Relevant bibliographies by topics / Corollary discharge

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Corollary discharge'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Corollary discharge"

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Stark, Lawrence. "Space constancy and corollary discharge." Perception & Psychophysics 37, no. 3 (May 1985): 272–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03207575.

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Sommer, Marc A., and Robert H. Wurtz. "Visual Perception and Corollary Discharge." Perception 37, no. 3 (January 2008): 408–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5873.

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Feinberg, I. "Corollary Discharge, Hallucinations, and Dreaming." Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, no. 1 (October 7, 2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq115.

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Wurtz, Robert. "Corollary discharge in primate vision." Scholarpedia 8, no. 10 (2013): 12335. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.12335.

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Sommer, Marc A., and Robert H. Wurtz. "What the Brain Stem Tells the Frontal Cortex. II. Role of the SC-MD-FEF Pathway in Corollary Discharge." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 3 (March 2004): 1403–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00740.2003.

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One way we keep track of our movements is by monitoring corollary discharges or internal copies of movement commands. This study tested a hypothesis that the pathway from superior colliculus (SC) to mediodorsal thalamus (MD) to frontal eye field (FEF) carries a corollary discharge about saccades made into the contralateral visual field. We inactivated the MD relay node with muscimol in monkeys and measured corollary discharge deficits using a double-step task: two sequential saccades were made to the locations of briefly flashed targets. To make second saccades correctly, monkeys had to internally monitor their first saccades; therefore deficits in the corollary discharge representation of first saccades should disrupt second saccades. We found, first, that monkeys seemed to misjudge the amplitudes of their first saccades; this was revealed by systematic shifts in second saccade end points. Thus corollary discharge accuracy was impaired. Second, monkeys were less able to detect trial-by-trial variations in their first saccades; this was revealed by reduced compensatory changes in second saccade angles. Thus corollary discharge precision also was impaired. Both deficits occurred only when first saccades went into the contralateral visual field. Single-saccade generation was unaffected. Additional deficits occurred in reaction time and overall performance, but these were bilateral. We conclude that the SC-MD-FEF pathway conveys a corollary discharge used for coordinating sequential saccades and possibly for stabilizing vision across saccades. This pathway is the first elucidated in what may be a multilevel chain of corollary discharge circuits extending from the extraocular motoneurons up into cerebral cortex.
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Thakkar, K. N., J. D. Schall, S. Heckers, and S. Park. "Disrupted Saccadic Corollary Discharge in Schizophrenia." Journal of Neuroscience 35, no. 27 (July 8, 2015): 9935–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0473-15.2015.

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Ford, Judith M., Max Gray, William O. Faustman, Brian J. Roach, and Daniel H. Mathalon. "Dissecting corollary discharge dysfunction in schizophrenia." Psychophysiology 44, no. 4 (July 2007): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00533.x.

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Crapse, Trinity B., and Marc A. Sommer. "Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, no. 8 (August 2008): 587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2457.

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Person, Abigail L. "Corollary Discharge Signals in the Cerebellum." Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 4, no. 9 (September 2019): 813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.04.010.

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Subramanian, Divya, Anthony Alers, and Marc A. Sommer. "Corollary Discharge for Action and Cognition." Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 4, no. 9 (September 2019): 782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.05.010.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Corollary discharge"

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Scott, Mark. "Speech imagery as corollary discharge." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42231.

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This thesis tests the theory that the sensory content of inner speech is constituted by corollary discharge. Corollary discharge is a signal generated by the motor system and is a “prediction” of the sensory consequences of the motor system’s actions. Corollary discharge normally functions in the nervous system to segregate self-caused sensations from externally-caused sensations. It does this, partially, by attenuating the nervous system’s response to self-caused sensations. This thesis argues that corollary discharge has been co-opted in humans to provide the sensory content of speech imagery. The thesis further tests the claim that the sensory detail contained in speech imagery is sufficiently rich and sufficiently similar to the representations of external speech sounds that the perception of external speech sounds can be influenced by inner speech. This thesis claims that the perception of external speech is altered because corollary discharge prepares the auditory system to hear those sensory features which the corollary-discharge signal carries. These claims were tested experimentally by having participants engage in specific forms of speech imagery while categorizing external sounds. In one set of experiments, when external sound and speech imagery were in synchrony and were similar in content, the perception of the external sound was altered — the external sound came to be heard as matching the content of the speech imagery. In a second set of experiments, the presence of corollary discharge in speech imagery was tested. When a sensation matches a corollary discharge signal, the sensation tends to have an attenuated impact. This attenuation is a hallmark of corollary discharge. In this set of experiments, when participants’ speech imagery matched an external sound, the perceptual impact of the external sound was attenuated. Proper controls ensured that it was the degree of match between the speech imagery and the external sound that was responsible for this attenuation, rather than some extraneous factor.
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Mukherjee, Didhiti. "It’s not you, it’s me: corollary discharge in the precerebellar nuclei of sleeping infant rats." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6225.

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Developing animals primarily receive two kinds of somatosensory input. One arises from stimulation in the external environment (“exafference”) and the other arises from self-produced movements (“reafference”), especially those associated with the myoclonic twitches during active sleep. Neural recordings have shown that exafferent and reafferent neural signals activate sensorimotor structures throughout the brain, but it is not known whether twitches are accompanied by corollary discharge that inform the nervous system that twitches are self-generated. Recordings from the cerebellum in infant rats suggested that motor structures could be conveying twitch-related corollary discharge signals to the cerebellum. If true, one would expect to see evidence of corollary discharge in the precerebellar nuclei. We hypothesized that two precerebellar nuclei: the inferior olive (IO) and the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), receive corollary discharge associated with the production of twitches. We tested the hypothesis by recording spontaneous activity of the IO and LRN during sleep and wake in infant rats. In the majority of IO units, and in a subset of LRN units, neural activity was particularly pronounced at the time of twitch onset. This activity was remarkably precise, reaching a peak in firing within ±10 ms of a twitch. This unique pattern suggested that, unlike sensory areas that receive reafference from twitches, these two structures receive corollary discharge associated with the production of twitches. Next, using anatomical tracing, immunohistochemistry, and neurophysiology, we identified non-overlapping premotor areas in the midbrain that send corollary discharge to the IO and LRN. Finally, using pharmacological inhibition, we identified that slow potassium channels are responsible for the sharp peak of twitch-related corollary discharge in the IO. Altogether, the current findings suggest that the infant brain has the capacity to distinguish between exafferent stimulation and twitch-related reafference. This capacity may underlie the developing infant’s burgeoning ability to distinguish between self- and other-generated movements.
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Hänzi, Sara [Verfasser], and Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] Straka. "Behaviour and its consequences : Xenopus laevis wall following, swimming, and corollary discharge / Sara Hänzi ; Betreuer: Hans Straka." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1142787397/34.

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Tiriac, Alexandre. "State-dependent processing of reafference arising from self-generated movements in infant rats." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5661.

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Nervous systems distinguish between self- and other-generated movements by monitoring discrepancies between planned and performed actions. To do so, when motor systems transmit motor commands to muscles, they simultaneously transmit motor copies, or corollary discharges, to sensory areas. There, corollary discharge signals are compared to sensory feedback arising from movements (reafference), which can result in gating of expected feedback. Curiously, in infant rats, twitches—which are self-generated movements produced exclusively and abundantly during active sleep (AS)—differ from wake-movements in that they trigger robust neural activity. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the gating actions of corollary discharge that predict wake reafference are suspended during twitching. In this dissertation, we first demonstrate that twitches, but not wake movements, robustly activate sensorimotor cortex as they do other brain areas. Next, we demonstrate that wake movements can activate the sensorimotor cortex under conditions involving presumed discrepancies between corollary discharge and reafference signals. Lastly, we reveal a neural mechanism in the brainstem that inhibits reafference, but only during wakefulness; this inhibitory mechanism is suppressed during active sleep. All together, our findings provide the first demonstration of a state-dependent neural comparator of planned and performed actions, one that permits the transmission of sensory feedback from self-generated twitches to the developing nervous system.
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Diamond, Mark R. "The effect of saccades on visual sensitivity and time perception." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0038.

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Considerable evidence indicates that visual sensitivity is reduced during saccadic eye movement. A central question has been whether saccadic suppression results from a non-visual central signal, or whether the obligate image motion that accompanies saccades is itself sufficient to mask vision. In the first of a series of experiments described here, the visual and non-visual effects of saccades were distinguished by measuring contrast sensitivity to luminance modulated low spatial frequency gratings, at 17 cd·m¯² and 0.17 cd·m¯², in saccade conditions and in conditions in which saccade-like image motion was produced by the rotation of a mirror but when observers’ eyes were kept still. The time course of suppression was examined by making measurements from well before image motion began until well after it had ended. A tenfold decrease in contrast sensitivity was found for luminance-modulated gratings with saccades, but little suppression was found with simulated saccades. Adding high contrast noise to the visual display increased the magnitude and the duration of the suppression during simulated saccades but had little effect on suppression produced by real saccades. At lower luminance, suppression was found to be reduced, and its course shallower than at higher luminance. Simulated saccades produced shallower suppression over a longer time course at both higher and lower luminance. In a second experiment the time course of contrast sensitivity to chromatically modulated gratings, at 17 cd·m¯², was examined. No suppression was found; rather there was some evidence of an enhancement of sensitivity, both before and after saccades, relative to fixation conditions. Differences in the effects of real and simulated saccades in the magnitude and time course of sensitivity loss with luminance modulated gratings suggest that saccadic suppression has an extraretinal component that acts on the magnocellular system; the pattern of enhancement found in the later experiment suggests a selective favouring of the parvocellular system both immediately prior to and immediately after saccades. The possibility that the degree of enhancement in sensitivity varies across the visual field was examined using spatially localized stimuli (either high spatial frequency chromatically modulated gratings or letter combinations). Sensitivity was found to decrease at the initial fixation point during the 75 ms prior to saccadic onset and simultaneously to improve at the saccadic target. In the immediate post-saccadic period, sensitivity at the saccadic target was found to exceed that which had been manifest at the initial fixation point prior to saccades, suggesting that post-saccadic enhancement may improve the temporal contrast between one fixation and the next. The final experiments investigated the possibility that our sense of continuity across saccades (as opposed to stability) is influenced by saccade-induced errors in locating events in time. The results of these experiments suggest that saccades can result in errors in judging (a) the time at which external events occur relative to saccadic onset, (b) the temporal order of visual events, and (c) the magnitude of temporal intervals. It is concluded that apparent time is generally foreshortened prior to saccades. This might be due to selective suppression of magnocellular activity and might function to hide saccades and their effects from our awareness. A speculative synthesis is presented based on the idea that recurrent feedback between the neocortical and cortical structures on the one hand, and the thalamic nuclei on the other, has special importance for perception around the time of saccades
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Zucchi, Lorenzo. "Fenomeni visivi durante movimenti oculari saccadici: studio mediante modello di rete neurale." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17918/.

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Il mondo attorno a noi che percepiamo mediante la vista ci appare stabile nonostante le continue variazioni dell’input visivo prodotte dai movimenti oculari saccadici. Questi rapidi movimenti oculari servono per dirigere rapidamente la fovea da un punto all’altro della scena visiva. Secondo molti studi la stabilità visiva è imputabile ad un segnale detto “corollary discharge” (una copia del comando motorio) che informa anticipatamente le aree visive di alto livello (FEF, LIP) di una saccade imminente. La combinazione del segnale di “corollary discharge” con le informazioni visive correnti permetterebbe di ottenere un “remapping” anticipatorio della scena visiva futura (ovvero a saccade avvenuta) già immediatamente prima e durante la saccade, e ciò sarebbe alla base della stabilità visiva. Questo lavoro di tesi, oltre a studiare le teorie sulla stabilità visiva e su come il segnale di corollary discharge influisce su di essa, ha avuto come obbiettivo principale la realizzazione di un modello di rete neurale finalizzato alla simulazione di regioni visive di alto livello in grado di replicare i fenomeni visivi osservati immediatamente prima e durante le saccadi che sono imputabili alla presenza del segnale di “corollary discharge” e che presumibilmente contribuiscono alla stabilità visiva. I risultati delle simulazioni hanno mostrato un buon grado di accordo con i dati sperimentali. Il modello così realizzato può contribuire alla comprensione dei fenomeni visivi dovuti al “corollary discharge”.
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Ziesche, Arnold, and Fred H. Hamker. "Brain circuits underlying visual stability across eye movements—converging evidence for a neuro-computational model of area LIP." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-147862.

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The understanding of the subjective experience of a visually stable world despite the occurrence of an observer's eye movements has been the focus of extensive research for over 20 years. These studies have revealed fundamental mechanisms such as anticipatory receptive field (RF) shifts and the saccadic suppression of stimulus displacements, yet there currently exists no single explanatory framework for these observations. We show that a previously presented neuro-computational model of peri-saccadic mislocalization accounts for the phenomenon of predictive remapping and for the observation of saccadic suppression of displacement (SSD). This converging evidence allows us to identify the potential ingredients of perceptual stability that generalize beyond different data sets in a formal physiology-based model. In particular we propose that predictive remapping stabilizes the visual world across saccades by introducing a feedback loop and, as an emergent result, small displacements of stimuli are not noticed by the visual system. The model provides a link from neural dynamics, to neural mechanism and finally to behavior, and thus offers a testable comprehensive framework of visual stability.
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Banchi, Roberto [Verfasser], and Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] Straka. "Role of locomotor corollary discharges in sensory-motor integration in Xenopus laevis and Ambystoma mexicanum / Roberto Banchi. Betreuer: Hans Straka." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1082504734/34.

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Nelson, Anders Mackel. "Synaptic and Circuit Mechanisms Governing Corollary Discharge in the Mouse Auditory Cortex." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/10485.

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Auditory sensations can arise from objects in our environment or from our own actions, such as when we speak or make music. We must able to distinguish such sources of sounds, as well as form new associations between our actions and the sounds they produce. The brain is thought to accomplish this by conveying copies of the motor command, termed corollary discharge signals, to auditory processing brain regions, where they can suppress the auditory consequences of our own actions. Despite the importance of such transformations in health and disease, little is known about the mechanisms underlying corollary discharge in the mammalian auditory system. Using a range of techniques to identify, monitor, and manipulate neuronal circuits, I characterized a synaptic and circuit basis for corollary discharge in the mouse auditory cortex. The major contribution of my studies was to identify and characterize a long-range projection from motor cortex that is responsible for suppressing auditory cortical output during movements by activating local inhibitory interneurons. I used similar techniques to understand how this circuit is embedded within a broader neuromodulatory brain network important for learning and plasticity. These findings characterize the synaptic and circuit mechanisms underlying corollary discharge in mammalian auditory cortex, as well as uncover a broad network interaction potentially used to pattern neural associations between our actions and the sounds they produce.


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Enikolopov, Armen. "On the Role of Sensory Cancellation and Corollary Discharge in Neural Coding and Behavior." Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8TB2QR7.

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Studies of cerebellum-like circuits in fish have demonstrated that synaptic plasticity shapes the motor corollary discharge responses of granule cells into highly-specific predictions of self- generated sensory input. However, the functional significance of such predictions, known as negative images, has not been directly tested. Here we provide evidence for improvements in neural coding and behavioral detection of prey-like stimuli due to negative images. In addition, we find that manipulating synaptic plasticity leads to specific changes in circuit output that disrupt neural coding and detection of prey-like stimuli. These results link synaptic plasticity, neural coding, and behavior and also provide a circuit-level account of how combining external sensory input with internally-generated predictions enhances sensory processing. In addition, the mammalian dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) integrates auditory nerve input with a diverse array of sensory and motor signals processed within circuity similar to the cerebellum. Yet how the DCN contributes to early auditory processing has been a longstanding puzzle. Using electrophysiological recordings in mice during licking behavior we show that DCN neurons are largely unaffected by self-generated sounds while remaining sensitive to external acoustic stimuli. Recordings in deafened mice, together with neural activity manipulations, indicate that self-generated sounds are cancelled by non-auditory signals conveyed by mossy fibers. In addition, DCN neurons exhibit gradual reductions in their responses to acoustic stimuli that are temporally correlated with licking. Together, these findings suggest that DCN may act as an adaptive filter for cancelling self-generated sounds. Adaptive filtering has been established previously for cerebellum-like sensory structures in fish suggesting a conserved function for such structures across vertebrates.
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Book chapters on the topic "Corollary discharge"

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Taylor, John G. "Does the Corollary Discharger of Attention Exist?" In Solving the Mind-Body Problem by the CODAM Neural Model of Consciousness?, 141–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7645-6_9.

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Colby, Carol L., Rebecca A. Berman, Laura M. Heiser, and Richard C. Saunders. "Corollary discharge and spatial updating: when the brain is split, is space still unified?" In Progress in Brain Research, 187–205. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(05)49014-7.

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Buzsáki, György. "Perception from Action." In The Brain from Inside Out, 53–82. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0003.

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The outside-in framework inevitably poses the question: What comes between perception and action? The homunculus with its decision-making power produces unavoidable logical consequences from the separation of perception from action. I promote the alternative view that things and events in the world can acquire meaning only through brain-initiated actions. In this process, the brain builds a simplified, customized model of the world by encoding the relationships of events to each other. I introduce the concept of “corollary discharge,” the main physiological mechanism that grounds the sensory input to make it an experience. This is a comparator mechanism that allows the brain to examine the relationship between a true change in the sensory input and a change due to self-initiated movement of the sensors.
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Leigh, R. John, and David S. Zee. "Smooth Visual Tracking and Fixation." In The Neurology of Eye Movements, 289–359. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199969289.003.0005.

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This chapter summarizes the properties and neural substrate of smooth eye tracking movements, including visual fixation, smooth pursuit, the ocular following response (OFR), and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). Fixational eye movements, including microsaccades and drifts, and the role of the OFR in stabilizing gaze are discussed. The properties of pursuit, OFR, and OKN are summarized, including anticipation, prediction, and target selection. The ability of pursuit adaptation to respond to new visual demands is reviewed. Pertinent cortical areas (MT+) and their projections to brainstem and cerebellum are discussed, as well as the accessory optic pathway, and nucleus of the optic tract. Current models for smooth pursuit that incorporate efference copy (corollary discharge), prediction, and Bayesian operators are summarized. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of fixation and visual tracking are reviewed, and the pathogenesis of disorders of these movements discussed, including latent nystagmus accompanying failure to develop binocular vision and infantile nystagmus syndrome.
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Buzsáki, György. "Internalization of Experience." In The Brain from Inside Out, 101–40. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0005.

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This chapter describes how perceptual and navigation functions can become disengaged from their dependence on the external world. The key physiological mechanism that allows this “internalization” process is the corollary discharge system, which can interpret the activity of action circuits even in the absence of overt movement and sensory feedback from muscles. Within such an internalized world, brain networks can anticipate the consequences of imagined actions without the need to act them out. Instead the outcomes can be tested against previously acquired knowledge, which creates new knowledge entirely through self-organized brain activity. Neuronal circuits can perform both input-dependent and input-disengaged operations. Even simple brains of small animals have elements of internal operations (“cognition”). As the complexity of neural networks increases in larger brains, the share and efficacy of internalized computation also increases and can predict consequences of the brain’s actions over longer time scales and in more complex environments.
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Grossberg, Stephen. "Target Tracking, Navigation, and Decision-Making." In Conscious Mind, Resonant Brain, 337–52. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190070557.003.0009.

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This chapter explains why and how tracking of objects moving relative to an observer, and visual optic flow navigation of an observer relative to the world, are controlled by complementary cortical streams through MT--MSTv and MT+-MSTd, respectively. Target tracking uses subtractive processing of visual signals to extract an object’s bounding contours as they move relative to a background. Navigation by optic flow uses additive processing of an entire scene to derive properties such as an observer’s heading, or self-motion direction, as it moves through the scene. The chapter explains how the aperture problem for computing heading in natural scenes is solved in MT+-MSTd using a hierarchy of processing stages that is homologous to the one that solves the aperture problem for computing motion direction in MT--MSTv. Both use feedback which obeys the ART Matching Rule to select final perceptual representations and choices. Compensation for eye movements using corollary discharge, or efference copy, signals enables an accurate heading direction to be computed. Neurophysiological data about heading direction are quantitatively simulated. Log polar processing by the cortical magnification factor simplifies computation of motion direction. This space-variant processing is maximally position invariant due to the cortical choice of network parameters. How smooth pursuit occurs, and is maintained during accurate tracking, is explained. Goal approach and obstacle avoidance are explained by attractor-repeller networks. Gaussian peak shifts control steering to a goal, as well as peak shift and behavioral contrast during operant conditioning, and vector decomposition during the relative motion of object parts.
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Wurtz, Robert H., and Marc A. Sommer. "Identifying corollary discharges for movement in the primate brain." In Progress in Brain Research, 47–60. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(03)14403-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Corollary discharge"

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Scott, Mark, and Bryan Gick. "Corollary discharge and context effects." In 161st Meeting Acoustical Society of America. Acoustical Society of America, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4774120.

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Yerrabolu, Santosh Rohit, Joseph C. Mollendorf, Robert E. Baier, and Mark T. Ehrensberger. "Examination of Factors Influencing Intramedullary Reaming Into Femurs." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35710.

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This preliminary study explores material surface chemistry modifications to optimize intramedullary (IM) reaming into femurs. Understanding and quantifying the effects of surface chemistry will allow beneficial new material choices. M2 standard High Speed Steel Straight Shank Straight Fluke chucking reamers of 5/32” or ∼4mm diameter were reamed into RenShape®-BM5460 (bone analogs) blocks for the investigation. Sterilizations (Steam Autoclave and Radio Frequency Glow Discharge Treatment) and low friction coatings (Octadecyltrichlorosilane or ODS and 3-Hepta-fluoropropyl-methyl-dichloro-silane or 3-HEPT) were the surface modifications so far pursued in this study. The effects due to the presence of possible transfer films from bone analogs during reaming on cutting efficacies have been investigated on a custom made Orthopaedic Rotational Cutter Analysis System (ORCAS) test system. The results preliminarily suggest a transfer film from the bone analog resulting in reduction of peak loads and peak toques through repeated use. The low-friction coatings have induced lower peak loads and comparable peak torques, suggesting a corollary between low friction coatings and lower surgical efforts required.
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