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1
Pradhana, Ngurah Indra. "Japanese and Indonesian Relative Clausa Patterns." KIRYOKU 5, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kiryoku.v5i1.173-178.
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In this research, the object of study is clause. This research is focused on the derivation of clauses known as relative clauses. In this study, it was examined about the differences and similarities in the formation patterns, meanings, and relation characteristics of clauses which are relatively good in two languages, namely between Japanese and Indonesian. The results of this research can be used in the teaching and learning process. As well as useful for readers and audiences who intend to pursue linguistics. The analytical method used in this research is the agih method. Based on the analysis that has been done, several conclusions can be drawn as follows. In Indonesian, a relative clause is indicated by the word "yang" as a conjunctive pronoun. Relative clauses can be used as an expansion technique. There is a slight difference in the formation of Relative Clauses in Indonesian and Japanese, namely, in Indonesian the relative clause can only consist of the word "yang" as a relative clause marker and a predicate which functions as a modifier which is then followed by a core sentence. Whereas in Japanese, a relative clause consists of a minimum of objects and a predicate as a modifier followed by a core sentence. Semantically, relative clauses are viewed from proportions formed by a predicate which states activities, processes, or circumstances. The characteristic of the relation in a relative clause is indicated by the word that comes after the noun.
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Arifianto, Muhammad Lukman. "The Concept of Tarkib Isnadi In Arabic Grammatical Thought and Its Equivalence In Indonesian: A Contrastive Analysis." Lughawiyyat: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Arab 3, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.38073/lughawiyyat.v3i2.254.
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This paper aims to explain the concept of Tarkib Isnadi in Arabic grammar and describe the equivalent concept and its components in Indonesian grammar. In the realm of Arabic grammar, Tarkib Isnadi is a core component in the structure of clauses or sentences in Arabic. A good understanding of Tarkib Isnadi in Arabic and its equivalent in Indonesian will make it easier for Arabic learners (L2) who come from native Indonesian speakers (L1) to identify clause and sentence structures in various Arabic discourses. The methods used in data analysis in this study are distribution and identity-referential methods. Based on observations, it is found that the concept of Tarkib Isnadi in Arabic has a concept equivalent to a clause in Indonesian because both have the core constituents or pillars of the sentence. On the other hand, there are also some differences in the concept of Tarkib Isnadi in Arabic with the concept of clauses in Indonesian. The difference mainly lies in terms of the formation of the concept and the filling components of their syntactic functions.
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Fujii, Seiko, and Russell Lee-Goldman. "Argument structure satisfaction via unselected adjuncts." Belgian Journal of Linguistics, Volume 34 (2020) 34 (December 31, 2020): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00036.fuj.
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Abstract This paper presents a frame-based constructional approach to argument structure satisfaction via unselected adjuncts, by focusing on one such case in Japanese. It points out an intriguing constructional phenomenon whereby causal adjunct clauses marked with node ‘because’, as used with main-clause predicates that evoke communication frames (such as Telling and Warning), serve to satisfy main-clause argument structure. The node clause precedes the main-clause speech act of telling/warning, and can be interpreted as a speech-act causal (Sweetser 1990). The node clause at the same time conveys the content of informing or warning, i.e., the core Frame Element message, which is absent as a main-clause complement. This analysis of argument structure satisfaction via unselected adjuncts provides evidence for a Frame Semantic approach to argument structure that incorporates Construction Grammar.
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Culicover, Peter W., and Ray Jackendoff. "The View from the Periphery: The English Comparative Correlative." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 4 (October 1999): 543–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999554200.
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The English comparative correlative construction (e.g., The more you eat, the fatter you get) embeds like an ordinary CP, and each of its clauses displays an ordinary long-distance dependency. However, the connection between the two clauses is not ordinary: they are connected paratactically in syntax, but the first clause is interpreted as if it were a subordinate clause. The construction's mixture of the general and the idiosyncratic at all levels of detail challenges the distinction between “core” and “periphery” in grammar and the assumption that some level of underlying syntax directly mirrors semantic structure.
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Plado, Helen. "Estonian conditional clauses: The degree of hypotheticality and the link to temporal and concessive clauses." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 36, no. 1 (May 2013): 57–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586513000127.
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Estonian conditional clauses have previously been divided into two clear-cut groups: real and unreal, with indicative and conditional main verbs of conditional clauses, respectively. This article defends the view that it is a question of the degree of hypotheticality that a sentence conveys, and it treats hypotheticality as a continuum that includes groups of linguistic forms, which have a relatively clear core and are separated by fuzzy transition areas. Secondly, the article concentrates on the relationship between Estonian conditional clauses and temporal clauses. As these clause types have the same marker (kui), the article discusses whether it is always possible to distinguish between these two clauses and which factors are relevant for determining whether the clause is a temporal or conditional one. Thirdly, the relationship between Estonian conditional and concessive clauses is under consideration, focusing particularly on Estonian scalar concessive conditional clauses.
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Aritonang, Buha. "Struktur Klausa Bahasa Dayak Tagol." Metalingua: Jurnal Penelitian Bahasa 15, no. 2 (January 19, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/metalingua.v15i2.116.
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The problem of this research is the structure of the clause Dayak Tagol the languange which spoken by people in Tau Lumbis Village, Subdistrict Lumbis Ogong, Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan Province. This research aim to describe a general overview of the life Dayak Tagol people and the structure of the clause the languange of Dayak Tagol. This research used a qualitative research method. The results of this research shows that the structure of the clause Dayak Tagol can be classified into (1) the structure of the clause predicated of non-verb and (2) the structure of the clause predicated of verb. The structure of the clause predicated of non-verbal can be intangible (1) clause predicate nominal, (2) clause adjectival, (3) numeralia, and (4) clause the phrase prepositional. Based on the research data, the structure of the clause verbal consists of (1) clause intransitive, (2) clause ekatransitif (the clause argued the core two), and (3) clause be dwitransitive (the clause argued the core three)
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AIKHENVALD, ALEXANDRA Y. "Versatile cases." Journal of Linguistics 44, no. 3 (October 16, 2008): 565–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222670800532x.
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Case markers are thought of primarily as nominal morphemes, indicating the function of a noun phrase in a clause. In a few languages of the world case markers also appear on verbal forms. Such ‘versatile’ cases can express (i) temporal, causal and other relationships between clauses, and (ii) aspectual and modal meanings within a clause. Core cases tend to express aspectual and modal meanings, while oblique cases tend to be used as clause-linkers. The recurrent semantic differences between case morphemes as nominal markers, as clause-linking devices, and as exponents of clausal categories are rooted in the inherent polyfunctionality of these ‘chameleon’ morphemes: the specific meaning of any instance is affected by the morphosyntactic context in which it occurs. The conclusions are corroborated by a case study of Manambu, a Papuan language with extensive use of cases on nouns and on verbs, as exponents of aspectual and modal meanings and as clause-linking devices.
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Jantunen, Tommi. "Ellipsis in Finnish Sign Language." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 36, no. 3 (October 25, 2013): 303–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586513000292.
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This paper deals with syntactic ellipsis in clauses in Finnish Sign Language (FinSL). The point of departure for the paper is the observation, confirmed by several studies, that clauses in FinSL are often syntactically incomplete. Building on this, the paper first describes how all core-internal clausal material may be elided in FinSL: core arguments in clauses with a verbal nucleus, core-internal NPs in clauses with a nominal nucleus, and even nuclei themselves. The paper then discusses several grammatical contexts which especially favor ellipsis in FinSL. These are question–answer pairs, two-clause coordinated structures, topic–comment structures, blend structures, and structures containing gesturally indicating Type 2 verbals. Finally, the paper argues that FinSL conforms to the main characteristics of a discourse-oriented language, and that FinSL clauses are not highly governed units syntactically.
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Rustinar, Eli. "Konstruksi Klausa Makian pada Partisipan Usia Tua dalam Bahasa Melayu Bengkulu." Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra dan Pengajaran (KIBASP) 3, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/kibasp.v3i1.969.
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The purpose of this study is to describe the construction of invective clause markers in old age participants. The research method is qualitative. Data and data sources are insults derived from Bengkulu Malay language informants. Data collection methods and techniques through listening and introspection. The method of listening uses the basic techniques of tapping techniques outlined in the advanced technique, which is a free trial of competent involvement (SBLC), record, and record. Stages of providing data through three activities, namely collecting, selecting, and structuring. Analytical methods and techniques use contextual analysis, peer review, and distribution or distribution. There is a construct of marking invective clauses on parental participants: namely: 1) based on the position of the elements of the clause shows that the invective tends to be within the invective core clause, 2) based on function analysis, invective tends to occupy the predicate function (P) which is positioned in front of the subject (S) i.e. position (PS), 3) the use of the second persona pronominal as a mark of curse clauses indicates the tendency of invective use in intimate / intimate participants, 4) the use of clits - it is that the curse clause functions to emphasize imperative sentences and reinforcement designations in cursing sentences so that the utterances become coarser and the level of emotional expression of anger becomes higher. Conclusions, construction of invective clauses on parental participants includes; elemental position, function analysis, pronominal, and clit usage
Keywords: Curse, Old Age, Clause, Bengkulu Malay Language
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Volkova, Elena B., and Vladilena L. Korotun. "Three-component complex sentences with heterogeneous subordination in the scientific style of the Russian language (based on texts of mathematical works)." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 28, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2022-28-1-129-133.
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The article considers not the most productive type of multicomponent complex sentences – constructions with heterogeneous subordination. Nevertheless, sentences of this type are important in the style of the exact sciences, especially in the texts of mathematical works, where the main task of the author is to show the course of logical reasoning, and the reader is to follow the movement of the author's thought. In order to correctly understand this idea, it is necessary to imagine the described object or phenomenon from different angles. This is largely facilitated by the structures under study. On the basis of the texts of mathematical works, three-component complex sentences with various combinations of components of an indivisible type are analysed, syntactic relations in these structures are considered. So, for example, it was revealed that the substantive-attributive clause, explaining a certain term or concept, closely merges with the previous main clause. This is most clearly manifested when explaining a mathematical formula, when the substantive-attributive clause turns into a semi-phraseological construction, and the relative pronoun where almost completely loses its spatial semantics. The semantic core of the sentence, as a rule, is concentrated in the subordinate object clause, and the main clause acquires a service, introductory character. The means of connection in the constructions under study are standard, often repeated, as a rule, devoid of semantic colouring. Pronominal-correlative and pronominally-conjunction correlative clauses are used in tandem with either an object clause or a substantive-attributive clause. Pronominal clauses bring into the semantics of the sentence a bright semantic colouring of the consequence, comparison, quantity, mode of action, etc. In the constructions under study, indivisible clauses are so closely connected with the organising part that one can speak of their dependence as predicative units and likening their role to semi-predicative participial and adverbial phrases.
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ANDERSON, JOHN M. "Finiteness, mood, and morphosyntax." Journal of Linguistics 43, no. 1 (February 27, 2007): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226706004439.
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The approach adopted here identifies finiteness with the capacity to license an independent predication. The prototypical independent predication is positive and declarative; other ‘moods’, or main-clause types, while finite, may fail to display the morphosyntactic properties associated with this prototype. These properties vary from language to language, but the recurrent core properties are verbal, since the verb is the prototypical predicator. Some constructions that occur in both main and subordinate clauses, such as the infinitival in English, differ in interpretation in these two different circumstances; this may be the only difference between finite (main-clause) and non-finite (subordinate-clause) use. This general approach is contrasted with one in which finiteness is identified with the presence of a particular set of morphosyntactic properties: such a view as the latter can be maintained, if at all, only on the basis of massive recourse to covert categories.
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Ghomeshi, Jila. "Control and Thematic Agreement." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 46, no. 1-2 (June 2001): 9–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100017928.
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AbstractIn this article it is shown that Persian has core control constructions in which the obligatorily empty subject of an embedded clause takes its reference from an antecedent in the next higher clause. Evidence is provided that these embedded clauses are relatively transparent for scrambling and lack independent tense. It is therefore argued that core control verbs in Persian take complements that lack CP, TP, and a Case position for their subjects. Control complements do manifest subject agreement, however, suggesting that agreement checking takes place within vP. The implications of this view are explored with respect to the periphrastic progressive construction, in which both the auxiliary and the main verb bear subject agreement, and raising constructions, in which preposed subjects do not trigger agreement on the matrix verb. The relevant contrast is presented in minimalist terms as the idea that agreement in Persian is checked within a strong phase (CP or vP).
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Iskandar, Denni, Mulyadi Mulyadi, Khairina Nasution, and Ridwan Hanafiah. "A Study of types and core constituents of Acehnese relative clauses." Studies in English Language and Education 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i1.18164.
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This research aims to determine and explain the types and the core constituents of Acehnese relative clauses which so far have not been thoroughly discussed. To collect data for this study, a direct elicitation technique is used, and the data is then analyzed through a qualitative descriptive technique. The results showed that the relative clauses in Acehnese were clauses embedded as modifiers of noun phrases. Similar to the relative clauses’ theory proposed by experts in the Acehnese, there are five types of relative clauses: relativization of subject, relativization of predicate, relativization of object, relativization of possessive, and relativization of noun. Relative clauses in Acehnese are formed by connecting core nouns and relative clauses through the connecting word ‘nyang’, except for the relative clause of the predicate element through the ellipsis of the predicate element. The basic structure of the Acehnese relative clauses is the arrangement of the main constituents preceding (postnominal) the relative clauses. The constituents that described the relative clauses could form words or phrases depending on the reference to the meaning of the relative clauses. In the Acehnese, the following elements do not exist: (1) relative clauses that can be reduced by adverbials such as in English, (2) relative pronouns as in German and relative particles such as in Chinese Mandarin; and (3) the attachment of relative suffixes to verbs as in Korean.
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Jenks, Peter. "Verbal and verbless copular clauses in Moro." Faits de Langues 51, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05101008.
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Abstract Moro has a rich array of copular clause constructions which show clear contrasts in their syntactic makeup. One class of copular clauses contain verbal heads, others are headed by non-verbal predicates that bear some inflectional morphology which is shared with verbs, while a final group of copular clauses lack any words which could be identified as verbs. I show that verbal and verb-like copular clauses always contain a predicative core. On the other hand, verbless copular clauses lack predicative semantics, serving the functions of identification or equation. I provide a simple syntactic analysis which accounts for the morphosyntactic distribution of the different types of clauses.
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Kim, Jong-Bok, and Peter Sells. "Oblique case marking on core arguments in Korean." Studies in Language 34, no. 3 (December 31, 2010): 602–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.34.3.04kim.
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In this paper we present data from Korean in which the core arguments (subject and direct object) of a transitive clause may be suffixed with oblique postpositional markers rather than the usual nominative or accusative case markers. Unlike familiar cases of oblique arguments, such as dative subjects, we argue that the oblique case marking surveyed here does not indicate a particular thematic role, but rather brings out something different: other semantic properties of the argument in one instance, and a special interpretation imparted to the whole clause in the other. We present a description of the data against a background of current theoretical approaches to case marking, and conclude with some consequences for grammatical theory.
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Awad, Khalil, Mohammad Abdallah, Abdelfatah Tamimi, Amir Ngah, and Hanadi Tamimi. "A proposed forward clause slicing application." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i1.pp1-6.
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The Clause slicing technique is static slicing techniques which also have forward and backward slicing methods. The Clause slice criteria are the clause and the clause number. In this paper, we have discussed the Clauser tool the forward clause slicing tool introduce some improvements to it. The Clauser mechanism divides the program code statement into clauses, depending on clause slicing rules, identifies the variables and built-in functions, then slices the clauses regarding the slice criterion that was entered by the user. Comparing to other static slicing techniques the clause slicing is more accurate and precise because it considers all the code in micro-level, where it focuses on every syntax in the code. The Clauser still needs to be enhanced to slice more code features.
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Beale, Hugh. "Penalty Clauses in English Law." European Review of Private Law 24, Issue 3/4 (June 1, 2016): 353–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2016024.
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Abstract: Since 1915, English law has distinguished between penalties (which are unenforceable) and ‘liquidated damages’ (which are enforceable) by the criterion of whether the amount agreed to be payable is extravagant and unconscionable in comparison to a genuine pre-estimate of the loss. Recent cases have suggested that a clause may also be valid, though it was not a genuine pre-estimate of the loss, if it had a commercial justification and was not merely aimed at deterring breach or even if it was aimed at deterring breach, provided that there was a broader social interest in ensuring compliance with the contract. The latest cases have been appealed to the Supreme Court. In one, the appellants argued that the doctrine of penalty clauses should be abolished or at least dis-applied when the parties ‘met on a level playing field’. But total abolition would leave unsophisticated businesses unprotected and partial disapplication would be difficult without developed criteria to determine when the doctrine should apply. More promising approaches may be to exempt clauses that form the ‘core’ of the contract or to ask what the commercial purpose of the provision is and whether its effects are proportionate to that purpose. It might be difficult, however, to determine what types of clause should fall within such a control, and it may be that the Supreme Court will decide to deal only with clauses that are triggered by a breach and to consider the legitimacy of clauses that have a commercial purpose other than compensation and including deterrence, provided that the effects of the clause are not extravagant and unconscionable.
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Schapper, Antoinette, and Lourens de Vries. "Comparatives in Melanesia: Concentric circles of convergence." Linguistic Typology 22, no. 3 (October 25, 2018): 437–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0015.
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Abstract Using a sample of 116 languages, this article investigates the typology of comparative constructions and their distribution in Melanesia, one of the world’s least-understood linguistic areas. We present a rigorous definition of a comparative construction as a “comparative concept”, thereby excluding many constructions which have been considered functionally comparatives in Melanesia. Conjoined comparatives are shown to dominate at the core of the area on the island of New Guinea, while (monoclausal) exceed comparatives are found in the maritime regions around New Guinea. Outside of Melanesia adpositional and other comparative constructions including particle comparatives are most frequent in Austronesian languages. The unity of the conjoined comparative type in the core Melanesian area illustrates that, while morpho-syntactic profiles of Melanesian languages are heterogenous, significant convergence in the “ways of saying things” can be found across the region. Additionally, we find no cases of clause chaining constructions being used for encoding comparatives, even in canonical clause chaining languages of central New Guinea. Our findings thus offer no support for Stassen’s claim of a correlation between temporal chaining type and comparative construction type. Instead we suggest that an areal preference for mini-clauses may explain the dominance of the conjoined comparative in Melanesia.
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Stenzel, Kristine. "Evidentials and clause modality in Wanano." Studies in Language 32, no. 2 (April 2, 2008): 405–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.2.06ste.
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This paper investigates evidentiality as a category of clause modality in Wanano (Eastern Tukanoan). I discuss four major categories of modality by which statements, questions, and ‘oriented’ utterances are grammatically and obligatorily marked and explore areas of semantic overlap. The major focus is the complex and typologically interesting Wanano evidential system, and I describe the core and extended semantics of each of the five categories — HEARSAY, VISUAL, NON-VISUAL, INFERENCE, and ASSERTION. This description provides input to the theoretical discussion of the relationship between evidentials and epistemic values. I conclude that in Wanano, not only statements coded by evidentials but also statements referring to irrealis situations and interrogatives display sensitivity to scalar values of speaker commitment.
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Bohnemeyer, Jürgen, and Robert D. Van Valin. "The macro-event property and the layered structure of the clause." Studies in Language 41, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 142–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.41.1.05van.
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We ask whether there is a “macro-event phrase,” a uniform level of syntax at which complex scenarios may be described as single events under the Macro-Event Property (MEP). The MEP is a form-meaning mapping property that constrains the compatibility of event descriptions with time-positional modifiers. An examination of English infinitival complements, Ewe serial verb constructions, and Japanese converb constructions suggests that the putative crosslinguistic “macro-event phrase” is the verbal core of the Layered Structure of the Clause theory of Role and Reference Grammar. Across languages, simple cores necessarily have the MEP, whereas complex cores have it if and only if they are integrated by ‘cosubordinate’ nexus, defined as a symmetric union of two cores that together behave like a single core. We furthermore argue that this connection between core cosubordinations and the MEP may help explain why cosubordinate cores seem to always share an argument through control.
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Hao, Jing. "Reconsidering “cause inside the clause” in scientific discourse – from a discourse semantic perspective in systemic functional linguistics." Text & Talk 38, no. 5 (August 28, 2018): 525–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text-2018-0013.
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Abstract The ability to construe and to interpret cause–effect relations is critical to the task of knowledge building in science. It is essential to understanding investigative processes and to interpreting claims. However, in the discourses of science the linguistic construal of cause and effect can be far removed from that of its everyday, commonsense expression. Studies in systemic functional linguistics have found that scientific causality is often realized inside a clause rather than between clauses (Halliday, M. A. K. 1998. Things and relations. In J. R. Martin and R. Veel [eds.], Reading science: Critical and functional perspectives on discourses of science, 185–235. London & New York: Routledge). This paper aims to further understand the challenge of making meanings of scientific causality from a linguistic perspective. I analyze the language of biology in five research articles, which are students’ key reading texts in a core undergraduate biology course at a leading Australian university. I argue that a discourse semantic understanding of “cause inside the clause” is critical for revealing the diverse language resources for constructing scientific causality.
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Майсак, Тимур Анатольевич. "PARTICIPIAL RELATIVE CLAUSES IN UDI FROM A CORPUS PERSPECTIVE." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 2(28) (September 18, 2020): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2020-2-46-65.
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В статье на материале текстов исследуются частотные характеристики определительных причастных клауз в удинском языке (лезгинская группа нахско-дагестанской семьи). В удинском имеются две формы причастий (перфективное и имперфективное); причастные обороты располагаются в препозиции к вершине, а само причастие занимает в клаузе конечную позицию. Как и в других нахско-дагестанских языках, удинские причастные клаузы являются близкими аналогами относительных предложений, однако допускают более широкий круг ассоциаций между вершинным именем и причастной клаузой, благодаря чему могут быть отнесены к выделяемому в литературе типу «обобщенных клаузальных конструкций, модицифирующих имя» (general noun-modifying clause constructions, GNMCCs). Основной задачей являлось изучение частотности различных типов ассоциаций между вершиной причастной клаузы и описываемой этой клаузой ситуацией (в терминах аргументов, адъюнктов или иных типов). Было рассмотрено около 1 тыс. употреблений причастных клауз в трех корпусах 2000-х гг. на ниджском диалекте – устном, переводном письменном (Евангелие от Луки) и оригинальном письменном (два сборника фольклорных текстов). Удинские данные были также сопоставлены с данными по частотности релятивизации, имеющимися для нескольких других нахско-дагестанских языков (арчинский, агульский, лезгинский и пр.). Были получены следующие основные выводы: в причастных клаузах непереходные глаголы, особенно глагол ‘быть’, используются чаще, чем переходные; подавляющее большинство употреблений (более 80%) приходится на релятивизацию одного из трех ядерных аргументов, причем непереходный субъект с большим отрывом опережает агенс и пациенс (то же отмечалось и для других нахско-дагестанских языков); удинский отличается от родственных языков преобладанием агенса над пациенсом по частоте релятивизации; частотность релятивизации неядерных аргументов и адъюнктов для удинского мала (менее пятой части употреблений) по сравнению с некоторыми из родственных языков; среди типов «неядерной» релятивизации наиболее значительное место занимает локативная и темпоральная; для удинского находит подтверждение высказывавшееся ранее суждение о том, что при наличии «расширенных» употреблений с несинтаксической ассоциацией между вершинным именем и причастной каузой их частотность крайне невысока. The paper presents quantitative data on the modifying participial clauses in Udi (Lezgic, Nakh-Daghestanian), based on text corpora. There are two participles in Udi, a perfective and an imperfective one; modifying participial clauses precede nominal heads, and the participle is clause-final within its clause. Like in other Nakh-Daghestanian languages, modifying participial clauses in Udi are close equivalents of relative clauses proper. However, as they allow a wider range of possible associations between a head noun and a clause, they can be rather assigned to what is known as general noun-modifying clause constructions (GNMCCs). The main goal of the paper is the analysis of frequencies of different associations between participial clauses and head nouns in terms of arguments, adjuncts or otherwise. In total, about 1,000 occurrences of participial clauses in the Nizh dialect of Udi were taken into account, drawn from three corpora: one spoken, one written comprising a translated text of the Gospel of Luke, and another written corpus comprising two collections of original folklore. The Udi data were compared to the data on relativization frequencies available for a few other Nakh-Daghestanian languages, including Agul, Archi, Lezgian, etc. The main generalizations which can be made from the counts are as follows. In participial clauses, intransitive predicates (especially the verb ‘be’) turned out to be more frequent than transitive ones. Relativization of the three core arguments S, A and P accounts for the vast majority of all occurrences (more than 80%), with the intransitive subject S by far outnumbering agent and patient (the same is true for the other languages of the family). Unlike in some other related languages, relativization of the agent is more frequent than that of the patient in Udi. Relativizations frequencies for peripheral arguments and adjuncts is small compared to some other languages of the family (less than one fifth of all occurrences). Among the non-core relativizations, the locative and the temporal ones are the most common. Also, the Udi data confirms the impression that although “extended” uses (i.e. non-syntactic associations) typical of GNMCCs are indeed attested, their frequency is very low.
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Rakhman, D. M. "Argument and Adjunct Purpose Constructions in Hill Mari." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 19, no. 2 (June 9, 2021): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2021-19-2-19-35.
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In this study the author suggests a new systemic model of purpose constructions in Hill Mari - a Finno-Ugric language, spoken by approximately 30 000 people living mostly in Mari El Republic, located in Volga river basin. (Here and thereafter (if the opposite is not stated overtly) the term “purpose clause” or “purpose construction” is used in its traditional wide sense and should not be confused with “Purpose clauses” opposed to “Rationale clauses” in R. A. Faraci’s terms (1974).) There are two core strategies of marking the embedded predicate which can be used in contexts denoting purpose in Hill Mari. Firstly, an imperative form can be used. This option is reserved for different-subjects contexts. Secondly, an embedded predicate can be marked as infinitive. Notably, such a clause allows for its subject to be expressed overtly, in which case it is marked by Dative. Typically, though, the subject of an infinitival purposive clause is omitted and obligatorily controlled by a certain argument of a matrix clause. Finally, there are two peripheral constructions - those of perfect tense and non-past tense. Both are quite marginal and not universally accepted. This study also discusses the interaction between aforementioned strategies and purpose complementizers (conjunctions) š (borrowed from Russian) and. However, what constitutes the main theoretical concern of this study are certain peculiar traits of the subordinate null subject’s behavior. The paper adopts a standard generative approach (within Chomsky’s minimalist program) and argues that Hill Mari purpose constructions can be divided into two groups, namely, argument ones, occupying the position of VP complement, and adjunct ones, which are attached as VP adjuncts. This structural distinction can account for the indirect object control, which is possible in all cases, and direct object control, which is only allowed in case of certain matrix predicates. Such an analysis links Hill Mari purpose construction’s distinction to the Purpose/Rationale clauses distinction proposed for English in R. A. Faraci (1974). Finally, Hill Mari infinitival purpose clauses’ specific traits can potentially provide certain insights for the general theory of ditransitive constructions. Thus, among the main current approaches only that developed by L. Pylkkänen (2008) can account for the facts observed in Hill Mari. L. Pylkkänen argues that in some languages double objects constructions can be derived via “high” applicative head, taking VP as its complement and indirect object as its specifier. Our study argues that this is also likely to be the case in Hill Mari.
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Erawati, Ni Ketut Ratna. "The Relativity Strategy of Old Javanese." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0806.10.
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Old Javanese is one of the temporal dialects in Indonesia that is estimated to develop from the IX-XV century. The language has a lot of langues inherited in the form of literature kakawin (Old Javanese poetry) and the form of parwa (Old Javanese language prose) until now. Literary works in the form kakawin and parwa are very popular work to be sung in Balinese society especially in religious ceremonies. Therefore, the Old Javanese is very worthy of being used as a linguistic study even though the language is categorized as a dead language. In morphological typology, Old Javanese is an agglutinative type. On the other hand, syntactically the Old Javanese language includes the Split-S typology. Associated with morphological typology and syntax, the Old Javanese has a core system or verb. Thus, the Old Javanese has various forms of verb-alternation in clause structures, either in single clauses or complex clauses. Relative clauses are one part of the complex clause having a change of grammatical relation when the insertion of certain linguistic elements. The topic of this study was the relativity strategy in Old Javanese. The relativity strategy of Old Javanese was described with related theories and concepts. Based on the result the Old Javanese could make the subject to be relative by inserting element of the relative sang and ikang. On the other hand there was also an indirect relativity by marking of verbs and penloping.
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Vieira, Bernardo C., Fabrício V. Andrade, and Antônio O. Fernandes. "Framework for Generating Configurable SAT Solvers." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 6, no. 1 (December 27, 2011): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v6i1.338.
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The state-of-the-art SAT solvers usually share the same core techniques, for instance: the watched literals structure, conflict clause recording and non-chronological backtracking. Nevertheless, they might differ in the elimination of learnt clauses, as well as in the decision heuristic. This article presents a framework for generating configurable SAT solvers. The proposed framework is composed of the following components: a Base SAT Solver, a Perl Preprocessor, XML files (Solver Description and Heuristics Description files) to describe each heuristic as well as the set of heuristics that the generated solver uses. This solvers may use several techniques and heuristics such as those implemented in BerkMin, and in Equivalence Checking of Dissimilar Circuits, and also in Minisat. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, this article also presents three distinct SAT solver instances generated by the framework to address a complex and challenging industry problem: the Combinational Equivalence Checking problem (CEC).The first instance is a SAT solver that uses BerkMin and Dissimilar Circuits core techniques except the learnt clause elimination heuristic that has been adapted from Minisat; the second is another solver that combines BerkMin and Minisat decision heuristics at run-time; and the third is yet another SAT solver that changes the database reducing heuristic at run-time. The experiments demonstrate that the first SAT solver generated is a faster solver than state-of-the-art SAT solver BerkMin for several instances as well as for Minisat in almost every instance.
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Imrényi, András. "Form-meaning correspondences in multiple dimensions: The structure of Hungarian finite clauses." Cognitive Linguistics 28, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 287–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2016-0082.
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AbstractThe paper combines the assumptions of Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar, Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar and Dependency Grammar, arguing for an analysis of clauses as multi-dimensional networks. The semantic pole of each dimension is a network of semantic relations, which stands in correspondence to formal aspects of clause structure such as case morphology, word order and prosody. The proposed approach is applied to the study of core phenomena of Hungarian. The D1 dimension of Hungarian finite clauses is concerned with frame semantic (“thematic”) relations and their coding (primarily by morphology) on the formal side. The D2 and D3 dimensions pertain to speech function and contextualization, respectively, with the semantic relations marked by word order and prosody. It is hoped that the proposed account of Hungarian may inform both cross-linguistic comparisons and theory development in cognitive linguistics.
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Hamlaoui, Fatima, and Kriszta Szendrői. "A flexible approach to the mapping of intonational phrases." Phonology 32, no. 1 (May 2015): 79–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675715000056.
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We propose that for the syntax–prosody mapping of clauses and intonational phrases, the notion of ‘clause’ should be determined in a flexible manner, making reference to the highest position to which the verbal material (i.e. the verb itself, the inflection, an auxiliary or a question particle) is overtly moved or inserted, together with the material in its specifier. This contrasts with rigid approaches, which assume that mapping is based on particular functional heads. We provide support for this proposal with data from the Bantu language Bàsàá and the Finno-Ugric language Hungarian, showing that a left-peripheral constituent may be prosodically outside the core intonational phrase even though its syntactic position is relatively low, as long as the verb is even lower, and, conversely, that a constituent may be phrased inside the core intonational phrase even if it is in a syntactically high position, as long as the verb is also high.
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Maisak, Timur. "Relative clauses in Agul from a corpus-based perspective." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 73, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 113–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0029.
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AbstractThis paper gives an account of participial clauses in Agul (Lezgic, Nakh-Daghestanian), based on a sample of 858 headed noun-modifying clauses taken from two text corpora, one spoken and one written. Noun-modifying clauses in Agul do not show syntactic restrictions on what can be relativized, and hence they instantiate the type known as GNMCCs, or general noun-modifying clause constructions. As the text counts show, intransitive verbs are more frequent than transitives and experiencer verbs in participial clauses, and among intransitive verbs, locative statives with the roots ‘be’ and ‘stay, remain’ account for half of all the uses. The asymmetry between the different relativization targets is also significant. Among the core arguments, the intransitive subject (S) is the most frequent target, patient (P) occupies second place, and agent (A) is comparatively rare. The preference of S and, in general, of S and P over A also holds true for most other Nakh-Daghestanian languages for which comparable counts are available. At the same time, Agul stands apart from the other languages by its high ratio of non-core relativization which accounts for 42% of all participial clauses. Addressee, arguments and adjuncts encoded with a locative case, as well as more general place and time relativizations show especially high frequency, outnumbering such arguments as experiencers, recipients, and predicative and adnominal possessors. Possible reasons for the high ratio of non-argument relativization are discussed in the paper.
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Wendel, Mattias. "Lisbon Before the Courts: Comparative Perspectives." European Constitutional Law Review 7, no. 1 (February 2011): 96–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019611100061.
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Lisbon decisions of the constitutional courts in Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia and Poland from a comparative perspective – Democracy, sovereignty and identity – Permeability of national and supranational law – Ratification of the Lisbon Treaty and its constitutional foundations – Procedural background and legal outcome of the Lisbon decisions – Differences of institutional self-conception – Parliamentary responsibility for integration – Prior parliamentary assent to the future application of ‘dynamic treaty provisions’ – Different conceptions of national and multi-levelled democracy – Popular vote – Constitutional limits to European integration – Limits indicating the necessity of an amendment and limits protecting the inalienable substantial core of a constitutional order – German Bundesverfassungsgericht only court in Europe spelling out an eternity clause in a detailed, catalogue style manner – Judicial restraint – Ultra vires and identity review – Article 4.2 TEU as an integration clause of EU law and not a derogation clause – Comparative dialectics
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Hasanudin, Cahyo. "KAJIAN SINTAKSIS PADA NOVEL SANG PENCURI WARNA KARYA YERSITA." Jurnal Pendidikan Edutama 5, no. 2 (July 29, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30734/jpe.v5i2.191.
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AbstractThis study aims to describe the form of 1) phrase, 2, clause, and 3) sentence on novel of Sang Pencuri Warna by Yersita. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Data collection using documentation techniques by applying strategis read, listen, and take note. Data analysis using content analysis Miles and Huberman. The result of the research shows 1) the existence of phrase form based on the relationship between the element and the core element of the word type, 2) the existence of positive and negative clauses, 3) the existence of the phrase based on pronunciation, grammatical structure, function or content, element, arrangement, presentation style (rhetoric), and the subject. Keywords: Phrase, Clause, Sentence, Novel AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan mendeskrispikan bentuk 1) frasa, 2, Klausa, dan 3) kalimat pada Novel Sang Pencuri Warna karya Yersita. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskripstf kualitatif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik dokumentasi dengan menerapkan strategi baca-cimak-catat. Analisis data menggunakan content analysis Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 1) adanya bentuk frasa berdasar hubungan antar unsur dan unsur inti jenis kata, 2) adanya bentuk klausa positif dan negatif, 3) adanya kalimat berdasar pengucapan, struktur gramatikal, fungsi atau isi, unsur, susunan, gaya penyajian (retorik), dan subjek Kata kunci: Frasa, Klausa, Sentence, Novel
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XIAO, ZHONGHUA, and ANTHONY McENERY. "A corpus-based two-level model of situation aspect." Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 2 (July 2004): 325–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226704002543.
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In this paper we will extend Smith's (1997) two-component aspect theory to develop a two-level model of situation aspect in which situation aspect is modelled as verb classes at the lexical level and as situation types at the sentential level. Situation types are the composite result of the rule-based interaction between verb classes and complements, arguments, peripheral adjuncts and viewpoint aspect at the nucleus, core and clause levels. With a framework consisting of a lexicon, a layered clause structure and a set of rules mapping verb classes onto situation types, the model is developed and tested using an English corpus and a Chinese corpus.
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Tarigan, Karisma Erikson, and Margaret Stevani. "Analyzing Complex Predicates in Karo Language using Syntactic Parsing." International Journal of Linguistics Studies 1, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijls.2021.1.1.1.
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This study characterized the complex predicate and multiple events where the multi-verb single clause realises a single event in syntax and examined the complex sentences containing multiple verbal predicates. This study used the descriptive qualitative method. The data sources used were sentences containing karo sentence clauses and was classified based on the elements of complex Predicates in a tree diagram and the RRG account of nexus-juncture relations theory by Nolan, 2005 & Van Valin, 2005. The findings showed that event, argument, and semantic could be realized in syntactic meaning to reveal complex predicates. The tightest syntactic linkages embodied the closer semantic relations and it was signaled by word order. Most of the complex predicates in Karo language have an embedded object. The core in the nucleus could be appeared not only as one core but two or more complex predicates and it followed by an argument with the form V+V+N and in the form of V+V+N. One argument (Participant/Actor) that involved one core. It assumed that there might be one participant in two events, and there may be two participants in one event. All of Karo language sentences have at least one NP + one VP and they consisted of more than one complex predicates.
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Al-Zahre, Nisrine, and Nora Boneh. "Pronominal Non-Core Datives in Syrian Arabic." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 8, no. 1 (2016): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-00801002.
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In this paper we describe the pragmatic, lexical and syntactic properties of the Syrian Arabic Coreferential Dative Construction (CDC), featuring a dative element bearing agreement features which are identical to those of the subject in the clause, the Coreferential Dative (CD), and an obligatory expression of attenuative vague measure, described by us in Al-Zahre & Boneh (2010). We first show that the CD, which has no truth conditional meaning, contributes to the creation of a Conventional Implicature (Horn 2004, Potts 2005). Second, we propose a way to compositionally integrate the CD into the derivation of these constructions by arguing that the visible pronominal features are non-referential but rather the morphological reflex of checked uninterpretable phi-features on a defective applicative head. To couch the analysis in a wider context, we show how it can extend to other categories of non-core dative in Syrian Arabic.
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CORACINI, ASTRID REISINGER. "‘Amended Most Serious Crimes’: A New Category of Core Crimes within the Jurisdiction but out of the Reach of the International Criminal Court?" Leiden Journal of International Law 21, no. 3 (September 2008): 699–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156508005268.
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AbstractArticle 121(5) Rome Statute provides for a specific regime for amendments to Articles 5–8 of the Statute. Its final clause precludes the exercise of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over a crime covered by an amendment when committed by a national or on the territory of a state party which has not accepted the amendment. This provision has been understood as derogating from the Statute's general rules on jurisdiction. The present article argues that a stringent reading of the clause as well as a systematic and teleological approach warrant an alternative interpretation in conformity with the jurisdictional system of the Statute.
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Jung, Heejin. "Left Dislocation in Indonesian." Humanus 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/humanus.v20i1.111829.
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This paper aims to identify the constructions of Left Dislocation (=LD) in spoken and written Indonesian. The constituents of LD fill their alternative positions within the core clause with the form of ‘-nya’ in Indonesian syntax. The Left Dislocation of ‘-nya’ is classified as the Clitic-type Left Dislocation. A coreferential copy of '-nya' is presented grammatically without variation, and this clitic presents a metonymic link between the referents of LD constructions. This study found that there is strong connectivity in Indonesian between the dislocated constituent and the core clause. LD in Indonesian allows a higher degree of Topic-prominence than other languages which were classified typologically as Subject-prominent languages. In the light of this Topic-prominence in Indonesian in the LD structures, this paper revises the relation between Topicalization and LD. The phenomenon of Topicalization is proposed to be merged within the notion of LD and be explained as Zero-type LD. It is concluded that the LD structures in Indonesian represent Topic-prominence features to classify Indonesian as the language that is both Subject-prominent and Topic-prominent.
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Dinar, I. Gusti Agung Ayu Gita Pritayanti, and I. Nyoman Putu Budiartha. "A Comprehensive Force Majeure Model Clause in Corporate Transactions in Indonesia." Sociological Jurisprudence Journal 3, no. 2 (August 7, 2020): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/scj.3.2.1901.138-144.
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Force majeure clause is presented in various models, from the simple to the complex ones that contain comprehensive descriptions, provisions, and notifications set out in an agreement with the details of the consequences of force majeure events. Force majeure clause serves as a complementary core clause and a renegotiating tool for the parties in the case of any event occurring beyond their reasonable control, which is important enough not to be overlooked by business actors. The Covid-19 pandemic which is currently ongoing worldwide, which has been declared as a global pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020, has had a huge impact on the social life and the world economy which is very unsettling for business people, banks, and the society in general. The research questions investigated in this study are: (i) What are the factors causing failures in the performance of contractual obligations? (ii) What is a comprehensive force majeure model clause for corporate transactions in Indonesia? This study employs the normative legal research method. A normative legal research is guided by the characteristics of the object of the research, yet remains limited by the expected outcome of the norms initially established. The theories applied in investigating the problems in this research are the will theory (wilstheorie), trust theory (vertrouwensttheorie), and statement theory (verklaringstheori). In this study, will be identified a comprehensive force majeure clause enables the party who experiences a force majeure event to waive some provisions in the contract agreement.
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Choi, Su Jin, So Won Choi, Jong Hyun Kim, and Eul-Bum Lee. "AI and Text-Mining Applications for Analyzing Contractor’s Risk in Invitation to Bid (ITB) and Contracts for Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC) Projects." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 4632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154632.
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Contractors responsible for the whole execution of engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) projects are exposed to multiple risks due to various unbalanced contracting methods such as lump-sum turn-key and low-bid selection. Although systematic risk management approaches are required to prevent unexpected damage to the EPC contractors in practice, there were no comprehensive digital toolboxes for identifying and managing risk provisions for ITB and contract documents. This study describes two core modules, Critical Risk Check (CRC) and Term Frequency Analysis (TFA), developed as a digital EPC contract risk analysis tool for contractors, using artificial intelligence and text-mining techniques. The CRC module automatically extracts risk-involved clauses in the EPC ITB and contracts by the phrase-matcher technique. A machine learning model was built in the TFA module for contractual risk extraction by using the named-entity recognition (NER) method. The risk-involved clauses collected for model development were converted into a database in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format, and the final results were saved in pickle format through the digital modules. In addition, optimization and reliability validation of these modules were performed through Proof of Concept (PoC) as a case study, and the modules were further developed to a cloud-service platform for application. The pilot test results showed that risk clause extraction accuracy rates with the CRC module and the TFA module were about 92% and 88%, respectively, whereas the risk clause extraction accuracy rates manually by the engineers were about 70% and 86%, respectively. The time required for ITB analysis was significantly shorter with the digital modules than by the engineers.
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Høeg Müller, Henrik. "Dansk med måde." Ny forskning i grammatik, no. 26 (September 18, 2019): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nfg.v0i26.115996.
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The purpose of this paper is to show that the use of manner verbs differs systematically between Danish and Spanish, and that this factor exercises a decisive influence on their clause formation and distribution of semantic content across linguistic units. It is argued that in Danish, due to its strong preference for using manner verbs as main predicates, the semantic component manner becomes the core information which frames the expression of the event, while in Spanish the manner in which an event evolves is usually not mediated linguistically as a central component of the clause, if expressed at all. Consequently, speakers of Danish focus on events as visual manifestations of reality, while speakers of Spanish are not attuned to conceptualizing events visually.
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Perulli, Adalberto. "Sustainability, Social Rights and International Trade: The TTIP." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 31, Issue 4 (December 1, 2015): 473–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2015026.
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This article analyses the prospects opened up in the social field by the negotiation on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the European Union (EU) and United States (US), with reference to labour law and social sustainability. Trade integration between the two partners should lead to an inter-normative approach, incorporating Fundamental Social Rights into the Treaty. The author proposes the inclusion of a chapter dedicated to compliance with labour rights, containing a social clause inspired by Article 20 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), in accordance with the negotiation directives. The social clause should include references to the ILO Core Labour Standards, individual and collective labour rights, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and the regulation in a social perspective of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
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Haworth, Nigel, Stephen Hughes, and Rorden Wilkinson. "The International Labour Standards Regime: A Case Study in Global Regulation." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, no. 11 (November 2005): 1939–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37195.
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The World Trade Organisation's (WTO) consistent rejection of proposals for the inclusion of a social clause into its existing rules and regulations has prompted the International Labour Organisation (ILO) to examine alternative ways in which global consensus on the regulation of labour standards can be developed. In this paper we map the failure of the social clause debate by reference to the outcome of successive WTO ministerials and we examine the role of executive leadership and related epistemic activity in the development of the international labour standards regime (ILSR). We conclude that the switch to a focus on a regime of core labour standards provides the most promising platform for progress in labour protection and an influential outcome in placing the ILO at the heart of attempts to integrate social policy into global economic governance.
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Dalamu, Taofeek. "Systemic Functional Theory: A Pickax of Textual Investigation." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.3p.187.
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The study examines Systemic Functional Theory (SFT) as a tool of examining text, and perhaps, text of any dimension as long as it falls within the grammatical organs of the clause. The author provides explanations for the theory from its relevant source(s). The chronological appreciation involves the efforts of Saussure, Firth, Malinowski, Hjelmslev, etc. However, Halliday’s insight seems prominent and upon which Systemic Functional Theory receives a global status that it has assumed today. Halliday constructs numerous concepts e.g. lexicogrammar, processes, cohesion, coherence, system, system network with background from traditional grammar and sociological tokens. In addition to that, the three metafunctions are characterized as its core operational concepts. Out of these, the mood system serves as the instrument of analysis of Psalm one utilized in this endeavor as a case study. Although the clauses fall within the profile of the indicative and imperative, the study reveals that some of the structures are inverted in order to propagate the intended messages. To that end, there are inverted indicative clauses expressed as inverted declarative statements, inverted imperative questions and inverted negativized polarity. In sum, Systemic Functional Theory is a facility for explaining different shapes of texts.
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Deal, Amy Rose. "Cyclicity and Connectivity in Nez Perce Relative Clauses." Linguistic Inquiry 47, no. 3 (July 2016): 427–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00218.
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This article studies two aspects of movement in relative clauses, focusing on evidence from Nez Perce. First, I argue that relativization involves cyclic Ā-movement, even in monoclausal relatives: the relative operator moves to Spec,CP via an intermediate position in an Ā outer specifier of TP. The core arguments draw on word order, complementizer choice, and a pattern of case attraction for relative pronouns. Ā cyclicity of this type suggests that the TP sister of relative C constitutes a phase—a result whose implications extend to an ill-understood corner of the English that-trace effect. Second, I argue that Nez Perce relativization provides new evidence for an ambiguity thesis for relative clauses, according to which some but not all relatives are derived by head raising. The argument comes from connectivity and anticonnectivity in morphological case. A crucial role is played by a pattern of inverse case attraction, wherein the head noun surfaces in a case determined internal to the relative clause. These new data complement the range of existing arguments concerning head raising, which draw primarily on connectivity effects at the syntax-semantics interface.
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Claerhout, Sarah, and Jakob De Roover. "Religious Freedom and the Limits of Propagation: Conversion in the Constituent Assembly of India." Religions 10, no. 3 (March 5, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10030157.
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In discussions about religious freedom in India, the country’s conflict regarding conversion plays a central role. The Constitution’s freedom of religion clause, Article 25, grants the right “freely to profess, practise and propagate religion,” but this has generated a dispute about the meaning of the right ‘to propagate’ and its relation to the freedom to convert. The recognition of this right is said to be the result of a key debate in the Constituent Assembly of India. To find out which ideas and arguments gave shape to this debate and the resulting religious freedom clause, we turn to the Assembly’s deliberations and come to a surprising conclusion: indeed, there was disagreement about conversion among the Assembly members, but this never took the form of a debate. Instead, there was a disconnect between the member’s concerns, objections, and comments concerning the draft article on the one hand, and the Assembly’s decision about the religious freedom clause on the other. If a key ‘debate’ took this form, what then could the ongoing dispute concerning conversion in India be about? We first examine some recent historiographical accounts of the Indian conflicts about conversion and proselytization. Then we develop a hypothesis that aims to make sense of this enduring conflict by identifying a blindness at its core: people reasoning against the background of Indian traditions see ‘propagation of religion’ as the human dissemination of tradition; this is incompatible with a religious conception where conversion and propagation of faith are seen in terms of God’s intervention. These two ways of seeing ‘propagation’ generate two conflicting experiences of the Indian dispute about religious freedom and conversion.
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Gange, Graeme, Daniel Harabor, and Peter J. Stuckey. "Lazy CBS: Implicit Conflict-Based Search Using Lazy Clause Generation." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 29 (May 25, 2021): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v29i1.3471.
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Conflict-based Search (CBS) is a effective approach to optimal multi-agent path finding. However, performance of CBS approaches degrade rapidly in highly-contended graphs with many agents. One of the reasons this occurs is that CBS does not detect independent subproblems; i.e. it can re-solve the same conflicts between the same pairs of agents up to exponentially many times, each time along a different branch. Constraint programming approaches with nogood learning avoid this kind of duplication of effort by storing nogoods that record the reasons for conflicts. This can exponentially reduce search in constraint programming. In this work, we present Lazy CBS, a new approach to multi-agent pathfinding which replaces the high-level solver of CBS with a lazily constructed constraint programming model with nogoods. We use core-guided depth-first search to explore the space of conflicts and we detect along each branch reusable nogoods which help to quickly identify feasible solutions. Our experiments show that Lazy CBS can significantly improve on the state-of-the-art for optimal MAPF problems under the sumof-costs metric, especially in cases where there exists significant contention.
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Fuss, Eric. "On the historical core of V2 in Germanic." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 26, no. 2 (December 2003): 195–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586503001082.
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This paper focuses on the origin of the V2 property in the history of Germanic. Considering data from Gothic and Old English (OE), it is suggested that the historical core of the V2 phenomenon reduces to V-to-C movement that is triggered in operator contexts. Therefore, the historical system shares basic properties with limited V2 in Modern English. It is shown that apparent deviations from this pattern that can be observed in Gothic can be attributed to the influence of Greek word order. Concerning the apparently more elaborate V2 properties of OE, it is claimed that a large part of them in fact do not involve a Spec-head relation, but rather result from linear adjacency between the clause-initial element and a finite verb located in T0. Special attention is paid to the placement of pronominal subjects in OE, which are claimed to occupy SpecTP. This contrasts with a lower position of full subjects due to the absence of an EPP in OE. Finally, the loss of superficial V2 orders in the Middle English period is attributed to the development of an EPP feature in T.
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CORNISH, FRANCIS. "‘Downstream’ effects on the predicate in Functional Grammar clause derivations." Journal of Linguistics 38, no. 2 (July 2002): 247–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226702001433.
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The article deals with the dynamic, retroactive effects within a clause derivation of various ‘downstream’ specifications (that is, at subsequent levels in the derivation) on the semantic structure and aspectual character of the predicator at the ‘nuclear’, ‘core’ and ‘extended’ predication layers within standard Functional Grammar (Dik 1997a) – specifically, the insertion of given types of argument expressions within the predicate frame and the adjunction of certain semantically marked types of level 1 and level 2 satellites. A third type of retroactive effect is produced via the assignment or otherwise of the pragmatic function ‘Focus’ to the syntactic exponent of a predicate, which results in the singling out of a given part of the latter's semantic structure to act as a predicator.All these dynamic, retroactive effects on a predicator and the structures it projects assume a semantically transparent underlying predicate structure on which to operate; yet in the standard FG model, no such structure is available via the predicate frame, which forms the initial structure for the derivation of a clause. The article demonstrates the drawbacks of the strict separation of meaning definitions (lexical semantics) and predicate frames (semantically-based syntax) within FG in terms, precisely, of the perspicuous mapping between syntax and semantics. It proposes a semantically transparent alternative to the standard predicate frame, based on Pustejovsky's (1995) ‘Generative Lexicon’ approach to lexico-semantic structure.
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Mairal-Usón, Ricardo, and Francisco Cortés-Rodríguez. "Automatically Representing TExt Meaning via an Interlingua-based System (ARTEMIS). A further step towards the computational representation of RRG." Journal of Computer-Assisted Linguistic Research 1, no. 1 (June 26, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jclr.2017.7788.
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Within the framework of FUNK Lab – a virtual laboratory for natural language processing inspired on a functionally-oriented linguistic theory like Role and Reference Grammar-, a number of computational resources have been built dealing with different aspects of language and with an application in different scientific domains, i.e. terminology, lexicography, sentiment analysis, document classification, text analysis, data mining etc. One of these resources is ARTEMIS (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">A</span>utomatically <span style="text-decoration: underline;">R</span>epresenting <span style="text-decoration: underline;">TE</span>xt <span style="text-decoration: underline;">M</span>eaning via an <span style="text-decoration: underline;">I</span>nterlingua-Based <span style="text-decoration: underline;">S</span>ystem), which departs from the pioneering work of Periñán-Pascual (2013) and Periñán-Pascual & Arcas (2014). This computational tool is a proof of concept prototype which allows the automatic generation of a conceptual logical structure (CLS) (cf. Mairal-Usón, Periñán-Pascual and Pérez 2012; Van Valin and Mairal-Usón 2014), that is, a fully specified semantic representation of an input text on the basis of a reduced sample of sentences. The primary aim of this paper is to develop the syntactic rules that form part of the computational grammar for the representation of simple clauses in English. More specifically, this work focuses on the format of those syntactic rules that account for the upper levels of the RRG Layered Structure of the Clause (LSC), that is, the <em>core</em> (and the level-1 construction associated with it), the <em>clause</em> and the <em>sentence </em>(Van Valin 2005). In essence, this analysis, together with that in Cortés-Rodríguez and Mairal-Usón (2016), offers an almost complete description of the computational grammar behind the LSC for simple clauses.
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DE SMET, HENDRIK, and EVELYN VANCAYZEELE. "Like a rolling stone: the changing use of English premodifying present participles." English Language and Linguistics 19, no. 1 (November 10, 2014): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067431400029x.
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This article develops a functional classification of the different uses of English premodifying present participles and applies it to historical corpus data to show that premodifying present participles have undergone functional change. It is argued that three core functions can be distinguished: identifying uses (e.g. the following evening); type-oriented uses (e.g. a talking dog) and situation-oriented uses (e.g. a passing car). Historically, the use of premodifying present participles has shifted from predominantly identifying and type-oriented uses, to predominantly situation-oriented uses, particularly in narrative discourse. This means that premodifying present participles have come to fulfil a function that is less typical of noun-phrase-internal modification, instead being increasingly used to denote backgrounded situations that are temporally aligned to the situation evoked by their main clause. The shift can be interpreted as an instance of functional clausalization.
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THRANE, TORBEN. "Breakstructures." Journal of Linguistics 39, no. 2 (July 2003): 327–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226702001998.
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Addressing current generative concerns over the Left Periphery of clause structure, this paper proposes a categorial distinction, based on the choice of value for the feature [±FINITE], between two functional heads, C° and Top°, which project into CP and TopP, respectively. The choice is responsible for a principled distinction between structural (TopP) and rhetorical (CP) topicalization. Primary data are Det-clefts, Hv-clefts and so-called sikke-expressions in Danish. The latter are peripheral to the core of Danish grammar, but are nevertheless – or perhaps therefore – a mine of evidence for the distinction argued for. Criterial evidence is a conjunction of three diagnostics: lack of V2 word order, so-called ‘pleonastic’ complementizers and the syntactic behaviour of expletive der. It is argued that normal (left) movement principles cannot account for the sharing of information between the Specifier and the Complement of Top°. Instead, two possibilities for interpretation are tentatively explored, involving various kinds of Right Periphery phenomena. Since the Specifier and the Complement of Top° each provides the structural basis for independent, clause-like utterances, TopPs are seen as clear cases of BREAKSTRUCTURES.
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Tuhai, O. "THE STUDY OF COMPLEMENTARY COMPLEXES IN MODERN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS." Studia Philologica, no. 2 (2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2019.13.12.
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The article focuses on the basic theoretical approaches to the analysis of complementary complexes in modern grammar paradigms. The phenomenon of clausal complementation has been presented. Subordinate sentences are characterized as object clausal complements with the status of a core internal argument of the main predicate. Grammatical configuration and functioning of finite/infinitive complementary sentences in English have been revealed. Grammatical status of clauses under the study is postulated as object predication or the internal verbal complement in the function of an object. Grammatical indicators of finite sentences are analyzed considering specific that/wh- markers of complementation, semantics of matrix verbs as well as temporal tense-form feature in a verbal phrase. Grammatical configuration of infinitive sentences is denoted by to-/wh-markers and noun phrases in a certain case. Identifying criteria of verbal clausal complements have been distinguished. Morphology of the predicate, internal/external syntax of a complementary construction are grounded as leading features of their definition. Typology of verbal complementation in terms of transitivity, complement attachment to the perculia part of speech, functional communicative approach has been reviewed. General monotransitive, complex-transitive and ditransitive complementation has been outlined. When being attached to a particular language constituent a clause is determined as nominal, adjective or verbal complement. Due to communicative peculiarity finite subordinate clauses are positioned as content declarative, interrogative and exclamative.