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Academic literature on the topic 'Coraux profonds – Atlantique (océan ; nord-est)'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coraux profonds – Atlantique (océan ; nord-est)"
Chemel, Mathilde. "Effect of the temperature on cold-water coral holobiont in the North-East Atlantic Ocean." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS592.
Full textCold-water corals such as Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata, two key reef-forming species distributed worldwide, form extensive reefs providing highly valuable habitats for diverse biological communities. They are particularly threatened by increasing temperature, as models predict that temperature would further increase by up to 3 °C in the Atlantic Ocean before the end of the century. Recent work has characterised the cold-water coral ecology and has shown degraded health status both in response to lower and increased temperatures in different scleractinian species. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of their thermal response, including the response at the holobiont level (i.e. the coral host and its associated microbiome), is still poorly known. Understanding the response of cold-water corals to ocean warming using integrative approach is of paramount importance to evaluate their resilience to future water temperatures. The goal of this thesis was firstly to describe the in situ dynamics of the holobiont from L. pertusa and M. oculata in a canyon of the Bay of Biscay (NE Atlantic Ocean) to determine potential differences between Atlantic and Mediterranean populations at the growth and microbiome levels. The average polyp linear growth measured for L. pertusa was 2.4 ± 1.6 mm yr−1, which fall in the lower range compared to previous estimations. Mortality and breakage were total in M. oculata could not allow characterization of growth. Concurrently, the microbial community determination showed that L. pertusa microbiome was versatile between the two regions with high variability within canyons, while M. oculata exhibited stable microbiome across the different regions, with strong association with some bacteria. Secondly, the reproductive biology of those two species in the Mediterranean Sea was also investigated to determine potential seasonal differences with the Atlantic population. The gametogenic cycle suggests a seasonal spawning of L. pertusa in autumn to early winter, corresponding to the formation of storm-induced deep-sea water plumes, while M. oculata shows continuous reproduction, with reproductive features of a species less opportunistic than L. pertusa. The second general objective was to forecast the response of the most sensitive species, L. pertusa, to temperature changes by determining the underlying molecular mechanisms of its thermal response at the holobiont level, using measurement of physiological parameters (survival, growth, nutrition and gene expression) and microbiome response. During a two-months aquaria experiment, we showed that at a +3 and +5 °C temperature increase, L. pertusa from the NE Atlantic Ocean exhibited a modification of its microbiome concomitantly to a large mortality. A metagenomic approach reveals the presence of genes markers for virulence factors suggesting that the death of the corals was due to infections by pathogenic bacteria. In a second experiment, conducted on longer term, we showed that while a 4 °C lower temperature did not affect L. pertusa physiology and microbiome, a 4 °C increase in temperature led to massive mortality. This mortality seems to be associated to a high level of stress in the coral, as attested by the upregulation of number of genes related to immune, inflammatory and antioxidant responses, cell death and apoptosis, DNA repair and maintenance, but also the shift in coral bacterial community towards pathogens and opportunistic bacteria. Our work showed that although living in close association, L. pertusa and M. oculata exhibit distinct living strategies, including growth pattern, microbiome and reproductive biology, but also strong differences among populations. Our results from aquaria experiment suggest however that NE Atlantic L. pertusa are as sensitive to warming as other populations and it appears that all L. pertusa, independently of the region they come from will be strongly impacted by an increase of +3 °C
Dubois-Dauphin, Quentin. "Restitution de l’hydrologie de l’Atlantique Nord-Est et de la Méditerranée occidentale depuis la dernière période glaciaire à partir de la composition isotopique du néodyme mesurée dans l’eau de mer et les coraux d’eau froide." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS114/document.
Full text: The purpose of this thesis is to constrain the hydrology of the North-East Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea since the last glacial period from neodymium isotopic composition (εNd) measured on seawater, cold water corals and foraminifera. In particular, hydrological changes of intermediate water masses (LIW, AAIW, MSW, mid-subtropical and subpolar gyre water) have been studied as their role on salt budget in North Atlantic and ultimately on AMOC are currently poorly constrained. This work has been conducted at times of major and abrupt hydrological changes that occurred during rapid climatic variations of the last glacial period (Heinrich and Dansgaard-Oeschger events) and during the last sapropel deposit (S1) in eastern Mediterranean Sea. In a first step, we have improved the spatial distribution of water masses εNd values in North-east Atlantic and Alboran Sea, what is an absolute prerequisite in order to track past hydrological changes in these areas with εNd proxy. Next, we have highlighted a major change of the western Mediterranean circulation pattern during the sapropel S1 deposit, which is marked south of Sardinia by a strong reduction of eastern-sourced water masses (LIW) in favor of western-sourced water masses (WIW). This hydrological change as well as those occurring in Mediterranean Sea since the last glacial period was not associated with strong modifications of εNd values in Alboran and Balearic Sea, suggesting a stability of Nd isotopic signature of MOW over the time. This has highlighted, from an εNd record obtained on cold water corals in the Gulf of Cadiz, an enhanced contribution of more radiogenic AAIW and therefore a stronger northward penetration in North Atlantic at times of reduced AMOC linked to iceberg discharges from Northern Hemisphere ice sheets
Allain, Valérie. "Écologie, biologie et exploitation des populations de poissons profonds de l'Atlantique du nord-est." Brest, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BRES2023.
Full textCosson, Nathalie. "Structure et diversité des peuplements benthiques profonds en réponse à des situations trophiques contrastées dans l'océan Atlantique nord-est tropical et tempéré." Brest, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BRES2045.
Full textLorance, Pascal. "Ecologie des poissons profonds, des individus aux peuplements." Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRESA001.
Full textLutringer-Paquet, Audrey. "Reconstruction de la variabilité des eaux intermédiaires par l'étude géochimique des coraux profonds." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00159102.
Full textréponses de l'océan aux changements rapides du climat. Cependant, la variabilité de ces masses d'eau
est encore peu documentée en raison du manque d'enregistrements fiables et pouvant être datés de
manière précise. C'est pour répondre à cette attente que cette étude à été proposée : il s'agissait de
développer l'utilisation des coraux profonds et en particulier de leur signal isotopique pour les
reconstitutions paléo-océanographiques.
Dans un premier temps, une méthode de calcul des températures à partir des données isotopiques (CO)
des coraux a été mise au point. Cette méthode a été testée sur 6 coraux prélevés vivants dans
différents sites où les conditions environnementales étaient connues (T-S). Une fois la méthode
établie, elle a été appliquée, dans un deuxième temps, à une carotte sédimentaire du chenal de Rockall
contenant des coraux. Le signal ainsi obtenu a permis de dégager la forte variabilité isotopique des
coraux sur l'Holocène. Ce signal a été interprété en terme de fluctuations de la contribution des eaux à
composante méditerranéennes par rapport aux eaux du Labrador selon des oscillations climatiques
propres à l'Atlantique Nord. En parallèle de ces études, un grand nombre de datations ont été
effectuées sur des coraux des différentes carottes de la marge irlandaise afin de définir le cadre
stratigraphique représenté par ces coraux. Aucun corail d'âge glaciaire n'a été identifié sur ce site,
dégageant ainsi la sensibilité de ce matériel aux variations paléo- environnementales. Un scénario de
développement et de mise en place des coraux selon les conditions hydrographiques a été proposé
pour expliquer la dynamique de croissance des monts carbonatés sur lesquels se développent les
coraux de l'Atlantique Nord-Est. Par ailleurs, les datations au 14C des foraminifères des carottes
montrent la complexité de l'enregistrement sédimentaire pour ces sites de haute énergie et soulignent
l'intérêt des coraux profonds pour reconstruire la variabilité rapide des eaux intermédiaires.