Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Coraux – Croissance'
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Chapron, Leila. "Response of cold-water corals to global change in the Mediterranean Sea : from the molecular to the reef scale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS590.
Full textScleractinian cold-water corals such as Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata, two cosmopolitan engineer species, are important frame-builders that provide ecological niches and nurseries for associated fauna. However, a detailed knowledge of their biology and ecology is still lacking. Such knowledge is important as these corals are threatened by pollution and climate change, especially in the Mediterranean Sea. Experimental in situ studies from this PhD first revealed that the two coral species did not have the same environmental preferences, with M. oculata favoring shallower habitats while L. pertusa did not show marked preferences. Hydrological conditions influenced their growth patterns probably by modulating the quantity and quality of food available in the deep, and by influencing sedimentation rates. Analyses in controlled conditions then showed that L. pertusa’s microbiome and metabolic pathways can change rapidly. However, the temperature increase will reduce L. pertusa’s skeletal growth and energy storage. Madrepora oculata’s skeletal growth and microbiome did not change with temperature increase but their energy storage decreased. Finally, our work showed that exposure to both macro- and microplastics limited L. pertusa’s growth by reducing access to food in one case and by inducing higher energy costs for plastic egestion in the other, while M. oculata did not appear affected to plastic exposure. In conclusion, in the deep Mediterranean Sea where water temperature may increase by 1.5°C during this century, and where plastics accumulate, the composition of coral communities is expected to change, which will have a direct impact on the reef associated fauna
Chemel, Mathilde. "Effect of the temperature on cold-water coral holobiont in the North-East Atlantic Ocean." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS592.
Full textCold-water corals such as Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata, two key reef-forming species distributed worldwide, form extensive reefs providing highly valuable habitats for diverse biological communities. They are particularly threatened by increasing temperature, as models predict that temperature would further increase by up to 3 °C in the Atlantic Ocean before the end of the century. Recent work has characterised the cold-water coral ecology and has shown degraded health status both in response to lower and increased temperatures in different scleractinian species. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of their thermal response, including the response at the holobiont level (i.e. the coral host and its associated microbiome), is still poorly known. Understanding the response of cold-water corals to ocean warming using integrative approach is of paramount importance to evaluate their resilience to future water temperatures. The goal of this thesis was firstly to describe the in situ dynamics of the holobiont from L. pertusa and M. oculata in a canyon of the Bay of Biscay (NE Atlantic Ocean) to determine potential differences between Atlantic and Mediterranean populations at the growth and microbiome levels. The average polyp linear growth measured for L. pertusa was 2.4 ± 1.6 mm yr−1, which fall in the lower range compared to previous estimations. Mortality and breakage were total in M. oculata could not allow characterization of growth. Concurrently, the microbial community determination showed that L. pertusa microbiome was versatile between the two regions with high variability within canyons, while M. oculata exhibited stable microbiome across the different regions, with strong association with some bacteria. Secondly, the reproductive biology of those two species in the Mediterranean Sea was also investigated to determine potential seasonal differences with the Atlantic population. The gametogenic cycle suggests a seasonal spawning of L. pertusa in autumn to early winter, corresponding to the formation of storm-induced deep-sea water plumes, while M. oculata shows continuous reproduction, with reproductive features of a species less opportunistic than L. pertusa. The second general objective was to forecast the response of the most sensitive species, L. pertusa, to temperature changes by determining the underlying molecular mechanisms of its thermal response at the holobiont level, using measurement of physiological parameters (survival, growth, nutrition and gene expression) and microbiome response. During a two-months aquaria experiment, we showed that at a +3 and +5 °C temperature increase, L. pertusa from the NE Atlantic Ocean exhibited a modification of its microbiome concomitantly to a large mortality. A metagenomic approach reveals the presence of genes markers for virulence factors suggesting that the death of the corals was due to infections by pathogenic bacteria. In a second experiment, conducted on longer term, we showed that while a 4 °C lower temperature did not affect L. pertusa physiology and microbiome, a 4 °C increase in temperature led to massive mortality. This mortality seems to be associated to a high level of stress in the coral, as attested by the upregulation of number of genes related to immune, inflammatory and antioxidant responses, cell death and apoptosis, DNA repair and maintenance, but also the shift in coral bacterial community towards pathogens and opportunistic bacteria. Our work showed that although living in close association, L. pertusa and M. oculata exhibit distinct living strategies, including growth pattern, microbiome and reproductive biology, but also strong differences among populations. Our results from aquaria experiment suggest however that NE Atlantic L. pertusa are as sensitive to warming as other populations and it appears that all L. pertusa, independently of the region they come from will be strongly impacted by an increase of +3 °C
Oudina, Karim. "Contributions à la compréhension du mécanisme de formation osseuse par des cellules souches dans un modèle ectopique murin." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC219.
Full textBone tissue engineering couples osteocompetent stem tells to an osteoconductive biomaterial in order to repair bone lesions. Despite proof of concept of the therapeutic interest of this association, tissue engineering constructs (TEC) have proven to be less effective than bone autograft. Cell component may be a limiting factor due to either premature death of transplanted tells or poor inherent osteogenic potential. This thesis is a contribution to the understanding of the role of the cellular component in the efficacy of TEC: one technologie part aiming to validate bioluminescence imaging to in vivo tracking of tell fate and one cognitive part which objective is to contribute to elucidate the fate and the role of human induced-pluripotent stem tells (h-iPSCm) within the context of bone tissue engineering. In a first part, we explored the possibility of using in vivo bioluminescence to track murine luciferase-transduced tells seeded either on calcium carbonate materials or on acrylonitrile-sodium-methallyl-sulfonate polymer. The photon flux emitted by the implanted tells revealed to be proportional to the number living tells, which permitted non-destructive tell quantification in vivo. In a second part, we evaluated the osteogenic potential of h-iPSCm and their derived-cells (MSC_h-iPSCm). Although MSC_h-iPSCm were not capable of bone differentiation in vitro or osteogenesis in vivo, h-iPSCm differentiated in bone tells in vitro and induced bone tissue formation in vivo, despite premature mortality. In vitro studies based on h-iPSCm conditioned-media analysis suggested that they were active through a paracrine way by secreting BMP-2, among other factors
Zapalski, Mikołaj K. "Tabulata (Anthozoa) from the Devonian of the southern region of the Holy Cross Mts. (Poland)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10027.
Full textGivetian and Frasnian tabulate corals from the southem region of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) consist of 52 species (Favositida: 40 species, Syringoporida: 6 species, and Auloporida: 6 species). Two genera [Lefeldolites gen. n. (Favositida) and Sapounofouskilites gen. n. (Syringoporida)], and five species are new (Striatopora sc~uricauda sp. n., ? Lefeldolites obtortiformis sp. n., Crassialveolites oliveri sp. n., Roseoporella kesickii sp. n., and Aulopora slosarskii sp. n.). Study of the intracolonial variation in tabulates shows that minimal and maximal lumen diameters and pore diameter are the most useful in the taxonomy of Alveolitidae and Coenitidae, while the double wall thickness and tabulae spacing are less usefuI. Moreover, alveolitids and coenitids show overall higher intracolonial variation than, for example, heliolitids. Study of growth dynamics in neighbouring corallites, performed on three species of the genus Alveolites, shO\ that the growth dynamics were diferent in each individual in the same colony. This contradicts the situation known from representatives of favositids. Study oftabulate endobionts (?Chaetosalpinx plusquelleci sp. n., Helicosalpinx cf. asturiana Oekentorp and H sp) shows that these were rather parasites oftabulate corals than their c0Ill!Densals. Analysis of the palaeobiogeographical relations of the tabulate faunas from the Givetian and Frasnian of the discussed region show that these faunas were most similar to coeval faunas known from the Ardennes. Both Givetian and Frasnian tabulate faunas from the region under study are dominated by alveolitids; such a situation is different from tabulate fauna of the Ardennes, where the Givetian assemblage is dominated by pachyporids
Castellani, Valérie. "Étude des mécanismes moléculaires de spécification des connexions corticales interlaminaires." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T030.
Full textMeissirel, Claire. "Contribution de l'élimination sélective à la mise en place des connexions corticales au cours du développement." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO1T010.
Full textMilh, Mathieu. "Activités électrophysiologiques précoces du cortex sensorimoteur : aspects physiologiques et pathologiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20713.
Full textLecointre, Maryline. "Evolution des transmissions glutamatergiques dans le cortex au cours du développement chez la souris : impact d'un anesthésique, la kétamine, sur le développement du R-NMDA." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES044.
Full textGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Glutamatergic transmission plays an important role in CNS development, including migration, differentiation and synaptic plasticity. Physiological activation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) is particularly involved in the developmental effects of glutamate. Therefore, a blocking or excessive activation of NMDA-R affects the cerebral development and particularly leads to cell death in neonate cortex. NMDA-R is a heterotetrameric ionotropic receptor, permeable to cations, widely expressed in the CNS and composed of different subunits (GluN1, GluN2A-D, GluN3A-B). In the cortex, it is composed of two obligatory GluN1 subunits which link the co-agonist, glycine or D -serine, mainly associated with GluN2A and/or GluN2B subunits which bind glutamate. GluN2 subunit composition of NMDA-R gives distinct pharmacological and electrophysiological properties. Moreover, GluN2A-containing NMDA-R are involved in cell survival and those containing GluN2B are involved in cell death. PDZ proteins, member of membrane-associated guanylate kinase family (MAGUK), including PSD95 (postsynaptic density 95) and SAP102 (synapse associated protein 102) interact with NMDA-R and play an important role in their membrane stabilization. Recently, it has been shown that GluN2A/PSD95 association played a role in synaptic maturation. Pharmacological agents used for anesthesia, such as ketamine, act as NMDA-R antagonists. This anesthetic with many clinical advantages (low impact on respiratory and cardiac functions) is used in pediatrics in order to sedate during short duration medical procedures. However, several experimental studies discussed the safety of the use of ketamine. Indeed, ketamine administration causes an increase in apoptotic cell death in the cerebral cortex of newborn mice. Moreover, a recent laboratory study showed, ex vivo, in the cortex of mice aged 2 days, that ketamine induced different effects on cell survival depending on cortical layers considered. In a first study, we conducted a comparative study of the effects of ketamine administration in vivo, in newborn mice (40 mg / kg sc), depending on the age at which this anesthetic was injected (postnatal days 2, 5 or 10). In the short term, we measured the ketamine effect on the cortical NMDA-R postnatal development and its association with MAGUK. In the long term, we evaluated the impact of ketamine administered at different postnatal ages, on motor activity measured in adulthood in two different contexts. Twenty-four hours after ketamine injection, GluN2B and GluN2A protein expression was decreased when the treatment was carried out at P5 and P10 respectively. After immunoprecipitation of scaffolding PSD95 protein, western blot revelation indicated that regardless of the age treatment, ketamine caused a reduction of the association of GluN2A subunit to PSD95, while the complex GluN2B/PSD95 was increased only when the treatment was performed at P5. At this stage, the disruption of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits expression was associated with a decrease in ERK1/2 phosphorylation and an increase in nNOS association with GluN2B/PSD95 protein complex. All these results therefore indicate that ketamine alter the developmental profile of NMDA-R subunits, suggesting a delay in synaptic maturation. In addition, at P5, ketamine treatment has functional impacts on intracellular signaling cascades. Laser microdissection on control mice cortex revealed a heterogeneous distribution of NMDA-R subunits between immature superficial cortical layers (I-IV ) and the mature deep cortical layers (V-VI). Ketamine disrupted this profile by decreasing GluN2A subunit expression in the superficial layers in P5-treated mice and increasing GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B subunits in the deep layers when the treatment was performed at P10. In the long term, ketamine administration at P2 or P10 caused hyperlocomotion in an open field in adult males, with no effect in adult females. The measurement of voluntary motor activity during 72 h in a running-wheel placed in a life cage, revealed alterations in adulthood induced by ketamine administered in the perinatal period, dependent on age and sex. In conclusion of this first part of the thesis, a single injection of ketamine, whatever the age of treatment in the perinatal period, resulted in changes in the NMDA-R developmental profile in the short-term and alterations in motor activity persisting in adulthood. Despite the progress of obstetrics and neonatal reanimation, brain injury in newborns remain frequent (2 to 2. 5 children per 1000 births). They form the first cause of death or disability acquired in the perinatal period. Many risk factors are identified, such as prematurity, hypoxo-ischemic injuries, fetal-placental infections, hormonal deficiencies and toxic factors (alcohol, drugs). Excessive activation of glutamatergic transmission is frequently the cause of perinatally acquired lesions. Excess of glutamate leads to overactivation of its receptors including NMDA-R, leading to cell death by apoptosis and/or necrosis. The proximity of brain microvessels with neural cells and the presence of functional NMDA-R on brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) suggest a particular influence of BMEC on cortical neurons during excitotoxic stress. Synaptic glutamate concentrations are regulated by ATP-dependent transporters, present in the membrane of glial cells and neurons. Five transporters subtypes are known (excitatory amino acid transporters; EAAT): EAAT1 and -2 are primarily expressed by astrocytes and EAAT3 and -4 are preferentialy expressed by neurons. Recently, it has been shown that EAAT1, -2 and -3 were also expressed by adult vascular endothelial cells, suggesting a role of endothelium in the control of extracellular glutamate concentrations. However, a recent laboratory study showed differences in glutamate sensibility between neonatal and adult murine BMEC. In a second study, we studied the expression of EAAT1, -2 and -3 in cortical microvessels of newborn and adult mice, as well as efficiency of glutamate uptake by BMEC. We showed that EAAT1, -2 and -3 expression in brain endothelium was greater in adults than in neonates, as well as the efficiency of glutamate uptake by BEMC. In conclusion of this second part of the thesis, this study indicates that there is a regulation of extracellular glutamate by endothelial cells and this control depends on the age. Low expression of EAAT in immature vascular endothelium could contribute to a particular sensitivity of newborn brain during excitotoxic stress in mice. In conclusion, this thesis contributed to characterize the specificity of glutamatergic transmission in the immature brain. Our results play in favor of special consideration of molecules interacting with glutamatergic transmission such as anesthetics in the perinatal period
Bellion, Arnaud. "Régionalisation du cortex cérébral et mode de migration des interneurones corticaux." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066390.
Full textDimidschstein, Jordane. "Ephrin-B1 controls the spatial distribution of cortical pyramidal neurons by restricting their tangential migration." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209658.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
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Girault, Virginie. "Rôles du processus autophagique au cours du neurodéveloppement normal ainsi que dans un contexte pathologique d'exposition prénatale à l'alcool." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES032.
Full textAutophagy is a cellular process which allows cells to adapt, function and survive. Many diseases are associated with an autophagic process deregulation. During the development, an autophagic inhibition causes malformations, in particular in the central nervous system formation. One possible therapeutic approach would consist to modulate the autophagic process to improve the patient’s condition. A prenatal exposure to alcohol disturbs the autophagic process in the brain and the establishment of the cerebral vascular network. The first study consisted of characterizing the autophagic activity in the cerebral microvascular system following an alcohol exposure on models of cortical microvessels and endothelial cortical cell culture from the 2nd day of murine development. The obtained results display that ethanol disturbs the autophagic process in the cortical microvessels and in the endothelial cells. More specifically, the ethanol acts on the autophagic process at different stages, by partially blocking the mTOR pathway and by disturbing the autophagy fusion step. These effects are dependent on the acetaldehyde formation. On top of that, the autophagic activation improves the viability of the endothelial cells exposed to ethanol. The second study focused on the characterization of the autophagic process modulation during the cortical development thanks to the histologic, protein and gene analyses of the autophagy in different cell types. Transgenic GFP-LC3 mice were used to follow the LC3-II protein. The obtained results indicate that autophagy was present and finely regulated in different cell types and in different developmental stages. Moreover a strong autophagic activity was observed during birth, associated with an apoptotic activity decrease. The third study (collaborative) described the autophagy modulation impact under an excitotoxic context. Previous studies have shown that MK-801 (NMDA antagonist) protects from necrotic death in the deep cortical layers but induces apoptotic cell death of the GABA interneurons in the immature cortical layers. In this study, we demonstrated that the autophagy inhibition leads to decrease the MK-801-induced apoptotic death without modifying its protective effect on the necrotic death
Mann, Fanny. "Mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans la formation des projections thalamocorticales : étude in vitro." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T161.
Full textKlingler, Esther. "Développement du cortex piriforme et de la commissure antérieure : implication de la protéine SCHIP-1." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066241/document.
Full textSCHIP-1 is a cytoplasmic component of nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments of mature axons, where it associates with ankyrinG. SCHIP-1 is also expressed in the CNS during mouse early embryonic stages. Here we report that Schip1 mutant mice display morphological abnormalities of the anterior commissure, which is composed of axons from piriform cortex, anterior olfactory nucleus, and amygdala. These abnormalities are due to impaired axon elongation and navigation in vivo during development. Piriform cortex neurons display axon initiation/outgrowth delay and guidance defects in vitro. Time-lapse imaging indicates that SCHIP-1 regulates the response of growth cones to EphB2, a guidance cue important for anterior commissure development. Besides, mutant mice display a reduced thickness of the piriform cortex, which affects projection neuron layers, and is likely to result from cell death rather than from impairment of pyramidal neuron generation or migration. Interestingly these morphological defects are associated with abnormal behavior related to defects in odor processing. The piriform cortex is thought to play a key role in odor discrimination, association and learning. Thus Schip1 mutant mice appear to be an interesting model to further characterize piriform cortex as well as anterior commissure functions, which are yet poorly known
Van, Den Ameele Jelle. "Identification of new genes that control neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209298.
Full textDuring this Phd-project, we set out to identify novel transcription factors involved in cortical neurogenesis. Therefore, we initially took advantage of a model of in vitro embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived corticogenesis that was previously established in the lab (Gaspard et al. 2008) and from several previously generated ESC lines that allow overexpression of specific transcription factors potentially involved in corticogenesis (van den Ameele et al. 2012).
Among the genes tested, Bcl6, a B-cell lymphoma oncogene known to be expressed during cortical development but without well-characterized function in this context, displayed a strong proneurogenic activity and thus became the main focus of this thesis.
During neurogenesis, neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) undergo an irreversible fate transition to become neurons. The Notch pathway is well known to be important for this process, and repression of Notch-dependent Hes genes is essential for triggering differentiation. However, Notch signalling often remains active throughout neuronal differentiation, implying a change in the transcriptional responsiveness to Notch during the neurogenic transition.
We showed that Bcl6 starts to be expressed specifically during the transition from progenitors to postmitotic neurons and is required for proper neurogenesis of the mouse cerebral cortex. Bcl6 promotes this neurogenic conversion by switching the composition of Notch-dependent transcriptional complexes at the Hes5 promoter. Bcl6 triggers exclusion of the co-activator Mastermind-like 1 and recruitment of the NAD+-dependent deacetylase Sirt1, which we showed to be required for Bcl6-dependent neurogenesis in vitro. The resulting epigenetic silencing of Hes5 leads to neuronal differentiation despite active Notch signalling. These findings thus suggest a role for Bcl6 as a novel proneurogenic factor and uncover Notch-Bcl6-Sirt1 interactions that may affect other aspects of physiology and disease (Tiberi et al. 2012a).
A subsequent yet unpublished part of this Phd-project focused on unraveling roles for Bcl6 in regionalization of the cerebral cortex. In all mammals, the three major areas of the neocortex are the motor, somatosensory and visual areas, each subdivided in secondary domains and complemented with species-specific additional areas. All these domains comprise of neurons with different functionality, molecular profiles, electrical activity and connectivity. Spatial patterning of the cortex is mainly under the control of diffusible molecules produced by organizing centers, but is also regulated by intrinsic, cell-autonomous programs (Tiberi et al. 2012b).
Since Bcl6 expression is confined to frontal and parietal regions of the developing cerebral cortex and remains high in postmitotic neurons, also after completion of neurogenesis, we hypothesized it would be involved in acquisition of motor and somatosensory identity. As expected from the neurogenesis defect in these regions, we observed a trend towards a reduced size of the frontal areas in the Bcl6 mutant cortex. Preliminary data from cDNA microarray profiling after gain- and loss-of-function of Bcl6 and from in situ hybridization on mouse cortex however do not show dramatic changes in molecular markers of different cortical areas. Similarly, the coarse-grained pattern of thalamocortical and efferent projections of motor and somatosensory neurons appears to be spared. These preliminary findings thus suggest that Bcl6 is not strictly required for proper acquisition of motor and somatosensory areal identity.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Pietri, Sandra. "Etude de l'expression du gène EphA7 et de son ligand ephrine-A5 dans le cortex en développement." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210011.
Full textLes ephrines et leurs récepteurs Eph constituent une famille multigénique de facteurs de signalisation impliqués dans divers événements clé du développement cortical où ils sont exprimés selon des profils spatio-temporels complexes. Aux stades tardifs du développement, EphA7 et l’ephrine-A5 sont exprimés en gradients complémentaires au sein de chaque territoire des aires présomptives, constituant ainsi les marqueurs les plus précoces de ces aires corticales.
Par la combinaison d’approches in-vitro utilisant la technique d’électroporation focale de tranches corticales embryonnaires, puis in-vivo en utilisant la technique de transgénèse d’addition, nous avons identifié une séquence régulatrice de EphA7 appelée pA7, capable de mimer l’expression endogène de EphA7 au sein du télencéphale dorsal en développement. La lignée de souris pA7-GFP ainsi générée exprime la GFP spécifiquement au sein du télencéphale dorsal durant les stades précoces. Aux stades périnataux cette expression se régionalise au sein de la plaque corticale de chacune des aires présomptives selon des gradients récapitulant ceux observés pour EphA7. Nous avons ensuite purifié des neurones exprimant différents niveaux d’EphA7 par la technique de FACS «Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting » et l’analyse de leur transcriptome nous a permis de trouver un grand nombre de gènes différentiellement exprimés. Tous ceux testés par la technique d’hybridation in situ sont exprimés selon un gradient latéral fort et médial faible dans le cortex pariétal, similaire à celui d’EphA7. L’examination de leur profil au sein de cortex de souris dépourvus d’afférences thalamiques, nous a permis de conclure que l’expression de ces gènes incluant EphA7 s’établit indépendamment de celles-ci. Ainsi, notre étude a permis d'identifier un répertoire de gènes neuronaux, pouvant agir en amont ou en combinaison avec EphA7 pour contrôler les facteurs intrinsèques essentiels à l’établissement des aires corticales./
The cerebral cortex is subdivided into distinct cortical areas characterized by specific patterns of gene expression and neuronal connectivity. The patterning of cortical areas is thought to be controlled by a combination of intrinsic factors that are expressed in the cortex, and external signals such as inputs from the thalamus. EphA7 is a member of the ephrin/Eph family of guidance factors that is involved in key aspects of the development of the cortex, and is expressed in several gradients within developing cortical areas.
By combining in vitro transcriptional assays and mouse transgenics, we identified a regulatory element of the EphA7 promoter, named pA7, that can recapitulate salient features of the pattern of expression of EphA7 in the developing forebrain, including gradients in the cortex. Using a mouse reporter line where GFP expression recapitulates EphA7 expression, we developed a GFP-based cell sorting procedure to isolate cortical neuron populations displaying different levels of EphA7 expression. Transcriptome analysis of these populations enabled to identify a specific array of differentially expressed genes. All genes validated further in vivo were confirmed to be expressed along distinct gradients in the developing cortical plate, similarly to EphA7. The expression of these genes was unchanged in mutant mice defective for thalamocortical projections, indicating that their graded pattern is largely intrinsic to the cortex. Our study identifies a novel repertoire of cortical neuron genes that may act upstream of, or together with EphA7, to control the intrinsic patterning of cortical areas.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Keruzore, Marc. "Study of the role of Dmrt5 during the development of the cerebral cortex." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209271.
Full textLambert, Nelle. "Identification and characterisation of genes displaying human specific patterns of expression and evolution." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209995.
Full textDurant ce projet, nous avons identifié et caractérisé de nouveaux gènes potentiellement impliqués dans le développement et l’évolution du cortex cérébral humain, par l’analyse du transcriptome du cerveau humain en développement, croisée à des techniques d’analyse computationnelle. Nous avons caractérisé le profil d’expression de « Human Accelerated Region 1 » (HAR1), un gène d’évolution accélérée dans la lignée humaine exprimé dans le cortex cérébral humain en développement. D’autre part, par l’analyse du transcriptome de régions spécifiques du cortex humain en développement, couplée à des analyses computationnelles, nous avons identifié une série de gènes présentant une combinaison unique de profil d’expression et d’évolution spécifiquement humains. Ces gènes pourraient constituer une partie importante des programmes génétiques impliqués dans le développement et l'évolution du cortex dans notre espèce.
L’étude approfondie de leurs profils d’expression et de leur fonction pourraient nous permettre de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires sous-jacents à l’évolution du cortex cérébral humain.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
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Saulnier, Amandine. "Rôle des facteurs de transcription Dmrt3 et Dmrt5 au cours du développement du cortex cérébral chez la souris." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209121.
Full textLes gènes Dmrt3 et Dmrt5 appartiennent à une famille de gènes fortement conservée évolutivement codant pour des facteurs de transcription à doigt de zinc connus pour leur rôle dans le développement sexuel. Des résultats obtenus dans le laboratoire ayant montré que Dmrt5 joue un rôle crucial dans la neurogenèse au niveau du système olfactif chez le xénope, j’ai voulu savoir, dans un premier temps, si la fonction de Dmrt5 dans la neurogenèse était une fonction ancestrale. Pour répondre à cette question, j’ai recherché des gènes Dmrts chez une espèce de Cnidaire, Nematostella vectensis, et ai étudié leur expression au cours du développement. L’un d’entre-eux, NvDmrtB, est fortement exprimé dans le système nerveux et s’est avéré être requis pour la différenciation des cellules nerveuses chez N. vectensis, suggérant que les gènes Dmrts avaient déjà un rôle dans la neurogenèse dans l’ancêtre commun des Bilatériens et des Cnidaires.
Par ailleurs, d’autres travaux ont montré que chez la souris les gènes Dmrt5 et Dmrt3 sont exprimés dans le cerveau en développement au niveau du télencéphale dorsal. Afin d’approcher leur fonction dans le développement cortical, j’ai analysé leur expression au cours du développement embryonnaire, caractérisé les anomalies de développement du cortex cérébral des souris knockout Dmrt5-/- et Dmrt3-/- ainsi que des souris double knockout Dmrt3-/-;Dmrt5-/- et étudié leur régulation. Mes résultats ont montré que Dmrt3 et Dmrt5 sont coexprimés dans les progéniteurs corticaux en gradient avec un maximum d’expression du côté caudo-médian. J’ai également observé que l’absence de Dmrt5 induit une réduction de la taille des vésicules télencéphaliques et que les structures de la partie caudo-médiane du cortex telles que le plexus choroïde et l’hippocampe sont altérées ainsi que les aires visuelle et somato-sensorielle. Au niveau moléculaire, mes résultats ont montré que Dmrt5 est requis pour l’expression de différents gènes codant pour les signaux Wnt et Bmp sécrétés au niveau de la région caudo-médiane des vésicules télencéphaliques, et qu’il contrôle négativement Pax6 et positivement Emx2, des déterminants respectivement de l’identité rostro-latérale et caudo-médiane du cortex cérébral. Bien que la taille des vésicules télencéphaliques n’apparaisse pas affectée chez les souris Dmrt3-/-, l’expression de différents composants de la voie Wnt et celle d'Emx2 et Pax6 est légèrement altérée, comme chez les souris Dmrt5-/-. Chez les souris double knock-out Dmrt3-/-;Dmrt5-/-, une réduction de la taille du cortex et des altérations de l’expression des gènes similaires et plus sévères que celle des souris Dmrt5-/- ont été observées. Nous avons également mis en évidence que l’expression de Dmrt3 est réduite chez les souris Dmrt5-/- et que inversement celle de Dmrt5 est légèrement augmentée chez les souris Dmrt3-/-. Enfin, nous avons observé que l’expression de ces deux gènes est dépendante du facteur de transcription Gli3 et que seul l’expression de Dmrt3 requiert les facteurs de transcription Pax6 et Emx2.
Ensemble, nos résultats indiquent que les facteurs de transcription Dmrt5 et Dmrt3 contrôlent le développement de la partie caudo-médiane du cortex, Dmrt5 agissant en amont de Dmrt3. Ils suggèrent également que ces facteurs y joueraient des rôles partiellement redondants en régulant l’expression de cibles communes tels les gènes Wnt3a et Pax6.!
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Perrin, Jonathan. "Structure et squelettogénèse chez le genre corallium." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4062.
Full textThe Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum) has been harvested and traded for centuries; it is highly valued in jewelry. Studies of the skeletal structures are important to better understand how nature proceeds to synthetize resistant material at low-energy cost by soft chemistry. On the other hand, the determination of vertical and axial growth rates is important to establish criterions for the sustainable management of these precious species. In this work, the skeleton of C. rubrum has been compared to skeleton of other species belonging of the same family (C. elatius and P. japonicum). All species show two distinct growth modes: (1) a block-by-block mode at the branch apex associated with a fast axial growth rate (~2 mm/year) and (2) a layer-by-layer mode associated with a slow radial growth rate (~0,2 mm/year). The physical and chemical patterns of the skeleton of precious corals provide important constraints to better understand the complex mechanisms of in bio-assisted crystalline growth
Schmidt, Anne. "Les récepteurs de l'ocytocine dans le rein de rat en développement." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20042.
Full textYvorra, Alain. "Croissance folliculaire et developpement du corps jaune chez le lezard vivipare, lacerta vivipara jacquin : evolution au cours du cycle sexuel et analyse des mecanismes de regulation." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066270.
Full textKannan, Meghna. "Etude du rôle de WDR47 dans le système nerveux central." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ086/document.
Full textWD40-repeat (WDR) proteins are one of largest eukaryotic family, however little is known about their role in neurodevelopment. We investigated 26 WDR genes, and found 7 (Atg16l1, Coro1c, Dmxl2, Herc1, Kif21b, Wdr47, Wdr89) with a major impact in brain structure when inactivated in mice. We chose WDR47 for further investigation, as it is a completely unknown protein that shares striking domain similarity with LIS1. Using three independent model systems (mice, siRNA and yeast), we found an essential role of Wdr47 in survival, and key neuronal processes involving microtubule dynamics such as proliferation, autophagy and growth cone stabilization. Next we identified Reelin and superior cervical ganglion 10 (SCG10) as top interacting proteins of WDR47. Interestingly, a 200-kb duplication encompassing WDR47 was linked to poor coordination in one patient, recapitulating mouse behavioural anomalies. Together our data help unravel for the first time a key role of Wdr47 in brain
Cherradi, Nadia. "La 3(beta)-hydroxystéroide-déshydrogénase isomérase dans la cellule corticosurrénalienne : distribution subcellulaire et régulation." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10068.
Full textAssié, Guillaume. "Tumeurs de la corticosurrénale : du transcriptome aux phénotypes de sécrétion et de malignité." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T054.
Full textThe adrenal cortex, outer portion of the adrenal glands, is specialized in the production of steroid hormones. It contains three concentric zones, histologically distinct, each dedicated to the production of a type of hormone : the glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, the fasciculata glucocorticoids, androgens and reticulated. The production of this hormones is regulated by extracellular mediators : ACTH activates the cortisol secretion by increasing cyclic AMP and angiotensin II activates the aldosterone secretion by increasing intracellular calcium. Tumors of the adrenal cortex raise a dual problem of hormonal hypersecretion and cell proliferation. The molecular mechanisms of these abnormalities are poorly understood. The initiation of some benign tumors appears to be related to the activation of the cAMP pathway. On malignant tumors, several mechanisms of progression have been described : overexpression of IGF2 in connection with a paternal isodisomia, loss of heterozygosity of p53 and activation of the Wnt pathway. Malignant tumors can also be difficult to diagnose in their borderline forms, and their prognosis is difficult to predict. The transcriptomes of tumors can be analysed and compared by microarray technology and SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression). The objective of this thesis is to characterize the transcriptome of different tumors of the adrenal cortex, to identify diagnostic and prognostic makers, and molecular mechanisms of pathological hormone secretion, initiation and tumor progression. The first paper dedscribes the molecular abnormalities of primary aldosteronism. For this, the transcriptomes of Conn's adenoma and its adjacent zona glomerulosa to the tumor (switched off by negative feedback) were compared with SAGE, and validated by in situ hybridization. Only the two terminal enzymes of steroidogenesis CYP21 and CYP11B2 are overexpressed in the Conn. Acute regulator of steroidogenesis StAR is not overexpressed. Cholesterol substrate for steroidogenesis, seems to come from HDL cholesterol. Finally calcium signaling, that controls the acute aldosterone secretion seems also activated in primary aldosteronism. The second work identifies, from the transcriptome, the diagnostic and prognostic molecular signatures for tumors of the adrenal cortex. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of transcriptomes of 96 unilateral tumors clearly distinguished benign and malignant tumors, and identified in malignant tumors, two groups of tumors of very different prognosis. Makers of recurrence and death based on the subtraction of the expression of two genes, DGL7-PINK1 and PINK1-BUB1B respectively, yield predictions for high-performance compared with current predictors. This work opens original pathophysiological perspectives, which will be further explored in the laboratory. In parallel, the direct translation of the results available to patients with adrenal diseases opens a new avenue in molecular personalized medicine, that we want to further develop
Daval, Jean-Luc. "Les dérivés puriques au niveau du système nerveux central : Caractérisation de la libération des dérivés adenyliques par des préparations synaptosomales : implication possible des purines dans le mécanisme d'action des benzodiazepines." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10045.
Full textBrand, Céline. "Une nouvelle cible de TGF(bêta)1 dans le contrôle de la stéroidogenèse corticosurrénalienne : StAR (protéine régulatrice du transport intramitochondrial du cholestérol)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10137.
Full textCanali, Giorgia. "Genetic and functional study of CNTNAP2/Caspr2 in autism spectrum disorders." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS050.pdf.
Full textAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by deficits in social communication and repetitive behaviours. Alterations in brain connectivity are the most replicated findings in ASD patients. The CNTNAP2 gene, coding Caspr2, has been associated to ASD, with a large number of missense heterozygous variants identified in patients. However, some missense variants have also been found in the control population, questioning their pathogenicity. Here, using in vitro and in vivo approaches we identify new functions for Caspr2 in axonal development and provided proof of principle that some variants could impact these functions. We report that Caspr2 is involved in axon growth of cortical neurons in culture in a dose-dependent manner, with Cntnap2+/- neurons presenting an intermediate phenotype between wild type and Cntnap2-/- neurons. We also show that Caspr2 is required in vivo for the development of axons projecting into two major interhemispheric myelinated tracts, the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure. Performing morphometric and electron microscopy analyses we detect morphological modifications of these structures and alterations in axo-axonal contacts and axonal diameter in both Cntnap2+/- and Cntnap2-/- mice throughout development. Using in vitro assays and axon growth as read-out, we further show that some of the variants display either a dominant-negative effect or a loss-of-function in a Cntnap2+/- genetic background, suggesting that they could alter brain connectivity and thus contribute to the manifestations of ASD
Godrant, Aurélie. "The role of superoxide in iron acquisition by marine phytoplankton." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2061.
Full textIt is hypothesised that, under iron limitation, phytoplankton cells develop biochemical mechanisms to increase their iron uptake efficiency with one of these mechanisms involving the production of superoxide in the extracellular environment that increases the bioavailability of iron in seawater by reducing Fe(III) to the more soluble Fe(II). The main objectives of this work were 1) to develop an appropriate method to detect extracellular production of superoxide by marine phytoplankton, and 2) to examine the relationship between extracellular production of superoxide and iron acquisition by Trichodesmium erythraeum. A method to measure superoxyde production is described using red-CLA and MCLA probes, yielding considerable improvement for analysis compared to other available methods. Extracellular superoxide production and iron uptake rates were measured simultaneously on iron replete and iron deplete Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS 101 laboratory cultures : iron starvation leads to a 2. 9-fold increase in superoxide production rate and 10-fold decrease in the iron uptake rate (except when a reducing compound was added) compared to iron replete cultures. Extracellular superoxide production shows a pronounced circadian rythm in iron deplete cultures, but less so in iron replete cultures. Overall, no direct impact of extracellular superoxide production by Trichodesmium is observed, but both processes are shown to be related. Both iron deplete and iron replete cultures demonstrate greater ability to uptake iron bound to weaker iron-binding ligands such as citrate. Application of the method to field studies in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon showed an accumulation of biologically significant concentrations of reduced trace metals including Fe(II) when the concentration of superoxide was lower than 1 nM. When the concentration of superoxide was higher than 1 nM, most of the reduced species were oxidised resulting in high rates of hudrogen peroxide production rates, consistent with laboratory studies. Overall, this thesis permitted the development of a method to detect superoxide production rates by marine phytoplankton cells that could be used routinely in field studies. The observations are in accord with the conclusion that fit the ongoing hypothesis that the extablished Fe' uptake model for phytoplankton would be strongly influenced by such organisms that are able to modify the redox equilibrium of the solution at their cells surface
Fathally, Jabeur. "Les principes du droit international musulman et la protection des populations civiles en cas de conflits armés : de la binarité guerrière au Droit de Genève. Histoire d’une convergence." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20696.
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