Journal articles on the topic 'Cornea – Diseases'
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1
Chendran, Prema, Yong Meng Hsien, and Wan Haslina Wan Abdul Halim. "Multifacet of Cornea Patch Graft in Anterior Segment Diseases." Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine 2019 (November 11, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6862487.
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Incidence of cornea melting or perforation is commonly seen in variety of cornea conditions. It can cause debilitating vision loss and impair patient’s daily activity. Several techniques have been described to surgically treat cornea perforation and melting. In this article, a series of corneal diseases treated with corneal patch graft are highlighted to relate different approach of cornea patch graft surgery. Post-operative management and complications are discussed.
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Guérin, Louis-Philippe, Gaëtan Le-Bel, Pascale Desjardins, Camille Couture, Elodie Gillard, Élodie Boisselier, Richard Bazin, Lucie Germain, and Sylvain L. Guérin. "The Human Tissue-Engineered Cornea (hTEC): Recent Progress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031291.
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Each day, about 2000 U.S. workers have a job-related eye injury requiring medical treatment. Corneal diseases are the fifth cause of blindness worldwide. Most of these diseases can be cured using one form or another of corneal transplantation, which is the most successful transplantation in humans. In 2012, it was estimated that 12.7 million people were waiting for a corneal transplantation worldwide. Unfortunately, only 1 in 70 patients received a corneal graft that same year. In order to provide alternatives to the shortage of graftable corneas, considerable progress has been achieved in the development of living corneal substitutes produced by tissue engineering and designed to mimic their in vivo counterpart in terms of cell phenotype and tissue architecture. Most of these substitutes use synthetic biomaterials combined with immortalized cells, which makes them dissimilar from the native cornea. However, studies have emerged that describe the production of tridimensional (3D) tissue-engineered corneas using untransformed human corneal epithelial cells grown on a totally natural stroma synthesized by living corneal fibroblasts, that also show appropriate histology and expression of both extracellular matrix (ECM) components and integrins. This review highlights contributions from laboratories working on the production of human tissue-engineered corneas (hTECs) as future substitutes for grafting purposes. It overviews alternative models to the grafting of cadaveric corneas where cell organization is provided by the substrate, and then focuses on their 3D counterparts that are closer to the native human corneal architecture because of their tissue development and cell arrangement properties. These completely biological hTECs are therefore very promising as models that may help understand many aspects of the molecular and cellular mechanistic response of the cornea toward different types of diseases or wounds, as well as assist in the development of novel drugs that might be promising for therapeutic purposes.
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Han, Xiao, Yubao Zhang, Yirui Zhu, Yanzhi Zhao, Hongwei Yang, Guo Liu, Sizhu Ai, et al. "Quantification of biomechanical properties of human corneal scar using acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography." Experimental Biology and Medicine 247, no. 6 (December 3, 2021): 462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15353702211061881.
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Biomechanical properties of corneal scar are strongly correlated with many corneal diseases and some types of corneal surgery, however, there is no elasticity information available about corneal scar to date. Here, we proposed an acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography system to evaluate corneal scar elasticity. Elasticity quantification was first conducted on ex vivo rabbit corneas, and the results validate the efficacy of our system. Then, experiments were performed on an ex vivo human scarred cornea, where the structural features, the elastic wave propagations, and the corresponding Young’s modulus of both the scarred region and the normal region were achieved and based on this, 2D spatial distribution of Young’s modulus of the scarred cornea was depicted. Up to our knowledge, we realized the first elasticity quantification of corneal scar, which may provide a potent tool to promote clinical research on the disorders and surgery of the cornea.
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Singh, Manmohan, Achuth Nair, Salavat R. Aglyamov, and Kirill V. Larin. "Compressional Optical Coherence Elastography of the Cornea." Photonics 8, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8040111.
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Assessing the biomechanical properties of the cornea is crucial for detecting the onset and progression of eye diseases. In this work, we demonstrate the application of compression-based optical coherence elastography (OCE) to measure the biomechanical properties of the cornea under various conditions, including validation in an in situ rabbit model and a demonstration of feasibility for in vivo measurements. Our results show a stark increase in the stiffness of the corneas as IOP was increased. Moreover, UV-A/riboflavin corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) also dramatically increased the stiffness of the corneas. The results were consistent across 4 different scenarios (whole CXL in situ, partial CXL in situ, whole CXL in vivo, and partial CXL in vivo), emphasizing the reliability of compression OCE to measure corneal biomechanical properties and its potential for clinical applications.
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Yang, Seung Ahn, Su Hwan Park, and Ji Eun Lee. "Clinical Use of Mini-Scleral Contact Lens in Ocular Surface Diseases." Annals of Optometry and Contact Lens 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.52725/aocl.2022.21.3.99.
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A scleral contact lens lies on the sclera, not the cornea, which differs from a rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lens, and has shown successful clinical outcomes in patients unable to tolerate glasses or RGP contact lenses because of a severely deformed cornea. In addition, a scleral lens forms a tear film between the cornea and contact lens that stabilizes the ocular surface and could be a useful therapeutic option. The mini-scleral contact lens is a useful therapeutic option for visual improvement and symptom control in patients with corneal abnormalities such as keratoconus, corneal opacity, ocular surface disease, and irregular corneal astigmatism.
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Hussain, Noor Ahmed, Francisco C. Figueiredo, and Che J. Connon. "Use of biomaterials in corneal endothelial repair." Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology 13 (January 2021): 251584142110582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25158414211058249.
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Human corneal endothelium (HCE) is a single layer of hexagonal cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea. It forms the barrier that separates the aqueous humor from the rest of the corneal layers (stroma and epithelium layer). This layer plays a fundamental role in maintaining the hydration and transparency of the cornea, which in turn ensures a clear vision. In vivo, human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) are generally believed to be nonproliferating. In many cases, due to their nonproliferative nature, any damage to these cells can lead to further issues with Descemet’s membrane (DM), stroma and epithelium which may ultimately lead to hazy vision and blindness. Endothelial keratoplasties such as Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DEK) are the standard surgeries routinely used to restore vision following endothelial failure. Basically, these two similar surgical techniques involve the replacement of the diseased endothelial layer in the center of the cornea by a healthy layer taken from a donor cornea. Globally, eye banks are facing an increased demand to provide corneas that have suitable features for transplantation. Consequently, it can be stated that there is a significant shortage of corneal grafting tissue; for every 70 corneas required, only 1 is available. Nowadays, eye banks face long waiting lists due to shortage of donors, seriously aggravated when compared with previous years, due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, there is an urgent need to find alternative and more sustainable sources for treating endothelial diseases, such as utilizing bioengineering to use of biomaterials as a remedy. The current review focuses on the use of biomaterials to repair the corneal endothelium. A range of biomaterials have been considered based on their promising results and outstanding features, including previous studies and their key findings in the context of each biomaterial.
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Schultz, C. L., A. G. Buret, M. E. Olson, H. Ceri, R. R. Read, and D. W. Morck. "Lipopolysaccharide Entry in the Damaged Cornea and Specific Uptake by Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 1731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.3.1731-1734.2000.
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ABSTRACT Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important agent of induction of ocular pathology following corneal injury or wearing of contaminated contact lenses. The mechanism of LPS uptake through the corneal epithelium is unclear, and the role played by inflammatory cells in this phenomenon has not been previously assessed. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled LPS from Escherichia coli was deposited onto the abraded corneas of New Zealand White rabbits. Epifluorescence microscopy of living excised corneas revealed diffuse LPS staining in the epithelial and stromal layers only in the vicinity of the abrasion. In addition, specific cellular uptake of LPS was suggested by fluorescence staining of cells along the abrasion site. In a second series of experiments, an anti-CD18 polyclonal antibody was used to block infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) into the cornea. In these experiments, a diffuse distribution of fluorescent LPS was still observed along the abrasion, but the specific cellular uptake was abolished. The findings indicate that LPS enters the cornea via diffuse penetration at sites of injury and that specific cellular uptake of LPS occurs within the cornea via PMN which have migrated into the damaged tissue.
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Cole, Nerida, Mark Krockenberger, Fiona Stapleton, Shamila Khan, Emma Hume, Alan J. Husband, and Mark Willcox. "Experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis in Interleukin-10 Gene Knockout Mice." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 3 (March 2003): 1328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.3.1328-1336.2003.
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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis is one of the most destructive diseases of the cornea. The host response to this infection is critical to the outcome. The cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) is thought to play an important role in modulating excessive inflammation and antimicrobial defenses. We have found that in IL-10−/− mice there is a significant decrease in bacterial load in corneas at 7 days postchallenge with P. aeruginosa. This decrease was accompanied by a reduction in neutrophil numbers in the cornea and changes in cytokine levels compared to those of wild-type mice. A characteristic increase in neovascularization in the cornea was found in the IL-10−/− mice. This increased angiogenesis correlated with an increased expression of KC, whereas the kinetics of macrophage inflammatory peptide 2 expression correlated with neutrophil numbers. This finding suggests that KC may play a role in corneal angiogenesis. The source of IL-10 in mouse corneas was identified as a subpopulation of infiltrating cells and keratocytes. This study demonstrates that IL-10 plays an important role in regulating the balance of inflammatory mediators during P. aeruginosa infection of the cornea.
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Maharramov, P. M. "Prevalence rate of cornea diseases according materials of outpatient facilities in Baku city." Russian Ophthalmological Journal 14, no. 2 (June 20, 2021): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2021-14-2-23-26.
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Purpose: to assess the prevalence of corneal diseases using the data on the incidence of visits to outpatient facilities in the city of Baku. Material and methods. The data, presented by outpatient facilities for the year 2017, were statistically analyzed. Results. It was revealed that, for every 100 000 people, there were 266.1±3.4 cases of corneal diseases of which 97.9 ± 2.1 were infectious and 166.9 ± 2.7 were noninfectious diseases. Corneal neoplasms were detected in 1.3 ± 0.2 cases. The ratio of non-infectious and infectious diseases ofthe cornea was ca. 1.7. The lowest prevalence rate of both infectious and non-infectious diseases of the cornea was detected in children aged 0 to 9 years. In older age groups, the change of prevalence of corneal diseases was found to be chaotic. The trends of age-related prevalenceof infectious vs. non-infectious diseases of the cornea were basically similar; the highest rate was detected among patients aged 60–69. Conclusion.According to the appealability data, the prevalence rate of corneal diseases is rather high and age-dependent with a prevailing share of non-infectious corneal pathologies. In male population, this rate is notably lower than in female population.
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Semak, G. R., V. A. Zakharava, I. Yu Zherka, and P. Yu Yudin. "Lumican expression in chronic degenerative cornea diseases." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 65, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2021-65-3-345-354.
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The pattern of lumican expression in corneal explants of patients with chronic dystrophic cornea diseases and the changes in its expression after 1 % sodium hyaluronate expression are established. The prospective study included 37 patients with chronic dystrophic diseases of the cornea: keratopathies in the outcome of keratitis (20 cases) and endothelial-epithelial dystrophy (17 cases). The patients were divided into 2 groups. The first group in the preoperative period received the injections of 1 % low molecular weight sodium hyaluronate, the second group did not receive additional treatment. All patients included in the study underwent penetrating keratoplasty. The immunohistochemical study of corneal explants was performed using primary monoclonal antibodies to lumican with subsequent morphometric evaluation of the preparations. The proportion of pixels with high and moderate intensity and the index of expression intensity in immunopositive regions were calculated. In the group of patients with aggressive keratitis, the intensity of lumican expression both in the epithelium and in the corneal stroma was statistically significantly higher than in the control group and decreased with the use of 1 % low molecular weight sodium hyaluronate. After the leukoma formation, the expression of lumican both in the epithelium and in the corneal stroma was comparable to that in the control group with higher parameters of epithelial expression after sodium hyaluronate administration. In the groups of endothelial-epithelial dystrophy, an increase in the intensity of expression was noted after sodium hyaluronate injections. The noted increase in the epithelial expression of lumican against the background of pronounced alteration is accompanied by its gradual decrease as the regeneration is completed. An important factor is its normal content in the corneal stroma, since both a sharp increase and low expression parameters are accompanied by a decrease in corneal transparency.
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Kim, Hyeonji, Moon-Nyeo Park, Jisoo Kim, Jinah Jang, Hong-Kyun Kim, and Dong-Woo Cho. "Characterization of cornea-specific bioink: high transparency, improved in vivo safety." Journal of Tissue Engineering 10 (January 2019): 204173141882338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731418823382.
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Corneal transplantation is a typical surgical procedure for severe corneal diseases. However, the waiting time for a donor cornea has gradually increased due to a decrease in supply caused by an aging population and increased cases of laser-based surgeries. Artificial corneas were developed to meet the increase in demand; however, these approaches have suffered from material deterioration resulted by the limited tissue integration. Here, we introduce a cornea-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (Co-dECM) as a bioink for corneal regeneration. The developed Co-dECM bioink had similar quantitative measurement results for collagen and GAGs compared with that of the native cornea and also had the proper transparency for vision. The differentiation potential of human turbinate-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hTMSCs) to a keratocyte lineage was only observed in the Co-dECM group. Moreover, the developed bioink did not have any cytotoxic effect on encapsulated cells for three-dimensional (3D) culture and has great biocompatibility evident by the xeno-implantation of the Co-dECM gel into mice and rabbits for two and one month, respectively. An in vivo safety similar to clinical-grade collagen was seen with the Co-dECM, which helped to maintain the keratocyte-specific characteristics in vivo, compared with collagen. Taken together, the Co-dECM bioink has the potential to be used in various types of corneal diseases based on its corneal-specific ability and design flexibility through 3D cell printing technology.
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Cheng, Qiong, Feng Zhang, Tixian Tian, Lan Wu, Linna Li, Meixia Chen, and Ye Zhou. "Visual Corneal Photomechanical Analysis Is Combined with the Pentacam Correlation Index for the Diagnosis of Cone Corneas at Different Stages of Progression." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022 (February 21, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4682901.
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Cone-shaped corneas are blinding eye diseases characterised by dilated and thinning corneal tissue and forward conical protrusions, most often in adolescents. Early detection and intervention can prevent further dilatation of the cornea. The prevailing examination methods and techniques are not difficult to diagnose clinical cone corneas, but there are limitations in the diagnosis of early cone corneas (static cone corneas and subclinical cone corneas). In this study, we investigated the diagnostic value of the combination of these two instruments in the diagnosis of clinical cone corneas and subclinical cone corneas by performing the Pentacam and Corvis ST examinations in healthy eyes and dystrophic cone corneas. This study provides a theoretical basis for early cone cornea screening and diagnosis. The analysis revealed that only TP, SPA1, ARTh, and bIOP were normally distributed among all included parameters, and only bIOP was normally distributed with equal variance. TBI and CBI indices have a certain sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of subclinical cone corneas, with a strong diagnostic ability, and can be used for screening and early diagnosis of cone corneas.
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Hurt, Michael, Sherine Apte, Henry Leher, Kevin Howard, Jerry Niederkorn, and Hassan Alizadeh. "Exacerbation of Acanthamoeba Keratitis in Animals Treated with Anti-Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 2 or Antineutrophil Antibodies." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 2988–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.5.2988-2995.2001.
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ABSTRACT Neutrophils are thought to be involved in many infectious diseases and have been found in high numbers in the corneas of patients withAcanthamoeba keratitis. Using a Chinese hamster model of keratitis, conjunctival neutrophil migration was manipulated to determine the importance of neutrophils in this disease. Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment was achieved by subconjunctival injection with an antibody against macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), a powerful chemotactic factor for neutrophils which is secreted by the cornea. In other experiments, neutrophils were depleted by intraperitoneal injection of anti-Chinese hamster neutrophil antibody. The inhibition of neutrophils to the cornea resulted in an earlier onset and more severe infection compared to controls. Anti-MIP-2 antibody treatment produced an almost 35% reduction of myeloperoxidase activity in the cornea 6 days postinfection, while levels of endogenous MIP-2 secretion increased significantly. Recruitment of neutrophils into the cornea via intrastromal injections of recombinant MIP-2 generated an initially intense inflammation that resulted in the rapid resolution of the corneal infection. The profound exacerbation ofAcanthamoeba keratitis seen when neutrophil migration was inhibited, combined with the rapid clearing of the disease in the presence of increased neutrophils, strongly suggests that neutrophils play an important role in combating Acanthamoeba infections in the cornea.
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Patel, Dhaval, Radhika Tandon, Anita Ganger, Aarti Vij, Sanjeev Lalwani, and Adarsh Kumar. "Study of death to preservation time and its impact on utilisation of donor corneas." Tropical Doctor 47, no. 4 (June 13, 2017): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475517713406.
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To evaluate the impact of death-to-preservation time (DPT) on effective utilisation of donor corneas. In a prospective observational study conducted at our tertiary eye centre, donated corneas received over a 15-month period from November 2011 to January 2013 were evaluated. Donor age, donor refrigeration (done or not), DPT, endothelial cell density (ECD), corneal grading, clinical utilisation and surgical outcome after graft transplantation were noted. To analyse the impact of different DPT on donor cornea transplantation, primary outcome measures (corneal grading and endothelial cell density) and secondary outcome measures (primary graft failure and graft infection) were analysed. A total of 990 corneas were assessed. Primary outcomes showed no significant difference for higher DPT ( P > 0.01). ECD, where DPT was >12 h, was better for refrigerated corneas ( P < 0.001). Prolonged DPT had no significant effect on primary graft failure ( P = 0.131) and graft infection ( P = 0.137) in the first month after transplantation. We find that DPT should not be the only criteria to assess the cornea quality; other donor characteristics should be considered equally important. Donor refrigeration should be encouraged in cases where early retrieval is not possible.
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Kasparov, A. A., N. R. Marchenko, and E. A. Kasparova. "The acantamoeba lesions of the cornea (diagnosis) (Review of literature)." Journal Infectology 12, no. 1 (March 21, 2020): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2020-12-1-14-22.
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The Aсanthamoeba keratitis is a rare, but very dangerous disease of cornea; its development is connected with contact lens wearing, and corneal microtraumas with contamination of particles of the soil or water. The disease has no pronounced distinguishing clinical signs therefore it is difficult to distinguish them from herpetic or fungal keratitis. Nevertheless, it can be suspected on the basis of anamnestic data (use of contact lenses, corneal injury with contamination by the soil or water), uneven strong pain syndrome, ring-shaped infiltration of cornea, absence of effect of traditional therapy. Isolation of Acanthamoeba by bioculture method, morphological research of corneal bioptat (by light and luminescent microscopy), gene diagnostics, in – vivo confocal microscopy of the cornea can give additional help in the diagnosis. Also perspective diagnostic methods of Acanthamoeba keratitis are given. Nevertheless, so far there is no conventional technique of diagnosis of this disease.
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Morel, Pascal C., Nora Roubi, Daniel R. Talon, and Xavier Bertrand. "Contamination of Trypan Blue With Burkholderia cepacia in a Cornea Bank." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 24, no. 3 (March 2003): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502184.
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AbstractObjective:To describe Burkholderia cepacia contamination of a cornea bank and the measures taken to identify and eliminate the source of infection.Methods:Cultures were performed to assess the extent and source of contamination, and pulsed-fleld gel electrophoresis was used for molecular typing.Results:Routine surveillance cultures identified 5 contaminated corneas during a 10-day period. Additional cultures showed that 28 of 88 samples were positive for this organism. Environmental investigation showed that an open bottle of trypan blue used to assess corneal morphology was contaminated with the epidemic strain.Conclusion:Trypan blue played a major role in this contamination of corneas. This episode shows that microbial contamination can affect transplanted corneas despite ongoing culture surveillance and suggests that new methods may be needed to avoid this risk.
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Varkoly, Gréta, János Bencze, László Módis, and Tibor Hortobágyi. "Az extracelluláris mátrix rendellenességei epithelialis-stromalis és stromalis cornealis dystrophiákban." Orvosi Hetilap 157, no. 33 (August 2016): 1299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2016.30481.
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The human cornea is rich in extracellular matrix. The stroma constitutes the main thickness of the cornea, which consists of collagens and proteoglycans mainly. The epithelial-stromal and stromal dystrophies of the cornea are either autosomal dominant or recessive inherited disorders, which are unrelated to inflammation or trauma. The diseases can manifest in each layer of the cornea, but in most cases the corneal stroma is affected. Generally, they develop in childhood or young adulthood but the diagnosis is only possible when clinical signs (epithelial erosions, decreased visual acuity, photophobia) develop. The different protein aggregates (hyaline, amyloid, crystalline) deposited in the corneal layers result in mild or advanced corneal opacity and loss of the corneal transparency due to disorganisation of the extracellular matrix. In some of the corneal dystrophies the keratane sulphate proteoglycan looses its function which results in a loss of the regular interfibrillar spacing. Due to the severe corneal opacity patients may need corneal transplantation. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(33), 1299–1303.
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Sakowska, Justyna, Paulina Glasner, Maciej Zieliński, Piotr Trzonkowski, and Leopold Glasner. "Corneal Allografts: Factors for and against Acceptance." Journal of Immunology Research 2021 (October 3, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5372090.
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Cornea is one of the most commonly transplanted tissues worldwide. However, it is usually omitted in the field of transplantology. Transplantation of the cornea is performed to treat many ocular diseases. It restores eyesight significantly improving the quality of life. Advancements in banking of explanted corneas and progressive surgical techniques increased availability and outcomes of transplantation. Despite the vast growth in the field of transplantation laboratory testing, standards for corneal transplantation still do not include HLA typing or alloantibody detection. This standard practice is based on immune privilege dogma that accounts for high success rates of corneal transplantation. However, the increasing need for retransplantation in high-risk patients with markedly higher risk of rejection causes ophthalmology transplantation centers to reevaluate their standard algorithms. In this review we discuss immune privilege mechanisms influencing the allograft acceptance and factors disrupting the natural immunosuppressive environment of the eye. Current developments in testing and immunosuppressive treatments (including cell therapies), when applied in corneal transplantation, may give very good results, decrease the possibility of rejection, and reduce the need for retransplantation, which is fairly frequent nowadays.
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Zhang, Tao, Chang Liu, Jingliang He, Yanwei Kang, Feng Wang, and Shaowei Li. "Cornea guttata associated with special phenotypic variants of granular corneal dystrophy type 2 in a Chinese family." European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672119832176.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the relevant gene mutations in a Chinese family with special phenotypic variants of granular corneal dystrophy type 2 with cornea guttata. Methods: A total of 11 individuals from the affected family underwent complete ophthalmic examination. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes of affected and unaffected family members. High-throughput sequencing was performed to screen for mutations in 290 genes associated with inherited ophthalmic diseases. Results were validated by bidirectional Sanger sequencing. Results: An Arg124His (R124H) mutation of the transforming growth factor beta-induced gene was identified in three members of the affected family: the proband (II-1), his mother (I-2), and his son (III-1). The eyes of the proband and his mother had bilateral superficial whitish ring patches with clear centers occupying their central corneas and appeared to be discoid or ring shaped. In addition, specular microscopic examination showed the presence of dark, round bodies. In vivo confocal microscopy showed some hyporeflective round images (cornea guttata), containing occasionally central highlight, in the proband, his mother, and one of his elder sisters. Conclusion: We report, for the first time, atypical granular corneal dystrophy type 2 with cornea guttata associated with a single R124H mutation in a Chinese family. Our findings emphasize that genotyping is essential for the accurate diagnosis and classification of granular corneal dystrophy type 2.
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Wang, Ellen F., Stuti L. Misra, and Dipika V. Patel. "In Vivo Confocal Microscopy of the Human Cornea in the Assessment of Peripheral Neuropathy and Systemic Diseases." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/951081.
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In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) of the living human cornea offers the ability to perform repeated imaging without tissue damage. Studies using corneal IVCM have led to significant contributions to scientific and clinical knowledge of the living cornea in health and pathological states. Recently the application of corneal IVCM beyond ophthalmology to wider clinical and research fields has been demonstrated. Abnormalities of the corneal subbasal nerve plexus have been associated with many forms of peripheral neuropathy and Langerhans cells correlate with systemic inflammatory states. There is a rapidly growing evidence base investigating the use of corneal IVCM in many systemic conditions and a well-established evidence base for IVCM imaging of the corneal subbasal plexus in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. This paper reviews the potential use of corneal IVCM in general clinical practice as a noninvasive method of assessing peripheral neuropathies, monitoring inflammatory states and clinical therapeutic response.
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Rajaiya, Jaya, Amrita Saha, Ashrafali M. Ismail, Xiaohong Zhou, Ting Su, and James Chodosh. "Adenovirus and the Cornea: More Than Meets the Eye." Viruses 13, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020293.
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Human adenoviruses cause disease at multiple mucosal sites, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts, and are common agents of conjunctivitis. One site of infection that has received sparse attention is the cornea, a transparent tissue and the window of the eye. While most adenovirus infections are self-limited, corneal inflammation (keratitis) due to adenovirus can persist or recur for months to years after infection, leading to reduced vision, discomfort, and light sensitivity. Topical corticosteroids effectively suppress late adenovirus keratitis but are associated with vision-threatening side effects. In this short review, we summarize current knowledge on infection of the cornea by adenoviruses, including corneal epithelial cell receptors and determinants of corneal tropism. We briefly discuss mechanisms of stromal keratitis due to adenovirus infection, and review an emerging therapy to mitigate adenovirus corneal infections based on evolving knowledge of corneal epithelial receptor usage.
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Gillette-Ferguson, Illona, Katrin Daehnel, Amy G. Hise, Yan Sun, Eric Carlson, Eugenia Diaconu, Helen F. McGarry, Mark J. Taylor, and Eric Pearlman. "Toll-Like Receptor 2 Regulates CXC Chemokine Production and Neutrophil Recruitment to the Cornea in Onchocerca volvulus/ Wolbachia-Induced Keratitis." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 12 (September 17, 2007): 5908–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00991-07.
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ABSTRACT The filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus is the causative organism of river blindness. Our previous studies demonstrated an essential role for endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in corneal disease, which is characterized by neutrophil infiltration into the corneal stroma and the development of corneal haze. To determine the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in neutrophil recruitment and activation, we injected a soluble extract of O. volvulus containing Wolbachia bacteria into the corneal stromata of C57BL/6, TLR2−/−, TLR4−/−, TLR2/4−/−, and TLR9−/− mice. We found an essential role for TLR2, but not TLR4 or TLR9, in neutrophil recruitment to the cornea and development of corneal haze. Furthermore, chimeric mouse bone marrow studies showed that resident bone marrow-derived cells in the cornea can initiate this response. TLR2 expression was also essential for CXC chemokine production by resident cells in the cornea, including corneal fibroblasts, and for neutrophil activation. Taken together, these findings indicate that Wolbachia activates TLR2 on resident bone marrow-derived cells in the corneal stroma to produce CXC chemokines, leading to neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma, and that TLR2 mediates O. volvulus/Wolbachia-induced neutrophil activation and development of corneal haze.
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Bhuiya, Md Shariful Islam. "Visual Outcome of Keratoplasty on Vascularised Cornea- A Prospective Study." Medicine Today 28, no. 2 (June 13, 2017): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v28i2.32929.
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One of the leading causes of blindness is corneal disorder. By keratoplasty we can restore vision of those patients to some extent and many surgeons are performing keratoplasty on vascularised cornea. Present study was done to evaluate its outcome. Patients (5-70 yrs) were recruited from eye ward of Dhaka Medical College Hospital from January, 2007 to December, 2007. Patients were selected on some criteria. Total 33 cases were evaluated before and after operation. This study was carried out to know pattern of blindness and to obtain the causes of corneal vascularisation and results of keratoplasty on these patients. Among 2 types of grafting all our patients were undergone penetrating keratoplasty. Male predominance (57.50) was marked as male are more prone to corneal diseases and trauma. Considering age group nobody is immune from corneal disease but children and young persons are more vulnerable. Socio-economic status of our maximum patients are middle-class or poor class. We got a rough idea about the causes leading to vascularisation of cornea. Amongst them; trauma, corneal ulcer, chemical injury and under nutrition are noted in our study. Out of 33 healthy grafts, visual improvement occurred in 24 cases. Visual results of grafting on vascularised corneas are variable. Our study concludes that trauma and corneal ulcer are the leading causes of corneal opacity which need penetrating keratoplasty. Whatever the cause of corneal vascularisation, prognosis of keratoplasty on such cases is not disappointing. Rather keratoplasty done on early notified corneal opacity with superficial vascularisation gives satisfactory results .Medicine Today 2016 Vol.28(2): 69-71
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Rhem, Marcus N., Elizabeth M. Lech, Joseph M. Patti, Damien McDevitt, Magnus Höök, Dan B. Jones, and Kirk R. Wilhelmus. "The Collagen-Binding Adhesin Is a Virulence Factor in Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 3776–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.6.3776-3779.2000.
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ABSTRACT A collagen-binding strain of Staphylococcus aureusproduced suppurative inflammation in a rabbit model of soft contact lens-associated bacterial keratitis more often than its collagen-binding-negative isogenic mutant. Reintroduction of thecna gene on a multicopy plasmid into the mutant helped it regain its corneal adherence and infectivity. The topical application of a collagen-binding peptide before bacterial challenge decreasedS. aureus adherence to deepithelialized corneas. These data suggest that the collagen-binding adhesin is involved in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection of the cornea.
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Hall, Laurie R., Jussuf T. Kaifi, Eugenia Diaconu, and Eric Pearlman. "CD4+ Depletion Selectively Inhibits Eosinophil Recruitment to the Cornea and Abrogates Onchocerca volvulus Keratitis (River Blindness)." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 5459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.9.5459-5461.2000.
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ABSTRACT Previous studies demonstrated that in the murine model ofOnchocerca volvulus keratitis, neutrophils and eosinophils are recruited into the cornea in a biphasic manner in response to intrastromal injection. To determine if CD4+ T cells regulate migration of neutrophils and eosinophils into the cornea, CD4+ cells were depleted using monoclonal antibody GK1.5 before intrastromal injection of parasite antigens. Depletion of CD4+ cells abrogated corneal opacification at later but not early stages of disease. Consistent with this observation, CD4 depletion significantly impaired recruitment of eosinophils to the cornea but had no effect on neutrophils. These data indicate that CD4+ T cells mediate sustained O. volvuluskeratitis by regulating eosinophil recruitment to the cornea.
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Ma, Yu-Chi, Chang-Tsung Hsieh, Yu-Hsiang Lin, Chi-An Dai, and Jia-Han Li. "Numerical Study of Customized Artificial Cornea Shape by Hydrogel Biomaterials on Imaging and Wavefront Aberration." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 4372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244372.
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The blindness caused by cornea diseases has exacerbated many patients all over the world. The disadvantages of using donor corneas may cause challenges to recovering eye sight. Developing artificial corneas with biocompatibility may provide another option to recover blindness. The techniques of making individual artificial corneas that fit the biometric parameters for each person can be used to help these patients effectively. In this study, artificial corneas with different shapes (spherical, aspherical, and biconic shapes) are designed and they could be made by two different hydrogel polymers that form an interpenetrating polymer network for their excellent mechanical strength. Two designed cases for the artificial corneas are considered in the simulations: to optimize the artificial cornea for patients who still wear glasses and to assume that the patient does not wear glasses after transplanting with the optimized artificial cornea. The results show that the artificial corneas can efficiently decrease the imaging blur. Increasing asphericity of the current designed artificial corneas can be helpful for the imaging corrections. The differences in the optical performance of the optimized artificial corneas by using different materials are small. It is found that the optimized artificial cornea can reduce the high order aberrations for the second case.
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Cejka, Cestmir, and Jitka Cejkova. "Oxidative Stress to the Cornea, Changes in Corneal Optical Properties, and Advances in Treatment of Corneal Oxidative Injuries." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/591530.
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Oxidative stress is involved in many ocular diseases and injuries. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favour of oxidants (oxidative stress) leads to the damage and may be highly involved in ocular aging processes. The anterior eye segment and mainly the cornea are directly exposed to noxae of external environment, such as air pollution, radiation, cigarette smoke, vapors or gases from household cleaning products, chemical burns from splashes of industrial chemicals, and danger from potential oxidative damage evoked by them. Oxidative stress may initiate or develop ocular injury resulting in decreased visual acuity or even vision loss. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases with particular attention to oxidative stress in the cornea and changes in corneal optical properties are discussed. Advances in the treatment of corneal oxidative injuries or diseases are shown.
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Gao, Nan, and Fu-Shin X. Yu. "Chitinase 3-Like 1 Promotes Candida albicans Killing and Preserves Corneal Structure and Function by Controlling Host Antifungal Responses." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 10 (August 3, 2015): 4154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00980-15.
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Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) has been shown to play a role in promoting antibacterial responses, decreasing tissue injury, and enhancing pulmonary repair. This study sought to elucidate the role of CHI3L1 in augmenting the corneal innate immune response toCandida albicansinfection in an animal model of fungal keratitis. Flagellin applied topically 24 h prior toC. albicansinoculation significantly protected the corneal fromC. albicansand induced CHI3L1 expression in C57BL/6 mouse corneas. CHI3L1, however, played a detectable but minor role in flagellin-induced protection. WhileC. albicanskeratitis was more severe in the corneas treated withChi3l1small interfering RNA (siRNA), corneas treated with recombinant CHI3L1 beforeC. albicansinoculation had markedly ameliorated keratitis, reduced fungal load, and decreased polymorphonucleocyte (PMN) infiltration in an interleukin 13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2)-dependent manner. CHI3L1 treatment resulted in the induction of the antimicrobial peptides β-defensin 3, CRAMP, and chemokine CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 in corneal epithelial cells. Importantly, CHI3L1 administered afterC. albicansinoculation also had strong protection against fungal keratitis, suggesting a therapeutic window. This is the first report demonstrating that CHI3L1 is induced during fungal infection, where it acts as an immunomodulator to promote fungal clearance and to regulate antifungal innate immune responses in the cornea.
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Gentil, Katrin, and Eric Pearlman. "Gamma Interferon and Interleukin-1 Receptor 1 Regulate Neutrophil Recruitment to the Corneal Stroma in a Murine Model of Onchocerca volvulus Keratitis." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 4 (January 21, 2009): 1606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00671-08.
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ABSTRACT Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is an essential mediator of corneal inflammation induced by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus, which harbors endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria. TLR2 is also required for dendritic cell activation, gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production, and neutrophil recruitment to the cornea. To examine the role of IFN-γ in O. volvulus keratitis, C57BL/6 and IFN-γ−/− mice were immunized subcutaneously, and a soluble antigen extract from O. volvulus adult worms (OvAg) was injected into the corneal stroma of each animal. We found that, in the absence of IFN-γ, neutrophil recruitment to the cornea was significantly impaired, whereas there was no effect on eosinophil infiltration. Since the cornea contains resident macrophages and fibroblasts and our previous studies showed that CXC chemokines mediate neutrophil recruitment, we examined the role of recombinant IFN-γ (rIFN-γ) on each cell type. We found no effect of rIFN-γ on CXC chemokine production by macrophages or corneal fibroblasts, either alone or with filarial extracts; in contrast, rIFN-γ was found to enhance OvAg-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1α, and IL-1β in macrophages. Furthermore, we found that rTNF-α, rIL-1α, or rIL-1β induced CXC chemokine production by corneal fibroblasts but not by macrophages. To determine the relative contributions of endogenous cytokines, we injected OvAg into the corneal stroma of C57BL/6, IL-1 receptor 1−/− (IL-1R1−/−), and TNF-αR1/2−/− mice and examined neutrophil recruitment. We found that neutrophil infiltration was impaired in IL-1R1−/− mice but not in TNF-αR1/2−/− mice. IFN-γ therefore appears to regulate neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma by enhancing TLR2 expression and OvAg-induced IL-1α and IL-1β production by macrophages in the cornea, which then induce IL-1R1-dependent production of CXC chemokine by resident corneal fibroblasts.
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Cole, Nerida, Shisan Bao, Mark Willcox, and Alan J. Husband. "Expression of Interleukin-6 in the Cornea in Response to Infection with Different Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 2497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.5.2497-2502.1999.
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ABSTRACT Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing keratitis can be either cytotoxic (6206) or invasive (6294), while a strain (Paer1) causing contact lens-induced acute red eye has been shown to be neither. In situ hybridization was used to examine the location and identity of cells expressing interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA in the murine cornea and changes in expression in response to infection with different strains of P. aeruginosa. The number of IL-6-positive cells was determined by image analysis. IL-6 protein levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BALB/c mice were challenged by use of the wounded-cornea model with P. aeruginosa 6294, 6206, or Paer1 (2 × 106 CFU). At time intervals up to 24 h, postchallenge corneal tissue was probed for IL-6 mRNA. IL-6 mRNA expression was rapidly elevated in the epithelium in response to strains 6294 and 6206. At the conclusion of the experiments, infiltrating inflammatory cells also stained positively for IL-6 mRNA. In contrast, corneas challenged with strain Paer1 showed significant upregulation of IL-6 mRNA only at 4 h postchallenge. Three distinct patterns of IL-6 mRNA expression in the mouse cornea occur in response to these three ocular isolates ofP. aeruginosa. The data obtained for mRNA expression in the cornea for all three strains of P. aeruginosa correlated well with IL-6 protein analysis of whole-eye homogenates. Differences in the cytokine responses to these strains correlate with differences in the pathology associated with each strain and may offer an opportunity to develop strategies for the improved management of ocular inflammation.
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Gndoyan, I. A., and A. V. Petrayevsky. "Therapy of Dry Eye Syndrome after Inflammatory Diseases of Cornea." Ophthalmology in Russia 17, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2020-1-124-132.
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Purpose: evaluation of the efficacy of the drug Tealose® in the therapy of cornea inflammatory diseases consequences such as dry eye syndrome.Patients and methods: 34 patients (34 eyes) with dry eye syndrome after inflammatory diseases of the cornea, aged 28–56 years old were included in the study. Two clinical groups were formed: observation group — 20 subjects (20 eye) and comparison group — 14 subjects (14 eyes). The dynamics of such indicators were estimated under therapy: visual acuity with maximal correction, corneal epithelium entity according fluoresceine dye test, tear production according Schirmer and Norn tests, the grade of dry eye syndrome severity according index of OSDI — Questionnarie. The patients in observation group in addition to the basic therapy, which included instillation antiseptics и 4 % taurine solution, were treated with 3 % solution of tregalose (Tealose®, “Laboratuar Thea”, France) by such mode: using of 4 times daily instillations during 1 month, 1 month break, than continuation of the same regimen instillations during 1 month was performed. The patients in comparison group in addition to the same basic therapy were treated with Visomitin® (“Mitotech”, Russia) by the mode, which was used for tregalose.Results. The improvement of cornea’s epithelization (p < 0,05), increasing of visual acuity with maximal correction (p < 0,05), improvement of tear production (p < 0,05), as well as the OSDI-index (p < 0,05) were revealed in the patients of the observation group. In the patients of the comparison group positive dynamics of these indicators was insignificant and unreliable.Conclusions. Using of 3 % tregalose solution in patients with consequences of inflammatory diseases of the cornea — keratitis leads to effective treatment of “dry eye” syndrome, reduces the severity of epithelization disorders and tendency to scarring in the corneal tissue.
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Abu-Amero, Khaled K., Inas Helwa, Abdulrahman Al-Muammar, Shelby Strickland, Michael A. Hauser, R. Rand Allingham, and Yutao Liu. "Screening of the Seed Region ofMIR184in Keratoconus Patients from Saudi Arabia." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/604508.
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Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of gene expression that control various biological processes. The role of many identified miRNAs is not yet resolved. Recent evidence suggests that miRNA mutations and/or misexpression may contribute to genetic disorders. Point mutations in the seed region ofMIR184have been recently identified in Keratoconus (KC) patients with or without other corneal and lens abnormalities. We investigated mutations withinMIR184in KC patients from Saudi Arabia and examined the relative expression of miR-184 and miR-205 in human cornea. Ethnically matched KC cases (n=134) were recruited and sequencing was performed using PCR-based Sanger sequencing and analyzed using the Sequencher 5.2 software. Expression of miR-184 and miR-205 was profiled in postmortem unaffected ocular tissues obtained from donors with no history of ocular diseases. miR-184 expression was 15-fold higher than that of miR-205 in cornea samples. No mutation(s) within the screened genomic region ofMIR184in KC cases was detected. This suggests that mutation inMIR184is a rare cause of KC alone and may be more relevant to cases of KC associated with other ocular abnormalities. The increased expression of miR-184 versus miR-205 in normal cornea samples implies a possible role of miR184 in cornea development and/or corneal diseases.
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Kasparova, E. A., and N. R. Marchenko. "Neurotrophic Keratitis. Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations. Review. Part 1." Ophthalmology in Russia 19, no. 1 (April 6, 2022): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2022-1-38-45.
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Neurotrophic keratitis (also called neurotrophic keratopathy) (NTK) is a degenerative disease of the cornea, accompanied with neurogenic inflammation. It caused by a sensitive innervation loss of the trigeminal nerve and characterized by reduced sensitivity of the cornea and a retardation of its healing process. NTC-causing damage to the trigeminal nerve can occur at different levels-from the nucleus to the terminals located in the cornea, and can be caused by ocular and systemic diseases both. The most common causes include herpetic keratitis, diabetes, chemical burns and iatrogenic injuries during ophthalmic operations, intracranial neoplasms, disorders of cerebral circulation and neurosurgical interventions. Corneal changes include epitheliopathy (grade I), persistent erosion (grade II), ulcer and its complications (grade III). The determining diagnostic sign of NTK is a decrease or loss of corneal sensitivity. The morphological characteristics of the corneal nerves can be studied using confocal microscopy.
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Puri, Sudan, Brendan M. Kenyon, and Pedram Hamrah. "Immunomodulatory Role of Neuropeptides in the Cornea." Biomedicines 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2022): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10081985.
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The transparency of the cornea along with its dense sensory innervation and resident leukocyte populations make it an ideal tissue to study interactions between the nervous and immune systems. The cornea is the most densely innervated tissue of the body and possesses both immune and vascular privilege, in part due to its unique repertoire of resident immune cells. Corneal nerves produce various neuropeptides that have a wide range of functions on immune cells. As research in this area expands, further insights are made into the role of neuropeptides and their immunomodulatory functions in the healthy and diseased cornea. Much remains to be known regarding the details of neuropeptide signaling and how it contributes to pathophysiology, which is likely due to complex interactions among neuropeptides, receptor isoform-specific signaling events, and the inflammatory microenvironment in disease. However, progress in this area has led to an increase in studies that have begun modulating neuropeptide activity for the treatment of corneal diseases with promising results, necessitating the need for a comprehensive review of the literature. This review focuses on the role of neuropeptides in maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface, alterations in disease settings, and the possible therapeutic potential of targeting these systems.
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Jameel, Samer Kais, Sezgin Aydin, and Nebras H. Ghaeb. "Local information pattern descriptor for corneal diseases diagnosis." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 4972. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp4972-4981.
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<span lang="EN-US">Light penetrates the human eye through the cornea, which is the outer part of the eye, and then the cornea directs it to the pupil to determine the amount of light that reaches the lens of the eye. Accordingly, the human cornea must not be exposed to any damage or disease that may lead to human vision disturbances. Such damages can be revealed by topographic images used by ophthalmologists. Consequently, an important priority is the early and accurate diagnosis of diseases that may affect corneal integrity through the use of machine learning algorithms, particularly, use of local feature extractions for the image. Accordingly, we suggest a new algorithm called local information pattern (LIP) descriptor to overcome the lack of local binary patterns that loss of information from the image and solve the problem of image rotation. The LIP based on utilizing the sub-image center intensity for estimating neighbors' weights that can use to calculate what so-called contrast based centre (CBC). On the other hand, calculating local pattern (LP) for each block image, to distinguish between two sub-images having the same CBC. LP is the sum of transitions of neighbors' weights, from sub-image center value to one and vice versa. Finally, creating histograms for both CBC and LP, then blending them to represent a robust local feature vector. Which can use for diagnosing, detecting.</span>
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Shah, Ruchi, Cynthia Amador, Kati Tormanen, Sean Ghiam, Mehrnoosh Saghizadeh, Vaithi Arumugaswami, Ashok Kumar, Andrei A. Kramerov, and Alexander V. Ljubimov. "Systemic diseases and the cornea." Experimental Eye Research 204 (March 2021): 108455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2021.108455.
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Wagoner, Michael. "Grayson's Diseases of the Cornea." Journal of Refractive Surgery 8, no. 5 (September 1992): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597x-19920901-18.
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Lang, Gabriele E., and Gerhard K. Lang. "The cornea and systemic diseases." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 5, no. 4 (August 1994): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199408000-00005.
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Palmowski, Anja M., and Klaus W. Ruprecht. "The cornea and systemic diseases." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 6, no. 4 (August 1995): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199508000-00004.
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Freissler, Karin A., and Gabriele E. Lang. "The cornea and systemic diseases." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 7, no. 4 (August 1996): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199608000-00005.
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Plotnik, Ronald D. "Grayson's Diseases of the Cornea." American Journal of Ophthalmology 114, no. 4 (October 1992): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71880-x.
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Kornmehl, Ernest W. "Grayson's Diseases of the Cornea." Archives of Ophthalmology 111, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1993.01090040038023.
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Parker, Jack, Philip Dockery, Ana Preda-Naumescu, Martine Jager, Korine van Dijk, Isabel Dapena, and Gerrit Melles. "Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty and Bowman Layer Transplantation: An Anatomic Review and Historical Survey." Ophthalmic Research 64, no. 4 (2021): 532–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000516093.
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For nearly a century, the definitive treatment of many corneal dystrophies and ectactic disorders was limited to penetrating keratoplasty, but over the past 2 decades, a surge of surgical innovation has propelled the treatment of many corneal diseases to more targeted approaches with significantly better visual outcomes. Anterior stromal diseases were first changed through endothelial-sparing techniques, such as deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, but have more recently transitioned to stromal-sparing approaches. Ultraviolet corneal crosslinking strengthens the cornea and halts progression of keratoconus in >90% of cases. Intracorneal ring segment and corneal allogenic ring segment implantation offer methods to flatten ectatic corneas. However, Bowman layer transplantation – inlay and more recently onlay techniques – has shown promise for treating advanced keratoconus and preventing keratoplasty. The advent of endothelial keratoplasty radically changed the treatment of corneal endothelial dysfunction, and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty specifically offers an average postoperative visual acuity of 20/25 (0.8) with only 8.8% of grafts requiring retransplantation in the first 5 years. Here, we review the rapid innovations for surgical treatment of corneal diseases, spanning from endothelial keratoplasty and endothelial regeneration to anterior lamellar keratoplasty and stromal augmentation, highlighting key steps which may be moving us closer to a “postkeratoplasty” world.
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Baturina, G. S., I. G. Palchikova, A. A. Konev, E. S. Smirnov, L. E. Katkova, E. I. Solenov, and I. А. Iskakov. "STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF HYPOTHERMIC CONSERVATION ON THE INTRACELLULAR SODIUM CONCENTRATION IN THE ENDOTHELIUM OF CORNEAL TRANSPLANTS." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 22, no. 4 (July 3, 2018): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj18.379.
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Endothelial keratoplasty has become the treatment of choice for corneal endothelial dysfunction. Advancements in the surgical treatment of corneal endothelial diseases depend on progress in graft conservation and its related advantages in assessing the suitability of grafts for transplantation. Transport of water and ions by cornea endothelium is important for the optic properties of cornea. In this work, we study the intracellular sodium concentration in cornea endothelial cells in samples of pig cornea that underwent hypothermic conservation for 1 and 10 days and endothelial cells of human cornea grafts after 10-day conservation. The concentration of intracellular sodium in preparations of endothelial cells was assayed using fluorescent dye SodiumGreen. The fluorescent images were analyzed with the custom-made computer program CytoDynamics. An increased level of intracellular sodium was shown in the endothelium after 10-day conservation in comparison with one-day conservation (pig samples). Sodium permeability of pig endothelial cell plasma membranes significantly decreased in these samples. Assessment of intracellular sodium in human cornea endothelium showed a higher level – as was in analogues pig samples of the corneal endothelium. The assay of the intracellular sodium balance concentration established in endothelial cells after hypothermic conservation in mediums L-15 and Optisol-GS showed a significant advantage of specialized me dium Optisol-GS. The balanced intracellular concentration after 10 days of hypothermic conservation was significantly lower in cells incubated at 4 °C in Optisol-GS (L-15, 128 ± 14, n = 15; Optisol-GS, 108 ± 14, n = 11; mM, p < 0.001). Intracellular sodium concentration could be a useful parameter for assessing cornea endothelium cell viability.
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Pant, Om Prakash, Ji-long Hao, Dan-dan Zhou, Fan Wang, and Cheng-wei Lu. "A novel case using femtosecond laser-acquired lenticule for recurrent pterygium: case report and literature review." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 6 (April 16, 2018): 2474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060518765303.
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Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is a minimally invasive, safe and flapless femtosecond laser technique used mainly to correct myopia through extraction of a corneal lenticule. Lenticules obtained in this way are transparent and of high quality, and thus, can be used to treat other corneal diseases. A 65-year-old male patient presented with recurrent pterygium complicated by thin cornea. The patient was treated surgically using a SMILE-extracted lenticule to avoid further complications and to maintain eyeball integrity. The lenticule was sutured over the thin section of cornea using 10-0 interrupted nylon sutures and enclosed by a single layer of amniotic membrane. The patient was evaluated using slit-lamp biomicroscopy and anterior-segment optical-coherence tomography. During an 8-month follow-up, the graft remained intact with no sign of rejection and corneal thickness was maintained. Tectonic keratoplasty using a SMILE-extracted lenticule appears to be a safe, cost-effective and reliable method for treating thin cornea due to repeated surgeries for recurrent pterygium. This is the first case of recurrent pterygium complicated by thin cornea managed surgically using a SMILE-extracted lenticule.
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Bhuiya, Md Shariful Islam. "Causes of Vascularised Corneal Opacity Those Were Treated by Corneal Grafting." Medicine Today 29, no. 1 (August 31, 2017): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v29i1.33855.
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One of the leading causes of blindness is corneal disorder. By keratoplasty we can restore vision of those patients to some extent and many surgeons are performing keratoplasty on vascularised cornea. Present study was done to evaluate its outcome. Patients (5-70 yrs) were recruited from eye ward of Dhaka Medical College Hospital from January, 2007 to December, 2007. Patients were selected on some criteria. Total 33 cases were evaluated before and after operation. This study was carried out to know pattern of blindness and to obtain the causes of corneal vascularisation and results of keratoplasty on these patients. Among 2 types of grafting all our patients were undergone penetrating keratoplasty. Male predominance (57.50) was marked as male are more prone to corneal diseases and trauma. Considering age group nobody is immune from corneal disease but children and young persons are more vulnerable. Socio-economic status of our maximum patients are middle-class or poor class. We got a rough idea about the causes leading to vascularisation of cornea. Amongst them; trauma, corneal ulcer, chemical injury and under nutrition are noted in our study. Out of 33 healthy grafts, visual improvement occurred in 24 cases. Visual results of grafting on vascularised corneas are variable. Our study concludes that trauma and corneal ulcer are the leading causes of corneal opacity which need penetrating keratoplasty. Whatever the cause of corneal vascularisation, prognosis of keratoplasty on such cases is not disappointing. Rather keratoplasty done on early notified corneal opacity with superficial vascularisation gives satisfactory results.Medicine Today 2017 Vol.29(1): 23-25
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Alhjouj, Jehad Kh A., Alexander N. Samoylov, Viktor A. Usov, and Dinara R. Ganyatullina. "The treatment of cornea pathology using scleral lenses." Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya 22, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55531/2072-2354.2022.22.2.15-21.
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This review focuses on the therapeutic use of scleral lenses in the treatment of corneal pathology described in the international scientific literature.
The potential of scleral lenses in the treatment of pathology of the cornea and anterior segment of the eye has been studied since the late 1980s. The scleral lenses were actively used both in the treatment of corneal pathology and in the treatment of diseases of the anterior segment of the eye. The use of scleral lenses in the treatment of corneal pathology may promise an area for development for this treatment modality. Contrary to eye-drops, which remain on the ocular surface for a relatively short time, the scleral lenses provide a long-term hydration of the corneal epithelium and paralimbal conjunctiva. Tarsorrhaphy and other surgical interventions limit visual acuity and the field of vision and provide poor cosmetic results. The scleral lenses, however, can provide 2-in-1 therapy as they protect the ocular surface and, in case of epithelial roughness, may improve visual acuity in patients with ocular surface diseases. The ability of scleral lenses to provide a continuous hydration and protection of the ocular surface, allowing patients to maintain functional visual acuity, as well as their ability to be used in combination with other forms of therapy, makes them a valuable option for the treatment of severe ocular surface diseases. Incorporating scleral lenses into a combined, multidisciplinary approach to treatment can bring relief to patients without resorting to more invasive treatment options.
Our analysis identified only a few studies on the use of scleral lenses in the treatment of corneal pathology, which is likely due to the complexity of customization of their fit. This indicates the need for scientific research aimed at developing universal scleral lenses for the treatment of the cornea based on the criteria of the radius of curvature and the diameter of the cornea of a healthy eye.
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Ozawa, Daisaku, Yuichi Kaji, Hisashi Yagi, Kazumasa Sakurai, Toru Kawakami, Hironobu Naiki, and Yuji Goto. "Destruction of Amyloid Fibrils of Keratoepithelin Peptides by Laser Irradiation Coupled with Amyloid-specific Thioflavin T." Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, no. 12 (February 7, 2011): 10856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.222901.
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Mutations in keratoepithelin are associated with blinding ocular diseases, including lattice corneal dystrophy type 1 and granular corneal dystrophy type 2. These diseases are characterized by deposits of amyloid fibrils and/or granular non-amyloid aggregates in the cornea. Removing the deposits in the cornea is important for treatment. Previously, we reported the destruction of amyloid fibrils of β2-microglobulin K3 fragments and amyloid β by laser irradiation coupled with the binding of an amyloid-specific thioflavin T. Here, we studied the effects of this combination on the amyloid fibrils of two 22-residue fragments of keratoepithelin. The direct observation of individual amyloid fibrils was performed in real time using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Both types of amyloid fibrils were broken up by the laser irradiation, dependent on the laser power. The results suggest the laser-induced destruction of amyloid fibrils to be a useful strategy for the treatment of these corneal dystrophies.
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Ambrosone, Luigi, Germano Guerra, Mariapia Cinelli, Mariaelena Filippelli, Monica Mosca, Francesco Vizzarri, Dario Giorgio, and Ciro Costagliola. "Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing Promoted by Verbascoside-Based Liposomal Eyedrops." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/471642.
Full textAbstract:
Different liposomal formulations were prepared to identify those capable of forming eyedrops for corneal diseases. Liposomes with neutral or slightly positive surface charge interact very well with the cornea. Then these formulations were loaded with verbascoside to heal a burn of corneal epithelium induced by alkali. The cornea surface affected involved in wound was monitored as a function of time. Experimental results were modeled by balance equation between the rate of healing, due to the flow of phenylpropanoid, and growth of the wound. The results indicate a latency time of only three hours and furthermore the corneal epithelium heals in 48 hours. Thus, the topical administration of verbascoside appears to reduce the action time of cells, as verified by histochemical and immunofluorescence assays.
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Osapoetra, Laurentius O., Dan M. Watson, and Stephen A. McAleavey. "Intraocular Pressure–dependent Corneal Elasticity Measurement Using High-frequency Ultrasound." Ultrasonic Imaging 41, no. 5 (July 4, 2019): 251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0161734619858386.
Full textAbstract:
Measurement of corneal biomechanical properties can aid in predicting corneal responses to diseases and surgeries. For delineation of spatially resolved distribution of corneal elasticity, high-resolution elastography system is required. In this study, we demonstrate a high-resolution elastography system using high-frequency ultrasound for ex-vivo measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP)-dependent corneal wave speed. Tone bursts of 500 Hz vibrations were generated on the corneal surface using an electromagnetic shaker. A 35-MHz single-element transducer was used to track the resulting anti-symmetrical Lamb wave in the cornea. We acquired spatially resolved wave speed images of the cornea at IOPs of 7, 11, 15, 18, 22, and 29 mmHg. The IOP dependence of corneal wave speed is apparent from these images. Statistical analysis of measured wave speed as a function of IOP revealed a linear relation between wave speed and IOP cs = 0.37 + 0.22 × IOP, with the coefficient of determination R2 = 0.86. We also observed depth-dependent variations of wave speed in the cornea, decreasing from anterior toward posterior. This depth dependence is more pronounced at higher IOP values. This study demonstrates the potential of high-frequency ultrasound elastography in the characterization of spatially resolved corneal biomechanical properties.