Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Coraux – Physiologie'
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Bernardet, Coralie. "Physiologie des transports ioniques et moléculaires chez les coraux, implications environnementales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS496.pdf.
Full textTropical reef-building corals are at the basis of extremely biodiverse ecosystems on which many species depend, including human beings. Today, climate change represents a threat for the future survival of corals, and it is becoming crucial to better understand the physiology of these key species and the mechanisms underlying their responses to environmental change. The work conducted during my PhD focused on the characterization of the processes affected by temperature changes in Stylophora pistillata. For this purpose, I used multiple approaches from the animal to the gene. My results showed that: 1) calcification, photosynthesis and respiration declined drastically at the extremes of the thermal performance window, 2) light-enhanced calcification occurs across the thermal performance window except at low temperature, 3) a group of genes involved in inorganic carbon transport is under-expressed when calcification is reduced (thermal stress and during night), 4) pH in the extracellular calcifying medium remains stable at low and high temperatures, 5) paracellular permeability is highest when calcification increases (25°C and during the day). Information gained from this lab-based study will be useful in guiding further research in the field in order to evaluate coral health and predict the future of coral reefs in a changing world
Blanckaert, Alice. "Effets de la disponibilité en macro- et micro-nutriments sur la physiologie des coraux tropicaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS010.
Full textTropical corals have adapted to life in nutrient-poor waters by establishing a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Symbiodiniaceae). Indeed, dinoflagellates use macronutrients (dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, DIN and DIP) and trace metals from the seawater to form organic molecules essential for coral growth. However, for optimal growth and function, the coral-dinoflagellates association requires optimal quality and concentrations of these nutrients. This is not the case in reefs exposed to anthropogenic disturbances or specific environmental conditions (e.g. upwellings). In these reefs, particularly low or high nutrient concentrations or imbalanced DIN:DIP ratios may disrupt the symbiosis. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the effects of nutrient availability and changes in seawater DIN:DIP ratios on coral physiology. In particular, this thesis provides new insights into the response of different coral species to balanced and imbalanced DIN:DIP ratios. Overall, corals remain healthy as long as they are exposed to a balanced DIN:DIP ratio in seawater, even at high DIN and DIP concentrations. In contrast, the results show a complex response to imbalanced DIN:DIP ratios that depends on environmental factors and coral species. Octocorals have very low uptake rates of DIN and DIP, which are not sufficient to alter their tissue composition and stoichiometry (C:N:P) and impair coral physiology. In contrast, in scleractinian corals, a high uptake rates of DIN and DIP rapidly induce a large supply of nutrients into the coral tissue. If nitrogen input is not balanced by a proportional input of phosphorus, changes in cellular elemental composition and stoichiometry are observed, leading to an impairment of coral physiology. In addition, nitrogen identity (ammonium or nitrate) impacts corals differently. Ammonium promotes phosphorus uptake via hydrolysis of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) by phosphatases, while the opposite is observed with nitrate. Finally, the results also suggest that corals may be limited in trace metals, particularly iron, which may reduce coral resilience to thermal stress. This thesis provides important information for better management of reefs in the era of climate change. The results show that maintaining a balanced DIN:DIP ratio in seawater is essential for coral health and highlight the importance of metal availability, particularly iron, for coral resistance and resilience to thermal stress
Rollion-Bard, Claire. "Variabilité des isotopes de l'oxygène dans les coraux Porites : développement et implications des microanalyses d'isotopes stables (B, C ET O) par sonde ionique." Nancy 1, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2001_ROLLION-BARD_C.pdf.
Full textMoulin, Laure. "Impact de l'acidification des océans sur l'oursin Echinometra mathaei et son activité bioérosive des récifs coralliens: étude en mésocosmes artificiels." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209248.
Full textAu cours des deux dernières décennies, de nombreuses études ont mis en évidence l’impact négatif de l’AO sur les organismes marins. Les premières études ont été menées principalement en milieu artificiel et ont mis en évidence des conséquences majeures sur la physiologie des organismes, principalement au niveau individuel. Cependant, les dernières études menées dans le domaine ont souligné l'importance de mettre en place des expériences à long terme, à l'échelle de l'écosystème, et dans des conditions plus proches du milieu naturel. Ce type d’étude permet de prendre en compte les interactions écosystémiques et les processus d’acclimatation afin de mieux prévoir les effets directs mais aussi indirects de la diminution du pH dans les océans.
L’existence des récifs coralliens tropicaux dépend de la vitesse de formation du socle récifal qui les façonnent (principalement via la calcification des coraux hermatypiques) qui doit rester supérieure à sa (bio)érosion. D’une part, plusieurs études ont montré que le taux de calcification des coraux hermatypiques diminue lorsque la pCO2 augmente. D’autre part, les oursins sont d’importants bioérodeurs des récifs et contribuent donc à la perte de masse calcaire récifale. Cependant, les oursins empêchent également, par leur broutage, le recouvrement des coraux par les algues favorisées par l’AO. Dès lors l’effet de l’élévation de la pCO2 sur les oursins et leur capacité bioérosive peut être déterminant pour l'avenir des récifs coralliens tropicaux au cours du siècle, particulièrement ceux où la densité de ces bioérodeurs est importante. Une telle prédiction est d’autant plus complexe si l’on prend en compte la possible acclimatation des différents acteurs à long terme.
Dès lors, le but du présent travail fut d'évaluer l'effet à long terme de l’élévation de la pCO2 prévue en 2100 sur la physiologie et l’activité érosive d’un oursin clé de certains récifs coralliens, Echinometra mathaei, dans un dispositif artificiel reproduisant l’écosystème corallien.
La première étape a été la mise en place un outil expérimental permettant de maintenir à long terme un écosystème de récifs coralliens simplifié en condition contrôle et au pH prévu en 2100 tout en maintenant les autres paramètres physico-chimiques identiques et proches du milieu naturel (y compris dans leurs variations journalières). Le système mis en place est composé de scléractiniaires hermatypiques comme constructeurs de récif, d’oursins (E. mathaei) comme bioérodeurs et brouteurs et un substrat calcaire de récif avec ses communautés d’algues, bactéries, archae, champignons et méiofaune. Les variations journalières de pH et de température reproduisent celles mesurées in situ dans le site de La Saline, Ile de La Réunion, d’où proviennent une partie des organismes. Le pH moyen des aquariums contrôles a été maintenu avec succès à une moyenne de 8,09 ± 0,04, celui des aquariums à pCO2 élevée à 7,63 ± 0,02. L’alcalinité totale du système a pu être maintenue entre 2350 et 2450 µmol.kg-1.
L’impact de l’AO prévue en 2100 (pH 7,7) sur la physiologie d’E. mathaei été étudié à court terme (sept semaines). La principale source de nourriture des oursins fut la communauté algale se développant sur le substrat, comme en conditions naturelles. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence, à court terme, la capacité de résistance de cet oursin à une AO modérée. En effet, la croissance et le métabolisme ne furent pas affectés significativement. Ces observations ont été associées au maintien de la balance acide-base du fluide extracellulaire, le liquide cœlomique, par accumulation de bicarbonates dans celui-ci.
Une même expérience a ensuite été réalisée à long terme. La diminution du pH a été induite progressivement durant six mois jusqu'à atteindre un pH moyen de 7,65 qui fut ensuite maintenu à cette valeur pendant sept mois supplémentaires. La capacité de régulation de la balance acide-base du liquide cœlomique et la résistance d’E. mathaei à l’AO a été confirmée à long terme. Tant la croissance que le métabolisme et les propriétés mécaniques du squelette ne furent pas affectés. Cette résistance apparaît liée aux capacités de régulation acide-base d’E. mathaei, un trait apparemment d’origine génétique. Cette résistance pourrait également dépendre de la quantité et de la qualité de la nourriture disponible (calcaire ou non). Il est suggéré que les ions bicarbonates impliqués dans la régulation acide-base proviendraient en partie de la nourriture.
Parallèlement à ces mesures physiologiques, l’activité érosive d’E. mathaei a été mesurée. Les résultats indiquent que le taux de bioérosion triple en conditions acidifiées (pH 7,65). Cette augmentation serait liée à l’augmentation de l'activité de broutage des oursins et à la dissolution biologique du substrat, les propriétés mécaniques des dents des oursins et du squelette des coraux ne semblant pas affectés significativement. Nous suggérons que cette activité érosive accrue pourrait avoir un impact sur l'équilibre dynamique entre bioerosion et bioaccrétion des coraux et pourrait déterminer l'avenir des récifs coralliens où E. mathaei est le principal bioérodeur. Il faut toutefois noter que l’activité érosive de cet oursin est liée à une consommation accrue des macro-algues en compétition avec les coraux et algues corallines, favorisant ainsi ces derniers.
Les résultats obtenus, associés à ceux provenant de la littérature, indiquent que les changements globaux pourraient provoquer un changement profond des écosystèmes coralliens tropicaux. En effet, l’ensemble des bioérodeurs principaux étudiés jusqu’à présent semblent résistants aux changements climatiques globaux et montrent une augmentation de leur activité érosive. Dans le cas des récifs ayant déjà à l’heure actuelle une faible calcification nette, l’augmentation de la bioérosion pourrait mener à l’érosion nette et à la réduction puis à la disparition du récif. La prédiction du devenir des récifs coralliens tropicaux à l’échelle planétaire doit toutefois prendre en compte de nombreux paramètres :acclimatation, résistance/sensibilité et interactions des différents acteurs des récifs. D’autres études comparables à celles menées dans le présent travail devraient être mises en place afin de tester ces différents facteurs. Les données obtenues pourraient dès lors être utilisées dans la construction d’un modèle mécanistique permettant de mettre en place localement des mesures de conservation du récif, en complément de l’indispensable réduction massive de l’émission de CO2 atmosphérique à l’échelle mondiale.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Gómez, Cabrera María del Carmen. "Some aspects of the physiology and ecology of the Acropora longicyathus multi-cladal symbiosis /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18706.pdf.
Full textOser-Grote, Carolin M. "Aristoteles und das "Corpus Hippocraticum" : die Anatomie und Physiologie des Menschen /." Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39943824x.
Full textDuret, Margaux. "Organisation spatiale et temporelle de l'activité neuronale du cortex moteur chez le singe macaque dans une tâche d'atteinte et de saisie manuelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0408/document.
Full textThe motor cortex follows a somatotopic organization in which the different body parts are controlled by distinct cortical zones. It has also been proposed that different spatial zones of this cortical area could be involed in distinct processes of motor preparation. Following this latter hypothesis, the objective of this thesis is to study the spatio-temporal modulations of motor cortex activity during movement preparation and execution. Three monkeys have been trained in an instructed delayed reach-to-grasp task. In each animal, a multielectrode Utah array was chronically implanted in the motor cortex to explore the dynamic modulations of neural activity during task performance. In a first study, we demonstrated that the modulations of neural activity related to distinct processes of motor preparation occur at different cortical locations. These locations are activated sequentially during motor preparation through alternating phases of stationary processing and dynamic propagation. In a second study, we analysed the neural interactions using a measure of spike count correlation (rsc) between pair of neurons. We reported 3 main results. Correlations are higher during movement preparation than during execution. They decrease with the distance between neurons. Finally, they are higher bewteen putative interneurons than bewteen putative pyramidal neurones. All these observations are discussed in relation to several models of the spatial organization the motor cortex
Tarczy-Hornoch, Kristina. "Physiology of synaptic inputs to layer IV of cat visual cortex." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337608.
Full textLevas, Stephen J. "Biogeochemistry and physiology of bleached and recoverying Hawaiian and Caribbean corals." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345229577.
Full textFisher, Rebecca Jane. "Inhibition and oscillatory activity in human motor cortex." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272397.
Full textBaba, Aïssa Hind. "Anatomie et physiologie des voies de sortie du cervelet chez le rongeur." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLE018.
Full textAccurate sensory acquisition and perception are key features to survival. Though many parameters underlying the processing of sensory information is known, several aspects are still poorly understood, such as the exact contribution of each cerebral structure. Here, we analyze the cerebellar contribution to sensory processing in the mouse whisker system. We identify an anatomical and physiological disynaptic projection from the cerebellar nuclei to the primary sensory cortex, involving notably by the posterior medial thalamus (POm). The modulation of this strong driver-like cerebello-thalamic projection induces an impairment in a fine sensory discrimination task, and its co-activation along with peripheral inputs induces the increased recruitment of POm projections to layer I of sensory cortex. Taken together, our results show that the cerebellum targets non-motor cortical areas and can directly modulate sensory processing through a higher order thalamic nucleus, the POm
Rutkowski, Richard G. "A neurophysiological characterisation of the Guinea Pig auditory cortex." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342063.
Full textEvans, Stephen Mark. "Stereological investigation of the ageing of human cerebral cortex." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.257130.
Full textMcCulloch, Paul Frederick. "Cortical influences upon the dive response of the muskrat (Ondatra zibethica)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29579.
Full textScience, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
Hansson, Thomas. "Peripheral and central effects of nerve regeneration : experimental and clinical studies /." Linköping : Univ, 2000. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2000/Med617s.htm.
Full textConfais, Joachim. "Timing dans le cortex moteur : de l'anticipation d'un indice spatial à la préparation du mouvement : =Timing in motor cortex : from cue anticipation to movement preparation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5015/document.
Full textThe temporal context deeply shapes the motor cortical activity (spikes and LFPs), during movement preparation but also outside movement preparation
Ezzat, Leïla. "Effets de la disponibilité en sels nutritifs sur la réponse physiologique des coraux tropicaux dans le contexte du changement climatique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066306/document.
Full textReef building corals are usually thriving in oligotrophic areas, characterized by low concentrations in inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. More, nutrient starvation is known to increase with global warming. However, along the urban coasts, water eutrophication induces nutrient excess, which could lead to the breakdown of the coraldinoflagellate symbiosis. The major aims of this thesis were to assess: 1) the use and uptake capacities of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus by tropical corals according to environmental parameters; 2) the effects of nutrient limitation or enrichments in nitrogen and/or phosphorus on reef coral physiology. Results showed that corals response differed according to the chemical form, source of nitrogen and to the availability of phosphorus in the reef environment. In the presence of low phosphorus concentrations, ammonium supplementation enhanced coral metabolism and allowed coral colonies to overcome thermal stress. Conversely, nitrate enrichments negatively impacted photosynthesis and calcification processes, increasing coral bleaching susceptibility. These deleterious effects were enhanced when combined with organic matter supplementation, but repressed with addition of phosphorus. Indeed, results highlighted the tight relationship existing between phosphorus availability and coral health. During thermal stress, corals were able to increase their phosphorus uptake, this latter nutrient being essential for the holobiont metabolism. These outcomes shed a light into how marine symbioses cope with eutrophication, which is urgently required to refine risk management strategies
Ezzat, Leïla. "Effets de la disponibilité en sels nutritifs sur la réponse physiologique des coraux tropicaux dans le contexte du changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066306.pdf.
Full textReef building corals are usually thriving in oligotrophic areas, characterized by low concentrations in inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. More, nutrient starvation is known to increase with global warming. However, along the urban coasts, water eutrophication induces nutrient excess, which could lead to the breakdown of the coraldinoflagellate symbiosis. The major aims of this thesis were to assess: 1) the use and uptake capacities of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus by tropical corals according to environmental parameters; 2) the effects of nutrient limitation or enrichments in nitrogen and/or phosphorus on reef coral physiology. Results showed that corals response differed according to the chemical form, source of nitrogen and to the availability of phosphorus in the reef environment. In the presence of low phosphorus concentrations, ammonium supplementation enhanced coral metabolism and allowed coral colonies to overcome thermal stress. Conversely, nitrate enrichments negatively impacted photosynthesis and calcification processes, increasing coral bleaching susceptibility. These deleterious effects were enhanced when combined with organic matter supplementation, but repressed with addition of phosphorus. Indeed, results highlighted the tight relationship existing between phosphorus availability and coral health. During thermal stress, corals were able to increase their phosphorus uptake, this latter nutrient being essential for the holobiont metabolism. These outcomes shed a light into how marine symbioses cope with eutrophication, which is urgently required to refine risk management strategies
Neale, Stuart Andrew. "Metabotropic glutamate receptors and synaptic transmission in the cerebellar cortex." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271219.
Full textLyall, Evan Harrison. "Surround Integration During Active Sensation in the Mouse Barrel Cortex." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13422798.
Full textOrganisms scan their sensors around their environment to build an internal representation of that environment in a process known as active sensation. The integration of information across time and space is critical to providing context as to what is the organism is perceiving. However, the neural circuits that encode and underlie the integration of incoming sensory information have predominantly been studied in the context of passive sensation. Studying these circuits in the context of active sensation is imperative to generating a better understanding of how the brain naturally encodes sensation. This would have profound impacts on understanding the mechanisms of a number of neural disorders, including autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, as well as how to improve the acuity of artificial sensation implanted into disabled individuals. To better understand how the mammalian brain encodes and integrates information during active sensation, my collaborators and I developed several novel paradigms to study surround integration in the mouse barrel cortex during active whisking. In Chapter 1 I establish why this is an important problem, and briefly summarize what is already known about sensory coding in the mouse whisker system. In Chapter 2 my collaborators and I probe how mice represent the location of an object within its whisking field, and how the integration of information across surround whiskers affects this representation. In doing so we discover a novel thalamocortical transformation where surround integration in the cortex suppresses activity in layer 4 of the cortex, ultimately generating a smooth map of scanned space in cortical layer 2/3. In Chapter 3 I utilize a novel tactile display to better understand the logic of multi-whisker integration in two cortical layers. In this unpublished work, I show that contrary to the previous literature in anesthetized mice, cortical neurons in awake, whisking mice powerfully summate specific whisker combinations supralinearly, generating a sparse code representing the entire combinatoric space of whisker touch. In Chapter 4, I conclude with some closing thoughts and propose some future lines of inquiry to further this research.
Bird, Alex. "Temporal and spatial factors affecting synaptic transmission in cortex." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/80032/.
Full textEsteky, Hossein. "Functional Properties and Organization of Primary Somatosensory Cortex." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278197/.
Full textBeaulieu, Clermont. "Influence de la richesse de l'environnement sur le cortex visuel du chat." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33556.
Full textLindskog, Maria. "DARPP-32 in the striatum : multiple regulation and physiological role /." Stockholm : Karolinska Univ. Press, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-7349-011-3/.
Full textBilbao, Fabienne de. "La voie septo-hippocampique chez le rat : étude neuroanatomique, altérations au cours du vieillissement et réponses aux lésions du cortex entorhinal." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P615.
Full textSayed, Saba Bilquis. "Studies of the role of phosphoprotein phosphatases in the adrenal cortex." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300432.
Full textDuffy, Kevin R. "The maturation and experience-dependent plasticity of the developing visual cortex /." *McMaster only, 2001.
Find full textHuang, Pi-Chun 1975. "The properties of collinear facilitation in human vision /." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103201.
Full textLe, Goff Carine. "Approches physiologique et moléculaire de la calcification chez le corail rouge de méditerranée Corallium rubrum." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066439.pdf.
Full textThe calcification process in Corallium rubrum leads to the formation of two skeletal structures made of calcium carbonate, the skeletal axis and sclerites, of different size and shape. As in many calcifying species, calcification occurs under a biological control that involves enzymes and ion transporters. A central issue is to determine the common and the species-specific mechanisms of calcification in order to identify functional convergences in this process. Two approaches were used to characterize these mechanisms in C. rubrum: 1) A physiological approach involving the development of a microcolony culture technique on glass coverslips, allowing the observation of the different stages of calcification, and the measurement of pH at the sites of calcification by the use of confocal microscopy; 2) A molecular approach to characterize an enzyme family, the carbonic anhydrases, which play a key role in calcification.We performed pH mapping by making measurements in different intra- and extracellular compartments. Our results show higher pH values at the sites of calcification compared with the fluid circulating in the gastrodermal canals, but not with the seawater surrounding the microcolony. Measurements of differential expression of carbonic anhydrases in different tissue fractions highlight an isozyme preferentially expressed in the calcifying cells.Within comparative calcification perspectives, these results point towards the functional convergence of carbonic anhydrases and pH regulation by the calcifying cells, while highlighting evolutionary divergences
Tramontano, Angela. "New insights on the physiologic regulation of the equine corpus luteum by metabolic and endocrine factors." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427538.
Full textLa procreazione medicalmente assistita ed i problemi riproduttivi, come l’infertilità, stanno diventando progressivamente più rilevanti in medicina umana. Infatti, circa una coppia su sette presenta problemi di fertilità e nel 70% dei casi questi vengono attribuiti ad una disfunzione ovarica. La ricerca scientifica, su questi aspetti, nei pazienti umani incontra ovviamente molte limitazioni per diverse ragioni, tra cui quelle di natura etica. Conseguentemente i modelli animali sono considerati di estrema utilità. Infatti, tali modelli hanno fornito numerose informazioni sullo sviluppo follicolare, la maturazione degli ovociti, la funzione del corpo luteo, l'invecchiamento riproduttivo ed anche in merito agli aspetti terapeutici. La cavalla, specie monovulatoria con dinamiche ovariche per molti aspetti somiglianti a quelle umane, potrebbe costituire un valido modello per lo studio della fisiologia riproduttiva; nonostante ciò, sino a questo momento ha ricevuto scarsa attenzione rispetto ad altri modelli animali. Questa scarsa considerazione ha anche portato ad una incompleta conoscenza di alcuni aspetti fisiologici e patologici della riproduzione equina. La funzione delle gonadi è governata da un complesso sistema di regolazione in cui agiscono sia ormoni prodotti a livello sistemico sia fattori ormonali secreti a livello locale (in modo autocrino e paracrino). Negli ultimi decenni è nato un crescente interesse da parte della comunità scientifica nei confronti di molti fattori endocrini e metabolici coinvolti nella regolazione del bilancio e del metabolismo energetico, che sembrano avere un ruolo cruciale nella fisiologia riproduttiva assicurando la fertilità. Tra questi la leptina, ghrelina, l'ormone della crescita (GH) ed il fattore di crescita insulino-simile (IGF-I) sembrano influenzare la funzione riproduttiva nei mammiferi, uomo compreso. Per quanto noto all'autore, a tutt'oggi nella specie equina non esistono studi in questo campo. Questa tesi è stata creata con l'intento di capire come questi fattori, già investigati nella donna e in altre specie animali, possano regolare il ciclo estrale della cavalla, ed in particolare la funzione luteale. Dopo una dettagliata introduzione (sezione generale) a questo vasto settore di ricerca, la tesi è stata strutturata in due studi sperimentali (sezione sperimentale), in cui abbiamo avuto modo di avvalerci di modelli in vitro, come le colture tissutali, e di tecniche di biologia molecolare che ci hanno permesso, non solo di avere un accurato controllo delle condizioni sperimentali, ma anche di evitare sofferenze inutili agli animali. In entrambe gli esperimenti abbiamo focalizzato l'attenzione sul ruolo di questi fattori metabolici ed endocrini, come la leptina e la ghrelina nel caso del primo studio e dell'GH e dell'IGF-I nel secondo, sull'attività angiogenetica del corpo luteo equino attraverso la possibile modulazione in vitro della proliferazione delle cellule endoteliali di aorta bovina (BAEC) e, la produzione di ossido nitrico (NO). Inoltre abbiamo valutato la capacità secretoria luteale (pregesterone e prostaglandine) in presenza di leptina e ghrelina e l'espressione genica di tutti i fattori sopracitati, recettori compresi, durante l'intera fase lutale. Alla luce di questi risultati, si può ipotizzare che la leptina, proveniente da una fonte extra-luteale, possa influenzare il corpo luteo della cavalla, giustificando in questo modo la presenza dei suoi recettori. L'ipotesi di un possibile coinvolgimento di questi fattori metabolici nella regolazione del corpo luteo, non nasce solo dall'espressione dei loro geni e/o recettori, ma anche dalla capacità dose-dipendente, di stimolare la produzione di NO (leptina, ghrelina, IGF-I associato al GH oppure all’LH) e la proliferazione delle BAEC (ghrelina, leptina) oppure di inibirla (IGF associato con GH oppure con LH). Produzione di NO e proliferazione delle BAEC sono considerati indici di attività angiogenetica. Inoltre abbiamo dimostrato che leptina a ghrelina influenzano la capacità secretoria del corpo luteo, promuovendo rispettivamente la produzione di PGE2 , prostaglandina luteotropica, e di PGF2α, prostaglandina luteolitica. La comprensione dei meccanismi di regolazione da parte di fattori metabolici ed endocrini sulla funzione endocrina del corpo luteo, sull'angiogenesi e sullo sviluppo non vascolare durante il normale sviluppo del tessuto, potrebbe portare a nuovi approcci per combattere l’infertilità. Tuttavia, altri studi dovrebbero essere condotti in futuro per approfondire i meccanismi fisiologici nella cavalla, così come l'utilizzo di ormoni e fattori angiogenetici e di crescita, che potrebbero essere considerati luteotropici.
Gross, Catherine Anne. "Reach amplitude may be encoded in the posterior parietal cortex: preliminary findings." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103529.
Full textLes régions du cerveau qui encodent l'activité motrice du bras pour l'atteinte d'un objet ont été étudiées afin de déterminer leur usage potentiel dans l'élaboration de neuroprostheses motrice à l'intention des amputés et des paralytiques. Les signaux pertinents pour une atteinte de cible juste, sont la direction et la distance (ci-après désignée par amplitude) de la cible et la valeur de l'action en fonction de la récompense. Malgré la quantité d'informations qui existe sur les corrélations neuronales de la récompense et de la direction, il y a peu d'informations sur la manière et la région du cerveau qui encode l'amplitude d'un mouvement à venir. De plus, les chercheurs ont débattus de façon à savoir si l'amplitude et la direction étaient encodées de façon séparable ou inséparable dans les aires d'atteintes du cerveau. En se basant sur les connections en amont du cortex pariétal postérieur (CPP), en relation avec les autres aires du cerveau dévoué à la portée, l'hypothèse de cette étude est que cette région encode l'amplitude des mouvements d'atteintes de cibles avec le bras. Afin de vérifier cette hypothèse, on a enregistré l'activité extracellulaire de neurones simples d'un singe macaque Rhésus pour déterminer si l'activité neurale est modulée par différentes amplitudes d'un mouvement d'atteinte. Tout au long de l'enregistrement, le singe est appelé à performer des atteintes de cibles mémorisées centre-extérieur de différentes amplitudes sur un plan fronto-parallèle 2D. Les résultats suggèrent que le CPP peut encoder l'amplitude de la portée de main et que ce codage survient séparable et inséparable de la direction d'une portée. Fait notable, il a aussi été trouvé que le comportement d'un singe effectuant des tâches d'atteinte est similaire aux précédentes études sur les humains et que l'acuité et le temps du mouvement s'améliorent avec la pratique. Nos résultats font avancer nos connaissances sur la région et la manière dont l'amplitude du mouvement peut être encodée. Ils font également ouvrir de nouvelles voies sur de futures études visant à comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents d'un mouvement d'atteinte avec le bras et de leurs applications potentielles dans le développement de neuroprostheses motrice.
Tsoulfas, Georgios. "Temporal discounting of expected value of reward in the medial intraparietal cortex." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103657.
Full textDe précédents travaux ont démontré que l'espérance face à la valeur de la récompense associée à une tâche d'atteinte, affecte l'activité des neurones du cortex intraparietal médial (MIP) et que ce signal de récompense peut-être décodé. Dans cette étude, nous nous attaquons à la fiabilité de l'encodage de la récompense dans la région MIP en examinant comment la quantification de la récompense est encodée quand elle est présentée dans différents contextes. Nous sommes intéressés à savoir si la connaissance acquise au cours des essais précédents est utilisée pour interpréter l'information a propos de la récompense de l'essai courant. Nous avons échantillonné l'activité de neurones, un à un, alors que deux singes, macaque rhésus, performaient une tâche d'atteinte avec délai, sous deux conditions de remise de récompense. Soumis à première condition, les grandes et petites quantités de récompense ont été enchainées de façon aléatoire (ordonnancement de récompense aléatoire), alors que sous la deuxième condition un seul format de récompense a été maintenu pour toute la durée du bloc d'essais (ordonnancement de récompense constant). Pour les deux types d'ordonnancement, la quantité de récompense était indiquée par un signal précédent la période de délai de chaque essai. Chaque séance d'enregistrement comprend un bloc d'ordonnancement aléatoire, un bloc de grandes récompenses constantes et un bloc de petites récompenses constantes. Pour la même récompense, le taux de mise à feu des neurones dans la période de délai ont été affecté de façon significative par l'ordonnancement des récompenses. Un modèle est proposé pour expliquer la différence dans les taux de mises à feu. Nous identifions les neurones qui font feu en accord avec une réduction temporelle de la récompense, avec une corrélation significative (R2 > 0.25) entre le model et les données expérimentales, suggérant que l'activité neuronale dans MIP est fonction à la fois de l'espérance de la valeur de la récompense présente et de la réduction temporelle des récompenses passées.
Frankel, Sara. "The role of transforming growth factor-alpha in the human corpus luteum." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295876.
Full textMagony, Andor Daniel. "Electrophysiology of the rat medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala during behaviour." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6102/.
Full textRushmore, Margaret E. "Effects of Sedimentation on the Physiology and Oxidative Stress of Two Common Scleractinian Corals." NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/414.
Full textInsel, Nathan. "Physiology of the medial frontal cortex during decision-making in adult and senescent rats." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196140.
Full textAly, Mahmoud Mayada. "Role of prefrontal cortex dopamine in associative learning." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0185.
Full textBecause prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine plays a pivotal role in associative learning and in effort-related decision making, it is not clear as of today whether PFC dopamine activity is required for learning per se, or rather for engaging the effort necessary to learn. In this work, we used observational learning (LeO) and trial-and-error (TE) learning to dissociate learning from physical effort. Both TE and the execution phase of LeO require physical effort (overt learning). Observation does not require physical effort (covert learning). Rats learned to push a lever for food rewards either with or without prior observation of an expert conspecific performing the same task. Before daily testing sessions, the rats received bilateral ACC or OFC microinfusions of SCH23390, or saline-control infusions. If dopamine activity is required for task acquisition, its blockade should impair both overt and covert learning. If dopamine is not required for task acquisition, but solely for regulating effort tolerance, blockade should impair overt learning but spare covert learning. We found that dopamine blockade in ACC or OFC suppressed overt learning selectively, leaving covert learning intact. In subsequent testing sessions without dopamine blockade, rats recovered their overt-learning capacity but, in ACC experiments, the animals did not recover their normal level of effort tolerance. These results suggest that ACC and OFC dopamine is not required for the acquisition of conditioned behaviours and that apparent learning impairments could instead reflect a reduced level of effort tolerance due to cortical dopamine blockade
Lu, Xiaodong, and n/a. "Contribution of the perirhinal cortex to the firing properties of hippocampal pyramidal neurons." University of Otago. Department of Psychology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080128.154906.
Full textGuigon, Emmanuel. "Modélisation des propriétés du cortex cérébral : comparaison entre aires visuelles, motrices et préfrontales." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0305.
Full textMarcano-Reik, Amy Jo. "Sleep-related activity and recovery of function in the somatosensory cortex during early development." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2743.
Full textLee, Stephen Edward. "Climbing fibre responses in the cat cerebellar cortex : investigation of the 'gating' phenomenon." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326279.
Full textGodey, Benoit. "Contribution de la Magnétoencéphalographie et des enregistrements unitaires par mico-électrodes à l'étude de la physiologie du cortex auditif." Paris 13, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA132006.
Full textPassarelli, Yannick. "Impact of natural scenes on the reliability and correlations of cortical dynamics across layers in cat primary visual cortex." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS291.
Full textThe principle of efficient coding suggests that processing in the early visual system should be optimized and adapted to the environmental statistics. An intracellular study of the primary visual cortex (V1) in the anesthetized and paralyzed cat showed that the reliability of the neural response is optimized for natural statistics. Using the same natural and artificial stimuli, we recorded the neuronal population activity (single unit, multi-unit and local field potentials) in cat’s V1 with high-density linear silicon probes. We first investigated the reliability and of the mesoscopic signal with the intracellular signal and explored its laminar dependency. Our results showed that natural images evoke, at all scales, the most reliable response, suggesting that V1 is better suited to efficiently encode natural statistics. In addition, granular and infragranular layers displayed higher reliability levels than the supragranular one. This argues for a functional filtering of the pertinent information between these layers. We also explored which statistics of the natural images produce this reliable response. Finally, we specifically addressed the role of the correlations between neurons (within and between layers) by measuring the amount of shared variability and signal of the neuronal population in response to our stimulus set. We observed that natural images always evoked higher correlations. We did not observe a strong decorrelation at the single cell level but instead at the scale of groups of neurons, with those that are close together being more correlated and farther apart less correlated, arguing for a functional clustering of the neurons into coherent “neural mass”
Le, Goff Carine. "Approches physiologique et moléculaire de la calcification chez le corail rouge de méditerranée Corallium rubrum." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066439/document.
Full textThe calcification process in Corallium rubrum leads to the formation of two skeletal structures made of calcium carbonate, the skeletal axis and sclerites, of different size and shape. As in many calcifying species, calcification occurs under a biological control that involves enzymes and ion transporters. A central issue is to determine the common and the species-specific mechanisms of calcification in order to identify functional convergences in this process. Two approaches were used to characterize these mechanisms in C. rubrum: 1) A physiological approach involving the development of a microcolony culture technique on glass coverslips, allowing the observation of the different stages of calcification, and the measurement of pH at the sites of calcification by the use of confocal microscopy; 2) A molecular approach to characterize an enzyme family, the carbonic anhydrases, which play a key role in calcification.We performed pH mapping by making measurements in different intra- and extracellular compartments. Our results show higher pH values at the sites of calcification compared with the fluid circulating in the gastrodermal canals, but not with the seawater surrounding the microcolony. Measurements of differential expression of carbonic anhydrases in different tissue fractions highlight an isozyme preferentially expressed in the calcifying cells.Within comparative calcification perspectives, these results point towards the functional convergence of carbonic anhydrases and pH regulation by the calcifying cells, while highlighting evolutionary divergences
Jones, Lucy Catherine. "The role of Pax6 in the developoment of the cerebral cortex and its connections." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270004.
Full textColliaux, David. "Classes of neuronal dynamics and experience dependent structured correlations in the visual cortex." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/67/61/04/PDF/HPEA.pdf.
Full textL'activité neuronale est souvent considérée en neuroscience cognitive par la réponse évoquée mais l'essentiel de l'énergie consommée par le cerveau permet d'entretenir les dynamiques spontanées des réseaux corticaux. L'utilisation combinée d'algorithmes de classification (K means, arbre hirarchique, SOM) sur des enregistrements intracellulaires du cortex visuel primaire du chat nous permet de définir des classes de dynamiques neuronales et de les comparer l'activité évoquée par un stimulus visuel. Ces dynamiques peuvent être étudiées sur des systèmes simplifiés (FitzHugh-Nagumo, systèmes dynamiques hybrides, Wilson-Cowan) dont nous présentons l'analyse. Enfin, par des simulations de réseaux composés de colonnes de neurones, un modèle du cortex visuel primaire nous permet d'étudier les dynamiques spontanées et leur effet sur la réponse à un stimulus. Après une période d'apprentissage pendant laquelle des stimuli visuels sont presentés, des vagues de dépolarisation se propagent dans le réseau. L'étude des correlations dans ce réseau montre que les dynamiques spontanées reflètent les propriétés fonctionnelles acquises au cours de l'apprentissage
Schoepf, Verena. "Physiology and Biogeochemistry of Corals Subjected to Repeat Bleaching and Combined Ocean Acidification and Warming." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376923711.
Full textMarquis, Jean-Philippe. "Effets d'une lésion néonatale de l'hippocampe ventral sur les fonctions cognitives du cortex préfrontal et de l'hippocampe chez le rat : un modèle neurodéveloppemental de la schizophrénie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25453/25453.pdf.
Full textSimilowski, Thomas. "Relations entre le cortex cérébral et le diaphragme chez l'homme." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05CD10.
Full textFlesher, Mary Melissa. "Acetylcholine levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during trace and delay conditioning." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3370.
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