Relevant bibliographies by topics / Coral bleaching

Academic literature on the topic 'Coral bleaching'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Coral bleaching"

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Aulia, Qinthan Azzahra, and Ni Wayan Purnama Sari. "CORAL BLEACHING, KARANG HIDUP ATAU MATI?" OSEANA 45, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oseana.2020.vol.45no.2.55.

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Coral reef ecosystem is one of the coastal marine ecosystems in tropical waters. Coral reef ecosystems are vulnerable to damage mainly due to environmental factors. A fairly popular event of coral reef damage is coral bleaching. Mass coral bleaching is generally caused by changes in Sea Surface Temperature (SST). The condition of corals that have bleaching is different from the condition of corals that have died. The recovery process from coral bleaching phenomena can be effectively carried out if the surrounding environment is supportive and sea surface temperature return stable. The phenomenon of coral bleaching is a real indicator of the environmental stresses that occur on coral reefs. This paper will explain about coral bleaching, the factors that cause coral bleaching, and whether the bleaching coral reefs mean alive or dead.
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Pinzón, Jorge H., Bishoy Kamel, Colleen A. Burge, C. Drew Harvell, Mónica Medina, Ernesto Weil, and Laura D. Mydlarz. "Whole transcriptome analysis reveals changes in expression of immune-related genes during and after bleaching in a reef-building coral." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 4 (April 2015): 140214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140214.

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Climate change is negatively affecting the stability of natural ecosystems, especially coral reefs. The dissociation of the symbiosis between reef-building corals and their algal symbiont, or coral bleaching, has been linked to increased sea surface temperatures. Coral bleaching has significant impacts on corals, including an increase in disease outbreaks that can permanently change the entire reef ecosystem. Yet, little is known about the impacts of coral bleaching on the coral immune system. In this study, whole transcriptome analysis of the coral holobiont and each of the associate components (i.e. coral host, algal symbiont and other associated microorganisms) was used to determine changes in gene expression in corals affected by a natural bleaching event as well as during the recovery phase. The main findings include evidence that the coral holobiont and the coral host have different responses to bleaching, and the host immune system appears suppressed even a year after a bleaching event. These results support the hypothesis that coral bleaching changes the expression of innate immune genes of corals, and these effects can last even after recovery of symbiont populations. Research on the role of immunity on coral's resistance to stressors can help make informed predictions on the future of corals and coral reefs.
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Marangoni, Laura Fernandes de Barros, Miguel Mies, Arthur Z. Güth, Thomás N. S. Banha, Alex Inague, Juliana da Silva Fonseca, Camila Dalmolin, Samuel Coelho Faria, Christine Ferrier-Pagès, and Adalto Bianchini. "Peroxynitrite Generation and Increased Heterotrophic Capacity Are Linked to the Disruption of the Coral–Dinoflagellate Symbiosis in a Scleractinian and Hydrocoral Species." Microorganisms 7, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7100426.

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Ocean warming is one of the greatest global threats to coral reef ecosystems; it leads to the disruption of the coral–dinoflagellate symbiosis (bleaching) and to nutrient starvation, because corals mostly rely on autotrophy (i.e., the supply of photosynthates from the dinoflagellate symbionts) for their energy requirements. Although coral bleaching has been well studied, the early warning signs of bleaching, as well as the capacity of corals to shift from autotrophy to heterotrophy, are still under investigation. In this study, we evaluated the bleaching occurrence of the scleractinian coral Mussismillia harttii and the hydrocoral Millepora alcicornis during a natural thermal stress event, under the 2015–2016 El Niño influence in three reef sites of the South Atlantic. We focused on the link between peroxynitrite (ONOO−) generation and coral bleaching, as ONOO− has been very poorly investigated in corals and never during a natural bleaching event. We also investigated the natural trophic plasticity of the two corals through the use of new lipid biomarkers. The results obtained first demonstrate that ONOO− is linked to the onset and intensity of bleaching in both scleractinian corals and hydrocorals. Indeed, ONOO− concentrations were correlated with bleaching intensity, with the highest levels preceding the highest bleaching intensity. The time lag between bleaching and ONOO− peak was, however, species-specific. In addition, we observed that elevated temperatures forced heterotrophy in scleractinian corals, as Mu. harttii presented high heterotrophic activity 15 to 30 days prior bleaching occurrence. On the contrary, a lower heterotrophic activity was monitored for the hydrocoral Mi. alicornis, which also experienced higher bleaching levels compared to Mu. hartii. Overall, we showed that the levels of ONOO− in coral tissue, combined to the heterotrophic capacity, are two good proxies explaining the intensity of coral bleaching.
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Bonesso, Joshua Louis, William Leggat, and Tracy Danielle Ainsworth. "Exposure to elevated sea-surface temperatures below the bleaching threshold impairs coral recovery and regeneration following injury." PeerJ 5 (August 18, 2017): e3719. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3719.

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Elevated sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are linked to an increase in the frequency and severity of bleaching events due to temperatures exceeding corals’ upper thermal limits. The temperatures at which a breakdown of the coral-Symbiodinium endosymbiosis (coral bleaching) occurs are referred to as the upper thermal limits for the coral species. This breakdown of the endosymbiosis results in a reduction of corals’ nutritional uptake, growth, and tissue integrity. Periods of elevated sea surface temperature, thermal stress and coral bleaching are also linked to increased disease susceptibility and an increased frequency of storms which cause injury and physical damage to corals. Herein we aimed to determine the capacity of corals to regenerate and recover from injuries (removal of apical tips) sustained during periods of elevated sea surface temperatures which result in coral stress responses, but which do not result in coral bleaching (i.e., sub-bleaching thermal stress events). In this study, exposure of the species Acropora aspera to an elevated SST of 32 °C (2 °C below the bleaching threshold, 34 °C) was found to result in reduced fluorescence of green fluorescent protein (GFP), reduced skeletal calcification and a lack of branch regrowth at the site of injury, compared to corals maintained under ambient SST conditions (26 °C). Corals maintained under normal, ambient, sea surface temperatures expressed high GFP fluorescence at the injury site, underwent a rapid regeneration of the coral branch apical tip within 12 days of sustaining injury, and showed extensive regrowth of the coral skeleton. Taken together, our results have demonstrated that periods of sustained increased sea surface temperatures, below the corals’ bleaching threshold but above long-term summertime averages, impair coral recovery from damage, regardless of the onset or occurrence of coral bleaching.
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Wall, M., L. Putchim, G. M. Schmidt, C. Jantzen, S. Khokiattiwong, and C. Richter. "Large-amplitude internal waves benefit corals during thermal stress." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1799 (January 22, 2015): 20140650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0650.

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Tropical scleractinian corals are particularly vulnerable to global warming as elevated sea surface temperatures (SSTs) disrupt the delicate balance between the coral host and their algal endosymbionts, leading to symbiont expulsion, mass bleaching and mortality. While satellite sensing of SST has proved a reliable predictor of coral bleaching at the regional scale, there are large deviations in bleaching severity and mortality on the local scale that are poorly understood. Here, we show that internal waves play a major role in explaining local coral bleaching and mortality patterns in the Andaman Sea. Despite a severe region-wide SST anomaly in May 2010, frequent upslope intrusions of cold sub-pycnocline waters due to breaking large-amplitude internal waves (LAIW) mitigated coral bleaching and mortality in shallow waters. In LAIW-sheltered waters, by contrast, bleaching-susceptible species suffered severe bleaching and total mortality. These findings suggest that LAIW benefit coral reefs during thermal stress and provide local refugia for bleaching-susceptible corals. LAIW are ubiquitous in tropical stratified waters and their swash zones may thus be important conservation areas for the maintenance of coral diversity in a warming climate. Taking LAIW into account can significantly improve coral bleaching predictions and provide a valuable tool for coral reef conservation and management.
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Moriarty, Tess, William Leggat, Scott F. Heron, Rosemary Steinberg, and Tracy D. Ainsworth. "Bleaching, mortality and lengthy recovery on the coral reefs of Lord Howe Island. The 2019 marine heatwave suggests an uncertain future for high-latitude ecosystems." PLOS Climate 2, no. 4 (April 12, 2023): e0000080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000080.

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Oceanic thermal anomalies are increasing in both frequency and strength, causing detrimental impacts to coral reef communities. Water temperatures beyond the corals optimum threshold causeing coral bleaching and mass mortality, impacting our global coral reef ecosystems, including marginal high-latitude reefs. Coral bleaching and mortality were observed at the southernmost coral reef, Lord Howe Island Marine Park, during the summer of 2019, coinciding with anomalously high sea surface temperatures across the reef system from January-April. Here we document the extent of coral impacts within the Lord Howe Island lagoonal reef and the recovery from bleaching eight-months later. Significant differences in bleaching prevalence were observed across the lagoonal coral reef, ranging from 16 to 83% across offshore and inshore reef regions and with variable onset timing. Coral mortality of up to 40% was recorded in the reef’s most severely impacted near-shore area. The four most dominant species, Stylophora pistillata, Pocillopora damicornis, Porites spp. and Seriatopora hystrix, were the most susceptible to bleaching, with all coral colonies found either bleached or dead at the most affected inshore site during and following peak heat stress. Interestingly, during the eight-months following bleaching, there was no evidence of bleaching recovery (i.e., re-establishment of symbiosis) at the offshore lagoonal site. However, there was a significant increase in the abundance of healthy coral colonies at the inshore site, suggesting the recovery of the surviving bleached corals at this site. Importantly, we found no evidence for bleaching or mortality in the Acropora spp. and minimal bleaching and no mortality in Isopora cuneata during the study period, typically highly susceptible species. Given the isolation of high-latitude reefs such as Lord Howe Island, our results highlight the importance of understanding the impacts of bleaching, mortality and bleaching recovery on coral population structure and resilience of high-latitude coral reefs.
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González-Espinosa, Pedro C., and Simon D. Donner. "Cloudiness delays projected impact of climate change on coral reefs." PLOS Climate 2, no. 2 (February 8, 2023): e0000090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000090.

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The increasing frequency of mass coral bleaching and associated coral mortality threaten the future of warmwater coral reefs. Although thermal stress is widely recognized as the main driver of coral bleaching, exposure to light also plays a central role. Future projections of the impacts of climate change on coral reefs have to date focused on temperature change and not considered the role of clouds in attenuating the bleaching response of corals. In this study, we develop temperature- and light-based bleaching prediction algorithms using historical sea surface temperature, cloud cover fraction and downwelling shortwave radiation data together with a global-scale observational bleaching dataset observations. The model is applied to CMIP6 output from the GFDL-ESM4 Earth System Model under four different future scenarios to estimate the effect of incorporating cloudiness on future bleaching frequency, with and without thermal adaptation or acclimation by corals. The results show that in the low emission scenario SSP1-2.6 incorporating clouds into the model delays the bleaching frequency conditions by multiple decades in some regions, yet the majority (>70%) of coral reef cells still experience dangerously frequent bleaching conditions by the end of the century. In the moderate scenario SSP2-4.5, however, the increase in thermal stress is sufficient to overwhelm the mitigating effect of clouds by mid-century. Thermal adaptation or acclimation by corals could further shift the bleaching projections by up to 40 years, yet coral reefs would still experience dangerously frequent bleaching conditions by the end of century in SPP2-4.5. The findings show that multivariate models incorporating factors like light may improve the near-term outlook for coral reefs and help identify future climate refugia. Nonetheless, the long-term future of coral reefs remains questionable if the world stays on a moderate or higher emissions path.
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Beatty, Deanna S., Jinu Mathew Valayil, Cody S. Clements, Kim B. Ritchie, Frank J. Stewart, and Mark E. Hay. "Variable effects of local management on coral defenses against a thermally regulated bleaching pathogen." Science Advances 5, no. 10 (October 2019): eaay1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay1048.

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Bleaching and disease are decimating coral reefs especially when warming promotes bleaching pathogens, such as Vibrio coralliilyticus. We demonstrate that sterilized washes from three common corals suppress V. coralliilyticus but that this defense is compromised when assays are run at higher temperatures. For a coral within the ecologically critical genus Acropora, inhibition was 75 to 154% greater among colonies from coral-dominated marine protected areas versus adjacent fished areas that were macroalgae-dominated. Acropora microbiomes were more variable within fished areas, suggesting that reef degradation may also perturb coral microbial communities. Defenses of a robust poritid coral and a weedy pocilloporid coral were not affected by reef degradation, and microbiomes were unaltered for these species. For some ecologically critical, but bleaching-susceptible, corals such as Acropora, local management to improve reef state may bolster coral resistance to global change, such as bacteria-induced coral bleaching during warming events.
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Donovan, Mary K., Thomas C. Adam, Andrew A. Shantz, Kelly E. Speare, Katrina S. Munsterman, Mallory M. Rice, Russell J. Schmitt, Sally J. Holbrook, and Deron E. Burkepile. "Nitrogen pollution interacts with heat stress to increase coral bleaching across the seascape." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 10 (February 24, 2020): 5351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915395117.

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Climate change is increasing the frequency and magnitude of temperature anomalies that cause coral bleaching, leading to widespread mortality of stony corals that can fundamentally alter reef structure and function. However, bleaching often is spatially variable for a given heat stress event, and drivers of this heterogeneity are not well resolved. While small-scale experiments have shown that excess nitrogen can increase the susceptibility of a coral colony to bleaching, we lack evidence that heterogeneity in nitrogen pollution can shape spatial patterns of coral bleaching across a seascape. Using island-wide surveys of coral bleaching and nitrogen availability within a Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework, we tested the hypothesis that excess nitrogen interacts with temperature anomalies to alter coral bleaching for the two dominant genera of branching corals in Moorea, French Polynesia. For both coral genera, Pocillopora and Acropora, heat stress primarily drove bleaching prevalence (i.e., the proportion of colonies on a reef that bleached). In contrast, the severity of bleaching (i.e., the proportion of an individual colony that bleached) was positively associated with both heat stress and nitrogen availability for both genera. Importantly, nitrogen interacted with heat stress to increase bleaching severity up to twofold when nitrogen was high and heat stress was relatively low. Our finding that excess nitrogen can trigger severe bleaching even under relatively low heat stress implies that mitigating nutrient pollution may enhance the resilience of coral communities in the face of mounting stresses from global climate change.
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Jury, Christopher P., Brian M. Boeing, Henry Trapido-Rosenthal, Ruth D. Gates, and Robert J. Toonen. "Nitric oxide production rather than oxidative stress and cell death is associated with the onset of coral bleaching in Pocillopora acuta." PeerJ 10 (June 1, 2022): e13321. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13321.

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Elevated seawater temperatures associated with climate change lead to coral bleaching. While the ultimate causes of bleaching are well understood, the proximate physiological mechanisms underlying the bleaching response are not as well defined. Here we measured nitric oxide synthase activity, oxidative stress, and cell death in algal symbionts (Symbiodinaceae) freshly isolated from the reef-building coral Pocillopora acuta collected in the field under natural non-bleaching conditions and from corals experimentally exposed to elevated temperatures. Nitric oxide synthase activity in the algal symbionts was >3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the host and increased dramatically with increasing temperature and time of exposure (up to 72 h), consistent with the onset of bleaching for these corals. Oxidative stress and cell death among the algal symbionts were highest in coral holobionts exposed to intermediate as opposed to maximal temperatures, suggesting that these mechanisms are not proximal triggers for bleaching in this species. Our results point to nitric oxide production by the algal symbionts, rather than symbiont dysfunction, as a more important driver of coral bleaching under acute thermal stress in this coral.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coral bleaching"

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Graham, Nicholas. "Effects of coral bleaching on coral reef fish assemblages." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/128.

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Coral reefs have emerged as one of the ecosystems most vulnerable to climate variation and change. While the contribution of climate warming to the loss of live coral cover has been well documented, the associated effects on fish have not. Such information is important as coral reef fish assemblages provide critical contributions to ecosystem function and services. This thesis assesses the medium to long term impacts of coral loss on fish assemblages in the western Indian Ocean. Feeding observations of corallivorous butterflyfish demonstrates that considerable feeding plasticity occurs among habitat types, but strong relationships exist between degree of specialisation and declines in abundance following coral loss. Furthermore, obligate corallivores are lost fairly rapidly following decline in coral cover, whereas facultative corallivores are sustained until the structure of the dead coral begins to erode. Surveys of benthic and fish assemblages in Mauritius spanning 11 years highlight small changes in both benthos and fish through time, but strong spatial trends associated with dredging and inter-specific competition. In Seychelles, although there was little change in biomass of fishery target species above size of first capture, size spectra analysis of the entire assemblage revealed a loss of smaller individuals (<30cm) and an increase in the larger individuals (>45cm). This represents a lag effect where fishery production cannot be assured for the long term. A targeted before (mid-1990s) – after (2005) sampling program of coral reef benthos and fish assemblages in 7 countries across the Indian Ocean demonstrated changes in size structure, diversity and trophic composition of the reef fish community have followed coral declines in both fished and protected areas. The thesis highlights the pivotal role that loss of reef structural complexity plays in the effects of bleaching on fish assemblages and that coral reef management needs to radically adapt to address climate change issues.
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Hill, Ross. "Coral bleaching : photosynthetic impacts on symbiotic dinoflagellates /." Electronic version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/526.

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University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Science.
Global climate change is leading to the rise of ocean temperatures and is triggering mass coral bleaching events on reefs around the world. This involves the expulsion of the symbiotic dinoflagellate algae, known as zooxanthellae, from the coral host. Coral bleaching is believed to occur as a result of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of these symbionts, although the specific site of initial impact is yet to be conclusively resolved. This thesis examined a number of sites within the light reactions of photosynthesis and evaluated the efficiency of photoprotective heat dissipating pathways. Upon expulsion, the capacity for long-term survivorship of expelled zooxanthellae in the water column was also assessed. A reduction in photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency during exposure to elevated temperature and high light (bleaching conditions) was found to be highly dependent upon the increase in abundance of QB non-reducing PSII centres (inactive PSII centres), indicating damage to the site of the secondary electron acceptor, QB, resulting in a limited capacity for its reduction. Therefore, this reduced the rate of the reoxidation of the primary electron acceptor, QA-. Fast induction curve (FIC) analysis of the rise from minimum fluorescence to maximum fluorescence revealed a lower amplitude in the J step along this curve, which was consistent with a reduction in the rate of QA reoxidation. This photoinhibition of PSII was found to occur once the effectiveness of excess energy dissipation through energy-dependent quenching and state-transition quenching was exceeded, suggesting that these mechanisms were incapable of preventing photodamage. Antenna size heterogeneity showed little change under bleaching conditions with a significant increase in PSIIbeta only apparent in one species of coral. The thermostability of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) and thylakoid membrane were found to increase during exposure to bleaching conditions and exceeded bleaching thresholds of corals. This rapid rise in temperature-dependent thermostability also occurred over seasons, where variation in ocean temperatures was matched by gradual shifts in OEC and thylakoid membrane thermotolerance. Variation in thermostability between species was not found to be linked to zooxanthellae genotype, and instead was related to the bleaching susceptibility of the host. Despite this capacity for resilience to bleaching conditions, the PSII reaction centres did not exhibit such a mechanism for rapid acclimatisation. Corals can only be as tolerant to bleaching conditions as their most sensitive component allows. The formation of nonfunctional PSII centres is therefore suggested to be involved in the initial photochemical damage to zooxanthellae which leads to a bleaching response. Zooxanthellae were found to be expelled irrespective of OEC function and thylakoid membrane integrity, as these sites of the photosynthetic apparatus were still intact when cells were collected from the water column. Although zooxanthellae were photosynthetically competent and morphologically intact upon expulsion, their longevity in the water column was dependent on the time of expulsion following the onset of bleaching and the ambient water temperatures. The survivorship of these zooxanthellae was restricted to a maximum of 5 days in the water column which suggests that unless expelled zooxanthellae inhabit other environs of coral reefs which may be more favourable for survival, their capacity for persistence in the environment is extremely limited. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements are a common tool for investigating photosynthetic impacts to in hospite zooxanthellae of corals. Pathways causing dark-reduction of the plastoquinone pool are shown to be active in corals and affect measurements which require dark-adaptation. Pre-exposure to far-red light was found to be an effective procedure to oxidise the inter-system electron transport chain and ensure determination of the true maximum quantum yield of PSII and accurate FICs. It is concluded that the trigger for coral bleaching lies in the photosynthetic apparatus of zooxanthellae and evidence is presented in support of this impact site not being the OEC or thylakoid membrane.
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Klaus, Rebecca. "Coral bleaching indices in theory and in practice : a comparative assessment of the 1997/98 Indian Ocean coral bleaching event." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408231.

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Harikishun, Ameil. "Coral bleaching responses in Sodwana Bay, South Africa." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7640.

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This study assessed the bleaching response (BR) of coral colonies within the central reef complex in Sodwana Bay, South Africa. Bleach surveys were conducted at 16 sites on 8 reefs over the period of 2007 to 2013. A total of 12 858 coral colonies from 30 taxa were randomly sampled and colonies were placed into 7 categories of bleaching response. This allowed for the calculation of taxon-specific BR as a weighted percentage of coral cover bleached. Continuous temperature records from a permanent temperature gauge on Two Mile Reef were used to assess thermal stress over this period. The percentage of coral colonies that bleached in 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were 37.4%, 17.4%, 23.8%, 33.6% and 38.8% respectively. A binomial GLM model framework was used to separate the effects of year, reef and taxon on the bleaching response. Due to inconsistent sampling of sites over time, only data from the seven sites on Two Mile Reef (TMR) and the two sites on Nine Mile Reef (NMR) were included in the model. A total of 6758 coral colonies from the nine most abundantly sampled taxa were used in the assessment of bleaching response for TMR and NMR over the sample period. Taxon was shown to explain most of the variability in the bleaching response of TMR and NMR over time (40.9%). The standardized reef bleaching response of TMR and NMR indicated the same temporal trends with a range of 5% to 28% of live coral surface bleached. Standardized reef-specific BR showed periods of high (2007, 2012 and 2013) and low (2008 and 2011) bleaching response. Low BR in 2008 and 2011 did not correspond to thermal stress (≥27.5°C) suggesting that local upwelling buffered the effects of thermal stress experienced. Standardized taxon-specific bleaching response for TMR and NMR displayed large variability over time and ranged from 2.5% to 45% of live coral surface bleached, with Montipora being the most susceptible and Galaxea and Playgyra being the least. Mean site-specific BR averaged over all years, including all sites, found that Coscinaraea, Montipora, Astreopora and Anomastrea were the most susceptible taxa. This study and other recent studies draw attention to a trend of either episodic or an increasing frequency and intensity of bleaching in southern African reefs.
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Dunn, Simon Robert. "Cell death mechanisms during bleaching of the sea anemone Aiptasia sp." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250114.

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Robison, Jennifer D. "The photophysiology of symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium) under varying light and thermal conditions and the implications for coral bleaching." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 8.14 Mb., 97 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1163244091&Fmt=7&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Yeung, Yiphung. "Baseline, demography and bioerosion of Hong Kong coral communities." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/683.

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Hong Kong provides a marginal marine environment for coral growth due to its high latitude in addition to massive freshwater run-off from the Pearl River Delta. Previous studies have reported that Hong Kong waters nurture 84 species of scleractinian corals in 28 families distributed in various locations, especially the protected bays in the eastern waters. However, very little is known about the benthic composition and health of coral communities. This study aimed to 1) determine the benthic composition of local coral communities and understand the environmental determinants of coral coverage and coral community composition; 2) record coral colony size frequency distribution across these 33 sites to understand the patterns of coral recruitment in recent years; 3) quantify coral bioerosion and corallivory by the long-spined sea urchin and explore the feasibility of remediating the coral damage by a coral-associated portunid crab. Surveys were conducted at 33 sites in Hong Kong, which cover sites with the highest coral coverages that are mainly located in the north-eastern, east and south-eastern waters. A belt-transect photo quadrant method was applied. 22 hard coral genera were identified, among which the genera Porites, Platygyra and Pavona were found to be the most abundant. Most of the study sites were dominated by few genera of massive corals which led to a low diversity. Coral coverage was negatively associated with nutrient levels including nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter deposition rates based on sediment trap data. Apart from sedimentary parameters, coral coverage was also found to be strongly negatively correlated with the density of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema setosum. Study sites were categorized into four different conservation classes with sites of higher diversity assigned a higher conservation value. These data could serve as a baseline for measuring changes in benthic composition in the future, and as a reference for management planning such as designating new marine parks. Determining the size structure can help predict how a population may change in the future and whether conservation efforts are effective in promoting the increase in numbers of individuals. To determine coral size structure in local waters, a video transect method was adopted to capture videos on the benthic substrates of the 33 study sites. In the laboratory, the video clips were analyzed to extract information on the size and growth form of all coral colonies along the transects. Size-frequency distribution plots generally showed a highly positive skewness, which indicated a dominance of small-sized (i.e. 10 - 30 cm) colonies, yet low in recruitment-sized (i.e. 5 cm) colonies. An examination of the size distribution of the most common genera showed that the distribution patterns were more genus-dependent rather than site-dependent. Also, massive corals were the most dominant growth form, while branching corals were the least common which was different from healthy tropical reefs. Apart from establishing a baseline of coral communities, coral bioerosion was further studied. Previous studies found that coral coverage and urchin density were negatively correlated in local waters. Further, severe coral bioerosion had been reported to cause community-level coral damage in several locations. Therefore, impact coral bioerosion by the sea urchin Diadema setosum and whether such impact could be remediated were further investigated in a series of controlled experiments in the field. Although sea urchins were reported to prevent shifting from coral-dominant to algae-dominate phase elsewhere, they were found to cause severe tissue loss and bioerosion at high densities in my study. Thalamita prymna, a common portunid crab in local coral communities, was found to effectively reduce coral damages including bioerosion and surface mortality. Crab predation, an overlooked relationship in coral reefs, can thus be exploited to control urchin corallivory and bioerosion. Prohibiting fish trapping in reef areas could reduce the by-catch of these crabs and protect reefs against urchin attack.
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Xie, Yang James. "Coral growth and erosion in Hong Kong /Xie Yang James." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/379.

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Coral ecosystems are highly diverse and productive ecosystems in tropical and subtropical oceans, playing a significant role in marine ecosystems. They have many important functions: a carbon sink in the global carbon cycle via calcification, habitats for many economically important species, acting as shoreline buffers, and a potential source of natural chemical substances of medical importance (Moberg et al. 1999). Growth and erosion are the two driving forces that determine the fate of a coral reef. Coral growth is achieved by calcification - the deposition of calcium carbonate skeleton by living coral polyps, and erosion refers to the removal of calcium carbonate by physical or biological factors. When calcification exceeds erosion, a reef is considered to be growing and vice versa. Hence, the study of this growth-erosion balance is the key to evaluating the health status of a reef. Hong Kong, as a marginal environment for coral survival has a remarkable diversity of coral communities in its waters. However, little is known about the calcium carbonate budget of these communities. My study thus aims to fill in this gap of knowledge in order to better understand and conserve these valuable communities. This study is timely given that many global and regional stressors are expected to affect coral calcium budget. The results of my study can contribute to a better understanding of how corals respond to environmental changes. This study aims to 1) explore any correlation between environmental factors and abundance of internal borers on corals; 2) study the growth rate of corals across different environmental gradients in Hong Kong; and 3) study the rate of erosion of corals across different environmental gradients across nine sites in Hong Kong. Field surveys were carried out at 33 sites from October 2012 to December 2012 covering two environmental gradients - from estuarine to oceanic and from sheltered to exposed. Two 50-meter transects were laid at each site and coral coverage and abundance of eroders per colony was determined using photo quadrants. Three sediment traps were also deployed at each site and collected after a month to determine sedimentation and nutrition deposition rate. Correlation analyses were conducted to explore any underlying relationships between borehole densities on corals and environmental factors. It was found that polychaete boreholes were significantly positively related to the amount of sedimentation. Also, the bioerosion of corals in Hong Kong was found out to be much more serious than that in other regions. From the 33 sites surveyed to determine borehole densities, 10 sites chosen to cover two environmental gradients were selected for more detailed studies of coral growth. Three colonies of Porties lutea of around 20 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm were collected from each site, and were cut into 1cm slabs parallel to the direction of maximum growth. X-ray radiography was done for each slab to analyze the growth rate. The growth of Porties lutea across the 10 sites were compared against other regions and underlying relationships with environmental factors were explored. It was found that the growth of corals was negatively correlated with sedimentation rate, and the calcification rates of corals in Hong Kong were much lower than those reported from many study conducted in tropical regions. To understand the rate of bioerosion of corals in Hong Kong, a study was conducted by deploying experimental coral skeleton blocks at nine chosen sites. Three blocks were deployed at each site. Blocks were retrieved after one year and scanned with MicroCT to examine the contribution on internal bioerosion by different taxa as well as the total amount of bioerosion at each site. The data were analyzed to understand internal how bioerosion is determined by environmental factors. It was found that bioerosion contributed by polychaetes had positive correlation with the sedimentation rate, which was consistent with the results found in the forth-mentioned study of coral slabs. The internal bioerosion rates of corals in Hong Kong were within the range of the corresponding data reported from overseas.
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Toyoshima, Junko. "Cell migration of zooxanthellae in the coral Montipora capitata." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7050.

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Zamani, Neviaty Putri. "Effects of environmental stress on cell division and other cellular parameters of zooxanthellae in the tropical symbiotic anemone Heteractis malu, Haddon and Shackleton." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294899.

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Books on the topic "Coral bleaching"

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van Oppen, Madeleine J. H., and Janice M. Lough, eds. Coral Bleaching. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69775-6.

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van Oppen, Madeleine J. H., and Janice M. Lough, eds. Coral Bleaching. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75393-5.

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Khambatta, Eric. Coral reef bleaching and global warming. Bellingham, WA: Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, 1998.

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1973-, Schuttenberg Heidi, ed. A reef manager's guide to coral bleaching. Townsville, Qld: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, 2004.

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1953-, Oliver Jamie, ed. A Global protocol for assessment and monitoring of coral bleaching. Penang, Malaysia: Worldfish Center, 2004.

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McKagan, Steven C. Symbiosis and global climate change: Research in coral bleaching. Bellingham, WA: Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, 1998.

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Study, United States Congress Senate National Ocean Policy. Coral bleaching: Hearing before the National Ocean Policy Study of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session on coral bleaching, October 11, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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C, Hendee James, and United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research., eds. The effects of combined sea temperature, light, and carbon dioxide on coral bleaching, settlement, and growth: The first annual Combined Effects Think Tank to Support CREWS Modeling. [Silver Spring, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ocean and Atmospheric Research, 2004.

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Susie, Westmacott, ed. Management of bleached and severely damaged coral reefs. Gland: IUCN, 2000.

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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce Justice State the Judiciary and Related Agencies. Bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean: Hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, first session : special hearing. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Coral bleaching"

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Brown, Barbara E., and Richard P. Dunne. "Coral Bleaching." In Diseases of Coral, 266–83. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118828502.ch18.

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Plass-Johnson, Jeremiah G., Ulisse Cardini, Nanne van Hoytema, Elisa Bayraktarov, Ingo Burghardt, Malik S. Naumann, and Christian Wild. "Coral Bleaching." In Environmental Indicators, 117–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9499-2_9.

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Vine, Peter J. "Coral Bleaching." In Growth and Decay of Coral Reefs, 68–73. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003335795-16.

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Spencer, Tom. "Temperature Change: Bleaching." In Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs, 1079–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2639-2_157.

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Jokiel, Paul L. "Temperature Stress and Coral Bleaching." In Coral Health and Disease, 401–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06414-6_23.

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Buddemeier, Robert W., Andrew C. Baker, Daphne G. Fautin, and J. Rebecca Jacobs. "The Adaptive Hypothesis of Bleaching." In Coral Health and Disease, 427–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06414-6_24.

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Lesser, Michael P. "Coral Bleaching: Causes and Mechanisms." In Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition, 405–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0114-4_23.

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Albright, R. "Ocean Acidification and Coral Bleaching." In Ecological Studies, 295–323. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75393-5_12.

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Oakley, C. A., and S. K. Davy. "Cell Biology of Coral Bleaching." In Ecological Studies, 189–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75393-5_8.

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Rosenberg, Eugene. "The Bacterial Disease Hypothesis of Coral Bleaching." In Coral Health and Disease, 445–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06414-6_25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Coral bleaching"

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Demissie, Zelalem, and Hannah Samaniego. "CORAL BLEACHING – STORY MAP." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-378254.

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Sutthacheep, Makamas, Makamas Sutthacheep, Thamasak Yeemin, Thamasak Yeemin, Sittiporn Pengsakun, Sittiporn Pengsakun, Kanwara Sangmanee, Kanwara Sangmanee, Juthamart Putthayakool, and Juthamart Putthayakool. "MONITORING CORAL RECOVERY AT NEARSHORE CORAL REEFS IN PHANGNGA PROVINCE, THE ANDAMAN SEA FOLLOWING THE 2010 CORAL BLEACHING EVENT." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b936dde9b43.46989412.

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Mass bleaching and subsequent mortality of scleractinian corals in response to elevated seawater temperatures has been considered as one of the most impacts of global climate change. Three extensive coral bleaching events in the Andaman Sea were reported, in the years 1991, 1995 and 2010. Studies on survival of coral colonies, coral recruitment and community structure of coral reef associated macrofauna would predict the trends for coral recovery from the impacts of coral bleaching events. The present study aimed to examine the status of coral communities, density of coral recruits and coral reef associated macrofauna at nearshore coral reefs in Phangnga Province, the Andaman Sea following the 2010 coral bleaching event. The dead coral cover was high (>50%) while the live coral cover was in the range of 13-21%. There was high diversity of coral recruits on natural substrates. The average densities of macrobenthic fauna varied from 1.9 to 2.6 individuals.m-2, with significant differences among study sites. The dominant macrobenthic species were a soft coral (Lobophytum sp.), a sea star (Linckia laevigata) and a sea urchin (Echinostrephus molaris). Coral recovery at these coral reefs would be possible but local anthropogenic stressors must be overwhelmingly reduced in order to enhance coral reef resilience. The long-term monitoring programs in the Andaman Sea are required for decision makers to support their adaptive management approaches.
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Sutthacheep, Makamas, Makamas Sutthacheep, Thamasak Yeemin, Thamasak Yeemin, Sittiporn Pengsakun, Sittiporn Pengsakun, Kanwara Sangmanee, Kanwara Sangmanee, Juthamart Putthayakool, and Juthamart Putthayakool. "MONITORING CORAL RECOVERY AT NEARSHORE CORAL REEFS IN PHANGNGA PROVINCE, THE ANDAMAN SEA FOLLOWING THE 2010 CORAL BLEACHING EVENT." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4315bb3db6.

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Mass bleaching and subsequent mortality of scleractinian corals in response to elevated seawater temperatures has been considered as one of the most impacts of global climate change. Three extensive coral bleaching events in the Andaman Sea were reported, in the years 1991, 1995 and 2010. Studies on survival of coral colonies, coral recruitment and community structure of coral reef associated macrofauna would predict the trends for coral recovery from the impacts of coral bleaching events. The present study aimed to examine the status of coral communities, density of coral recruits and coral reef associated macrofauna at nearshore coral reefs in Phangnga Province, the Andaman Sea following the 2010 coral bleaching event. The dead coral cover was high (>50%) while the live coral cover was in the range of 13-21%. There was high diversity of coral recruits on natural substrates. The average densities of macrobenthic fauna varied from 1.9 to 2.6 individuals.m-2, with significant differences among study sites. The dominant macrobenthic species were a soft coral (Lobophytum sp.), a sea star (Linckia laevigata) and a sea urchin (Echinostrephus molaris). Coral recovery at these coral reefs would be possible but local anthropogenic stressors must be overwhelmingly reduced in order to enhance coral reef resilience. The long-term monitoring programs in the Andaman Sea are required for decision makers to support their adaptive management approaches.
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Zvuloni, Assaf, Golan Rieder, Omri Yosef-Omesi, Avi Gdalia, Omri Seeligman, Chen Tufikian, Ziv Neder, et al. "In the shadow of coral bleaching." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107299.

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Liu, Bailu, and Lei Guan. "Coral Bleaching Detection Using Sentinel-2B/MSI Images." In IGARSS 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9554495.

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Prasetia, Dodik, Mr Supriharyono, Sutrisno Anggoro, and Lachmuddin Sya'Rani. "Coral Bleaching on Lembongan Island, Nusa Penida, Bali." In 2nd International Conference on Innovative Research Across Disciplines (ICIRAD 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icirad-17.2017.13.

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Bouwmeester, Jessica, Haneen I. Eldos, Christopher S. Warren, Pedro Range, John Burt, Suhur Saeed, Nayla Al-Naema, and Radhouan Ben-Hamadou. "Coral bleaching in extreme environments: speciesspecific thermal tolerance limits." In Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference Proceedings. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qfarc.2018.eepd640.

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Kalonaris, Stefano. "Reef Elegy: An Auditory Display of Hawaii’s 2019 Coral Bleaching Data." In ICAD 2023: The 28th International Conference on Auditory Display. icad.org: International Community for Auditory Display, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2023.5731.

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This paper describes an auditory display of Hawaii’s 2019 coral bleaching data via means of spatial audio and parameter mapping methods. Selected data fields spanning 78 days are mapped to sound surrogates of coral reefs’ natural soundscapes, which are progressively altered in their constituent elements as the corresponding coral locations undergo bleaching. For some of these elements, this process outlines a trajectory from a dense to a sparser, reduced soundscape, while for others it translates moving away from harmonic tones and towards complex spectra. This experiment is accompanied by a short evaluation study to contextualize it in an established aesthetic perspective space and to probe its potential for public engagement in the discourse around climate change.
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Bautista-Hernandez, Gabriel Alejandro, Delond Angelo Jimenez-Nixon, and Alicia Maria Reyes-Duke. "Coral Reef Disease and Bleaching Indentification through Computational Vision Algorithm." In 2022 IEEE Central America and Panama Student Conference (CONESCAPAN). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/conescapan56456.2022.9959584.

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Range, Pedro, Bruno Giraldes, Jassim Al-Khayat, Manuel M. Romeo, Nissy Chacko, Mark Chatting, Aisha Alashwal, et al. "Coral Research and Nursery Farm Project." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0040.

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In the framework of the Coral Management Plan for the North Field Expansion Project (NFE) and North Field Production Sustainability Project (NFPS), Qatargas has partnered with the Environmental Science Center (ESC) to develop the first land-based coral nursery in Qatar. This nursery plan includes the extraction of 1000 corals’ colonies from the NFPS and NFE pipeline corridors, north of Ras Laffan, and hence their transportation to the nursery facility, rehabilitation under controlled husbandry conditions, fragmentation, out-plantation to carefully selected recipient sites and long-term monitoring (up to 48 months). The first two batches of 200 corals were extracted in March and outplanted in April 2021. Results of the first two monitoring events, after 44 and 66 days, were quite encouraging for the seven coral genera tested. Attachment success was very high, with 92% to 97% of the outplanted fragments being detected during monitoring. No bleaching, disease or mortality was recorded so far. The coral propagation methods used in this project (i.e., fragmentation, husbandry and outplanting), although widely used, have been tested with a restricted number of branching coral species and usually in in-situ nurseries. Our project is among the first to apply this type of approach (land-based nursery) to reef restoration in the Arabian Gulf.
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Reports on the topic "Coral bleaching"

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Timothy D. Swain, Timothy D. Swain. Do differences in coral skeletal architecture influence bleaching susceptibility? Experiment, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/7533.

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Rogers, Caroline. A synthesis of coral reef research at Buck Island Reef National Monument and Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands: 1961 to 2022. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294235.

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This synthesis focuses on the history of research on coral reefs within two U.S. National Park Service units in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands: Buck Island Reef National Monument (from 1961 to 2022) and Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve (from 1980 to 2022). Buck Island Reef National Monument (BUIS) is off the north shore of the island of St. Croix, in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Established in 1961 and expanded in 2001, it is under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service (NPS). Long-term monitoring programs maintained by the NPS and jointly by the University of the Virgin Islands (UVI) and the Virgin Islands Department of Planning and Natural Resources (VIDPNR) provide data on trends in living coral cover and specific coral species from 2000 and 2001, respectively. Disease, thermal stress (indicated by coral bleaching), and hurricanes reduced total coral cover periodically, but cover remained relatively stable from 2007 through the end of 2020. Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve (SARI) is a national park on the north shore of the island of St. Croix, in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Established in 1992, it is co-managed by the NPS and the Government of the Virgin Islands. Long-term monitoring programs maintained by the NPS and by the UVI with the VIDPNR provide data on trends in living coral cover and individual coral species from 2011 and 2001, respectively. In spite of thermal stress (indicated by coral bleaching), disease, and hurricanes, total coral cover remained relatively stable through the end of 2020. This document also includes results from extensive investigations by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and from many individual projects including those based out of the underwater saturation habitats Hydrolab and Aquarius from 1977 to 1989, as well as studies from researchers at Fairleigh Dickinson University’s West Indies Laboratory. While not possible to review all of these in detail, this report highlights information considered useful to managers, and scientists planning future research. In 2021, a particularly virulent disease called stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD), first noted in 2014 in Florida, and then in 2019 in the U.S. Virgin Islands, started killing corals in BUIS and SARI with the different species showing a gradient of susceptibility. An exact cause or link between this disease and human actions has not been discovered to date. The losses associated with this disease have now exceeded those from any other stressors in these national parks.
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Janzen, Sally, Liliana Narvaez, and Jack O'Connor. Interconnected Disaster Risks Technical Report: Coral Bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/yivs7056.

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McCutcheon, Amanda, and Sheila McKenna. Coral bleaching, mortality and benthic community assemblages on the reefs within the Pacific Island Network national parks. National Park Service, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287992.

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O'Connell, Kelly, David Burdick, Melissa Vaccarino, Colin Lock, Greg Zimmerman, and Yakuta Bhagat. Coral species inventory at War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Final report. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302040.

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The War in the Pacific National Historical Park (WAPA), a protected area managed by the National Park Service (NPS), was established "to commemorate the bravery and sacrifice of those participating in the campaigns of the Pacific Theater of World War II and to conserve and interpret outstanding natural, scenic, and historic values on the island of Guam." Coral reef systems present in the park represent a vital element of Guam?s cultural, traditional, and economical heritage, and as such, are precious and in need of conservation. To facilitate the management of these resources, NPS determined that a scleractinian (stony coral) species survey was necessary to establish a baseline for existing coral communities and other important factors for conservation. EnviroScience, Inc. performed a survey of stony coral species, coral habitat, and current evidence of stressors at WAPA?s H?gat and Asan Units in 2022. This report summarizes these findings from a management perspective and compares its findings to previous survey data from 1977 and 1999 (Eldridge et al. 1977; Amesbury et al. 1999). WAPA is located on the tropical island of Guam, located on the west-central coast of the island, and encompasses 2,037 acres. Underwater resources are a significant component of the park, as 1,002 acres consists of water acres. The park is comprised of seven units, of which two of these, the H?gat and Asan Beach Units, include all the oceanic water acres for the park. The H?gat Beach Unit (local spelling, formerly known as ?Agat?) is located at the south-west portion of the park and consists of 38 land acres and 557 water acres (NPS 2003). The Asan Beach Unit consists of 109 acres of land and 445 water acres (NPS 2003). A current baseline for existing coral communities and other important factors for conservation necessitates the need for up-to-date data on the location, presence, relative abundance, and present health of corals. Park managers need this updated data to determine where and how to best focus conservation priorities and identify restoration opportunities. Management actions in park reef areas informed by this inventory included identifying locations where there were: high rates of sedimentation; high coral biomass; rare or threatened species, with a priority given to species endemic to Guam and listed as ?threatened? under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA; Acropora globiceps, A. retusa, A. speciosa, and Seriatopora aculeata); coral persistence and decline, disease and/or nuisance species, including the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris, ?COTS?) and the sponge Terpios hoshinota; and bleached areas. All work carried out was in accordance with the NPS statement of work (SOW) requirements, which involved a quantitative inventory using both new and pre-existing transects. The resulting transects totaled 61 (including the four from the 1999 study), each measuring 50 meters in length and distributed across depths of up to 50 feet. Divers took photo-quadrat samples covering an area of approximately 9 m?, encompassing 50 photo-quadrats of dimensions 0.50 m x 0.36 m (n=50). The collective area surveyed across all 61 transects amounted to ~549 m?. Additionally, a qualitative search was conducted to enhance documentation of coral species that have limited distribution and might not be captured by transects, along with identifying harmful species and stressors. Timed roving diver coral diversity surveys were carried out at a total of 20 sites occurring within the waters of WAPA, including eight sites at the H?gat unit and 12 sites at the Asan unit. The findings from this report reveal significant disparities in benthic cover compositions between H?gat and Asan units. The H?gat unit exhibits high abundances of turf algae and unconsolidated sediment while the Asan beach unit presents a different scenario, with hard coral as the dominant benthic cover, followed closely by crustose coralline algae (CCA). The Asan unit is also more difficult to access from shore or boat relative to H?gat which provides that unit some protection from human influences. The Asan beach unit's prevalence of hard coral, CCA, and colonizable substrate suggests a more favorable environment for reef growth and the potential benefits of maintaining robust coral cover in the area. These distinct differences in benthic communities highlight the contrasting ecological dynamics and habitats of the two study areas. Across both H?gat and Asan beach unit transects, a total of 56 hard coral species were recorded from 27 genera, with 44 species recorded from the H?gat unit and 48 species recorded from the Asan unit. Of the four historical transects surveyed in the Asan unit from 1999, three experienced declines in percent coral cover (17.38-78.72%), while the fourth had an increase (10.98%). During the timed roving diver coral diversity surveys, a total of 245 hard coral species, including 241 scleractinian coral species representing 49 genera and 4 non-scleractinian coral species representing 4 genera were recorded. Uncertainties related to coral identification, unresolved boundaries between morphospecies, differences in taxonomists' perspectives, and the rapidly evolving state of coral taxonomy have significant implications for species determinations during coral diversity surveys. While the recent surveys have provided valuable insights into coral diversity in WAPA waters, ongoing taxonomic research and collaboration among experts will be essential to obtain a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of coral biodiversity in the region. Of the several ESA coral species that were searched for among the H?gat and Asan beach units, Acropora retusa was the only coral species found among quantitative transects (n=2) and A. globiceps was observed during coral diversity surveys. Acropora speciosa, which was dominant in the upper seaward slopes in 1977, is now conspicuously absent from all the surveys conducted in 2022 (Eldredge et al., 1977). The disappearance and reduction of these once-dominant species underscores the urgency of implementing conservation measures to safeguard the delicate balance of Guam's coral reefs and preserve the diversity and ecological integrity of these invaluable marine ecosystems. Other formerly common or locally abundant species were infrequently encountered during the diversity surveys, including Acropora monticulosa, A. sp. ?obtusicaulis?, A. palmerae, Stylophora sp. ?mordax?, Montipora sp. ?pagoensis?, and Millepora dichotoma. Significant bleaching-associated mortality was recorded for these species, most of which are restricted to reef front/margin zones exposed to moderate-to-high levels of wave energy. Sedimentation was present in both H?gat and the Asan units, though it was more commonly encountered in H?gat transects. While significant portions of the reef area within the WAPA H?gat unit are in poor condition due to a variety of stressors, some areas still hosted notable coral communities, which should be a potential focus for park management to prevent further degradation. There is a need for more effective management of point source pollution concerns, particularly when subpar wastewater treatment or runoff from areas with potential pollution or sediment-laden water is flowing from nearby terrestrial environments. Future monitoring efforts should aim to establish a framework that facilitates a deeper understanding of potential point source pollution incidents. This would empower park managers to collaborate with adjacent communities, both within and outside of park boundaries, to mitigate the localized impacts of pollution (McCutcheon and McKenna, 2021). COTS were encountered during transect surveys as well as in coral diversity surveys. including along the upper reef front/reef margin at site Agat-CS-2. The frequency of these observations, particularly in the WAPA H?gat unit and where stress-susceptible corals are already uncommonly encountered, raise concern about the ability of the populations of these coral species to recover following acute disturbance events, and calls in to question the ability of some of these species to persist in WAPA waters, and in Guam?s waters more broadly. More frequent crown-of-thorns control efforts, even if only a handful of sea stars are removed during a single effort, may be required to prevent further loss to vulnerable species. There were several documented incidents of Terpios hoshinota covering large sections of branching coral in the reef flat along transects, but it is still unclear how detrimental this sponge is to the overall reef system. There is a concern that elevated levels of organic matter and nutrients in the water, such as those resulting from sewage discharge or stormwater runoff, could lead to increased Terpios populations (De Voogd et al. 2013). Consequently, it is important to track populations in known areas of sedimentation and poor water quality. The presence of unique species at single survey sites within the study areas underscores the ecological importance of certain locations. Some species are known to occur in other locations in Guam, while a few may be limited to specific sites within WAPA waters. These differences are likely influenced by environmental and biological factors such as poor water quality, severe heat stress events, chronic predation by crown-of-thorns sea stars, disease, and reduced herbivore populations. These factors collectively shape the condition of the benthic community, leading to variations in species distribution and abundance across the study sites. Documenting coral stress and identifying potentially harmful species allows for proactive management strategies to prevent the establishment of nuisance or detrimental species while populations are still manageable. Updated data on the location, presence, relative abundance, and health of corals is essential for park managers to prioritize conservation efforts and identify restoration opportunities effectively. Observations from this report raise concerns about the health and resilience of coral ecosystems in the H?gat unit and emphasize the need for knowledge of local factors that shape benthic community structure. Understanding the drivers responsible for these variations is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies to preserve the ecological balance and overall health of coral reefs in both units. Continued monitoring efforts will be critical in assessing long-term trends and changes in benthic cover and enabling adaptive management approaches to safeguard these valuable marine ecosystems in the face of ongoing environmental challenges.
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Laura Núñez-Pons, Laura Núñez-Pons. Stayin' alive: how do microbes help corals recover from bleaching? Experiment, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/4236.

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