Journal articles: 'Corals – Western Australia'

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Gilmour, James, Conrad W. Speed, and Russ Babcock. "Coral reproduction in Western Australia." PeerJ 4 (May 18, 2016): e2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2010.

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Larval production and recruitment underpin the maintenance of coral populations, but these early life history stages are vulnerable to extreme variation in physical conditions. Environmental managers aim to minimise human impacts during significant periods of larval production and recruitment on reefs, but doing so requires knowledge of the modes and timing of coral reproduction. Most corals are hermaphroditic or gonochoric, with a brooding or broadcast spawning mode of reproduction. Brooding corals are a significant component of some reefs and produce larvae over consecutive months. Broadcast spawning corals are more common and display considerable variation in their patterns of spawning among reefs. Highly synchronous spawning can occur on reefs around Australia, particularly on the Great Barrier Reef. On Australia’s remote north-west coast there have been fewer studies of coral reproduction. The recent industrial expansion into these regions has facilitated research, but the associated data are often contained within confidential reports. Here we combine information in this grey-literature with that available publicly to update our knowledge of coral reproduction in WA, for tens of thousands of corals and hundreds of species from over a dozen reefs spanning 20° of latitude. We identified broad patterns in coral reproduction, but more detailed insights were hindered by biased sampling; most studies focused on species ofAcroporasampled over a few months at several reefs. Within the existing data, there was a latitudinal gradient in spawning activity among seasons, with mass spawning during autumn occurring on all reefs (but the temperate south-west). Participation in a smaller, multi-specific spawning during spring decreased from approximately one quarter of corals on the Kimberley Oceanic reefs to little participation at Ningaloo. Within these seasons, spawning was concentrated in March and/or April, and October and/or November, depending on the timing of the full moon. The timing of the full moon determined whether spawning was split over two months, which was common on tropical reefs. There were few data available for non-Acroporacorals, which may have different patterns of reproduction. For example, the massivePoritesseemed to spawn through spring to autumn on Kimberley Oceanic reefs and during summer in the Pilbara region, where other common corals (e.g.Turbinaria&Pavona) also displayed different patterns of reproduction to theAcropora. The brooding corals (Isopora&Seriatopora) on Kimberley Oceanic reefs appeared to planulate during many months, possibly with peaks from spring to autumn; a similar pattern is likely on other WA reefs. Gaps in knowledge were also due to the difficulty in identifying species and issues with methodology. We briefly discuss some of these issues and suggest an approach to quantifying variation in reproductive output throughout a year.

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Lafratta, A., J. Fromont, P. Speare, and C. H. L. Schönberg. "Coral bleaching in turbid waters of north-western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 1 (2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15314.

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We report severe bleaching in a turbid water coral community in north-western Australia. Towed still imagery was used for a benthic survey near Onslow in March 2013 to assess thermal stress in hard and soft corals, finding 51–68% of all corals fully bleached in 10–15-m water depth. Tabulate or foliaceous Turbinaria was the locally most abundant hard coral (46%), followed by massives such as faviids and poritids (25%) and encrusting coral (12%), thus over 80% of the local corals could be considered to be bleaching resistant. All coral groups were bleached in similar proportions (massive hard corals 51%<soft corals 60%<encrusting hard corals 62%<Turbinaria 62%<‘others’ 68%). NOAA data and environmental assessments suggest previous recurrent thermal stress throughout the last 10 years in the study area. On the basis of these records this stress apparently changed the community structure from bleaching vulnerable species such as Acropora, leaving more tolerant species, and reduced coral cover. We could see no evidence for adaptation or acclimation of corals in this area. Towed still imagery was found to be a suitable means for rapid and large-scale bleaching studies in shallow, turbid areas where diving can be difficult or impossible.

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Ceccarelli, D. M., Z. T. Richards, M. S. Pratchett, and C. Cvitanovic. "Rapid increase in coral cover on an isolated coral reef, the Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve, north-western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 10 (2011): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11013.

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Against a background of coral reef ecosystem decline, understanding the propensity for coral communities to recover after acute disturbances is fundamental to forecasting and maintaining resilience. It may be expected that offshore reef ecosystems are less affected by anthropogenic disturbances compared with reefs closer to population centres, but that recovery may be slower on isolated reefs following disturbances. To test the hypothesis that community recovery is slow in isolated locations, we measured changes in coral cover and relative abundance of coral genera over a 4 year period (2005–09) at Ashmore Reef, north Western Australia, following severe bleaching. The percent cover of hard coral tripled, from 10.2% (±1.46 s.e.) in 2005 to 29.4% (±1.83 s.e.) in 2009 in all habitats (exposed and lagoonal) and depth zones (2–5 and 8–10 m), and the percent cover of soft corals doubled, from 4.5% (+0.63 s.e.) in 2005 to 8.3% (+1.4 s.e.) in 2009. Significant shifts in the taxonomic composition of hard corals were detected. Our results imply that coral recovery in isolated locations can occur rapidly after an initial delay in recruitment, presumably through the interacting effects of self-recruitment and reduced exposure to additive impacts such as coastal pollution.

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Pickett, J. W., C. H. Thompson, R. A. Kelley, and D. Roman. "Evidence of High Sea Level during Isotope Stage 5c in Queensland, Australia." Quaternary Research 24, no. 1 (July 1985): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90086-9.

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Thirty-nine species of scleractinian corals have been recovered from under a high dune on the western (mainland) side of North Stradbroke Island, eastern Australia. The corals are associated with thin intertidal sediments and their good condition implies burial in situ and preservation in a saturated zone. Most likely this occurred as the coast prograded and a large dune advanced into the littoral zone, burying intertidal sediments and coral. The species assemblage indicates a sheltered environment but one open to the ocean without wide fluctuations in salinity. Three species yielded a mean 230Th/234U age of 105,000 yr B.P. which is significantly younger than the nearest Pleistocene corals at Evans Head, New South Wales. The corals provide evidence of a sea stand near present sea level during isotope Stage 5c, which is considerably higher than previously suggested for this period. Their good condition implies that the overlying parabolic dune is of comparable age and formed during that high stand of sea level. Also, the isotope age provides a maximum period for the development of giant podzols in the podzol chronosequences on coastal dunes in southern Queensland.

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HOROWITZ, JEREMY, DENNIS M. OPRESKO, and TOM C. L. BRIDGE. "Black corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the deep (916 m–2542 m) Coral Sea, north-eastern Australia." Zootaxa 4472, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4472.2.5.

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Black corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) occur in all the world’s oceans in a wide range of habitats from shallow-water coral reefs to the deep-sea. However, the taxonomy of black corals is poorly known compared to many other anthozoan groups. This knowledge gap is particularly acute for the deep-sea, where collecting specimens is logistically difficult and costly. Here, we identify 21 black coral specimens collected from the western Coral Sea adjacent to north-east Australia. The specimens represent five nominal species from five genera and two families. All species represent new records for the region, including the first record for the family Cladopathidae Brook, 1889. We describe the morphology of these specimens, note geographic and bathymetric range expansions, and provide evidence to support the hypothesis that Bathypathes seculata Opresko, 2005 is the juvenile stage of Bathypathes patula Brook, 1889, thus warranting synonymization. Our findings demonstrate that deep-sea antipatharians in this region are much more diverse than previously reported. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of museum collections in terms of increasing our understanding of taxonomy and patterns of biodiversity, particularly for poorly-studied habitats such as the deep-sea.

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Johansson, C. L., D. R. Bellwood, and M. Depczynski. "The importance of live coral for small-sized herbivorous reef fishes in physically challenging environments." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 8 (2012): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12011.

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Tropical coral reefs are facing increasing levels of disturbance, with predictions of ongoing reductions in live coral cover. The response of herbivorous fishes to loss of coral cover was investigated by analysing the relationship between the abundance of different sized herbivorous fishes and live coral cover, on a high flow reef slope and a sheltered back reef on Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. We found positive relationships between coral cover and the abundance of small (10–20 cm) excavating and scraping parrotfishes on the slope, but a negative relationship between corals and small (10–15 cm) grazers. These relationships were not evident on back reefs. Generally, the abundance of large individuals were not correlated with live coral in either habitat. We suggest that in physically demanding environments small parrotfishes may utilise the structural complexity of corals to resist strong water flow and/or to reduce predation. Small acanthurid grazers may school to reduce energy costs and minimise predation risk. The loss of coral cover appears to be particularly important for small fishes in high energy habitats, especially non-schooling species.

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Griffith, Jane K. "Scleractinian corals collected during 1998 from the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia." Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 66, no. 1 (2004): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.66.2004.101-120.

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Ross, Claire L., Verena Schoepf, Thomas M. DeCarlo, and Malcolm T. McCulloch. "Mechanisms and seasonal drivers of calcification in the temperate coral Turbinaria reniformis at its latitudinal limits." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1879 (May 23, 2018): 20180215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0215.

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High-latitude coral reefs provide natural laboratories for investigating the mechanisms and limits of coral calcification. While the calcification processes of tropical corals have been studied intensively, little is known about how their temperate counterparts grow under much lower temperature and light conditions. Here, we report the results of a long-term (2-year) study of seasonal changes in calcification rates, photo-physiology and calcifying fluid (cf) chemistry (using boron isotope systematics and Raman spectroscopy) for the coral Turbinaria reniformis growing near its latitudinal limits (34.5° S) along the southern coast of Western Australia. In contrast with tropical corals, calcification rates were found to be threefold higher during winter (16 to 17° C) compared with summer (approx. 21° C), and negatively correlated with light, but lacking any correlation with temperature. These unexpected findings are attributed to a combination of higher chlorophyll a, and hence increased heterotrophy during winter compared with summer, together with the corals' ability to seasonally modulate pH cf , with carbonate ion concentration being the main controller of calcification rates. Conversely, calcium ion concentration [Ca 2+ ] cf declined with increasing calcification rates, resulting in aragonite saturation states Ω cf that were stable yet elevated fourfold above seawater values. Our results show that corals growing near their latitudinal limits exert strong physiological control over their cf in order to maintain year-round calcification rates that are insensitive to the unfavourable temperature regimes typical of high-latitude reefs.

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Simpson, C. J., J. L. Cary, and R. J. Masini. "Destruction of corals and other reef animals by coral spawn slicks on Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Coral Reefs 12, no. 3-4 (November 1993): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00334478.

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Veeh, H. Herbert, and Roy E. France. "Uranium-Series Ages of Corals and Coexisting Phosphate Deposits on Pelsaert Reef Complex, Houtman-Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia." Quaternary Research 30, no. 2 (September 1988): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90024-5.

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An unusually well-defined association between guano-derived phosphate rock (apatite) and coral carbonates on Pelsaert Island has provided an opportunity to test uranium-series dating methods as applied to insular phosphorites. The phosphate deposit, which is bracketed by late Pleistocene and Holocene corals with 230Th/234U ages of 120,000 and 4700 yr B.P., respectively, has 230Th/234U ages ranging from 85,000 to 112,000 yr B.P. The mutually consistent results suggest that phosphate deposition commenced soon after the peak of the last interglaciation and has been largely controlled by sea-level fluctuations and probably other factors associated with late Quaternary climate in this area.

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Ross, Claire L., James L. Falter, Verena Schoepf, and Malcolm T. McCulloch. "Perennial growth of hermatypic corals at Rottnest Island, Western Australia (32°S)." PeerJ 3 (February 24, 2015): e781. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.781.

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12

Silverstein, RN, AMS Correa, TC LaJeunesse, and AC Baker. "Novel algal symbiont (Symbiodinium spp.) diversity in reef corals of Western Australia." Marine Ecology Progress Series 422 (January 31, 2011): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08934.

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Taylor, JG. "Seasonal occurrence, distribution and movements of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 4 (1996): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960637.

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Aerial surveys between 1989 and 1992 demonstrated that large numbers of whale sharks appear on Ningaloo Reef in north-western Australia during autumn, shortly after the coral has undergone mass spawning. This movement into the reef waters would allow whale sharks to capitalize on the increased production of zooplankton brought about as a result of this mass spawning of corals and other marine organisms. Sharks occupied mainly the relatively turbid waters on the reef front, where a northerly current prevailed, rather than the offshore, warmer waters of the southerly flowing Leeuwin Current. The sharks moved in to the reef front from offshore but, once inshore, the majority swam parallel to the reef. The maximum density in any sector of the reef at any one time was four sharks per km, recorded in May 1992. The longer the time since sharks first appeared on the reef, the greater was their tendency to aggregate in a particular region of the reef. Evidence is presented that indicates that whale shark numbers at the northern end of Ningaloo Reef declined during the latter half of the 1980s; this decline may be related to the massive destruction of coral by the gastropod mollusc Drupella cornus during this period.

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Grove, C. A., J. Zinke, F. Peeters, W. Park, T. Scheufen, S. Kasper, B. Randriamanantsoa, M. T. McCulloch, and G. J. A. Brummer. "Madagascar corals reveal Pacific multidecadal modulation of rainfall since 1708." Climate of the Past Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 12, 2012): 787–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-787-2012.

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Abstract. The Pacific Ocean modulates Australian and North American rainfall variability on multidecadal timescales, in concert with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). It has been suggested that Pacific decadal variability may also influence Indian Ocean surface temperature and rainfall in a far-field response, similar to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on interannual timescales. However, instrumental records of rainfall are too short and too sparse to confidently assess such multidecadal climatic teleconnections. Here, we present four climate archives spanning the past 300 yr from giant Madagascar corals. We decouple 20th century human deforestation effects from rainfall induced soil erosion using spectral luminescence scanning and geochemistry. The corals provide the first evidence for Pacific decadal modulation of rainfall over the Western Indian Ocean. We find that positive PDO phases are associated with increased Indian Ocean temperatures and rainfall in Eastern Madagascar, while precipitation in Southern Africa and Eastern Australia declines. Consequently, the negative PDO phase that started in 1998 should lead to reduced rainfall over Eastern Madagascar and increased precipitation in Southern Africa and Eastern Australia. We conclude that the PDO has important implications for future multidecadal variability of African rainfall, where water resource management is increasingly important under the warming climate.

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Cooper, Crystal, Peta L. Clode, Damian P. Thomson, and Michael Stat. "A Flatworm from the GenusWaminoa(Acoela: Convolutidae) Associated with Bleached Corals in Western Australia." Zoological Science 32, no. 5 (October 2015): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zs140245.

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McKinney, David. "A survey of the scleractinian corals at Mermaid, Scott, and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia." Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 77, no. 1 (2009): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.77.2009.105-143.

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Courtillat, Margot, Maximilian Hallenberger, Maria-Angela Bassetti, Dominique Aubert, Catherine Jeandel, Lars Reuning, Chelsea Korpanty, Pierre Moissette, Stéphanie Mounic, and Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero. "New Record of Dust Input and Provenance During Glacial Periods in Western Australia Shelf (IODP Expedition 356, Site U1461) from the Middle to Late Pleistocene." Atmosphere 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111251.

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International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 356 Site U1461 represents one of the few records from the North West Australian shelf that provides information about aridity fluctuations in Australia during the Quaternary. A combination of chronostratigraphic indicators revealed the (partial) preservation of two major glaciations (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 and MIS 12) in the sedimentary record. The faunal content (mainly benthic foraminifera, corals and bryozoans) was analyzed to estimate paleo-environments and paleo-depths in order to determine if these sediments have been remobilized by reworking processes. Despite the occurrence of a depositional hiatus (including MIS 5d to MIS 9-time interval), the excellent preservation of faunal content suggests that the preserved sediment is in situ. The geochemical composition of the sediments (Nd and major elements) indicates that during MIS 12 riverine input was likely reduced because of enhanced aridity, and the sediment provenance (mainly atmospheric dust) is likely in the central (Lake Eyre) or eastern (Murray Darling Basin) parts of the Australian continent. MIS 2 is confirmed to be one of the driest periods recorded in Australia but with mixed dust sources from the eastern and western parts of the continent. More humid conditions followed the glacial maximum, which might correspond to the peak of the Indian-Australian Summer Monsoon.

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Grove, C. A., J. Zinke, F. Peeters, W. Park, T. Scheufen, S. Kasper, B. Randriamanantsoa, M. T. McCulloch, and G. J. A. Brummer. "Madagascar corals reveal a multidecadal signature of rainfall and river runoff since 1708." Climate of the Past 9, no. 2 (March 13, 2013): 641–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-641-2013.

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Abstract. Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures (SST) influence rainfall variability on multidecadal and interdecadal timescales in concert with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Rainfall variations in locations such as Australia and North America are therefore linked to phase changes in the PDO. Furthermore, studies have suggested teleconnections exist between the western Indian Ocean and Pacific Decadal Variability (PDV), similar to those observed on interannual timescales related to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, as instrumental records of rainfall are too short and sparse to confidently assess multidecadal climatic teleconnections, here we present four coral climate archives from Madagascar spanning up to the past 300 yr (1708–2008) to assess such decadal variability. Using spectral luminescence scanning to reconstruct past changes in river runoff, we identify significant multidecadal and interdecadal frequencies in the coral records, which before 1900 are coherent with Asian-based PDO reconstructions. This multidecadal relationship with the Asian-based PDO reconstructions points to an unidentified teleconnection mechanism that affects Madagascar rainfall/runoff, most likely triggered by multidecadal changes in North Pacific SST, influencing the Asian Monsoon circulation. In the 20th century we decouple human deforestation effects from rainfall-induced soil erosion by pairing luminescence with coral geochemistry. Positive PDO phases are associated with increased Indian Ocean temperatures and runoff/rainfall in eastern Madagascar, while precipitation in southern Africa and eastern Australia declines. Consequently, the negative PDO phase that started in 1998 may contribute to reduced rainfall over eastern Madagascar and increased precipitation in southern Africa and eastern Australia. We conclude that multidecadal rainfall variability in Madagascar and the western Indian Ocean needs to be taken into account when considering water resource management under a future warming climate.

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Whitaker, K. "Non-random mating and population genetic subdivision of two broadcasting corals at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine Biology 144, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1220-7.

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Saunders, Sandra M., Ben Radford, Sarah A. Bourke, Zoe Thiele, Tina Bech, and Jerome Mardon. "A Rapid Method for Determining Lipid Fraction Ratios of Hard Corals under Varying Sediment and Light Regimes." Environmental Chemistry 2, no. 4 (2005): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en05043.

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Environmental Context.Monitoring the health of coral reef systems is vitally important to maintain and manage these threatened, complex and biodiverse natural ecosystems. Although total lipid content has been suggested as a potential index of coral condition, current methods of measurement are time consuming, technically challenging and expensive. These limitations have prohibited the application of coral lipid content as an impact-monitoring tool. The development of a practical and rapid method to determine lipid fraction ratios has the potential to lead towards an effective tool for coral reef monitoring. Abstract.Lipid content has been used as a measure of energetic status and condition in a number of fish and invertebrate species and can potentially be applied to hard corals. However, common methods for measuring lipid content are time consuming, technically challenging and expensive and these limitations have prohibited the application of lipid content as an impact-monitoring tool. To overcome these limitations, a rapid low-tech method for determining neutral to polar lipid ratios from hard coral tissue samples has been developed. This paper describes the development of the method together with a preliminary application of the technique carried out in a field study to determine whether the relative amounts of non-polar storage lipid to polar structural lipid may provide insight into the nutritional condition of individual coral colonies under differing environmental stresses. Variation in the lipid ratios of the hard coral Acropora nobilis, collected from the Montebello Islands off Western Australia, was correlated with local light and sediment regimes. This initial application of the method has demonstrated the viability of the technique, which subsequently has the potential to be applied in the analysis of a large number of samples as would be required in environmental monitoring.

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Su, Lun, Yan Du, Ming Feng, and Jinbao Li. "Ningaloo Niño/Niña and their regional climate impacts as recorded by corals along the coast of Western Australia." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 535 (December 2019): 109368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109368.

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BRYCE, MONIKA, ANGELO POLISENO, PHILIP ALDERSLADE, and SERGIO VARGAS. "Digitate and capitate soft corals (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Alcyoniidae) from Western Australia with reports on new species and new Australian geographical records." Zootaxa 3963, no. 2 (May 26, 2015): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3963.2.2.

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Stirling, C. H., T. M. Esat, M. T. McCulloch, and K. Lambeck. "High-precision U-series dating of corals from Western Australia and implications for the timing and duration of the Last Interglacial." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 135, no. 1-4 (October 1995): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(95)00152-3.

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Cooper, Timothy F., Karin E. Ulstrup, Sana S. Dandan, Andrew J. Heyward, Michael Kühl, Andrew Muirhead, Rebecca A. O'Leary, Bibi E. F. Ziersen, and Madeleine J. H. Van Oppen. "Niche specialization of reef-building corals in the mesophotic zone: metabolic trade-offs between divergent Symbiodinium types." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1713 (November 24, 2010): 1840–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2321.

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The photobiology of two reef corals and the distribution of associated symbiont types were investigated over a depth gradient of 0–60 m at Scott Reef, Western Australia. Pachyseris speciosa hosted mainly the same Symbiodinium C type similar to C3 irrespective of sampling depth. By contrast, Seriatopora hystrix hosted predominantly Symbiodinium type D1a or D1a-like at shallow depths while those in deeper water were dominated by a Symbiodinium C type closely related to C1. The photosynthesis/respiration (P/R) ratio increased consistently with depth at the two sampling times (November 2008 and April 2009) for P. speciosa and in November 2008 only for S. hystrix , suggesting a reduction in metabolic energy expended for every unit of energy obtained from photosynthesis. However, in April 2009, shallow colonies of S. hystrix exhibited decreased P/R ratios down to depths of approximately 23 m, below which the ratio increased towards the maximum depth sampled. This pattern was mirrored by changes in tissue biomass determined as total protein content. The depth of change in the direction of the P/R ratio correlated with a shift from Symbiodinium D to C-dominated colonies. We conclude that while photobiological flexibility is vital for persistence in contrasting light regimes, a shift in Symbiodinium type may also confer a functional advantage albeit at a metabolic cost with increased depth.

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Marnane, Michael, Travis Elsdon, Tony Rouphael, Claus Pedersen, Kiri Peat, and Ceri Morgan. "Enhancing environmental performance during Wheatstone dredging through science and innovation." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16125.

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Dredging for the Chevron-operated Wheatstone LNG Project, near Onslow, Western Australia, involved movement of approximately 30 Mm3 of material over 23 months to provide safe navigation for LNG export as well as trunkline installation and stabilisation. Dredging was carried out in a sub-tropical, inshore environment near to biological benthic communities including corals, seagrasses, macroalgae and filter feeders, deemed sensitive to elevations in turbidity and/or sedimentation associated with dredging. Science and innovative technology was used to proactively and adaptively management dredging in order to afford a high level of environmental protection. Water quality data was transmitted via satellite to Perth where it was compared, daily, against management triggers derived from scientific analysis of an extensive dataset collected during a previous, nearby, dredging program. Accurate hindcast modelling, combined with MODIS satellite imagery, provided oversight of the extent and cause of observed turbid plumes, while forecast modelling provided predictions of the potential impacts of upcoming dredging activities, allowing for proactive changes to dredging activities to minimise potential impacts. Monitoring of benthic communities was undertaken using remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) and water quality monitoring in the latter part of the program was undertaken using remotely operated Wave Gliders (Liquid Robotics), both of which resulted in significant safety improvements and cost savings and over traditional monitoring methods. Post-dredging surveys of benthic communities indicated that, despite their proximity to dredging activities and the enormity of dredged volumes, no detectable impacts had occurred as a result of dredging.

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Klapper, Gilbert. "Biostratigraphy and biogeography of Frasnian, Upper Devonian conodonts." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007267.

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Analysis of Frasnian conodont sequences in the Montagne Noire, southern France, results in the recognition of a conventional zonation consisting of thirteen zones. Graphic correlation of eight Montagne Noire sections with a total of 11 sections in the Alberta Rockies, the Hay River-Trout River areas of the southern Northwest Territories, Canada, the Midcontinent and New York sequences in the United States, and the Canning Basin, Western Australia divides the Frasnian into 34 composite standard units. Most of these sections are dominated by conodonts of the outer-shelf to basinal Palmatolepis biofacies, but those of Hay River-Trout River are occupied by the quite contrasting inner-shelf Polygnathus biofacies. Correlation of the latter with the Montagne Noire zonation is effected only through graphic correlation. The taxonomy of many of the critical species involved in the correlations is based on shape analysis and multielement taxonomy of Palmatolepis.Prevailing opinion is that the Frasnian was a time of cosmopolitanism as exemplified both by benthic organisms, especially corals and brachiopods, as well as conodonts. This contrasts with the Early and Middle Devonian which was a time of significant endemism in benthic fossils and in conodonts. The high point in conodont endemism according to the zone-by-zone analysis of the Early and Middle Devonian (Klapper and Johnson, 1980) was the early Eifelian when there were about 70% endemic species. Although endemism did not reach this high in the Frasnian, analysis of a limited number of intensively collected and studied sections in the Montagne Noire, U.S. and Canada, Western Australia, and the Russian Platform demonstrates levels of endemism ranging from about 30 to 45% in three composites of two zones each. Endemic species occur in both the Palmatolepis and Polygnathus biofacies. Using the Probabilistic Index of Similarity of Raup and Crick (1979), the null hypothesis of randomness is rejected for some paired comparisons between localities representing different biofacies, as would be expected, but it is also rejected between some localities representing the same biofacies on different continents. Although the explanation of significantly dissimilar faunas can be accepted at 95% confidence levels in only a limited number of instances, there are dissimilarities of somewhat lesser magnitude among various paired comparisons. This seems to indicate that the Frasnian was not a time of conodont cosmopolitanism even within the Palmatolepis biofacies.

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McPherson, GR. "Reproductive biology of yellowfin tuna in the eastern Australian Fishing Zone, with special reference to the north-western Coral Sea." Marine and Freshwater Research 42, no. 5 (1991): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9910465.

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Developmental stages of oocyte maturation and degenerative stages of postovulatory follicles in yellowfin tuna from the eastern Australian Fishing Zone of the Coral Sea are described. The time of spawning of yellowfin appeared to be during the late evening and early morning. Final oocyte maturation occurred in less than 24 h; postovulatory follicles could not be identified in ovaries after 24 h. Spawning of yellowfin commenced in the north-western Coral Sea by October and had ceased in the central-western Coral Sea by late February. The duration of spawning appeared to be less protracted in the south-western Coral Sea. The average spawning frequency of female yellowfin in the western Coral Sea was once every 1.54 days. Significant differences in spawning frequency were found between different size classes of yellowfin; larger fish spawned more frequently. The spawning stock of yellowfin in the north-western and central-western Coral Sea could be the major source of recruits for the tuna fisheries off the eastern coast of Australia.

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Smale, Dan A., Gary A. Kendrick, Euan S. Harvey, Timothy J. Langlois, Renae K. Hovey, Kimberly P. Van Niel, Kris I. Waddington, et al. "Regional-scale benthic monitoring for ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 6 (May 18, 2012): 1108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss082.

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Abstract Smale, D. A., Kendrick, G. A., Harvey, E. S., Langlois, T. J., Hovey, R. K., Van Niel, K. P., Waddington, K. I., Bellchambers, L. M., Pember, M. B., Babcock, R. C., Vanderklift, M. A., Thomson, D. P., Jakuba, M. V., Pizarro, O., and Williams, S. B. 2012. Regional-scale benthic monitoring for ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1108–1118. Monitoring marine habitats and biodiversity is critical for understanding ecological processes, conserving natural resources, and achieving ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). Here, we describe the application of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) technology to conduct ongoing monitoring of benthic habitats at two key locations in Western Australia. Benthic assemblages on rocky reefs were sampled with an AUV, which captured >200 000 geo-referenced images. Surveys were designed to obtain 100% coverage of 25 × 25 m patches of benthic habitat. In 2010, multiple patches were surveyed at 15–40-m depths at three reference sites at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands and at six reference sites at Rottnest Island. The following year, repeat surveys of the same geo-referenced patches were conducted. Benthic assemblages at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands were varied in that one reference site was dominated by hard corals, whereas the other two were macroalgae dominated. Conversely, assemblages at Rottnest Island were dominated by the kelp Ecklonia radiata. The AUV resurveyed each patch with high precision and demonstrated adequate power to detect change. Repeated observations at the reference sites will track natural variability in benthic habitat structure, which in turn will facilitate the detection of ecological change and ultimately feed back into EBFM processes.

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GILL, ANTHONY C., JOHN J. POGONOSKI, GLENN I. MOORE, and JEFFREY W. JOHNSON. "Review of Australian species of Plectranthias Bleeker and Selenanthias Tanaka (Teleostei: Serranidae: Anthiadinae), with descriptions of four new species." Zootaxa 4918, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 1–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4918.1.1.

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Australian species of the anthiadine genera Plectranthias and Selenanthias are reviewed. Twenty-two species of Plectranthias and two species of Selenanthias are recorded from Australian waters: Plectranthias sp. 1 from a seamount north of Middleton Reef and Norfolk Ridge, Tasman Sea; P. alleni Randall from off southwest Western Australia; P. azumanus (Jordan & Richardson) from off southwest Western Australia; P. bennetti Allen & Walsh from Holmes Reef, Coral Sea; P. cruentus Gill & Roberts from Lord Howe Island, and possibly off Stradbroke Island, Queensland; P. ferrugineus n. sp. from the North West Shelf and Arafura Sea; P. fourmanoiri Randall from Christmas Island and Holmes Reef, Coral Sea; P. grahami n. sp. from off central New South Wales, Tasman Sea; P. inermis Randall from Christmas Island; P. japonicus (Steindachner) from the Arafura Sea and North West Shelf; P. kamii Randall from the Coral Sea, Lord Howe Island and Christmas Island; P. lasti Randall & Hoese from the North West Shelf and off Marion Reef, Queensland; P. longimanus (Weber) from the Timor Sea, Great Barrier Reef, Coral Sea and southern Queensland; P. maculicauda (Regan) from southeastern Australia; P. mcgroutheri n. sp. from the North West Shelf; P. megalophthalmus Fourmanoir & Randall from northeast of the Whitsunday Islands, Queensland; P. melanesius Randall from southeastern Queensland and a seamount north of Middleton Reef; P. moretonensis n. sp. from off Stradbroke Island, Queensland; P. nanus Randall from the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island, Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea; P. retrofasciatus Fourmanoir & Randall from the Great Barrier Reef; P. robertsi Randall & Hoese from off Queensland, Coral Sea; P. winniensis (Tyler) from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea; Selenanthias analis Tanaka from the North West Shelf and Arafura Sea; and S. barroi (Fourmanoir) from west of Lihou Reef, Coral Sea. Five of the species represent new records for Australia: P. azumanus, P. kamii, P. megalophthalmus, P. melanesius and S. barroi. Previous records of P. megalophthalmus from the North West Shelf are based on misidentified specimens of P. lasti. Records of P. wheeleri from the North West Shelf are based on specimens here identified as P. mcgroutheri n. sp. A record of P. yamakawai Yoshino from Christmas Island is based on a misidentified specimen of P. kamii. Plectranthias retrofasciatus was previously recorded from the Great Barrier Reef as P. pallidus Randall & Hoese, here shown to be a junior synonym of P. retrofasciatus. Video-based records of P. kelloggi from the Great Barrier Reef appear to be based on P. retrofasciatus. Identification keys, diagnoses, character summaries, photographs and Australian distribution information are presented for all species. Full descriptions are provided for the new species and for those newly recorded from Australia.

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30

Allen, Simon J., Daniele D. Cagnazzi, Amanda J. Hodgson, Neil R. Loneragan, and Lars Bejder. "Tropical inshore dolphins of north-western Australia: Unknown populations in a rapidly changing region." Pacific Conservation Biology 18, no. 1 (2012): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc120056.

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Australian Snubfin Orcaella heinsohni, Indo-Pacific Humpback Sousa chinensis and Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops aduncus inhabit Australia’s tropical north-western coastline, a region undergoing extensive port development associated with the massive expansion of the oil, gas and mining industries. The current lack of data on dolphin population sizes or trends precludes impact assessments of developments on these protected species. Furthermore, the Western Australian and Commonwealth Government conservation listings of tropical inshore dolphins do not reflect their international listings. From April to July, 2010, we conducted ad hoc boat-based surveys (n=55) of inshore delphinids at seven sites across north-western Australia from Coral Bay in the south (23.1°S: 113.8°E) to Cable Beach in the north (17.9°S: 122.2°E). We documented the locations of these three species from which we obtained photoidentification and biopsy data, as well as reports of Australian Snubfin Dolphin sightings from researchers and community groups. The data from this limited field effort confirm that Indo-Pacific Humpback and Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins occur in the waters adjacent to each north-western Australian urban centre and show that the range of the Australian Snubfin Dolphin extends considerably further south-west than previously reported. Given the scale of coastal developments and the vulnerability of isolated cetacean populations to fragmentation or extirpation, assessments of the viability of dolphin populations are required. Our data suggest that the Australian Snubfin, Indo-Pacific Humpback and Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins need to be considered as likely to be impacted by coastal developments across north-western Australia.

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Cooper, T. F., R. A. O'Leary, and J. M. Lough. "Growth of Western Australian Corals in the Anthropocene." Science 335, no. 6068 (February 2, 2012): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1214570.

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32

Squire, Peter, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, Anja M. Scheffers, Luke D. Nothdurft, Quan Hua, Lindsay B. Collins, Sander R. Scheffers, and Jian-xin Zhao. "A Marine Reservoir Correction for the Houtman-Abrolhos Archipelago, East Indian Ocean, Western Australia." Radiocarbon 55, no. 1 (2013): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.v55i1.16197.

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High-precision analysis using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was performed upon known-age Holocene and modern, pre-bomb coral samples to generate a marine reservoir age correction value (ΔR) for the Houtman-Abrolhos Archipelago (28.7°S, 113.8°E) off the Western Australian coast. The mean ΔR value calculated for the Abrolhos Islands, 54 ± 30 yr (1 σ) agrees well with regional ΔR values for Leeuwin Current source waters (N-NW Australia-Java) of 60 ± 38 yr. The Abrolhos Islands show little variation with ΔR values of the northwestern and north Australian coast, underlining the dominance of the more equilibrated western Pacific-derived waters of the Leeuwin Current over local upwelling. The Abrolhos Islands ΔR values have remained stable over the last 2896 cal yr BP, being also attributed to the Leeuwin Current and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal during this period. Expected future trends will be a strengthening of the teleconnection of the Abrolhos Islands to the climatic patterns of the equatorial Pacific via enhanced ENSO and global warming activity strengthening the Leeuwin Current. The possible effect upon the trend of future ΔR values may be to maintain similar values and an increase in stability. However, warming trends of global climate change may cause increasing dissimilarity of ΔR values due to the effects of increasing heat stress upon lower-latitude coral communities.

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33

Squire, Peter, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, Anja M. Scheffers, Luke D. Nothdurft, Quan Hua, Lindsay B. Collins, Sander R. Scheffers, and Jian-xin Zhao. "A Marine Reservoir Correction for the Houtman-Abrolhos Archipelago, East Indian Ocean, Western Australia." Radiocarbon 55, no. 01 (2013): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047834.

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High-precision analysis using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was performed upon known-age Holocene and modern, pre-bomb coral samples to generate a marine reservoir age correction value (ΔR) for the Houtman-Abrolhos Archipelago (28.7°S, 113.8°E) off the Western Australian coast. The mean ΔR value calculated for the Abrolhos Islands, 54 ± 30 yr (1 σ) agrees well with regional ΔR values for Leeuwin Current source waters (N-NW Australia-Java) of 60 ± 38 yr. The Abrolhos Islands show little variation with ΔR values of the northwestern and north Australian coast, underlining the dominance of the more equilibrated western Pacific-derived waters of the Leeuwin Current over local upwelling. The Abrolhos Islands ΔR values have remained stable over the last 2896 cal yr BP, being also attributed to the Leeuwin Current and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal during this period. Expected future trends will be a strengthening of the teleconnection of the Abrolhos Islands to the climatic patterns of the equatorial Pacific via enhanced ENSO and global warming activity strengthening the Leeuwin Current. The possible effect upon the trend of future ΔR values may be to maintain similar values and an increase in stability. However, warming trends of global climate change may cause increasing dissimilarity of ΔR values due to the effects of increasing heat stress upon lower-latitude coral communities.

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Tobin, Skie, Phillip Reid, and Elaine Miles. "Annual climate summary Australia (2016): strong El Niño gives way to strong negative IOD." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 67, no. 2 (2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es17008.

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Australian climate patterns and associated anomalies during 2016 are reviewed, with reference to relevant climate drivers for the Australian region. 2016 was the fourth-warmest year on record for Australia (annual anomaly of +0.87 °C), and the warmest year on record for the globe (the third year running that a new record has been set). Annual rainfall was above average for most of Australia, but below average for areas of the northern coasts between the Gascoyne in Western Australia and Townsville in Queensland, and pockets of coastal southeast Queensland and northeastern New South Wales.The very strong 2015–16 El Niño contributed to a very warm and dry first quarter. Autumn was the warmest on record nationally, with a significant nationwide heatwave occurring in late February to mid-March and bushfires at the start of the year in Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia. In May the El Niño broke down and rainfall increased as a very strong negative Indian Ocean Dipole developed, lasting until November. While the central tropical Pacific approached La Niña thresholds during spring, a La Niña did not develop. The Southern Annual Mode commenced the year in a generally positive phase, was strongly positive in June and September, and was following by a strongly negative phase from late October until the end of the year.The period from May to September was record wet, relieving areas of drought in Queensland and southeastern Australia, but also causing flooding in multiple states. The last three months of the year saw a return to near-average rainfall and, while October and November were cooler than average for large areas, December was very warm for the eastern states.Ocean temperatures were also record warm for the Australian region during 2016, with an annual anomaly of +0.73 °C. Temperatures were particularly high during the first half of the year and resulted in widespread severe coral bleaching.

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35

Qu, Tangdong, and Eric J. Lindstrom. "A Climatological Interpretation of the Circulation in the Western South Pacific*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 32, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 2492–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485-32.9.2492.

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Abstract Time-averaged circulation is examined using historical hydrographic data near the Australia and Papua New Guinea coast in the Pacific. By averaging the data along isopycnal surfaces in a 0.5° × 0.5° grid, the authors are able to show many detailed phenomena associated with the narrow western boundary currents, including the vertical structure of the bifurcation latitude of the South Equatorial Current (SEC) and the connection between the Solomon and Coral Seas. The bifurcation latitude of the SEC is found to move southward from about 15°S near the surface to south of 22°S in the intermediate layers. The origin of the Great Barrier Reef Undercurrent (GBRUC) is identified to be at about 22°S. Farther to the north, the GBRUC intensifies underlying the surface East Australian Current, and merges with the North Queensland Current (NQC) at about 15°S. The NQC turns eastward to flow along the Papua New Guinea coast and feeds into the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent (NGCUC) through the Louisiade Archipelago. Further analysis shows that there is a strong water property connection between the Coral and Solomon Seas, confirming the earlier speculation on the water mass origins of the NGCUC.

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36

Przeslawski, Rachel, Matthew A. McArthur, and Tara J. Anderson. "Infaunal biodiversity patterns from Carnarvon Shelf (Ningaloo Reef), Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 6 (2013): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12240.

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Infauna are important in many ecological processes but have been rarely considered in biodiversity assessments of coral reefs and surrounding areas. We surveyed infaunal assemblages and associated environmental factors (depth, seabed reflectance, sediment characteristics) in three areas (Mandu, Point Cloates, Gnaraloo) along the Carnarvon Shelf, Western Australia. This region supports Ningaloo Reef, a relatively pristine coral reef protected by the Ningaloo Marine Park and a Commonwealth marine reserve. Macrofauna were sampled with a Smith-McIntyre grab and sieved through 500 µm. A total of 423 species and 4036 individuals was recorded from 145 grabs, with infauna accounting for 67% of species and 78% of individuals. Rare species (≤2 individuals per species) represented 42% of the total assemblage. Assemblages were significantly different among all three areas, with the most distinct recorded from the southern-most area (Gnaraloo). Although assemblages varied significantly with depth and sediment composition (mud and gravel), these relationships were weak. Results from the current study broadly quantify macrofaunal diversity in the region and identify potential spatial and environmental patterns which will help inform future marine management plans, including the provision of baseline information to assess the efficacy of protected areas in soft-sediment habitats adjacent to coral reefs.

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Griesser, A. G., and C. M. Spillman. "Assessing the Skill and Value of Seasonal Thermal Stress Forecasts for Coral Bleaching Risk in the Western Pacific." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55, no. 7 (July 2016): 1565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0109.1.

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AbstractOver the last 30 years, coral reefs around the world have been under considerable stress because of increasing anthropogenic pressures, overfishing, pollution, and climate change. A primary stress factor is anomalously warm water events, which can cause mass coral bleaching and widespread reef damage. Forecasts of sea surface temperature (SST) and the associated risk of coral bleaching can assist managers, researchers, and other stakeholders in monitoring and managing coral reef resources. At the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, monthly forecasts of SST and thermal stress metrics have been developed that are based on a dynamical seasonal prediction system known as the Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia (POAMA). To support the effective use of these forecasts in risk-based decision-making frameworks in the western and central tropical Pacific Ocean, the skill of these forecast tools in this region was assessed using several categorical forecast skill scores. It was found that the model provides SST forecasts with statistically significant skill up to 8 months in advance (correlation coefficient > 0.4; p = 0.05) across the region. The highest skill (r > 0.9) was achieved over the central equatorial Pacific Ocean, likely as a result of this region’s strong relationship with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Potential forecast value was assessed using a simplified cost–loss ratio decision model, which indicated that POAMA’s seasonal hot-spot thermal stress forecasts can provide valuable information to reef management and policy makers in the western Pacific region.

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38

Ceh, Janja, Mike Van Keulen, and David G. Bourne. "Coral-associated bacterial communities on Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 75, no. 1 (November 2, 2010): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00986.x.

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39

Fromont, Jane, Zoe T. Richards, and Nerida G. Wilson. "First Report of the Coral-Killing Sponge Terpios hoshinota Rützler and Muzik, 1993 in Western Australia: A New Threat to Kimberley Coral Reefs?" Diversity 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11100184.

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The cyanobacteriosponge Terpios hoshinota has been reported throughout the Indo-Pacific including the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The species encrusts live coral, giant clams, and other benthos and can be a threat to benthic communities on coral reefs. The Kimberley region of Western Australia has some of the least impacted reefs globally. We report for the first time the presence of T. hoshinota in the eastern Indian Ocean on Kimberley inshore coral reefs. Given its invasive potential, reef health surveys should include this species, and monitoring approaches developed to audit the remote Kimberley for this and other invasive species.

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40

Baird, AH, and DP Thomson. "Coral reproduction at Hall Bank, a high latitude coral assemblage in Western Australia." Aquatic Biology 27 (May 30, 2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ab00696.

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41

Smith, Grant A. "Seasonal climate summary for the southern hemisphere (autumn 2017): the Great Barrier Reef experiences coral bleaching during El Niño–Southern Oscillation neutral conditions." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 69, no. 1 (2019): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es19006.

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Austral autumn 2017 was classified as neutral in terms of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), although tropical rainfall and sub-surface Pacific Ocean temperature anomalies were indicative of a weak La Niña. Despite this, autumn 2017 was anomalously warm formost of Australia, consistent with the warming trend that has been observed for the last several decades due to global warming. The mean temperatures for Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australiawere all amongst the top 10. The mean maximum temperature for all of Australia was seventh warmest on record, and amongst the top 10 for all states but Western Australia, with a region of warmest maximum temperature on record in western Queensland. The mean minimum temperature was also above average nationally, and amongst top 10 for Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania. In terms of rainfall, there were very mixed results, with wetter than average for the east coast, western Victoria and parts of Western Australia, and drier than average for western Tasmania, western Queensland, the southeastern portion of the Northern Territory and the far western portion of Western Australia. Dry conditions in Tasmania and southwest Western Australia were likely due to a positive Southern Annular Mode, and the broader west coast and central dry conditions were likely due to cooler eastern Indian Ocean sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) that limited the supply of moisture available to the atmosphere across the country. Other significant events during autumn 2017 were the coral bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), cyclone Debbie andmuch lower than average Antarctic sea-ice extent. Coral bleaching in the GBR is usually associated on broad scales with strong El Niño events but is becoming more common in ENSO neutral years due to global warming. The southern GBR was saved from warm SST anomalies by severe tropical cyclone Debbie which caused ocean cooling in late March and flooding in Queensland and New SouthWales. The Antarctic sea-ice extent was second lowest on record for autumn, with the March extent being lowest on record.

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42

Adams, Christi L., and John N. A. Hooper. "A revision of Australian Erylus (Porifera : Demospongiae : Astrophorida : Geodiidae) with a tabular review of worldwide species." Invertebrate Systematics 15, no. 3 (2001): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it00028.

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ErylusGray (Porifera: Geodiidae) has been recorded in Australian waters from two antiquated reports (E. lendenfeldi Sollas, 1888 and E. proximus Dendy, 1916). These two species are redescribed. From more recent collections from the Great Barrier Reef, Coral Sea, southern Queensland and Western Australia four new species (E. amissus, E. circus, E. citrus and E. fromonta, spp. nov.) were discovered and are described. One other, presently unrecognisable, species from an antiquated museum slide preparation is also described. A tabular review of species worldwide is also provided. Erylus has been an important source of novel bioactive compounds, including those with antitumor and antifungal properties and that are helpful in combating autoimmune diseases (including HIV). This discovery of four new species, increasing the diversity of the genus by 66% in Australian waters, has important implications pertaining to the existence of new compounds, or analogues of existing compounds unique to Erylus, as potential therapeutic marine natural products.

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43

Rosemond, Katie, and Skie Tobin. "Seasonal climate summary for the southern hemisphere (autumn 2016): El Niño slips into neutral and a negative Indian Ocean Dipole develops." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 68, no. 1 (2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es18007.

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This is a summary of the southern hemisphere atmospheric circulation patterns and meteorological indices for autumn 2016; an account of seasonal rainfall and temperature for the Australian region is also provided. While autumn began with a weak El Niño signal in the Pacific, the decay of the El Niño was evident with subsurface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific continuing to cool. Later in the season, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) transitioned to a negative phase. The negative IOD combined with warm water to Australia’s north channeled warm, moisture-laden air over the continent; unseasonable rainfall ensued, over eastern and northern Australia and New Zealand’s western coastal areas during May.Temperatures averaged over the southern hemisphere were record warm for autumn, both for land and ocean areas; separately or combined. For Australia, autumn arrived during a significant and prolonged heatwave that contributed to the warmest autumn on record for Australia.The elevated sea surface temperatures (SSTs) recorded in the Australian region earlier in the year persisted, and were warmest on record for autumn. Warm SSTs led to a global coral bleaching event affecting reefs in tropical waters; while, in extra-tropical waters, diminished kelp forests were observed. In the Australian region, reefs off the northwestern coast and, in northern areas of the Great Barrier Reef, were bleached. The most severe marine heatwave since records began was recorded in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon.

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44

NANKIVELL, JAMES H., CLAIRE GOIRAN, MATHEW HOURSTON, RICHARD SHINE, ARNE R. RASMUSSEN, VICKI A. THOMSON, and KATE L. SANDERS. "A new species of turtle-headed sea Snake (Emydocephalus: Elapidae) endemic to Western Australia." Zootaxa 4758, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.1.6.

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We describe a new species of turtle-headed sea snake Emydocephalus orarius sp. nov. (Elapidae) from Western Australia’s Coral Coast, Pilbara and Kimberley regions. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial markers places the new species as the sister lineage to the two currently recognised species in Emydocephalus: E. annulatus from the Timor Sea reefs and Coral Sea, and E. ijimae from the Ryukyu Islands. Analysis of nuclear SNP data from the new species and E. annulatus from Australia and New Caledonia provides additional independent evidence of their evolutionary distinctiveness. The new taxon is usually morphologically diagnosable from its congeners using a combination of scalation and colour pattern characters, and appears to reach greater total lengths (>1 m in the new species versus typically ~80 cm in E. annulatus/E. ijimae). The new species is known largely from soft-bottomed trawl grounds, unlike E. annulatus and E.ijimae which usually inhabit coral reefs. The discovery of this new species brings the number of sea snake species endemic to Western Australia to six.

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Foster, T., J. A. Short, J. L. Falter, C. Ross, and M. T. McCulloch. "Reduced calcification in Western Australian corals during anomalously high summer water temperatures." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 461 (December 2014): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.07.014.

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Baird, A. H., D. R. Blakeway, T. J. Hurley, and J. A. Stoddart. "Seasonality of coral reproduction in the Dampier Archipelago, northern Western Australia." Marine Biology 158, no. 2 (October 17, 2010): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-010-1557-7.

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Thomson, D. P., D. Bearham, F. Graham, and J. V. Eagle. "High latitude, deeper water coral bleaching at Rottnest Island, Western Australia." Coral Reefs 30, no. 4 (August 21, 2011): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-011-0811-x.

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Moller, Andersen N. "Cladistic biogeography of marine water striders (Insecta, Hemiptera) in the Indo-Pacific." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 1 (1991): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910151.

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More than 120 species of marine water striders (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha), representing three families and eight genera, are distributed throughout the lndo-Pacific region. They live in marine habitats such as mangroves, intertidal coral reef flats and the sea surface near coral and rocky coasts. Five species of sea skaters, Halobates (Gerridae), have colonised the surface of the open ocean. Adult marine water striders are wingless but may disperse along coasts, chains of islands and possibly across wider stretches of open sea. Although some species of coral bugs, Halovelia (Veliidae) and Halobates are widespread, most species of marine water striders have rather restricted distributions. Cladistic hypotheses are now available for the genera Halovelia, Xenobates (Veliidae) and Halobates. Based upon distributional data for about 110 species, a number of areas of endemism can be delimited within the Indo-Pacific region. The results of component analyses of taxon-area cladograms for several monophyletic species-groups of marine water striders are presented. The faunas of northern New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon Islands (Papuasia) are closely related and show much greater affinity with Maluku, Sulawesi and the Philippines than with the fauna of northern Australia. Relationships between the faunas of Papuasia + Sulawesi + the Philippines and those of Borneo + Jawa + Malaya are relatively weak. Marine water striders endemic to islands of the western Pacific show relationships among themselves and with Australia. Most marine water striders from the Indian Ocean (East Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Maldives) can be derived from the Indian-South-east Asian fauna. Composite faunas of marine water striders (either of different age or origin) are found in New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji Islands, the Philippines, tropical Australia and East Africa. The biogeography of marine water striders does not support the traditional division of the Indo- Pacific into the Ethiopian, Oriental and Australian regions. The distributional patterns are more compatible with a set of hierarchical relationships between more restricted areas of endemism.

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Rose, T. H., D. A. Smale, and G. Botting. "The 2011 marine heat wave off southwest Australia." Ocean Science Discussions 9, no. 2 (April 16, 2012): 1691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-9-1691-2012.

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Abstract. Over 2000 km of Western Australian coastline experienced a significant marine heat wave in February and March 2011. Seawater temperature anomalies of +2–4 °C were recorded at a number of locations and satellite-derived SSTs were the highest on record. Here, we present seawater temperatures from southwestern Australia and describe, in detail, the marine climatology of Cockburn Sound; a large, multiple-use coastal embayment. We compared temperature and dissolved oxygen levels in 2011 with data from routine monitoring conducted from 2002–2010. A significant warming event, 2–4 °C in magnitude, persisted for >8 weeks, and seawater temperatures at 10 to 20 m depth were significantly higher than those recorded in the previous 9 yr. Dissolved oxygen levels were depressed at most monitoring sites, being ~2 mg l−1 lower than usual in early March 2011. Ecological responses to short-term extreme events are poorly understood, but evidence from elsewhere along the Western Australian coastline suggests that the heat wave was associated with high rates of coral bleaching, fish, invertebrate and macroalgae mortalities, and algal blooms. However, more ecological information from Cockburn Sound and other multiple-use embayments is urgently needed. The 2011 heat wave provided insights into conditions that may become more prevalent in Cockburn Sound, and elsewhere, if the intensity and frequency of short-term extreme events increases as predicted.

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Powell, Devin. "Environment: Warmer waters aid some corals: Western Australian reefs faring better than eastern." Science News 181, no. 5 (March 1, 2012): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.5591810517.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Corals – Western Australia'

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