re-emergence of lethal coronaviruses emphasizes the urgent need for the development of effective vaccines. In this regard, we explore the progress in animal coronavirus vaccine development, covering the latest taxonomy of the main animal coronaviruses, spillover events, diverse vaccine development platforms, potential main targets for animal coronavirus vaccine development, and primary challenges facing animal coronavirus vaccines. We emphasize the urgent need to create a “dual-effect” vaccine capable of eliciting both cellular and humoral immune responses. The goal is to highlight the contributions of veterinary scientists in this field and emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between the veterinary and medical communities. By promoting communication and cooperation, we can enhance the development of novel and super vaccines to combat human and animal coronavirus infections in the future.

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13

Liu, Ping, Yan Hong, Bincai Yang, Prasha Shrestha, Nelam Sajjad, and Ji-Long Chen. "Induction of the Antiviral Immune Response and Its Circumvention by Coronaviruses." Viruses 12, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12091039.

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Some coronaviruses are zoonotic viruses of human and veterinary medical importance. The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory symptoms coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), associated with the current global pandemic, is characterized by pneumonia, lymphopenia, and a cytokine storm in humans that has caused catastrophic impacts on public health worldwide. Coronaviruses are known for their ability to evade innate immune surveillance exerted by the host during the early phase of infection. It is important to comprehensively investigate the interaction between highly pathogenic coronaviruses and their hosts. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge about coronaviruses with a focus on antiviral immune responses in the respiratory and intestinal tracts to infection with severe coronaviruses that have caused epidemic diseases in humans and domestic animals. We emphasize, in particular, the strategies used by these coronaviruses to circumvent host immune surveillance, mainly including the hijack of antigen-presenting cells, shielding RNA intermediates in replication organelles, 2′-O-methylation modification for the evasion of RNA sensors, and blocking of interferon signaling cascades. We also provide information about the potential development of coronavirus vaccines and antiviral drugs.

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14

Mendenhall, Kerimbayev, Strochkov, Sultankulova, Kopeyev, Su, Smith, and Orynbayev. "Discovery and Characterization of Novel Bat Coronavirus Lineages from Kazakhstan." Viruses 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040356.

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Coronaviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect a variety of hosts, resulting in a range of symptoms from gastrointestinal illness to respiratory distress. Bats are reservoirs for a high diversity of coronaviruses, and focused surveillance detected several strains genetically similar to MERS-coronavirus, SARS-coronavirus, and the human coronaviruses 229E and NL63. The bat fauna of central Asia, which link China to eastern Europe, are relatively less studied than other regions of the world. Kazakhstan is the world’s ninth largest country; however, little is understood about the prevalence and diversity of bat-borne viruses. In this study, bat guano was collected from bat caves in three different sites of southern Kazakhstan that tested positive for coronaviruses. Our phylogenetic reconstruction indicates these are novel bat coronaviruses that belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus. In addition, two distinct lineages of Kazakhstan bat coronaviruses were detected. Both lineages are closely related to bat coronaviruses from China, France, Spain, and South Africa, suggesting that co-circulation of coronaviruses is common in multiple bat species with overlapping geographical distributions. Our study highlights the need for collaborative efforts in understudied countries to increase integrated surveillance capabilities toward better monitoring and detection of infectious diseases.

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15

Dong, B. Q., W. Liu, X. H. Fan, D. Vijaykrishna, X. C. Tang, F. Gao, L. F. Li, et al. "Detection of a Novel and Highly Divergent Coronavirus from Asian Leopard Cats and Chinese Ferret Badgers in Southern China." Journal of Virology 81, no. 13 (April 25, 2007): 6920–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00299-07.

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ABSTRACT Since an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was averted in 2004, many novel coronaviruses have been recognized from different species, including humans. Bats have provided the most diverse assemblages of coronaviruses, suggesting that they may be the natural reservoir. Continued virological surveillance has proven to be the best way to avert this infectious disease at the source. Here we provide the first description of a previously unidentified coronavirus lineage detected from wild Asian leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) and Chinese ferret badgers (Melogale moschata) during virological surveillance in southern China. Partial genome analysis revealed a typical coronavirus genome but with a unique putative accessory gene organization. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the envelope, membrane, and nucleoprotein structural proteins and the two conserved replicase domains, putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and RNA helicase, of these novel coronaviruses were most closely related to those of group 3 coronaviruses identified from birds, while the spike protein gene was most closely related to that of group 1 coronaviruses from mammals. However, these viruses always fell into an outgroup phylogenetic relationship with respect to other coronaviruses and had low amino acid similarity to all known coronavirus groups, indicating that they diverged early in the evolutionary history of coronaviruses. These results suggest that these viruses may represent a previously unrecognized evolutionary pathway, or possibly an unidentified coronavirus group. This study demonstrates the importance of systematic virological surveillance in market animals for understanding the evolution and emergence of viruses with infectious potential.

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Vijaykrishna, D., G. J. D. Smith, J. X. Zhang, J. S. M. Peiris, H. Chen, and Y. Guan. "Evolutionary Insights into the Ecology of Coronaviruses." Journal of Virology 81, no. 8 (January 31, 2007): 4012–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02605-06.

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ABSTRACT Although many novel members of the Coronaviridae have recently been recognized in different species, the ecology of coronaviruses has not been established. Our study indicates that bats harbor a much wider diversity of coronaviruses than any other animal species. Dating of different coronavirus lineages suggests that bat coronaviruses are older than those recognized in other animals and that the human severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus was directly derived from viruses from wild animals in wet markets of southern China. Furthermore, the most closely related bat and SARS coronaviruses diverged in 1986, an estimated divergence time of 17 years prior to the outbreak, suggesting that there may have been transmission via an unknown intermediate host. Analysis of lineage-specific selection pressure also indicated that only SARS coronaviruses in civets and humans were under significant positive selection, also demonstrating a recent interspecies transmission. Analysis of population dynamics revealed that coronavirus populations in bats have constant population growth, while viruses from all other hosts show epidemic-like increases in population. These results indicate that diverse coronaviruses are endemic in different bat species, with repeated introductions to other animals and occasional establishment in other species. Our findings suggest that bats are likely the natural hosts for all presently known coronavirus lineages and that all coronaviruses recognized in other species were derived from viruses residing in bats. Further surveillance of bat and other animal populations is needed to fully describe the ecology and evolution of this virus family.

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Hernández-Aguilar, Itandehui, Consuelo Lorenzo, Antonio Santos-Moreno, Eduardo J. Naranjo, and Darío Navarrete-Gutiérrez. "Coronaviruses in Bats: A Review for the Americas." Viruses 13, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071226.

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The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is the focus of attention as it has caused more than three million human deaths globally. This and other coronaviruses, such as MERS-CoV, have been suggested to be related to coronaviruses that are hosted in bats. This work shows, through a bibliographic review, the frequency of detection of coronavirus in bats species of the Americas. The presence of coronavirus in bats has been examined in 25 investigations in 11 countries of the Americas between 2007 and 2020. Coronaviruses have been explored in 9371 individuals from 160 species of bats, and 187 coronavirus sequences have been deposited in GenBank distributed in 43 species of bats. While 91% of the coronaviruses sequences identified infect a single species of bat, the remainder show a change of host, dominating the intragenera change. So far, only Mex-CoV-6 is related to MERS-CoV, a coronavirus pathogenic for humans, so further coronavirus research effort in yet unexplored bat species is warranted.

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18

Le Poder, Sophie. "Feline and Canine Coronaviruses: Common Genetic and Pathobiological Features." Advances in Virology 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/609465.

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A new human coronavirus responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was identified in 2003, which raised concern about coronaviruses as agents of serious infectious disease. Nevertheless, coronaviruses have been known for about 50 years to be major agents of respiratory, enteric, or systemic infections of domestic and companion animals. Feline and canine coronaviruses are widespread among dog and cat populations, sometimes leading to the fatal diseases known as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and pantropic canine coronavirus infection in cats and dogs, respectively. In this paper, different aspects of the genetics, host cell tropism, and pathogenesis of the feline and canine coronaviruses (FCoV and CCoV) will be discussed, with a view to illustrating how study of FCoVs and CCoVs can improve our general understanding of the pathobiology of coronaviruses.

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19

Shroff, Ankit, and Taras Y. Nazarko. "The Molecular Interplay between Human Coronaviruses and Autophagy." Cells 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2021): 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10082022.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has instantaneously emerged as a worldwide pandemic. However, humans encountered other coronaviruses in the past, and they caused a broad range of symptoms, from mild to life-threatening, depending on the virus and immunocompetence of the host. Most human coronaviruses interact with the proteins and/or double-membrane vesicles of autophagy, the membrane trafficking pathway that degrades and recycles the intracellular protein aggregates, organelles, and pathogens, including viruses. However, coronaviruses often neutralize and hijack this pathway to complete their life cycle. In this review, we discuss the interactions of human coronaviruses and autophagy, including recent data from SARS-CoV-2-related studies. Some of these interactions (for example, viral block of the autophagosome–lysosome fusion), while being conserved across multiple coronaviruses, are accomplished via different molecular mechanisms. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular interplay between human coronaviruses and autophagy for developing efficient therapies against coronaviral diseases.

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20

Woo, P. C. Y. "CS15.3 More and more coronaviruses after the SARS epidemic: human coronavirus HKU1 and other coronaviruses." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 15 (July 2011): S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1201-9712(11)60051-9.

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21

Supuran, Claudiu T. "Coronaviruses." Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 31, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13543776.2021.1901402.

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22

Maroto-Vela, María del Carmen, and Gonzalo Piédrola-Angulo. "Coronaviruses." ANALES RANM 136, no. 03 (March 5, 2020): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32440/ar.2019.136.03.rev01.

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23

TAGUCHI, Fumihiro. "Coronaviruses." Uirusu 61, no. 2 (2011): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2222/jsv.61.205.

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24

Fleming, John O. "Coronaviruses." Journal of Neurovirology 1, no. 5-6 (January 1995): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13550289509111019.

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Denison, Mark R., Rachel L. Graham, Eric F. Donaldson, Lance D. Eckerle, and Ralph S. Baric. "Coronaviruses." RNA Biology 8, no. 2 (March 2011): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/rna.8.2.15013.

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KARAMERT, Recep. "Coronaviruses." Kulak Burun Boğaz ve Baş Boyun Cerrahisi Dergisi 28, no. 2 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24179/kbbbbc.2020-76960.

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27

Baker, Susan C. "Coronaviruses." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 23, no. 11 (November 2004): 1049–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000145815.70485.f7.

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Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A., Alimuddin Zumla, and Ziad A. Memish. "Coronaviruses." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 27, no. 5 (October 2014): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0000000000000089.

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Rajčáni, J. "Coronaviruses." Acta virologica 64, no. 02 (2020): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/av_2020_215.

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Weiss, Susan R., and Sonia Navas-Martin. "Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 69, no. 4 (December 2005): 635–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.69.4.635-664.2005.

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SUMMARY Coronaviruses are a family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-strand RNA viruses classified within the Nidovirales order. This coronavirus family consists of pathogens of many animal species and of humans, including the recently isolated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). This review is divided into two main parts; the first concerns the animal coronaviruses and their pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the functions of individual viral genes, and the second discusses the newly described human emerging pathogen, SARS-CoV. The coronavirus part covers (i) a description of a group of coronaviruses and the diseases they cause, including the prototype coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus, which is one of the recognized animal models for multiple sclerosis, as well as viruses of veterinary importance that infect the pig, chicken, and cat and a summary of the human viruses; (ii) a short summary of the replication cycle of coronaviruses in cell culture; (iii) the development and application of reverse genetics systems; and (iv) the roles of individual coronavirus proteins in replication and pathogenesis. The SARS-CoV part covers the pathogenesis of SARS, the developing animal models for infection, and the progress in vaccine development and antiviral therapies. The data gathered on the animal coronaviruses continue to be helpful in understanding SARS-CoV.

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Li, Xue, Liying Zhang, Si Chen, Hongsheng Ouyang, and Linzhu Ren. "Possible Targets of Pan-Coronavirus Antiviral Strategies for Emerging or Re-Emerging Coronaviruses." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (July 10, 2021): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071479.

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which caused Coronaviruses Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and a worldwide pandemic, is the seventh human coronavirus that has been cross-transmitted from animals to humans. It can be predicted that with continuous contact between humans and animals, more viruses will spread from animals to humans. Therefore, it is imperative to develop universal coronavirus or pan-coronavirus vaccines or drugs against the next coronavirus pandemic. However, a suitable target is critical for developing pan-coronavirus antivirals against emerging or re-emerging coronaviruses. In this review, we discuss the latest progress of possible targets of pan-coronavirus antiviral strategies for emerging or re-emerging coronaviruses, including targets for pan-coronavirus inhibitors and vaccines, which will provide prospects for the current and future research and treatment of the disease.

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Shaw, Prabhu Dutta, Nicky Patel, Shailee Patil, Richard Samuel, Prateek Khanna, Bhumika Prajapati, Khan Sharun, Ruchi Tiwari, Kuldeep Dhama, and Senthilkumar Natesan. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE ORIGIN, EVOLUTION, TRANSMISSION, DIAGNOSIS, AND VACCINE DEVELOPMENT OF THREE HIGHLY PATHOGENIC HUMAN CORONAVIRUSES (SARS-COV, MERS-COV AND SARS-COV-2)." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 8, Spl-1-SARS-CoV-2 (October 25, 2020): S103—S113. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(spl-1-sars-cov-2).s103.s113.

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Coronavirus infection in humans is not uncommon. The first coronavirus (HCoV-229E) in humans was isolated in 1965. Subsequently, three more coronaviruses were recognized: HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-229E. These viruses are endemic in humans and cause common cold and mild respiratory infections throughout the year. The three coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 are highly pathogenic coronaviruses that cause very severe respiratory diseases in human. SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerging coronavirus posing pandemic COVID-19 disease that has disrupted the human life in many ways. In this review, the origin, evolution, transmission, vaccine development, and clinical characteristics of these highly pathogenic human coronaviruses are compared and discussed to understand the common and different features of these viruses and their relevance to develop a successful vaccine to control the pandemic COVID-19.

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ISMAIL, Mohd Iswadi. "A Review of Veterinary and Economically Devastating Coronaviruses: Emphasising Poultry and Pigs." BioScientific Review 5, no. 1 (June 2, 2023): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/bsr.51.05.

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Coronaviruses are known can cause a significant impact on veterinary medicine and socio-economic. Understanding the biological characteristics and dynamics of pathogenic coronaviruses is a major scientific challenge with potential impacts on animal health. Coronaviruses are typically known to cause respiratory or enteric diseases in poultry and pigs. However, some coronavirus strains may cause extra-pulmonary and extra-intestinal disorders. Keeping in view the limitations of the current knowledge, the impact of coronaviruses on poultry and pigs was examined.

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Woo, Patrick C. Y., Ming Wang, Susanna K. P. Lau, Huifang Xu, Rosana W. S. Poon, Rongtong Guo, Beatrice H. L. Wong, et al. "Comparative Analysis of Twelve Genomes of Three Novel Group 2c and Group 2d Coronaviruses Reveals Unique Group and Subgroup Features." Journal of Virology 81, no. 4 (November 22, 2006): 1574–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02182-06.

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ABSTRACT Twelve complete genomes of three novel coronaviruses—bat coronavirus HKU4 (bat-CoV HKU4), bat-CoV HKU5 (putative group 2c), and bat-CoV HKU9 (putative group 2d)—were sequenced. Comparative genome analysis showed that the various open reading frames (ORFs) of the genomes of the three coronaviruses had significantly higher amino acid identities to those of other group 2 coronaviruses than group 1 and 3 coronaviruses. Phylogenetic trees constructed using chymotrypsin-like protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, helicase, spike, and nucleocapsid all showed that the group 2a and 2b and putative group 2c and 2d coronaviruses are more closely related to each other than to group 1 and 3 coronaviruses. Unique genomic features distinguishing between these four subgroups, including the number of papain-like proteases, the presence or absence of hemagglutinin esterase, small ORFs between the membrane and nucleocapsid genes and ORFs (NS7a and NS7b), bulged stem-loop and pseudoknot structures downstream of the nucleocapsid gene, transcription regulatory sequence, and ribosomal recognition signal for the envelope gene, were also observed. This is the first time that NS7a and NS7b downstream of the nucleocapsid gene has been found in a group 2 coronavirus. The high Ka/Ks ratio of NS7a and NS7b in bat-CoV HKU9 implies that these two group 2d-specific genes are under high selective pressure and hence are rapidly evolving. The four subgroups of group 2 coronaviruses probably originated from a common ancestor. Further molecular epidemiological studies on coronaviruses in the bats of other countries, as well as in other animals, and complete genome sequencing will shed more light on coronavirus diversity and their evolutionary histories.

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Guy, James S., Jamie J. Breslin, Babetta Breuhaus, Sally Vivrette, and Lynda G. Smith. "Characterization of a Coronavirus Isolated from a Diarrheic Foal." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 12 (2000): 4523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.12.4523-4526.2000.

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A coronavirus was isolated from feces of a diarrheic foal and serially propagated in human rectal adenocarcinoma (HRT-18) cells. Antigenic and genomic characterizations of the virus (isolate NC99) were based on serological comparison with other avian and mammalian coronaviruses and sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid (N) protein gene. Indirect fluorescent-antibody assay procedures and virus neutralization assays demonstrated a close antigenic relationship with bovine coronavirus (BCV) and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (mammalian group 2 coronaviruses). Using previously described BCV primers, the N protein gene of isolate NC99 was amplified by a reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) procedure. The RT-PCR product was cloned into pUC19 and sequenced; the complete N protein of NC99 (446 amino acids) was then compared with published N protein sequences of other avian and mammalian coronaviruses. A high degree of identity (89.0 to 90.1%) was observed between the N protein sequence of NC99 and published sequences of BCV (Mebus and F15 strains) and human coronavirus (strain OC43); only limited identity (<25%) was observed with group 1 and group 3 coronaviruses. Based on these findings, the virus has been tentatively identified as equine coronavirus (ECV). ECV NC99 was determined to have close antigenic and/or genetic relationships with mammalian group 2 coronaviruses, thus identifying it as a member of this coronavirus antigenic group.

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Wang, Jun, Qinghe Zhu, Xiaoxu Xing, and Dongbo Sun. "A Mini-Review on the Common Antiviral Drug Targets of Coronavirus." Microorganisms 12, no. 3 (March 17, 2024): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030600.

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Coronaviruses in general are a zoonotic pathogen with significant cross-species transmission. They are widely distributed in nature and have recently become a major threat to global public health. Vaccines are the preferred strategy for the prevention of coronaviruses. However, the rapid rate of virus mutation, large number of prevalent strains, and lag in vaccine development contribute to the continuing frequent occurrence of coronavirus diseases. There is an urgent need for new antiviral strategies to address coronavirus infections effectively. Antiviral drugs are important in the prevention and control of viral diseases. Members of the genus coronavirus are highly similar in life-cycle processes such as viral invasion and replication. These, together with the high degree of similarity in the protein sequences and structures of viruses in the same genus, provide common targets for antiviral drug screening of coronaviruses and have led to important advances in recent years. In this review, we summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of coronavirus, common drugs targeting coronavirus entry into host cells, and common drug targets against coronaviruses based on biosynthesis and on viral assembly and release. We also describe the common targets of antiviral drugs against coronaviruses and the progress of antiviral drug research. Our aim is to provide a theoretical basis for the development of antiviral drugs and to accelerate the development and utilization of commonly used antiviral drugs in China.

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Zeng, Sen, Yuwan Li, Wenhui Zhu, Zipeng Luo, Keke Wu, Xiaowen Li, Yiqi Fang, et al. "The Advances of Broad-Spectrum and Hot Anti-Coronavirus Drugs." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2022): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071294.

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Coronaviruses, mainly including severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Middle East respiratory syndrome virus, human coronavirus OC43, chicken infectious bronchitis virus, porcine infectious gastroenteritis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and murine hepatitis virus, can cause severe diseases in humans and livestock. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is infecting millions of human beings with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the multiplicity of swine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus in swine suggests that coronaviruses seriously jeopardize the safety of public health and that therapeutic intervention is urgently needed. Currently, the most effective methods of prevention and control for coronaviruses are vaccine immunization and pharmacotherapy. However, the emergence of mutated viruses reduces the effectiveness of vaccines. In addition, vaccine developments often lag behind, making it difficult to put them into use early in the outbreak. Therefore, it is meaningful to screen safe, cheap, and broad-spectrum antiviral agents for coronaviruses. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms and state of anti-human and porcine coronavirus drugs, in order to provide theoretical support for the development of anti-coronavirus drugs and other antivirals.

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Lalchhandama, Kholhring. "A history of coronaviruses." WikiJournal of Medicine 9, no. 1 (2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15347/wjm/2022.005.

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The history of coronaviruses is an account of the discovery of coronaviruses and the diseases they cause. It starts with a report of a new type of upper-respiratory tract disease among chickens in North Dakota, US, in 1931. The causative agent was identified as a virus in 1933. By 1936, the disease and the virus were recognised as unique from other viral diseases. The virus became known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), but later officially renamed as Avian coronavirus. A new brain disease of mice (murine encephalomyelitis) was discovered in 1947 at Harvard Medical School in Boston. The virus was called JHM (after Harvard pathologist John Howard Mueller). Three years later a new mouse hepatitis was reported from the National Institute for Medical Research in London. The causative virus was identified as mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), later renamed Murine coronavirus. In 1961, a virus was obtained from a school boy in Epsom, England, who was suffering from common cold. The sample, designated B814, was confirmed as novel virus in 1965. New common cold viruses (assigned 229E) collected from medical students at the University of Chicago were also reported in 1966. Structural analyses of IBV, MHV, B18 and 229E using transmission electron microscopy revealed that they all belong to the same group of viruses. Making a crucial comparison in 1967, June Almeida and David Tyrrell invented the collective name coronavirus, as all those viruses were characterised by solar corona-like projections (called spikes) on their surfaces. Other coronaviruses have been discovered from pigs, dogs, cats, rodents, cows, horses, camels, Beluga whales, birds and bats. As of 2022, 52 species are described. Bats are found to be the richest source of different species of coronaviruses. All coronaviruses originated from a common ancestor about 293 million years ago. Zoonotic species such as Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a variant of SARS-CoV, emerged during the past two decades and caused the first pandemics of the 21st century.

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Lin, Chao-Nan, Kuan Rong Chan, Eng Eong Ooi, Ming-Tang Chiou, Minh Hoang, Po-Ren Hsueh, and Peck Toung Ooi. "Animal Coronavirus Diseases: Parallels with COVID-19 in Humans." Viruses 13, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081507.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus in humans, has expanded globally over the past year. COVID-19 remains an important subject of intensive research owing to its huge impact on economic and public health globally. Based on historical archives, the first coronavirus-related disease recorded was possibly animal-related, a case of feline infectious peritonitis described as early as 1912. Despite over a century of documented coronaviruses in animals, the global animal industry still suffers from outbreaks. Knowledge and experience handling animal coronaviruses provide a valuable tool to complement our understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we present an overview of coronaviruses, clinical signs, COVID-19 in animals, genome organization and recombination, immunopathogenesis, transmission, viral shedding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. By drawing parallels between COVID-19 in animals and humans, we provide perspectives on the pathophysiological mechanisms by which coronaviruses cause diseases in both animals and humans, providing a critical basis for the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics against these deadly viruses.

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Seyran, Murat, Sk Sarif Hassan, Vladimir N. Uversky, Pabitra Pal Choudhury, Bruce D. Uhal, Kenneth Lundstrom, Diksha Attrish, et al. "Urgent Need for Field Surveys of Coronaviruses in Southeast Asia to Understand the SARS-CoV-2 Phylogeny and Risk Assessment for Future Outbreaks." Biomolecules 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11030398.

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Phylogenetic analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is focused on a single isolate of bat coronaviruses (bat CoVs) which does not adequately represent genetically related coronaviruses (CoVs) [...]

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Kasuga, Yusuke, Baohui Zhu, Kyoung-Jin Jang, and Ji-Seung Yoo. "Innate immune sensing of coronavirus and viral evasion strategies." Experimental & Molecular Medicine 53, no. 5 (May 2021): 723–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00602-1.

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AbstractThe innate immune system is the first line of the host defense program against pathogens and harmful substances. Antiviral innate immune responses can be triggered by multiple cellular receptors sensing viral components. The activated innate immune system produces interferons (IFNs) and cytokines that perform antiviral functions to eliminate invading viruses. Coronaviruses are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that have a broad range of animal hosts. Coronaviruses have evolved multiple means to evade host antiviral immune responses. Successful immune evasion by coronaviruses may enable the viruses to adapt to multiple species of host organisms. Coronavirus transmission from zoonotic hosts to humans has caused serious illnesses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), resulting in global health and economic crises. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying host sensing of and innate immune responses against coronavirus invasion, as well as host immune evasion strategies of coronaviruses.

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Saxena, Divyasha, Lalit Batra, and Shailendra Kumar Verma. "Broad-Spectrum Antivirals against Multiple Human and Animal Coronaviruses Infection." Pathogens 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2023): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12060823.

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Among the seven coronaviruses that infect humans, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 usually cause mild and common cold symptoms; however, infection with three coronaviruses, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus [MERS-CoV], and the newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2], often results in respiratory distress, cytokine storm and multiorgan failure [...]

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Portillo, Aránzazu, Cristina Cervera-Acedo, Ana M. Palomar, Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo, Paula Santibáñez, Sonia Santibáñez, and José A. Oteo. "Screening for SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses in Urban Pigeons (Columbiformes) from the North of Spain under a ‘One Health’ Perspective." Microorganisms 12, no. 6 (June 4, 2024): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061143.

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Coronaviruses have a major impact on human and animal health. The SARS-CoV-2, a beta coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is a clear example. It continues circulating and causes human deaths, and its high replication rate results in numerous variants. Coronaviruses adapt to birds and mammals and constitute a serious threat, and new viruses are likely to emerge. Urban pigeons (Columbiformes) are synanthropic birds of great interest from a ‘One Health’ perspective, due to their interaction with humans and other animals. Aware that they may act as viral reservoirs and contribute to their spread, we aimed to investigate the possible presence of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in Columbiformes in the city of Logroño, Spain. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were tested using real-time (N1 and E genes from SARS-CoV-2) and conventional PCR assays (RdRp gene from all coronaviruses). SARS-CoV-2 was not detected. A total of 13.3% of pigeons harbored coronaviruses closely related to Gamma coronavirus (Igacovirus) from Columbiformes in Finland, Poland and China. Monitoring the emergence of a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 capable of infecting Columbiformes should continue. SARS-CoV-2 is still circulating, the viral RNA of this virus has been detected in avian species (Phasianidae and Anatidae), and other coronaviruses are associated with animals that are in close contact with humans. The presence of Gamma coronavirus in urban pigeons must be considered for the risk of surveillance of human infections.

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Gonzalez Lomeli, Fernanda, Nicole Elmaraghy, Anthony Castro, Claudia V. Osuna Guerrero, and Laura L. Newcomb. "Conserved Targets to Prevent Emerging Coronaviruses." Viruses 14, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14030563.

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Novel coronaviruses emerged as zoonotic outbreaks in humans in 2003 (SARS), 2012 (MERS), and notably in 2019 (SARS2), which resulted in the COVID-19 pandemic, causing worldwide health and economic disaster. Vaccines provide the best protection against disease but cannot be developed and engineered quickly enough to prevent emerging viruses, zoonotic outbreaks, and pandemics. Antivirals are the best first line of therapeutic defense against novel emerging viruses. Coronaviruses are plus sense, single stranded, RNA genome viruses that undergo frequent genetic mutation and recombination, allowing for the emergence of novel coronavirus strains and variants. The molecular life cycle of the coronavirus family offers many conserved activities to be exploited as targets for antivirals. Here, we review the molecular life cycle of coronaviruses and consider antiviral therapies, approved and under development, that target the conserved activities of coronaviruses. To identify additional targets to inhibit emerging coronaviruses, we carried out in silico sequence and structure analysis of coronavirus proteins isolated from bat and human hosts. We highlight conserved and accessible viral protein domains and residues as possible targets for the development of viral inhibitors. Devising multiple antiviral therapies that target conserved viral features to be used in combination is the best first line of therapeutic defense to prevent emerging viruses from developing into outbreaks and pandemics.

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Movaqar, Aref, Atieh Yaghoubi, SA Rahim Rezaee, Saeid A. Jamehdar, and Saman Soleimanpour. "Coronaviruses construct an interconnection way with ERAD and autophagy." Future Microbiology 16, no. 14 (September 2021): 1135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2021-0044.

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Coronaviruses quickly became a pandemic or epidemic, affecting large numbers of humans, due to their structural features and also because of their impacts on intracellular communications. The knowledge of the intracellular mechanism of virus distribution could help understand the coronavirus’s proper effects on different pathways that lead to the infections. They protect themselves from recognition and damage the infected cell by using an enclosed membrane through hijacking the autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation pathways. The present study is a comprehensive review of the coronavirus strategy in upregulating the communication network of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation.

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Shapiro, Julie Teresa, Sarah Mollerup, Randi Holm Jensen, Jill Katharina Olofsson, Nam-phuong D. Nguyen, Thomas Arn Hansen, Lasse Vinner, Ara Monadjem, Robert A. McCleery, and Anders J. Hansen. "Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Previously Undescribed Bat Coronavirus Strains in Eswatini." EcoHealth 18, no. 4 (December 2021): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-021-01567-3.

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AbstractWe investigated the prevalence of coronaviruses in 44 bats from four families in northeastern Eswatini using high-throughput sequencing of fecal samples. We found evidence of coronaviruses in 18% of the bats. We recovered full or near-full-length genomes from two bat species: Chaerephon pumilus and Afronycteris nana, as well as additional coronavirus genome fragments from C. pumilus, Epomophorus wahlbergi, Mops condylurus, and Scotophilus dinganii. All bats from which we detected coronaviruses were captured leaving buildings or near human settlements, demonstrating the importance of continued surveillance of coronaviruses in bats to better understand the prevalence, diversity, and potential risks for spillover.

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BALBONI, A., A. PALLADINI, G. BOGLIANI, and M. BATTILANI. "Detection of a virus related to betacoronaviruses in Italian greater horseshoe bats." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 2 (May 18, 2010): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810001147.

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SUMMARYThe association between coronaviruses and bats is a worldwide phenomenon and bats belonging to genus Rhinolophus are the reservoir host for several coronaviruses, including a large number of viruses closely related genetically to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We carried out a survey in colonies of Italian bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) for the presence of coronaviruses. Two of 52 R. ferrumequinum captured from different Italian areas tested positive by reverse transcription–PCR for a fragment of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of viruses related to Coronavirus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close correlations between one of the positive samples and SARS-related CoV belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus.

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Vijgen, Leen, Els Keyaerts, Philippe Lemey, Piet Maes, Kristien Van Reeth, Hans Nauwynck, Maurice Pensaert, and Marc Van Ranst. "Evolutionary History of the Closely Related Group 2 Coronaviruses: Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, Bovine Coronavirus, and Human Coronavirus OC43." Journal of Virology 80, no. 14 (July 15, 2006): 7270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02675-05.

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ABSTRACT The close genetic and antigenic relatedness among the group 2 coronaviruses human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) suggests that these three viruses with different host specificities diverged fairly recently. In this study, we determined the complete genomic sequence of PHEV (strain PHEV-VW572), revealing the presence of a truncated group 2-specific ns2 gene in PHEV in comparison to other group 2 coronaviruses. Using a relaxed molecular clock approach, we reconstructed the evolutionary relationships between PHEV, BCoV, and HCoV-OC43 in real-time units, which indicated relatively recent common ancestors for these species-specific coronaviruses.

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Mandal, Prabir. "COVID-19 Pandemic, Disparity and Vaccine: An Update." Biotechnology and Bioprocessing 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/020.

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Coronaviruses are a diverse group of viruses infecting many different animals, and they can cause mild to severe respiratory infections in humans. In 2002 and 2012, respectively, two highly pathogenic coronaviruses with zoonotic origin, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), emerged in humans and caused fatal respiratory illness, making emerging coronaviruses a new public health concern in the twenty-first century1. In early December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As of February 14, 2020, 49,053 laboratory-confirmed and 1,381 deaths have been reported globally.

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Saulol Hamid, Nur-Fazila, Yasmin Abd Rahaman, Faranieyza-Afiqah Farzee, Nawal-Amani Abdul Rahman, Siti Suri Arshad, and Norfitriah Mohamed Sohaimi. "Review of Coronavirus in Rats: A Potential Zoonotic Threat." Sains Malaysiana 52, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 1291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5204-19.

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The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of the Coronaviridae family as a threat to public health in the emergence of a deadly zoonotic disease. Rats are the possible primary host of the infection as they are highly populated in urban areas, creating a significant epidemic risk. The tendency of coronaviruses (CoVs) to overcome species barriers and adapt to hosts typically found close to humans emphasised the need for further study on coronavirus infection. Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) and Parker’s rat coronavirus (PRC) are the most commonly isolated pathogens for coronavirus infections in the laboratory and wild rats. They are contagious and could be transmitted to susceptible rats by direct contact, fomites, or aerosol. Coronavirus genera include Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus, which are restricted to bats and other mammalian hosts, while the Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus are restricted to birds. All known rat coronaviruses are members of the beta genus. Betacoronavirus are divided into five subgenera, i.e., Embecovirus, Hibecovirus, Merbecovirus, Nobecovirus, and Sarbecovirus. All rat coronaviruses are categorised as the Embecovirus subgenus. Most studies have proven that rat coronaviruses are responsible for hepatitis, enteritis, reproductive problems, and respiratory and salivary gland infections, including episcleritis, and dacryoadenitis. The scant literature data, mostly comprising publications from the last century, does not adequately explain the etiopathology of SDAV and PRC infections. This review provides an overview of the knowledge on the characteristics, transmission, clinical signs, pathology, and diagnosis of rat coronaviruses, besides better understanding their zoonotic potentials.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Coronaviruses'

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