Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Coriander'

Apiaceae could be defined as Aroma Tincto Oleo Crops (ATOC), e.g. plants containing both vegetable oil and essential oil. Applying agroreffinery concept to ATOC led to propose a sequential fractionation process coupling co-extraction of vegetal oil and essential oil to a valorization of by-product residues as biosourced active molecules and substrates for designing agromaterials. The aim of this thesis is to determine the biological and technological feasability of application of the ATOC-refinery concept to coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Chapter I reports a bibliographic state of the art study on extraction and characterisation of coriander vegetal oil and essential oil while chapter II describes materials and methods setting up during the thesis for sampling, extraction, analysis and data processing. Chapter III focus on the study of major various biological parameters influencing bioaccumulation of vegetal oil and essential oil in coriander (different plant varieties, different plant organs, different biological stages) and their impact on anti-oxidant activity of extracts obtained from extraction residues. In chapter IV, coriander fruits are processed by extrusion technology (mono screw and twin-screw extruder) in order to evaluate the feasability of mechanical pressing for extracting a flavored vegetal oil. Influence of operating parameters on vegetal oil extraction yields (nozzle diameter and nozzle/screw distance (single-screw extruder) or screw configuration, device’s filling coefficient and pressing temperature (twin-screw extruder)) is studied while the feasability of valorization of extraction cake as agromaterial (thermopressing) was stated.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The intercropping system has constituted one of the main alternative techniques that contribute to improve the sustainability and crops yields, especially when it associates crops, that to use environmental resources, promotes greater ecological balance of the ecosystem. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate combinations of coriander and salad rocket cultivars in bicropping intercropped with carrot cultivars in strips under the conditions of Mossoró- RN. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, in the period from July to December 2014. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications, and the treatments arranged in a 2x2x2 factorial. The treatments consisted of the combination of two coriander cultivars (Verdão and Português), two cultivars of rocket (Cultivada and FolhaLarga) and two carrot cultivars (Brasília and Esplanada). The characteristics evaluated in the coriander and rockets were: plant height, number of stems or leaves per plant, green mass yield and shoot dry mass. In the carrot was evaluated: plant height, number of stems per plant, shoot fresh and dry mass, root dry mass, commercial productivity of roots, total productivity of roots and classified productivity of roots. In the intercropping systems were evaluated: land equivalent ratio, productive efficiency index, score of the canonical variable, besides the indicators of economic efficiency: gross income, net income, rate of return, profit margin and modified monetary advantage. The best agroeconomic efficiency of the polyculture was achieved in the combination of the coriander cultivar 'Verdão', rocket cultivar 'FolhaLarga' and carrot cultivar 'Esplanada'. Regardless of the combinations tested cultivars, the production agrosystem of coriander and salad rocket in bicropping intercropped with carrot was the most efficient of fhatfrom the single crops of these vegetables
A consorciação de culturas tem se constituído em uma das principais técnicas alternativas que contribuem para melhorar a sustentabilidade e rendimento das culturas, principalmente quando se consorcia culturas que ao utilizar os recursos ambientais, promove um maior equilíbrio ecológico do ecossistema. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar combinações de cultivares de coentro e rúcula em bicultivo consorciadas com cultivares de cenoura em faixas nas condições de Mossoró- RN. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, no período de julho a dezembro de 2014. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com 4 repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 2x2x2. Os tratamentos consistiram na combinação de duas cultivares de coentro (Verdão e Português), com duas cultivares de rúcula (Cultivada e Folha Larga) e duas cultivares de cenoura (Brasília e Esplanada). As características avaliadas no coentro e rúcula foram: altura de plantas, número de hastes ou folhas por planta, rendimento de massa verde e massa seca da parte aérea. Na cenoura foram avaliadas: altura de plantas, número de hastes por planta, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raiz, produtividade comercial, produtividade total e produtividade classificada de raízes. No consórcio avaliou-se: os índices agronômicos de eficiência do uso da terra, índice de eficiência produtiva e escore da variável canônica, além dos indicadores de eficiência econômica: renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno, índice de lucratividade e vantagem monetária corrigida. A melhor eficiência agroeconômica do policultivo foi alcançada na combinação de cultivares de coentro Verdão , rúcula Folha Larga e cenoura Esplanada . Independentemente das combinações de cultivares testadas, os agrossistemas de produção de coentro e rúcula em bicultivo consorciado com cenoura foram mais eficientedo que aqueles provenientes dos cultivos solteiros dessas hortaliças

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is found mainly in the Northeast and Northern of Brazil, where large numbers of producers are involved with their exploration, thus making it a culture of great socioeconomic importance. Your culture seeks to obtain the green mass, much used in cooking in various dishes, in addition to the production of dried fruit for use in pharmaceutical and food industries. The concentration of nutrients from the nutritive solution is a feature very important for the development of plants, and one way to measure it is the electrical conductivity. This is directly related to the content of soluble salts, which can affect the development of plants. This study aimed to evaluate in terms of a greenhouse, growth and metabolism of coriander according to the ion concentration of two nutritive solutions under conditions of hydroponic cultivation. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement (7 X 2), with seven levels of electrical conductivity (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 dS.m -1) and two nutritive solutions with four repetitions totaling 56 experimental units. The nutritive solutions used were according to Castellane and Furlani with modifications to achieve the desired conductivity. The plants were collected after 60 days of planting. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance and regression. The solution that produced greater amount of green mass and dry mass was to Furlani, although this solution the plants were more sensitive to increased electrical conductivity. The levels of chlorophyll and carbohydrates showed a trend of increasing proportion of these compounds to increase the electrical conductivity. When connected the levels of chlorophyll and carbohydrates and the two nutrient solutions, only to the concentration of carbohydrates was no difference between the solutions, in conductivities of 1.0 and 1.5 dS.m-1. Generally, the electrical conductivity changed the concentration of nutrients, but did not cause disturbances in the plant, since none of the ions had evaluated their negative or overpaid for the culture of coriander. So is true that the original solutions can be used for the production of hydroponic coriander.
O coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.) é encontrado principalmente no Nordeste e Norte do Brasil, onde grande número de produtores está envolvido com sua exploração, tornando-o conseqüentemente uma cultura de grande importância socioeconômica. Seu cultivo visa à obtenção de massa verde, bastante utilizada na culinária em diversos pratos, além da produção de frutos secos para a utilização em indústrias farmacêutica e alimentícia. A concentração dos nutrientes da solução nutritiva é uma característica muito importante para o desenvolvimento das plantas, e uma das formas de mensurá-la é pela condutividade elétrica. Esta está diretamente relacionada ao teor de sais solúveis, que pode afetar o desenvolvimento das plantas. O presente trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento e metabolismo do coentro em função da concentração iônica de duas soluções nutritivas sob condições de cultivo hidropônico. Os tratamentos constaram de um arranjo fatorial (7 X 2), sendo sete níveis de condutividade elétrica (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5 e 3,0 dS.m-1) e duas soluções nutritivas com quatro repetições totalizando 56 unidades experimentais. As soluções nutritivas utilizadas foram a de Castellane e a de Furlani com modificações para obter a condutividade elétrica desejada. As plantas foram coletadas após 60 dias do plantio. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão. A solução que produziu maior quantidade de massa verde e massa seca foi a de Furlani, apesar de nesta solução as plantas terem sido mais sensíveis ao aumento da condutividade elétrica. Os teores de clorofila e carboidratos apresentaram uma tendência de aumento destes compostos proporcional ao incremento da condutividade elétrica. Quando relacionados os teores de clorofila e carboidratos e as duas soluções nutritivas, apenas na concentração de carboidratos houve diferença entre as soluções, nas condutividades de 1,0 e 1,5 dS.m-1. De modo geral, a condutividade elétrica alterou a concentração dos macronutrientes, porém não provocou distúrbios no vegetal, já que nenhum dos íons avaliados teve seus valores deficientes ou em excesso para a cultura do coentro. Assim é válido que as soluções originais podem ser utilizadas para a produção de coentro hidropônico.

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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses do Bokashi no crescimento das culturas de coentro, de cebolinha, em alguns atributos quÃmicos do solo e na atividade da biomassa microbiana do solo, para testar as hipÃteses de que a utilizaÃÃo do Bokashi no cultivo de cebolinha e coentro melhora o desenvolvimento das plantas em consequÃncia da melhoria do solo. A conduÃÃo do experimento foi realizada na casa de vegetaÃÃo do setor de horticultura do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal do CearÃ(UFC), situada no Campus do Pici, em Fortaleza, em um perÃodo de 60 dias apÃs o transplantio das mudas de cebolinha, das bandejas para os vasos plÃsticos contendo 4kg de solo e um perÃodo de 40 dias pro cultivo do coentro. O solo utilizado foi oriundo de Ãrea que predomina um Neossolo QuartzarÃnico, da comunidade do Coqueiro do Alagamar, no municÃpio de Pindoretama-CE. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, onde os tratamentos foram: T1- [4 kg Solo + 5g Bokashi + (20g composto orgÃnico = c.o.)]; T2- (4 kg Solo + 10g Bokashi + c.o.); T3-(4 kg Solo + 15g Bokashi + c.o.); T4- (4 kg Solo +20g Bokashi + c.o.); T5- (4 kg S + 20 g Bokashi); T6- (4 kg S + c.o.) e T7- Controle (solo natural). Foram avaliadas a altura e a massa da matÃria seca da parte aÃrea das plantas de cebolinha e do coentro e no solo, o pH, o Carbono orgÃnico total, o NitrogÃnio total e o FÃsforo disponÃvel, a colonizaÃÃo micorrÃzica arbuscular, a respiraÃÃo basal do solo, o quociente metabÃlico e o carbono da biomassa microbiana. Pelos resultados obtidos, o Bokashi, na dose de 20 g, foi o que mais favoreceu o desenvolvimento das plantas. NÃo houve influÃncia nos teores de NitrogÃnio total dos solo cultivados, mas os teores do carbono orgÃnico total e do carbono da biomassa microbiana tiveram um aumento significativo nos tratamentos T4 e T5. A quantidade de esporos de FMA nas amostras de solo analisadas foi menor nos tratamentos com Bokashi e mostrou-se estatisticamente diferente do T7 â Controle, que foi a que apresentou a maior quantidade de esporos. A colonizaÃÃo micorrÃzica arbuscular aumentou nos tratamentos T6 e T7 que nÃo usavam o Bokashi e foi menor nos tratamentos T4 e T5, que receberam a dose de 20g do Bokashi.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of Bokashi in crop growth of coriander and chives, in some soil chemical properties and in microbial biomass activity of soil, to test the hypothesis that the use of the Bokashi in the cultivation of coriander and chives improve plant growth, increases the quality of the soil . The conduct of the experiment was accomplished in the greenhouse horticulture sector of the Department of Plant Science of the Federal University of Cearà (UFC), located in the Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, in a period of 60 days after transplanting the chives seedlings, from trays to plastic pots containing 4 kg of soil and for a period of 40 days pro cultivation of coriander. The soil used was from the area that predominates Quartzipsamments Neosol from the community of Coqueiro do Alagamar, in the municipality of Pindoretama-Ce. The experimental design was of completely randomized kind, consisting of seven treatments: T1- [4 kg Soil + 5g Bokashi + (20g organic compound = c.o)], T2-(4 kg soil+ 10g Bokashi + co) , T3-(4 kg soil+ 15g Bokashi + co), T4- (4 kg Solo +20 g Bokashi + co),-T5 (4 kg S + 20 g Bokashi), T6-(4 kg S + co) and T7 - (natural soil)Control. The characteristics evaluated were the height and dry mass of the aerial part of chives and coriander and in the soil, pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, the soil basal respiration, metabolic quotient and microbial biomass carbon . By the results obtained the Bokashi at a dose of 20 g, was the one that most favored plant development. There was no influence on the levels of total nitrogen of the cultivated soil, but the levels of total organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon had a significant increase in T4 and T5 treatments. The number of AMF spores in the soil samples analyzed was lower in the treatments with Bokashi and was statistically different in T7 - Control, being the highest one. Mycorrhizal root colonization increased in treatments T6 and T7 which were not using the Bokashi and was lower in treatments T4 and T5, which received the dose of 20g of Bokashi.

Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto is mass-released for biological control of the leafroller pest, light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) in Australian vineyards. Parasitoid performance can, however, be constrained by a lack of suitable adult food and no information is available on the effect of nectar on the parasitism and longevity of T. carverae. To address this, the effect of alyssum, Lobularia maritima (L.) flowers on E. postvittana parasitism was studied in a vineyard experiment with and without releases of T. carverae. Egg parasitoid activity was assessed with E. postvittana egg 'sentinel cards' and no parasitism was recorded in plots without T. carverae releases. Where T. carverae were released, there was no significant enhancement of parasitism by the presence of L. maritima flowers. Three hypotheses were subsequently tested to account for the lack of an effect: (i) T. carverae does not benefit from L. maritima nectar, (ii) T. carverae was feeding on nectar from other flowering plants (weeds) present in the vineyard, (iii) T. carverae was feeding on sugars from ripe grapes. A growth-cabinet experiment using potted L. maritima plants with and without flowers did not support hypothesis one. No parasitism was recorded after day two for T. carverae caged without flowers whilst parasitism occured until day eight in the presence of flowers. A laboratory experiment with common vineyard weeds (Trifolium repens, Hypochoeris radicata, Echium plantagineum) as well as L. maritima did not support hypothesis one but gave partial support to hypothesis two. Survival of T. carverae was enhanced to a small but statistically significant extent in vials with intact flowers of L. maritima, white clover (T. repens) and catsear (H. radicata) but not in vials with flowering shoots of these species from which flowers and flowering buds had been removed. Paterson's curse (E. plantagineum) flowers had no effect on T. carverae survival. In a laboratory study, punctured grapes significantly enhanced T. carverae survival compared with a treatment without grapes, supporting hypothesis three. Trichogramma carverae performance in the field experiment was probably also constrained by relatively cool and wet weather. Further work on the enhancement of T. carverae efficacy by L. maritima and other carbohydrate sources is warranted. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate whether T. carverae benefit from different groundcover plant species. Ten T. carverae adults (<24h after eclosion) were caged with different groundcover species and a control with no plant materials. Epiphyas postvittana egg sentinel cards were used to measure parasitism and longevity was recorded visually. Survival and realised parasitism of T. carverae was significantly higher in L. maritima than in Brassica juncea, Coriandrum sativum, shoots of these species from which flowers had been removed and nil control treatments. A similar experiment with Fagopyrum esculentum (with- and without-flowers) and a control treatment showed that survival was significantly higher in intact F. esculentum than in without-flower and control treatments. There was no significant treatment effect on parasitism in the early stages of that experiment, though parasitism was recorded in the presence of F. esculentum flowers for 12 days, compared with 6 days in other treatments. Higher parasitism was observed in intact Borago officinalis than in the flowerless shoot, water only and no plant material control treatments in a third experiment. There was no significant treatment effect on parasitism. Fitted exponential curves for survival data differed significantly in curvature in the first, second and third experiments but the slope was a non-significant parameter in the second and third experiments. In a second series of laboratory experiments, one male and one female T. carverae were caged with groundcover species to investigate male and female longevity and daily fecundity. Both male and female longevity in F. esculentum and L. maritima treatments were significantly higher than on shoots of these species from which flowers had been removed, and than in the control treatments. Daily fecundity was significantly greater in the intact L. maritima treatment than in all other treatments. Fitted exponential curves for daily fecundity differed significantly in position and slope but not in curvature. There was no significant treatment effect on longevity or parasitism when a male and female were caged with intact B. juncea, B. officinalis or without-flower of these species, nor in the treatment with no plant materials. No parasitism was observed in a survey of naturally occurring egg parasitoids on two sites close to Orange and Canowindra in New South Wales, illustrating the importance of mass releases of T. carverae in biological control of E. postvittana. In an experiment on the Canowindra site, parasitism was significantly higher on day one and day two after T. carverae release when with-flower treatments were compared with without-flower treatments. Parasitism was significantly higher in the F. esculentum treatment than in C. sativum, L. maritima, vegetation without-flowers and control treatments on these dates. On day five, parasitism was higher in C. sativum than in all other treatments. There was no significant increase in parasitism in a second experiment conducted on the Orange site. Coriandrum sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima appear to be suitable adult food sources for T. carverae and offer some scope for habitat manipulation in vineyards The adults of many parasitoid species require nectar for optimal fitness but very little is known about flower recognition. Flight cage experiments showed that the adults of T. carverae benefited from L. maritima bearing white flowers to a greater extent than was the case for light pink, dark pink or purple flowered cultivars, despite all cultivars producing nectar. Survival and realised parasitism on non-white flowers were no greater than when the parasitoids were caged on L. maritima shoots from which flowers had been removed. The possibility that differences between L. maritima cultivars were due to factors other than flower colour, such as nectar quality, was excluded by dyeing white L. maritima flowers by placing the roots of the plants in 5% food dye (blue or pink) solution. Survival of T. carverae was lower on dyed L. maritima flowers than on undyed white flowers. Mixing the same dyes with honey in a third experiment conducted in the dark showed that the low level of feeding on dyed flowers was unlikely to be the result of olfactory or gustatory cues. Flower colour appears, therefore, to be a critical factor in the choice of plants used to enhance biological control, and is likely to also be a factor in the role parasitoids play in structuring invertebrate communities. Provision of nectar producing plants to increase the effectiveness of biological control is one aspect of habitat manipulation, but care needs to be taken to avoid the use of plant species that may benefit pest species. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate whether the adult E. postvittana and larvae benefit from nectar producing groundcover species. Newly emerged E. postvittana adults were caged with different groundcover species and a honey-based artificial adult diet. The longevity of male and female E. postvittana when caged with shoots of borage (B. officinalis) and buckwheat (F. esculentum) bearing flowers was as long as when fed a honey-based artificial diet. This effect was not evident when caged with shoots of these plants from which flowers had been removed. Longevity was significantly lower than in the artificial diet treatment when caged with coriander (C. sativum) or alyssum (L. maritima) irrespective of whether flowers were present or not. There was no significant treatment effect on the lifetime fecundity of E. postvittana. A second experiment with mustard (B. juncea) (with- and without-flowers), water only and honey-based artificial adult diet showed no significant treatment effects on the longevity of male and female E. postvittana or on the lifetime fecundity of E. postvittana. The anomalous lack of a difference between the water and honey-based diet treatments precludes making conclusions on the value of B. juncea for E. postvittana. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of groundcover species on the larval development of E. postvittana. In the first experiment, larval mortality was significantly higher in C. sativum, and L. maritima than in B. juncea, B. officinalis and white clover (T. repens) a known host of E. postvittana. Coriandrum sativum and L. maritima extended the larval period. In B. juncea and B. officinalis, mortality did not differ from that in T. repens. In F. esculentum, larval mortality was significantly higher than in T. repens. A short larval period was observed on B. juncea, B. officinalis and F. esculentum. Fitted exponential curves for larval mortality differed significantly in curvature between plant treatments. Similarly, successful pupation was significantly lower in C. sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima than in T. repens. The percentage of successful pupation in B. juncea and B. officinalis did not differ from F. esculentum and T. repens. Fitted exponential curves for pupation differed significantly in curvature. A similar trend was observed in a second experiment with potted plants. The overall results suggest that C. sativum and L. maritima denied benefit to E. postvittana adults and larvae, so could be planted as vineyard groundcover with minimal risk of exacerbating this pest. Overall results suggest that T. carverae require nutrients to reach their full reproductive potential and flowers provide such nutrients. Lobularia maritima and C. sativum may be considered 'selective food plants' for T. carverae whereas F. esculentum appears to be a 'non-selective food plant'; both T. carverae and E. postvittana benefited from it. Fruits such as grapes can be used as food resources in habitat manipulation and this merits further research. This result also suggests that within species flower colour is an important factor for flower selection in habitat manipulation.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The goals of this work were to evaluate the influence of the use of pre-cooling and hydration on the longevity of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves. In evaluating the use of pre-cooling were made bundles of leaves coriander 20-25 g. Immediately after the shape, the bundles were submerged for 10 min in a mixture at 5 °C with crushed ice and water (1:3 v/v), followed by storage at 20 and 5°C. The hydrocooling caused premature yellowing of the coriander leaves 72 and 96 h after the treatment, respectively, for storage at 20 and 5°C. It was concluded that the most appropriate treatment for post-harvest conservation of coriander bundles is the storage at 5 °C after harvest without pre-cooling. For to evaluation the effect of hydration of coriander leaves were used bundles 25-30 g, three times of submerged in water at 25°C (3, 6 and 9 h) and three percentages of weight loss before to immersion of the bundles in water (0.5 to 10%). The hydration was assessed in both storage temperatures. At first, the bundles were stored at 5°C and relative humidity (RH) of 80% after hydration, and the weight loss of 5 and 10% occurred at 5°C. At the second, the weight loss of 5 and 10% occurred at 25°C and the bundles were stored at 25°C and 54% RH. It was found that use of the hydration did not resulted in increase the longevity of coriander bundles, when the leaves were subsequently stored at 25°C. The hydration occasioned the appearance of dark spots on the leaves, yellowing and decay of leaves and branches, during storage at 25°C. The use of refrigeration at 5°C after hydration impeded the yellowing and branches of coriander bundles over the shelf life. The hydration for 3 h after harvest of coriander bundles can be used to increase in day the longevity of the same, if followed by storage at 5°C.
Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a influência do uso do pré-resfriamento da temperatura e da hidratação na longevidade de folhas de coentro Português (Coriandrum sativum L.). Na avaliação do uso do pré-resfriamento e do armazenamento refrigerado foram feitos maços de folhas de coentro de 20-25 g. Logo após o feitio, os maços foram imerso por 10 minutos em uma mistura a 5ºC de gelo moído e água (1:3 v/v), seguido de armazenamento a 20 e 5°C. O hidroresfriamento provocou o amarelecimento prematuro das folhas de coentro 96 horas após o tratamento para o armazenamento a 5°C. Concluiu-se que o tratamento mais indicado para conservação pós-colheita de maços de coentro é o armazenamento a 5°C após a colheita sem pré-resfriamento. Para avaliação do efeito da hidratação de folhas de coentro foram utilizados maços de 25-30 g, três tempos de imersão em água a 25°C (3, 6 e 9 horas) e três porcentagens de perda de massa fresca antes da imersão dos maços em água (0, 5 e 10%). A hidratação foi avaliada em duas temperaturas de armazenamento. Na primeira, os maços foram armazenados a 5°C e umidade relativa do ar de 80%, logo após a hidratação, e a perda de massa fresca de 5 e 10% obtida a 5 °C. Na segunda, a perda de massa fresca de 5 e 10% foi obtida a 25°C e os maços foram armazenados a 25°C e a 54% de umidade relativa. Verificou-se que uso da hidratação não resultou em aumento da longevidade de maços de coentro, quando estes foram posteriormente armazenadas a 25°C. A hidratação ocasionou o aparecimento de manchas escuras nas folhas, amarelecimento e apodrecimento do limbo e pecíolo, ao longo do armazenamento a 25°C. O uso da refrigeração a 5°C após o hidratação impediu o amarelecimento e apodrecimento dos maços de coentro ao longo da vida de prateleira. A hidratação, por 3 horas, após a colheita de maços de coentro pode ser utilizado para aumentar em dia a longevidade dos mesmos, se for seguida do armazenamento a 5°C.

Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto is mass-released for biological control of the leafroller pest, light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) in Australian vineyards. Parasitoid performance can, however, be constrained by a lack of suitable adult food and no information is available on the effect of nectar on the parasitism and longevity of T. carverae. To address this, the effect of alyssum, Lobularia maritima (L.) flowers on E. postvittana parasitism was studied in a vineyard experiment with and without releases of T. carverae. Egg parasitoid activity was assessed with E. postvittana egg �sentinel cards� and no parasitism was recorded in plots without T. carverae releases. Where T. carverae were released, there was no significant enhancement of parasitism by the presence of L. maritima flowers. Three hypotheses were subsequently tested to account for the lack of an effect: (i) T. carverae does not benefit from L. maritima nectar, (ii) T. carverae was feeding on nectar from other flowering plants (weeds) present in the vineyard, (iii) T. carverae was feeding on sugars from ripe grapes. A growth-cabinet experiment using potted L. maritima plants with and without flowers did not support hypothesis one. No parasitism was recorded after day two for T. carverae caged without flowers whilst parasitism occured until day eight in the presence of flowers. A laboratory experiment with common vineyard weeds (Trifolium repens, Hypochoeris radicata, Echium plantagineum) as well as L. maritima did not support hypothesis one but gave partial support to hypothesis two. Survival of T. carverae was enhanced to a small but statistically significant extent in vials with intact flowers of L. maritima, white clover (T. repens) and catsear (H. radicata) but not in vials with flowering shoots of these species from which flowers and flowering buds had been removed. Paterson�s curse (E. plantagineum) flowers had no effect on T. carverae survival. In a laboratory study, punctured grapes significantly enhanced T. carverae survival compared with a treatment without grapes, supporting hypothesis three. Trichogramma carverae performance in the field experiment was probably also constrained by relatively cool and wet weather. Further work on the enhancement of T. carverae efficacy by L. maritima and other carbohydrate sources is warranted. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate whether T. carverae benefit from different groundcover plant species. Ten T. carverae adults (<24h after eclosion) were caged with different groundcover species and a control with no plant materials. Epiphyas postvittana egg sentinel cards were used to measure parasitism and longevity was recorded visually. Survival and realised parasitism of T. carverae was significantly higher in L. maritima than in Brassica juncea, Coriandrum sativum, shoots of these species from which flowers had been removed and nil control treatments. A similar experiment with Fagopyrum esculentum (with- and without-flowers) and a control treatment showed that survival was significantly higher in intact F. esculentum than in without-flower and control treatments. There was no significant treatment effect on parasitism in the early stages of that experiment, though parasitism was recorded in the presence of F. esculentum flowers for 12 days, compared with 6 days in other treatments. Higher parasitism was observed in intact Borago officinalis than in the flowerless shoot, water only and no plant material control treatments in a third experiment. There was no significant treatment effect on parasitism. Fitted exponential curves for survival data differed significantly in curvature in the first, second and third experiments but the slope was a non-significant parameter in the second and third experiments. In a second series of laboratory experiments, one male and one female T. carverae were caged with groundcover species to investigate male and female longevity and daily fecundity. Both male and female longevity in F. esculentum and L. maritima treatments were significantly higher than on shoots of these species from which flowers had been removed, and than in the control treatments. Daily fecundity was significantly greater in the intact L. maritima treatment than in all other treatments. Fitted exponential curves for daily fecundity differed significantly in position and slope but not in curvature. There was no significant treatment effect on longevity or parasitism when a male and female were caged with intact B. juncea, B. officinalis or without-flower of these species, nor in the treatment with no plant materials. No parasitism was observed in a survey of naturally occurring egg parasitoids on two sites close to Orange and Canowindra in New South Wales, illustrating the importance of mass releases of T. carverae in biological control of E. postvittana. In an experiment on the Canowindra site, parasitism was significantly higher on day one and day two after T. carverae release when with-flower treatments were compared with without-flower treatments. Parasitism was significantly higher in the F. esculentum treatment than in C. sativum, L. maritima, vegetation without-flowers and control treatments on these dates. On day five, parasitism was higher in C. sativum than in all other treatments. There was no significant increase in parasitism in a second experiment conducted on the Orange site. Coriandrum sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima appear to be suitable adult food sources for T. carverae and offer some scope for habitat manipulation in vineyards The adults of many parasitoid species require nectar for optimal fitness but very little is known about flower recognition. Flight cage experiments showed that the adults of T. carverae benefited from L. maritima bearing white flowers to a greater extent than was the case for light pink, dark pink or purple flowered cultivars, despite all cultivars producing nectar. Survival and realised parasitism on non-white flowers were no greater than when the parasitoids were caged on L. maritima shoots from which flowers had been removed. The possibility that differences between L. maritima cultivars were due to factors other than flower colour, such as nectar quality, was excluded by dyeing white L. maritima flowers by placing the roots of the plants in 5% food dye (blue or pink) solution. Survival of T. carverae was lower on dyed L. maritima flowers than on undyed white flowers. Mixing the same dyes with honey in a third experiment conducted in the dark showed that the low level of feeding on dyed flowers was unlikely to be the result of olfactory or gustatory cues. Flower colour appears, therefore, to be a critical factor in the choice of plants used to enhance biological control, and is likely to also be a factor in the role parasitoids play in structuring invertebrate communities. Provision of nectar producing plants to increase the effectiveness of biological control is one aspect of habitat manipulation, but care needs to be taken to avoid the use of plant species that may benefit pest species. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate whether the adult E. postvittana and larvae benefit from nectar producing groundcover species. Newly emerged E. postvittana adults were caged with different groundcover species and a honey-based artificial adult diet. The longevity of male and female E. postvittana when caged with shoots of borage (B. officinalis) and buckwheat (F. esculentum) bearing flowers was as long as when fed a honey-based artificial diet. This effect was not evident when caged with shoots of these plants from which flowers had been removed. Longevity was significantly lower than in the artificial diet treatment when caged with coriander (C. sativum) or alyssum (L. maritima) irrespective of whether flowers were present or not. There was no significant treatment effect on the lifetime fecundity of E. postvittana. A second experiment with mustard (B. juncea) (with- and without-flowers), water only and honey-based artificial adult diet showed no significant treatment effects on the longevity of male and female E. postvittana or on the lifetime fecundity of E. postvittana. The anomalous lack of a difference between the water and honey-based diet treatments precludes making conclusions on the value of B. juncea for E. postvittana. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of groundcover species on the larval development of E. postvittana. In the first experiment, larval mortality was significantly higher in C. sativum, and L. maritima than in B. juncea, B. officinalis and white clover (T. repens) a known host of E. postvittana. Coriandrum sativum and L. maritima extended the larval period. In B. juncea and B. officinalis, mortality did not differ from that in T. repens. In F. esculentum, larval mortality was significantly higher than in T. repens. A short larval period was observed on B. juncea, B. officinalis and F. esculentum. Fitted exponential curves for larval mortality differed significantly in curvature between plant treatments. Similarly, successful pupation was significantly lower in C. sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima than in T. repens. The percentage of successful pupation in B. juncea and B. officinalis did not differ from F. esculentum and T. repens. Fitted exponential curves for pupation differed significantly in curvature. A similar trend was observed in a second experiment with potted plants. The overall results suggest that C. sativum and L. maritima denied benefit to E. postvittana adults and larvae, so could be planted as vineyard groundcover with minimal risk of exacerbating this pest. Overall results suggest that T. carverae require nutrients to reach their full reproductive potential and flowers provide such nutrients. Lobularia maritima and C. sativum may be considered �selective food plants� for T. carverae whereas F. esculentum appears to be a �non-selective food plant�; both T. carverae and E. postvittana benefited from it. Fruits such as grapes can be used as food resources in habitat manipulation and this merits further research. This result also suggests that within species flower colour is an important factor for flower selection in habitat manipulation.

Le phytomanagement compte parmi les méthodes innovantes de gestion des sites et sols pollués en raison de son adéquation avec le développement durable. Pour répondre à la double exigence de performances environnementales et économiques, les phytotechnologies sont désormais combinées à la valorisation de la biomasse produite sur sols pollués. Parmi les filières éco-innovantes et non-alimentaires de valorisation de cette biomasse, la culture de plantes à parfums, aromatiques et médicinales (PPAM) pour la production d’huiles essentielles (HE), substances biosourcées à haute valeur ajoutée, a été proposée dans le cadre du projet PhytEO, financé par l’ADEME. Ainsi, ma contribution à ce projet a permis d‘évaluer la pertinence d’un mode de gestion reposant sur la culture de la sauge sclarée et de la coriandre, en présence ou non d’un amendement mycorhizien, en s’appuyant sur des démonstrateurs in situ à l’échelle de l’hectare, parcelles historiquement polluées ou non par les éléments traces (ET). La coriandre ainsi que la sauge sclarée ont toutes deux montré une bonne capacité à s’installer, à se développer et à produire une quantité importante de biomasse sur des sols présentant une forte pollution historique par les ET. Bien que l’ajout d’un amendement biologique à base de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules ait permis d’augmenter de façon significative les taux de mycorhization des racines de coriandre et de sauge sclarée, aucun gain n’a été observé ni au niveau de la croissance de ces deux PPAM, ni au niveau de la quantité et de la qualité des HE. Un effet positif en termes d’immobilisation des ET dans le sol, en particulier du Pb, et une réduction des transferts des ET (Cd et Pb) dans les parties aériennes a toutefois été montré chez la sauge sclarée. D’autre part, les HE distillées à partir de la biomasse de sauge sclarée (inflorescences) ou de coriandre (parties aériennes ou graines) cultivées sur sols pollués présentent une qualité très satisfaisante, caractérisée par leur non contamination en ET ou en résidus de pesticides (traces). Leurs compositions chimiques, non altérées par la pollution en ET et l’inoculation mycorhizienne, affichent divers principes actifs dont le linalol, l’acétate de linalyle, le germacrène, l’α-pinène, le γ-terpinène, le 2-décénal, le décanal et le 2-dodécénal. Ainsi, plusieurs propriétés biologiques potentiellement valorisables dans des domaines à vocation non-alimentaire, tels que la protection des cultures (effets fongistatiques, anti-germinatifs et herbicides) ou la santé humaine (effets anti-inflammatoires et antioxydants) ont été mises en évidence. En revanche, en dépit de son fort pouvoir complexant des HE, la β-cyclodextrine n’a montré aucun effet positif sur les propriétés biologiques testées. Par ailleurs, la végétalisation du sol pollué par la sauge sclarée permet une modulation de la structure des communautés bactériennes et fongiques, telluriques et racinaires. Enfin, l’ensemble des résultats de cette étude et de l’analyse technico-économique de la filière PPAM-HE soulignent le haut potentiel de la sauge sclarée dans une démarche de phytomanagement de sols pollués par les ET
To cope with the soil trace element (TE) pollution, phytomanagement was brought forward as an eco-friendly and feasible approach. To meet the dual requirements of environmental and economic performances, phytotechnologies are now combined with the valorisarion of biomass produced on polluted soils. Among the eco-innovative channels intended for the non-food valorisation of the produced biomass, the cultivation of aromatic and medicinal plants producing essential oils (EO), high-added value biosourced products, has been suggested within the framework of PhytEO project, funded by ADEME. Thus, this thesis contributed to evaluate the relevance of a management approach based on clary sage and coriander cultivation, combined or not with a mycorrhizal inoculum, on in situ experimental plots polluted or not with TE. Both clary sage and coriander have shown a good ability to settle in, to grow and to produce high amounts of biomass, despite the presence of high TE concentrations in the soil. The addition of an amendment based on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced the mycorrhizal colonisation rates of both coriander and clary sage roots. However, no significant improvement was observed in terms of plants’ growth, EO amounts and quality. Moreover, mycorrhizal inoculation allowed TE immobilisation in soils, in particular Pb, and reduced TE (Cd and Pb) transfers in aerial parts of clary sage. Besides, the EO distilled from clary sage inflorescences and coriander (aerial parts orseeds) grown on TE polluted soils, displayed a highly satisfactory quality, regarding the absence of contamination by TE or pesticide residues (trace amounts). Their chemical compositions were not altered by both TE pollution and mycorrhizal inoculation and were characterized by several active principles, such as linalool, linalyl acetate, germacrene, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, 2-decenal, decanal and 2-dodecenal. Furthermore, several biological properties with potential applications in non-food fields such as crop protection (antifungal, antigerminative and herbicidal) or human healthcare (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) have been brought forward. However, despite its ability to form inclusion complexes with EO components, β-cyclodextrin has shown no significant improvement of the tested EO biological activities. On another note, the soil revegetation with clary sage displayed a clear shaping of the bacterial and fungal communities, in both the rhizospheric soil and the roots of the aromatic plant species. Altogether, our results combined with the techno-economic feasibility assessment of the channel “aromatic and medicinal plants/EO” have emphasised clary sage as a good candidate for the phytomanagement of TE-polluted soils

Orientadores: Pedro Luiz Rosalen, Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Introdução: A candidíase oral é uma infecção fúngica oportunista da cavidade oral, cujas taxas de prevalência e incidência vêm aumentando significativamente em todo o mundo. Assim, novas estratégias orientadas para gerir esta doença têm sido propostas, dentre as quais está o uso de óleos essenciais (OE) com propriedades antifúngicas. Evidências indicam que o OE de Coriandrum sativum L. (coentro) é um forte agente antifúngico contra Candida e, portanto, investigações devem dar continuidade ao conhecimento gerado. Objetivo: Este estudo buscou avaliar a atividade antifúngica e modo de ação do OE de C. sativum sobre Candida spp., e determinar os alvos moleculares afetados na expressão global do genoma humano. Material e Métodos: C. sativum foi obtido a partir do Banco de Germoplasmas do Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas (Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brasil) cujo OE e fração ativa tiveram o perfil fitoquímico determinado por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa. Posteriormente, foram realizados testes com cinco cepas de referência de Candida: Determinação da Concentração Inibitória e Fungicida Mínima (CIM/CFM); modo de ação antifúngica (ensaio do sorbitol e ergosterol); Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) de biofilmes de Candida e testes de inibição de aderência em biofilme. Utilizou-se nistatina, anfotericina B ou caspofungina como controles positivos, além de controles negativos. Também, foi testado o efeito do OE sobre a atividade proteolítica de C. albicans. Por fim, um ensaio de farmacogenômica identificou quais alvos moleculares no genoma humano foram afetados pelo OE e fração ativa de C. sativum. Os testes foram realizados em triplicata de experimentos independentes e os dados foram tratados estatisticamente (ANOVA, pós-teste de Tukey, ?=0,05). Os dados da análise farmacogenômica foram processados nas plataformas GeneGo MetaCore® e David Bioinformatics Resources. Resultados: O perfil fitoquímico EO indicou monoterpenos (37,9%) e sesquiterpenos (62,1%) como compostos principais. Os valores de CIM/CFM para o OE variaram de 15,6 a 62,5 µg/mL. Quanto ao modo de ação, o OE de C. sativum parece se ligar ao ergosterol da membrana celular fúngica, aumentando a permeabilidade iônica e causando morte celular; entretanto, o OE não atua sobre vias de biossíntese da parede celular. Estes achados confirmam as alterações na integridade da morfologia do biofilme verificadas nas análises por MEV. Além disso, o OE apresentou atividade antiaderente em biofilme em baixas concentrações (15,6-62,5 µg/mL) contra as cepas testadas, bem como atividade contra proteases produzidas por C. albicans, sendo estatisticamente significante na CIM (p<0,05). Finalmente, o OE e sua fração ativa apresentaram baixa citotoxicidade em células humanas com CI30 de 359,8 e 366,7 µg/mL, respectivamente. As principais vias afetadas estão relacionadas com quimiocinas e MAP-quinase (apoptose, proliferação) bem como proteínas de adesão. Conclusões: O OE das folhas de C. sativum tem forte atividade antifúngica e antiaderente sobre Candida spp. e atividade anti-proteolítica sobre C. albicans, e atua aumentando a permeabilidade iônica da membrana celular, provavelmente devido ao efeito sinérgico de mono e sesquiterpenos. Análise farmacogenômica indicou baixa citotoxicidade do OE e sua fração ativa com alvos moleculares específicos afetados no genoma humano, o que incentiva o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas pré-clínicas toxicológicas e clínicas nesta área
Abstract: Introduction: Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic fungal infection of the oral cavity with increasingly significant worldwide prevalence and incidence rates. Accordingly, novel specific-targeted strategies to manage this ailment have been proposed, among which is the use of essential oils (EO) with antifungal properties. Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) EO has proven antifungal activity against Candida species and thus deserves further investigation. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity and mode of action of the EO from Coriandrum sativum L. leaves on Candida spp., and to determine the molecular targets affected in the whole-genome expression in human cells. Material and Methods: C. sativum was obtained from the Germoplasm Bank of the Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (University of Campinas, SP, Brazil) whose EO and active fraction had their phytochemical profile determined by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry. Then, we carried out the following tests with five reference strains of Candida spp. (CBS): Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicidal Concentration (MIC/MFC); antifungal mode of action (sorbitol and ergosterol assays); Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of Candida biofilm and tests of inhibition of biofilm adherence. We used nystatin, amphotericin B or caspofungin as positive controls, in addition to negative controls. Also, we tested the effect of C. sativum EO on the proteolytic activity of C. albicans. Next, a pharmacogenomic assay identified which molecular targets in the human genome were affected by C. sativum EO and its active fraction. Tests were performed in triplicate of independent experiments and data were statistically treated (ANOVA, Tukey¿s post-test, ?=0.05). Pharmacogenomic data were processed on GeneGo MetaCore® and DAVID Bioinformatics Resources. Results: The EO phytochemical profile indicated monoterpenes (37.9 %) and sesquiterpenes (62.1 %) as major compounds. The MIC/MFC values for the EO ranged from 15.6 to 62.5 µg/ml. With regard to the mode of action, C. sativum EO may bind to membrane ergosterol, increasing ionic permeability and causing membrane damage to cell death, but it does not act on cell wall biosynthesis-related pathways. This mode of action confirms the changes in the integrity of the biofilm morphology as verified in the analyses by SEM. The EO showed anti-adherent activity at low concentrations (31.2 ¿ 62.5 µg/ml) against all strains tested, as well as activity against proteases produced by C. albicans, with statistical significance at MIC (P < 0.05). Finally, the EO and its active fraction had low cytotoxicity on human cells with IC30 of 359.8 and 366.7 µg/ml, respectively, affecting the pathways of chemokines and MAP-kinase (apoptosis, proliferation), as well as adhesion proteins. Conclusions: The EO from C. sativum leaves has strong antifungal and anti-adherent activity against Candida spp., as well as anti-proteolytic activity against C. albicans, and acts by increasing cell membrane ionic permeability, probably due to the synergistic effect of mono- and sesquiterpenes. Pharmacogenomic analyses revealed low cytotoxicity with specific targets affected in the human genome, which encourages further pre-clinical toxicological screening and clinical research in this field
Mestrado
Farmacologia, Anestesiologia e Terapeutica
Mestre em Odontologia

Les fruits de coriandre ont été identifiés comme une source riche en huile végétale de haute qualité, à forte teneur en acide pétrosélinique et en huile essentielle. Un système d'extraction innovant a été conçu et développé en utilisant la technologie d'extrusion bi-vis. Il a permis l’obtention d'un produit nouveau, à savoir une huile végétale de coriandre aromatisée et à haute valeur ajoutée, d’un condensat présentant une concentration élevée en huile essentielle et d’un tourteau révélant une forte teneur en protéines. Le tourteau a montré son intérêt en tant que liant naturel pour la production de panneaux de fibres renouvelables issus de la paille de coriandre, un résidu de la culture de la plante, conduisant à des agromatériaux auto-liés et ayant un rapport performance/coût élevé. Les fibres de la paille de coriandre ont également présenté une bonne capacité de renforcement lorsqu’elles étaient utilisées comme charge naturelle dans des biocomposites thermoplastiques à base de polypropylène ou de biopolyéthylène, permettant le moulage par injection de matériaux peu couteux et aux propriétés mécaniques prometteuses. Ce travail présente ainsi une forte contribution à la mise en place d'une véritable bioraffinerie intégrée de la coriandre et à la démonstration de sa mise en oeuvre à une échelle industrielle
Coriander fruits of French origin were identified as a rich source of a high-quality vegetable oil, with a high petroselinic acid content, and essential oil. An innovative extraction system was designed and developed using twin-screw extrusion technology and resulted in the recovery of a novel flavored coriander oil with high added value, as well as a hydrosol product with a high essential oil concentration and a press cake with an important protein fraction. The press cake was shown valuable as a natural binding agent for the production of renewable materials from coriander straw, a crop residue, and led to binderless boards with a high performance-cost ratio. Simultaneously, the coriander straw fibers displayed good reinforcing capacity as a natural filler in thermoplastic biocomposites from polypropylene or biopolyethylene, resulting in cost-effective materials with attractive properties. This work thus presents a strong contribution to the setup of a true integrated biorefinery for coriander fruits and its industrial implementation on a relevant production scale

A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effect of petroselinic acid, found in coriander oil, on fillet, hepatocyte and whole body FA composition and Δ6 desaturase gene expression in hepatocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed vegetable oil (VO) based diets containing no fishmeal (FM) or fish oil (FO). In the first experiment, rainbow trout were fed one of eight diets containing fish, flax, canola or Camelina sativa oil with or without coriander oil. Coriander oil in the diet increased concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3, P < 0.05) in the fillet. There was a trend to increased 20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3/20:4n-6 ratios when coriander oil was added to the diet (P = 0.067). The second trial set out to investigate the effects of varied levels of coriander oil in canola oil based diets, on i) the capacity of rainbow trout hepatocytes to desaturate, elongate and esterify [1-14C] α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3; ALA) and [1-14C] linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LA), ii) reducing the production of 20:4n-6 in hepatocytes and iii) gene expression. This experiment demonstrated a significant increase in 22:6n-3 (P = 0.011) and a decrease 20:4n-6 (P = 0.023) in rainbow trout hepatocytes. Furthermore, there was a three-fold decrease in acetate for the [1-14C] 18:2n-6 and nearly a two-fold increase for the [1-14C] 18:3n-3 substrate when coriander was added at increasing levels, illustrating an increase in peroxisomal β-oxidation. Relative gene expression of ∆6 desaturase decreased with addition of coriander oil at the 0.5 inclusion level of coriander oil. The final experiment was conducted to determine if bypassing the first ∆6 desaturase and rate-limiting step in the n-3 FA pathway causes increased conversion of stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4n-3) to 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Rainbow trout were fed one of six diets containing either fish, conventional linseed (flax), or SDA enriched linseed oil (LO) with and without coriander oil. Inclusion of coriander oil did not affect any growth or feed intake parameters of rainbow trout. However, the addition of coriander oil caused a significant increase in whole body 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 concentrations in fish fed SDA enriched LO with coriander oil (SDA+C) compared to fish fed conventional linseed oil (LO). These results suggest that petroselinic acid, found in coriander oil, has the ability to influence FA bioconversion of the n-3 and n-6 FA pathway thereby increasing 22:6n-3 and possibly 20:5n-3 in rainbow trout and reducing ARA when fed VO-based diets. Furthermore, it seems as though petroselinic acid causes improved bioconversion to 22:6n-3 when the first ∆6 desaturase is bypassed. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism of action that petroselinic acid has on FA bioconversion.

M. Tech. Agriculture
Herbs are a rich source of active phytochemicals (flavonoids, phenols, antioxidants, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, mineral salts and terpenoids. They are an ancient source of flavouring, aromatic compounds and medicine. Herbs have always constituted an important component of the human diet, adding variation and flavour to staple foods, as well as being used for food preservation. They are mostly processed because of the perishable nature of its leaves. The quality of herbs therefore can be improved by the manipulation of light quality during production and also by sheltering them from environmental hazards such as excessive solar radiation, wind and flying pests. In this study the effect of photo-selective netting technology (ChromatiNet™) (red, pearl and yellow) with 40% shading and commercial black net with 25% shading used as a control were investigated on herbs. Three herbs (coriander, marjoram and oregano) were planted. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the responses of the three photo-selective nets (red, pearl and yellow) and the black net (control) on quality parameters and bioactive compounds in herbs (in this study, coriander, marjoram and oregano).

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
動物科學與畜產系所
101
Microbial growth and lipid oxidative rancidity are the two major causes of spoilage in meat products. One way to prevent the meat products lipid oxidation was added natural or synthetic antioxidants. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) has antioxidant properties and per-oxidation inhibition capacity, which can increase the content of antioxidants in food, and thus probably prevent oxidative deterioration of food. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antioxidative properties of powders made from different parts of coriander by different extracting methods and its effects on the quality of pork patties during storage. Experiment 1: Use the local coriander (Taiwan) whole plant, leaves, stems and seeds after drying and ground into powders. And put coriander powders in water and 95 ethanol solution to extract the active ingredients. First comparing the total phenolic content of the extracts, and using gallic acid as a control group to compare their reducing ability, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and ferrous ion chelating activity for evaluation the antioxidant properties among different extracts. As the experiment 1 has shown, coriander leaf water extract (WLf) has the significantly high total phenolic content (151.89 mg/mL) than other experimental groups. Its reducing ability has the same result. WLf has the significantly higher reducing ability than other experimental groups, but significantly lower than the gallic acid group. In DPPH radical-scavenging capacity, coriander plant, leaf, and stem ethanol extract groups (respectively: 91.63, 92.99, and 90.22) shows the significantly higher scavenging capacity than other groups, and no significant difference from gallic acid group (93.20). Although the WLf is not better than the ethanol extracts, but it can reach to 56.35. Aqueous extraction experimental groups show more than 50 for the ferrous ion chelating percentage as: plant 85.39, leaf 88.58, stem 92.33, and seed 84.68. These are significantly higher than gallic acid and other experimental groups. After total phenolic content and antioxidant activity assessment, WLf is chosen to be added to the next experiment of pork patties. Experiment 2 was used coriander leaf water extract, according on the volume of total phenolic content added different concentration (0 ppm, 500 ppm, 1,000 ppm, and 1,500 ppm) to the pork patties during dark storage at 4C for 8 days. Analysis the samples storage quality was collected every two days. Analyses of the projects were approximate analysis, pH values, color scores (L value, a value, and b values), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values (TBARS values), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), the numbers of microorganism (total bacteria count and lactic acid bacteria count), and sensory evaluation. The evaluations are done after the extract added to pork patties for storage quality. Experiment 2 has shown: The WLf added to the pork patties was no effect for approximate analysis and sensory evaluation. The pH values of pork patties added with 1,500 ppm extract experiment group after storage at the second and fourth day are significantly lower than other experimental groups. But pH values have no significant differences between the experimental groups for patties processed at the eighth day. The color score of L value of pork patties added with 1,500 ppm extract at eighth day is significantly higher than other experimental groups, but a and b values are significantly lower than others. The TBARS values, VBN, and the numbers of microorganism (total bacteria count and lactic acid bacteria count) are increased with storage time; pork patties added with 1,500 ppm extract experimental group is significantly lower than other experimental groups. In summary, WLf has higher total phenolic content, reducing ability and ferrous ion chelating ability (151.89 mg/mL, Abs 2.011, and 88.58 respectively). The extract added to the pork patties has antioxidant activity and inhibition of microbial growth, and also can increase the pork patties shelf life. Not affect the composition of products, pH values during storage, and sensory evaluation. The effect will be increased with higher concentrations (1,500 ppm), and can be used as a good natural source of antioxidants.

As doenças de origem alimentar continuam a ser um problema comum em todo o mundo. Ainda que possam ser provocadas por diversos agentes, são as bactérias, os vírus ou os parasitas a principal causa das infeções alimentares. O consumo ou processamento de alimentos contaminados têm sido descritos como as principais vias de transmissão para os humanos. Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli têm sido descritos como a principal causa de gastroenterite bacteriana em seres humanos em todo o mundo e em 2013, na União Europeia, a campilobacteriose, infeção causada por Campylobacter, foi a zoonose mais relatada. Nos seres humanos, as espécies de Campylobacter têm sido associadas a uma variedade de condições gastrointestinais, tais como gastroenterite, doenças inflamatórias do intestino, cancro colon-rectal, síndrome do intestino irritável, entre outras e também podem provocar manifestações extra-gastrointestinais, como bacteremia, infeções pulmonares e abcessos. As complicações pós-infeção por este microrganismo incluem a artrite reativa e podem conduzir a doenças auto-imunes, tais como a síndrome de Guillain-Barré. A maioria das infeções por Campylobacter não necessita de intervenção terapêutica sendo apenas necessária reidratação. No entanto, em pacientes imunodeprimidos, pacientes cujos sintomas são severos ou persistentes e aqueles com infeções extra-intestinais é utilizado tratamento antimicrobiano, sendo os antibióticos mais utilizados a eritromicina e a ciprofloxacina. No entanto, em todo o Mundo tem-se verificado que as estirpes de Campylobacter são cada vez mais resistentes a antibióticos, incluindo os usados em humanos. Para além disso também têm sido descritas estirpes de Campylobacter resistentes a desinfetantes, o que se deve, principalmente, à sua capacidade de formar biofilmes. Estes biofilmes são um problema emergente na indústria alimentar, aumentando a possibilidade de contaminações ao longo da cadeia alimentar. Assim, e como os estudos relativos a Campylobacter são escassos, é da maior relevância estudar a epidemiologia de espécies de Campylobacter isoladas em Portugal, a sua resistência a antibióticos e procurar alternativas, aos antimicrobianos convencionais, para o seu controlo. Devido à escassez de estudos relativos à epidemiologia de Campylobacter em Portugal procedeu-se neste trabalho ao estudo da distribuição epidemiológica de isolados de Campylobacter de seres humanos, entre 2009 e 2012, em Portugal. Para isso, foram analisadas 837 estirpes obtidas através do Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge. Destas 837 estirpes, 84,5% foram identificados como C. jejuni, 14,8% como C. coli, 0,2% como C. upsaliensis, 0,1% como C. concisus e 0,2% das amostras foram identificadas como Arcobacter butzleri. Em relação à sua distribuição por faixas etárias, observou-se que 61,5% das estirpes pertenciam ao grupo com idades entre 1 e 15 anos. Após este estudo preliminar, a partir deste grupo de isolados humanos, escolheram-se aleatoriamente 125 estirpes de Campylobacter (C. jejuni e C. coli) isoladas de seres humanos. A este grupo de estirpes, adicionaram-se 39 isolados de retalho alimentar e 32 de animais. As 196 amostras foram então caracterizadas através da tipagem por sequenciamento multilocus e da tipagem do gene flaA. Através destes métodos de tipagem, observou-se que as estirpes de C. coli eram geneticamente mais conservadas do que C. jejuni e que dentro de cada espécie, existiam isolados geneticamente relacionados provenientes de fontes diferentes. Em seguida, o fenótipo de resistência ao ácido nalidíxico, amoxicilina, ciprofloxacina, eritromicina, gentamicina e tetraciclina foi avaliado pelo método de diluição em agar. Observaram-se elevadas taxas de resistência para todos os antibióticos com exceção à gentamicina, incluindo para os antibióticos utilizados no tratamento de campilobacteriose grave em humanos. Além disso, observou-se um fenótipo de resistência a múltiplos antibióticos (resistência a 3 ou mais classes de antibióticos) em 86% dos isolados. Perante os elevados níveis de resistência observados, estudaram-se os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes a essas resistências. Verificou-se que todos os isolados resistentes à ciprofloxacina possuíam a mutação Thr-Ile-86 na região que determina resistências às quinolonas no gene gyrA. Para a resistência à eritromicina apenas foi detetada a mutação A2075G no gene 23S rRNA. Em relação à resistência à gentamicina, observou-se que as três estirpes resistentes à gentamicina possuíam o marcador de resistência aos aminoglicosídeos aphA-3, sendo que uma das estirpes tinha uma mutação neste marcador. Foi ainda evidenciado neste estudo, que as bombas de efluxo cmeABC também podem desempenhar um papel na resistência a múltiplas drogas e no fenótipo da resistência a gentamicina. Assim, neste estudo foi possível obter uma visão geral da epidemiologia de Campylobacter em Portugal e descrever pela primeira vez a elevada taxa de multirresistência a antibióticos, assim como realçar o surgimento de estirpes de Campylobacter resistentes aos antibióticos de uso humano. Com base nos resultados deste estudo foram selecionadas estirpes com diferentes perfis genéticos e de resistência a antibióticos para serem utilizadas no decurso deste trabalho. Como o género Campylobacter é a principal causa de gastroenterite bacteriana e a via alimentar é a principal via de contaminação, a elevada percentagem de estirpes resistentes a antibióticos aumenta o potencial zoonótico da infeção com estirpes multirresistentes. Logo, torna-se necessário controlar o crescimento de Campylobacter nas vias mais comuns de contaminação, que são os alimentos. Assim, o objetivo seguinte deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial do resveratrol para controlar as estirpes de Campylobacter previamente caracterizadas. Apesar do resveratrol possuir várias propriedades biológicas, incluindo antimicrobianas, a sua baixa solubilidade em água e alta instabilidade comprometem a sua aplicação. Assim, para ultrapassar estes problemas, estudou-se o encapsulamento do resveratrol com metil-β-ciclodextrina. Verificou-se que a complexação do resveratrol com esta ciclodextrina provocou um aumento de 400 vezes na sua solubilidade. Em seguida o complexo de inclusão foi caracterizado através de Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Difração de Raios-X (XRD) e Microscopia Eletrónica de Varrimentos (SEM), confirmando-se efetivamente a sua formação. Seguidamente foram avaliadas algumas propriedades biológicas do resveratrol e do seu complexo de inclusão com metil-β-ciclodextrina, tendo-se verificado que ambos os compostos tinham atividade antioxidante muito forte, baixa toxicidade e ainda capacidade de reduzir a viabilidade das células Caco-2 (linha celular constituída por células epiteliais de adenocarcinoma colorectal heterogéneo). Além disso, também foi demonstrada a sua atividade antibacteriana contra estirpes de Campylobacter previamente selecionadas: duas estirpes de referência (C. jejuni ATCC 33560 e C. coli ATCC 33559), duas estirpes isoladas de fezes de pacientes com gastroenterite aguda (C. coli 53 e C. coli 873) e duas estirpes isoladas de carne de aves fresca (C. jejuni 225421 e C. coli 219872). Estes resultados sugerem que o resveratrol e o seu complexo de inclusão podem ser usados para controlar Campylobacter e que o resveratrol encapsulado em metil-β-ciclodextrina mantem as suas propriedades antioxidantes e antibacterianas. Uma vez que os resultados com o resveratrol e o complexo de inclusão foram bastante promissores, estudou-se ainda outro complexo de inclusão (resveratrol-hidroxipropil-γ-ciclodextrina), previamente formado e caraterizado pelo grupo de investigação, que revelou ainda ter um potencial antimicrobiano mais elevado contra Campylobacter e A. butzleri, um patogéneo de origem alimentar relacionado a Campylobacter. Dado isto, inicialmente avaliou-se a atividade antibacteriana em células planctónicas e mostrou-se que tanto o resveratrol como o complexo de inclusão têm um efeito bactericida contra as estirpes multirresistentes C. coli 873 e C. jejuni 225421. Com o objetivo de esclarecer o potencial mecanismo de ação do complexo de inclusão do resveratrol em hidroxipropil-γ-ciclodextrina sobre as estirpes de Campylobacter, começou por se avaliar a despolarização das membranas celulares e a atividade metabólica por citometria de fluxo. Através desta técnica, observou-se que complexo de inclusão pode atuar induzindo a despolarização da membrana e afetando a atividade metabólica das células. Dado que os biofilmes bacterianos são um problema emergente na indústria alimentar, também foi avaliado o potencial destes dois compostos para inibir a formação de biofilmes e eliminar biofilmes estabelecidos. Tanto o resveratrol como o complexo de inclusão foram capazes de inibir a formação de biofilmes e diminuir biofilmes previamente estabelecidos, mesmo em concentrações sub-inibitórias. O sistema quorum sensing (QS) tem sido associado à resistência antimicrobiana e formação de biofilmes, portanto, o potencial anti-QS destes dois compostos também foi estudado através da utilização de uma estirpe biossensor (Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472). Verificou-se que ambos, o resveratrol e o complexo de inclusão, foram capazes de inibir o sistema QS, o que pode explicar o efeito anti-biofilme destes compostos. Assim, nestes estudos foram demonstradas as propriedades antimicrobianas e anti-biofilme do resveratrol e complexo de inclusão em estirpes de Campylobacter. Este aspeto associado ao facto de o resveratrol ser um composto de origem natural, e de também apresentar forte atividade antioxidante, encorajam futuros estudos com vista à sua aplicação como potencial conservante alimentar. Finalmente, uma vez que tem havido um interesse crescente na utilização de compostos naturais para aplicação em produtos alimentares, também foi avaliado o potencial do óleo essencial de coentros (Coriandrum sativum L.) e do seu principal composto, o linalool, para controlar Campylobacter. Ambos os compostos exibiram um efeito bactericida contra as quatro estirpes testadas (C. jejuni ATCC 33560, C. coli ATCC 33559, C. jejuni 225421 e C. coli 873) com valores de concentração mínima inibitória entre 0,5 e 1 μL/mL e observou-se que os compostos voláteis do óleo essencial de coentros também inibiram o crescimento de Campylobacter. Observou-se ainda que ambos os compostos inibiram a formação de biofilmes e promoveram a dispersão de biofilmes de Campylobacter. Como descrito anteriormente, também foi estudado o efeito destes compostos sobre o sistema QS. Foi demonstrada a atividade anti-QS do óleo essencial de coentros e do linalool através da inibição da produção de violaceína pela estirpe biossensor C. violaceum. Assim, mais uma vez, esta atividade anti-QS pode estar associada com a atividade anti-biofilme dos compostos, uma vez que o QS tem um papel importante na regulação da formação e desenvolvimento de biofilmes. Para além do potencial anti-bacteriano e anti-biofilme do óleo essencial e do linalool, também se avaliou a sua atividade antioxidante, uma vez que o processo de oxidação está relacionado com a perda da qualidade dos alimentos. Assim, observou-se que ambos os compostos têm uma elevada capacidade para inibir a peroxidação de lípidos. Em suma, os resultados demonstraram que estes compostos naturais podem ser utilizado para controlar Campylobacter e também como agentes antioxidantes para melhorar a qualidade dos alimentos. Em conclusão, neste trabalho, foram apresentados, dados recentes referentes à epidemiologia de Campylobacter em Portugal, bem como a sua diversidade genética e respetivos perfis de resistência a antibióticos. Diante disto, são necessários novos agentes antimicrobianos para controlar este patogéneo emergente de origem alimentar. Neste trabalho mostrou-se que o resveratrol e o óleo essencial de coentros, ambos compostos naturais, têm a capacidade de reduzir células planctónicas e biofilmes de Campylobacter, possuindo também várias atividades biológicas, incluindo propriedades antioxidantes. Este trabalho permitiu alargar o conhecimento sobre a epidemiologia e taxas resistência de estirpes de Campylobacter isoladas em Portugal e desenvolver novas estratégias de controlo deste microrganismo baseadas na utilização de compostos de origem natural.
Foodborne diseases remain common around the world and can be caused by a variety of agents, being bacteria, viruses or parasites the main causes of such infections. Moreover, the major cause of foodborne diseases is consumption or handling of contaminated food. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide and are increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents mainly due to its ability to form biofilms. Furthermore, campylobacteriosis was the most commonly reported zoonosis in the European Union in 2013. So, the main objective of this work was to study the epidemiology of Campylobacter species in Portugal and to explore the potential of natural compounds as new antibacterials to control this foodborne pathogen and to increase the shelf life of food products. We started this work with an epidemiological study of Campylobacter in Portugal. Firstly we studied the epidemiological distribution of Campylobacter isolates from humans, between 2009 and 2012, in Portugal. For this, 837 strains from the National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge were analyzed, of which 84.5% were identified as C. jejuni, 14.8% as C. coli, 0.2% as C. upsaliensis, 0.1% as C. concisus and 0.2% of the samples were identified as Arcobacter butzleri. Concerning the distribution per age groups, we observed that 61.5% of the strains belonged to the group aged between 1 and 15 years. Afterward, from the group of 837 strains, we randomly choose 125 Campylobacter isolates from humans. In addition to these isolates, we added strains isolated from different sources: 39 from retail food and 32 from animals. All the 196 strains were then characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and flaA typing. We found that the C. coli isolates were genetically more conserved than C. jejuni, and within each species, genetically related isolates were recovered from different sources. Then, the resistance phenotype to six antibiotics was evaluated by the agar dilution method. We observed high resistance rates to several antibiotics, including the ones used in the treatment of severe campylobacteriosis. We also identified a multidrug resistance phenotype in 86% of the isolates. Once this high resistance to antibiotics was confirmed, we decided to study the underlying molecular mechanisms. In all the ciprofloxacin resistant isolates we found the Thr-86-Ile mutation in the quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDR) in the DNA gyrase gene (gyrA). For the erythromycin resistance only the mutation A2075G was detected. Regarding gentamicin resistance, we found the three gentamicin-resistant isolates harboured the aphA-3 aminoglycoside resistance marker, with one strain having a point mutation. In addition, we showed that cmeABC efflux pumps may also play a role in the multidrug resistance phenotype and in the gentamicin resistance. In sum, the results obtained in this first part of the study gave an overview of the Campylobacter epidemiology in Portugal and worrying antibiotic multi-resistance rate. This part also highlighted the emergence of Campylobacter strains resistant to antibiotics commonly used in humans. Then, we select a group of strains with different genetic and antibiotic profiles to be used in the subsequent steps of our work. Since the main source of Campylobacter infection is through contaminated food, it is necessary to find new strategies to control the growth of Campylobacter in the most common way of contamination, which are foods. So, in the next step we assessed the potential of resveratrol to control the strains of Campylobacter that were characterized previously. However, despite resveratrol having several biological properties, its low aqueous solubility and high instability compromise its application. So, to overcome these limitations, we studied the encapsulation of resveratrol with a methyl-β-cyclodextrin. We found that resveratrol complexation caused a 400 fold improvement in its solubility. The inclusion complex was characterized by several techniques. After the formation of the inclusion complex, we compared the biological properties of resveratrol and its inclusion complex. We showed that both compounds had very strong antioxidant activity and low toxicity, together with the ability to reduce the viability of Caco-2 cells (heterogeneous human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line). In addition, we also demonstrated their antibacterial activity against the previously selected Campylobacter strains. These results suggest that resveratrol and its inclusion complex can be used to control Campylobacter, since the biological properties are maintained. Due to the very good results obtained with resveratrol and this inclusion complex, we decided to study another inclusion complex (resveratrol-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin) and its potential to control Campylobacter and A. butzleri, a closely related foodborne pathogen. Firstly we evaluated the antibacterial activity against planktonic cells, demonstrating that both resveratrol and inclusion complex have a bactericidal effect against the two microorganisms. The inclusion complex may act by inducing membrane depolarization and by affecting the metabolic activity of the cells. Since bacterial biofilms are an emerging problem in the food industry, we also evaluated the potential of these two compounds against biofilms. We showed that resveratrol and the inclusion complex inhibit biofilm formation and diminish established biofilms, even at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Since the quorum sensing (QS) system has been associated with the antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation, we also evaluated the potential anti-QS effect of these two compounds by using a biosensor strain. We found that both resveratrol and inclusion complex were able to inhibit the QS system, which could explain their anti-biofilm effect. The results showed that resveratrol could be used as antibacterial and anti-biofilm agent in the food industry, allowing an improve shelf life and an increase in food safety. Finally, since there has been a growing interest in the use of natural compounds for application in food products, we also evaluated the potential of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil and its major compound linalool to control Campylobacter. Both compounds showed a bactericidal effect against all the tested strains and we observed that the volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil also inhibited the growth of Campylobacter. Then, since biofilms are a growing problem in the food industry, we also evaluated the anti-biofilm activity of these compounds. Both coriander oil and linalool inhibited biofilm formation and promoted biofilm dispersion of Campylobacter biofilms. As previously described, we also studied the effect of these compounds on the QS system and we observed an anti-QS activity by inhibiting the violacein production. So, once more, this anti-QS activity could be associated with the anti-biofilm activity, since QS has been described to regulate the biofilm formation and development. Moreover, in addition to the antibacterial and anti-biofilm potential, we evaluated the antioxidant activity of coriander oil and linalool, since the oxidation process is also associated with the loss of food quality. We observed that both compounds showed an exceptional ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Those results demonstrate that these natural compounds could be used to control Campylobacter and as antioxidant to enhance food quality. In sum, in this thesis, we described the recent epidemiology of Campylobacter in Portugal, as well as its genetic diversity and worrying antibiotic resistance rates. In addition, we also demonstrated that resveratrol and coriander essential oil, which are both natural compounds, have the ability to reduce planktonic cells and biofilms of Campylobacter, including the multiresistant strains characterized in the first part of the work. Clearly, the results obtained in this work encourage the future use of these natural compounds to control Campylobacter.