Academic literature on the topic 'Corlu (Turkey)'

Objective: The aim of the study is researching the incidence of group A beta hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) in upper respiratory tract infections in Turkey. Study design: This is a descriptive study. Subject and Methods: Totally, 3964 throat swabs obtained from patients with upper respiratory tract infections were cultured for isolation of GABHS in Corlu Military Hospital, Department of Microbiology, between April 2002 and April 2004. Standard microbiological techniques were used in the screening. Results: In this study, GABHS were isolated from 230 (5.80 %) of 3964 patients. The rate of isolation was 79 (5.65 %)/914 in 2002 year, 103 (5.55 %)/1857 in 2003 year, and 48 (6.77 %)/709 in 2004 year. The rate of isolation was 50 (5.47 %)/914 in the spring, 21 (3.21 %)/642 in the summer, 49 (5.81 %)/844 in the autumn, and 110 (7.03 %)/1564 in the winter. Conclusion: We found that the overall incidence of GABHS in respiratory tract infections (5,80 %) was lower than other studies and the incidence was the highest in the winter.

Based on recent biodiversity studies carried out in different parts of the Mediterranean, the following 19 species are included as new records on the floral or faunal lists of the relevant ecosystems: the green algae Penicillus capitatus (Maltese waters); the nemertean Amphiporus allucens (Iberian Peninsula, Spain); the salp Salpa maxima (Syria); the opistobranchs Felimida britoi and Berghia coerulescens (Aegean Sea, Greece); the dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus (central-west Mediterranean and Ionian Sea, Italy); Randall’s threadfin bream Nemipterus randalli, the broadbanded cardinalfish Apogon fasciatus and the goby Gobius kolombatovici (Aegean Sea, Turkey); the reticulated leatherjack Stephanolepis diaspros and the halacarid Agaue chevreuxi (Sea of Marmara, Turkey); the slimy liagora Ganonema farinosum, the yellowstripe barracuda Sphyraena chrysotaenia, the rayed pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata radiata and the Persian conch Conomurex persicus (south-eastern Crete, Greece); the blenny Microlipophrys dalmatinus and the bastard grunt Pomadasys incisus (Ionian Sea, Italy); the brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus (north-eastern Levant, Turkey); the blue-crab Callinectes sapidus (Corfu, Ionian Sea, Greece). In addition, the findings of the following rare species improve currently available biogeographical knowledge: the oceanic pufferfish Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Malta); the yellow sea chub Kyphosus incisor (Almuñécar coast of Spain); the basking shark Cetorhinus maximus and the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus (north-eastern Levant, Turkey).

A study on the occurrence of Emys orbicularis in the Aegean, published in 2012, is here extended to the Ionian Islands. For the first time, a status analysis has also been carried out for the individual islands. Emys orbicularis is found on 11 Greek islands and one Turkish. Its presence on the big islands of Rhodes and Chios has not been ascertained so far, while for four previously mentioned islands there is no confirmation. On Corfu and Lesbos there are still viable larger Emys populations. Most other island occurrences are characterized by small populations. On Kefalonia, Zakynthos, Thassos and Samos, E. orbicularis is in danger of extinction because the wetland biotopes are threatened. In the meantime, many wetlands have been placed under protection. The enforcement of these nature conservation regulations needs to be monitored, and E. orbicularis can be a lead species for such monitoring.

This study provides an overview of the Eumerus minotaurus taxon group, diagnosing a new species, E. anatolicus Grković, Vujić and Radenković sp. n. (Muğla, Turkey), and unraveling three cryptic species within E. minotaurus: E. karyates Chroni, Grković and Vujić sp. n. (Peloponnese, Greece), E. minotaurus Claussen and Lucas, 1988 (Crete and Karpathos, Greece) and E. phaeacus Chroni, Grković and Vujić sp. n. (Corfu and Mt Olympus, Greece; Mt Rumija, Montenegro). We applied an integrative taxonomic approach based on molecular, morphological and wing geometric morphometric data to corroborate and delimit cryptic species within the complex. In addition, we discuss the latent biogeographic patterns and speciation processes leading to configuration of the E. minotaurus group based on palaeogeographic evolution of the Aegean. Mitochondrial phylogeographic analysis suggested that speciation within the E. minotaurus group is attributable to formation of the mid-Aegean Trench and Messinian Salinity Crisis, and was integrated at the Pleistocene. We show that more accurate estimates of divergence times may be based on geological events rather than the standard arthropod mtDNA substitution rate.

Gypsum in Hellas and Cyprus occurs in three different types: (a) bedded (mainly of Messinian age in Cyprus and Crete), (b) domes (mainly western Hellas and Crete), and (c) as bodies, fragments and cementing material in Triassic conglomerate formations (western Hellas). Ground failure caused by void migration to the surface, resulting from gypsum dissolution, is a common phenomenon in such areas, which are also found in other European countries (e.g., Italy, Spain, Switzerland, U.K., Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine and Russia). In this paper three different case studies of ground failure are presented: Cyprus, Crete (Viannos) and Corfu. Engineering geological, stratigraphical, geophysical, hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical studies of these areas, revealed the direct relationship between surface runoff, and ground water circulation with the rate of gypsum dissolution, the subsequent development of karst hollows, and the associated ground failure in urban and suburban environments. Two main models were defined, according to different mechanisms of gypsum dissolution. The first model is associated with the erosion activity of surface runoff, the second with the dissolving capacity of ground water. Risks to the urban and suburban environments were assessed, and guidelines as well as mitigation measures were proposed.

The subfamily Eutrombidiinae of the Trombidioidea (Acarina) is revised, and placed with the Microtrombidiinae in the family Microtrombidiidae; it is divided into the three tribes Eutrombidiini, Hexathrombiini, trib, nov., and Milliotrombidiini, trib. nov., with differing biological characters as well as taxonomic. The division is made for the larvae, as adult-larva correlations are known only for Eutrombidium. Eutrombidiini is left with two genera: Verdunella, gen. nov., monotypic with V. lockleii (Welbourn & Young) from Araneida, North America, and Eutrombidium Verdun, cosmopolitan from Orthoptera, principally Acrididae, with the following species recognised as larvae: E. centrale, sp, nov., E. occidentale, sp. nov., E. orientale, sp. nov. (North America), E. trigonum (Hermann) (western Europe), E. africanum, sp. nov., E. macfarlanei, sp. nov. (Niger, west Africa), E. verdense, sp. nov. (Cape Verde Islands, Atlantic), E. robauxi, sp. nov. (Corfu, Turkey), E. feldmanmuhsamae Feider (Israel), E. indicum, sp. nov. (India), and E. australiense, sp. nov. (Australia). The following nominal taxa (larvae) are left unkeyed: E. debilipes (Leonardi) (western Russia), E. locustarum (Walsh) (North America), E. odorheiense Feider (Romania) (with subspecies E. o. odorheiense Feider and E. o. littorale Feider), and E. townsendi (Dumbleton) (New Zealand). Larvae of the Hexathrombiini are ectoparasitic on Coleoptera (one exception); genera indude Hexathrombium Cooreman, Hoplothrombium Ewing and Beronium Southcott. Hexathrombium has two species, H. spatuliferum Cooreman (on carabid beetle, former Belgian Congo), and H. willisi, sp. nov. (on cicindelid beetle, North America). Hoplothrombium is known from H. quinquescutatum Ewing (on ‘beetle mite’, i.e. Oribatei, Acarina, in toad's stomach, North America). Beronium is known for B. coiffaiti (Beron), an eyeless form (from cavernicolous carabid beetle, North Africa). Milliotrombidiini larvae are ectoparasites of Myriapoda; genera include Milliotrombidium Shiba, with M. milliopodum Shiba (from millipede, Malaya) and Kepongia, gen, nov., with K. malayensis, sp. nov. (from centipede, Malaya). Names are assigned to the various specialised setae on tarsus III of the larvae with ‘deformed’ claws, i.e. with tarsus III modified for saltation.

It was presented the description of the natural features of Greece, which determine the attractiveness of this country for tourism, namely the huge length of the sea coast, warm and clean sea water, arid subtropical climate, beautiful mountain landscapes. A three-dimensional image of the Greece territory has been created, which gives a good idea about its predominantly mountainous terrain. Brief information about the largest Greek peninsulas and islands is given. The most important data on the population of the country, the state of the economy, as well as the significant role of the tourism sector are shown. The income of Greece from the tourism is given. The wealth of country for historical and cultural heritage is briefly presented. The most famous sites of the a UNESCO World Heritage are mentioned. The dynamics of tourist flows to this country is studied. It is shown that till 2019 the number of foreign tourists more than three times exсeeded the Greece population. A significant drop occurred in 2020, due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It is noted that most tourists come to this country from Germany, some less – from the United Kingdom. Information about number of Ukrainian tourists visiting Greece is given. Their share is relatively small, it is less than 1% of the total. The analysis of the factors, which determines the preferential visiting of Turkey by Ukrainian tourists, is given. The main factor is the cost of a holiday in Greece, which about one and a half times is higher. Information on passenger traffic at local airports is given, which allows to find out the most popular holiday destinations. Routes of aviation connection of Greece with the largest cities of Ukraine are described. Ukrainian airlines companies operating these flights are mentioned. The data on the cost of rest at the peak of the tourist season of 2021 are presented. The features of rest in the most popular tourist regions, in particular on Corfu, Crete and Rhodes islands are shown. The data about the sea beaches in Greece are presented. It is noted that by the number of beaches with the Blue Flag (over 500) the country ranks second in the world after Spain. The temperature of sea water in different regions was described, as well as the factors influencing this temperature.Key words: Greece, tourism, nature, history, World Herritage, islands. Наведено опис природних особливостей Греції, які визначають привабливість цієї країни для туризму, а саме величезна довжина морського узбережжя, тепла і чиста морська вода, посушливий субтропічний клімат, чудові гірські ландшафти. Створено об’ємне зображення території Греції, яке дає добре уявлення про її переважно гірський рельєф. Подано короткі відомості про найбільші грецькі півострови та острови. Наведено найважливіші дані про населення країни, стан економіки, а також значну роль туристичної сфери. Показано обсяг грошових надходжень, які Греція отримує від туризму. Наведено відомості про багатство країни на історико-культурну спадщину. Згадано найвідоміші об’єкти, що занесені до Всесвітньої спадщини ЮНЕСКО. Досліджено динаміку туристичних потоків у цю країну. Показано, що до 2019 р. включно кількість іноземних туристів більш як утричі перевищувала чисельність населення Греції. Істотне падіння трапилося в 2020 р., що пов’язано з пандемією Covid-19. Зазначено, що найбільше туристів прибуває у цю країну з Німеччини, дещо менше – зі Сполученого Королівства. Наведено відомості про чисельність українських туристів, що відвідують Грецію. Їх частка порівняно невелика – менше 1% загального обсягу. Наведено аналіз чинників того, чому українські туристи значно частіше відвідують Туреччину. Головним із них є те, що вартість відпочинку в Греції приблизно в півтора рази вища. Наведено відомості про пасажиропотік місцевих аеропортів, які дають змогу з’ясувати найпопулярніші регіони для відпочинку. Описано маршрути авіасполучення Греції з найбільшими містами України. Згадано українські авіакомпанії, які виконують ці рейси. Наведено дані про вартість відпочинку в пік туристичного сезону 2021 р. Висвітлено особливості відпочинку в найбільш популярних туристичних регіонах, зокрема на островах Корфу, Крит і Родос. Наведено відомості про пляжі в Греції. Зазначено, що за кількістю пляжів, що мають Блакитний прапор (понад 500), країна займає друге місце в світі після Іспанії. Наведено опис температури морської води в різних регіонах, а також чинників що на неї впливають. Ключові слова: Греція, туризм, природа, море, історія, Всесвітня спадщина, острови.

Citrus groves of Corfu had been attacked during the last decade by citrus whitefly Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead). It presumably expanded later, and it was found to cause a serious infestation on lemon trees of Achaia region during summer of 1986, while it disappeared later existing today only in very small pockets on ornamental citrus species in Attica area. Late in August 1988, the leaves of citrus trees, and to a lesser extent of grapevines, in the region of Corinthia, NE Peloponnesos, in South Greece were covered by larvae, pupae and adults of a whitefly that was different from D. citri. In autumn of the same year, it was noticed that the infestation of this new whitefly had expanded to other parts of Peloponnese such as Argos, Patras and Ilia region. Samples of citrus and grapevine leaves with nymphs of the insect were sent for identification to British Museum of Natural History. Dr. J. H. Martin identified the species as Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), making the first record of the species in Greece. The species is a native of Japan and possibly of other eastern asian countries such as Taiwan and West Malaysia. Today, the insect has been recorded in USA (California), Cyprus, Israel and Turkey, Egypt (Martin personal communication) and it is a pest of woody plants, especially citrus trees and grapevines. The damage caused to the plants by this insect, as a feeder, can be serious in cases of large populations accompanied with problems associated with the development of sooty mould on the excreted honeydew. In the autumn of 1988, infestation was high (more than 20 nymphs/leaf) in Achaia and Corinthia regions of N. Peloponnese, causing great concern to citrus growers. This species of whitefly was not included in the lists of known plant pests of Greece. It is probable that it invaded Greece from Israel. P. myricae is a newly introduced pest in citrus growing countries and there is little information available on its biology and control. Most of the published data comes from Israel and California on the biology and biological control of the insect. Additional data have been published on flight behaviour, oviposition behaviour, and survival of young nymphs on leaves of different age citrus leaves. The adults of P. myricae are smaller than D. citri adults and they have a dusty blue gray or lavender appearance. The females oviposit on very young leaves, often in circles. Preference for oviposition on very young leaves seems to be related to properties of the leaf cuticle. Leaf age is a critical factor for survival of nymphs. This gives a good explanation for the observed high rates of mortality in spring for nymphs growing on rapidly maturing leaves. It has been observed that on orange trees less eggs are layed on the lower surface of the leaves, while on lemon trees they tend to be layed equally on both surfaces. Initially eggs are off-white, while after about one day they gradually turn to brownish and finally black, before they hatch. First instar crawlers settle on the surface of the young leaves with a preference to the lower surface. First flights of adults were noticed in this area in late February of 1989. By end of March early April the emergence of adults of the first 1989 generation had been completed. It seems that it produces a quite large number of generations during the year, as it requires only 21 days at temperatures fluctuating between 210oC and 17.3oC and 65-100 percent relative humidity, to complete its cycle in glasshouse. Being a pest of Citrus and grapevines (Vitis vinifera) it has also been found on hosts like Ficus, Persea, Prunus, Psidium and Thea. As a matter of fact it has also been found in small colonies on Prunus cerasi in Northern Peloponnese in autumn 1988. Work on the control of Parabemisia myricae with the insect growth regulator Buprofezin has started in Greece in 1988 and is expected to be concluded in 1990.

Pollution caused by traffic activities is increasingly becoming a great threat to human health in the region of Thrace in north-west of Turkey. Thirty six soil and plant samples were collected from the vicinity of Çorlu–Çerkezköy Highway. The samples were taken at distances of, 1, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 m from the highway. The each plant sample was divided into two subsamples. One subsamples of each plant was washed with with distilled water, while other part was not washed and were analyzed without any washing. All samples were analyzed for their heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr and Fe). The results showed that the soils in the study area were polluted by Pb. The lead concentration in the soil showed values from 19±0.2 mg kg -1 to 351±0.3 mg kg-1 and found to be higher than the allowable maximum limits in soils. The manganese levels of soils were slightly high and varied from 182±0.1 mg kg-1 to 806±0.1 mg kg-1. In this study, metal concentrations of unwashed plant samples were higher than those of the washed ones. This study indicated that the heavy metal contents decreased with increasing distances from the highway in unwashed plants.

The battle of Trafalgar left the Mediterranean open to British shipping, but Great Britain had not yet gained incontestable mastery over the sealanes. The bitter struggle for control of Sicily and southern Italy between Britain, acting in support of King Ferdinand of Naples, and Napoleon’s armies, acting in support of Marshal Murat, who was trying to usurp the Neapolitan throne, reached a high point in July 1806 at the battle of Maida (a British victory, deep in Calabria). Maida demonstrated that Napoleon had been foolish in allowing so many troops to be pinned down in miserable conditions far from the areas in northern and central Italy he most wished to control. Earlier dreams of using Taranto as a base for controlling southern Italy and the entrance to the Adriatic and Ionian seas evaporated. Yet the British fleet was far more stretched than the story of its victories suggests. The British needed to keep open the channel of communication linking Malta to Trieste, for Trieste had become an important source of supplies from the Austrian empire, now that routes through Germany were blocked by Napoleon’s armies. And by 1808 the French seemed to be clawing back their control of the Mediterranean; they had re-established their fleet at Toulon, and there were fears of a naval attack on Naples and Sicily. The British government wondered whether there was any point pursuing war in the Mediterranean. Other concerns intruded: the French were trying to take control of Spain, and with the outbreak of the Peninsular War attention shifted to formidably tough land campaigns in Iberia. How difficult conditions were can be seen from the size of the British fleet, which had plenty of other duties to perform close to England, in the Caribbean and elsewhere. On 8 March 1808 fifteen ships of the line lay under the control of Admiral Collingwood, Nelson’s capable successor; one at Syracuse, one at Messina and one off Corfu; twelve stood guard at Cádiz. These large warships were supported by thirty-eight frigates, sloops, brigs and bomb-vessels within the Mediterranean, most of which were patrolling and reconnoitring as far afield as Turkey and the Adriatic.

The Allied victory over Germany in the Second World War, like that in the First, left the Mediterranean unsettled. After Greece emerged from its civil war with a pro-western government, there were ever louder rumbles in Cyprus, where the movement calling for enôsis, union with Greece, was gathering pace again. Precisely because the Greeks sided with the West, and because Turkey had kept out of the war, during the late 1940s the United States began to see the Mediterranean as an advance position in the new struggle against the expanding power of the Soviet Union. The explicit theme was the defence of democracy against Communist tyranny. Stalin’s realism had prevented him from supporting Communist insurgency in Greece, but he was keen to find ways of gaining free access to the Mediterranean through the Dardanelles. In London and Washington, the fear that Soviet allies would establish themselves on the shores of the Mediterranean remained real, since the partisan leader in Yugoslavia, Tito, had played the right cards during the last stages of the war, even winning support from the British. Moreover, the Italians had lost Zadar along with the naval base at Kotor and chunks of Dalmatia they had greedily acquired during the war, while Albania, after an agonizing period of first Italian and then German occupation, had recovered its independence under the Paris-educated Communist leader Enver Hoxha, whose uncompromising stance was to bring his country into ever-greater isolation. When he took power, Hoxha imagined that his country would form part of a brotherly band of socialist nations, alongside Tito’s renascent Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Close ties with the Yugoslavs were sealed by economic pacts which reveal Tito’s hope of drawing Albania into the Yugoslav federation. Hoxha had other aspirations, and in his view Albania’s right to defend every square inch of the national territory extended into the waters off the Albanian coast: the Corfu Channel, long used as a waterway linking Greece to the Adriatic, was mined to prevent foreign incursions. Britain decided to send warships through the channel, asserting its right to police the Mediterranean on behalf of the nations of the world.

Статья посвящена одному из средиземноморских сюжетов эпохи Наполеоновских войн – конфронтации держав в южной Италии, на территории Неаполитанского королевства. Этот стратегически важный регион между Западом и Востоком крайне слабо защищался его непосредственными хозяевами. Их власть держалась на нейтралитете и интригах, лавировании между Францией и членами антифранцузской коалиции. После разрыва Амьенского мира в 1803 г. Наполеон направил существенные силы к неаполитанским границам. Англия и Россия ответили на это организацией совместной операции по защите Неаполя: в 1805 г. с Корфу в южную Италию были отправлены русские, а с Мальты – английские войска. Впрочем, подобная активность скорее навредила Неаполю, убедив Наполеона в лживости местной Бурбонской династии и укрепив его в намерении завоевать Италию полностью, изгнав неаполитанских монархов с территории королевства и посадив на их трон своего брата Жозефа. Поняв, что сопротивление превосходившей их французской армии бесполезно, союзники приняли решение об эвакуации. Впрочем, если русские вернулись на Корфу по приказу императора Александра I, то англичане все же предприняли попытку защиты части Неаполитанского королевства – Сицилии – и эмигрировавшего туда королевского двора. С разрешения монархов британские солдаты высадились на острове и заняли крепость Мессины. Тем временем французы вошли в Неаполь. Однако для полной победы им требовалось захватить и Сицилию, о чем неустанно напоминал брату Наполеон. Со своей стороны, англичане на Сицилии вынашивали планы по высадке на континент и нанесения удара по французам. Только узкий пролив отделял соперников друг от друга, и в течение двух лет инициатива переходила из рук в руки. При этом каждая сторона имела целью скорее сохранить статус непобежденной, чем нанести противнику решительное поражение. The article is devoted to one of the Mediterranean aspects of the Napoleonic wars period – the confrontation in South Italy, in the Neapolitan Kingdom. This strategically important region between the West and the East was poorly defended by its owners. Neutrality and intrigues, maneuvering between France and the states-members of the antiFrench coalitions were the basis of their power. After the break of the Amiens treaty in 1803 Napoleon turned his troops to the Neapolitan borders. Britain and Russia responded at once by organizing a joint military operation. Russian troops were sent from Corfu, while the British came from Malta. However, such activity was more of harm to Naples. It convinced Napoleon of the Neapolitan Bourbons’ deceitful nature, and strengthened his desire to conquer the whole of Italy, banishing the monarchs from their kingdom and replacing the vacant throne with his brother Joseph. Having understood the hopelessness of confronting the much bigger French army, the allies decided to retreat. Still, while the Russians returned to Corfu according to the order of Emperor Alexander I, the British made an attempt to defend at least a part of the Kingdom – Sicily – together with the royal court that had emigrated there. By the King’s permission the British soldiers landed on the island and occupied the fortress of Messina. Meanwhile, the French entered Naples. However, for final victory they needed to capture Sicily as well, and Napoleon kept reminding his brother about it. At the same time, the British at Sicily came up with plans of landing on the continent and striking a blow to the French. Just a narrow straight separated the enemies from each other, and during the two years that followed the initiative changed hands. It should be noted that neither side actually tried to win a decisive victory, but rather to save the status of having remained unbeaten.