Academic literature on the topic 'Coprosma'

A new genus and three new species of eriophyoid mites of the family Eriophyidae are described and illustrated from various Coprosma species in New Zealand: Calareolata gen. nov., Calareolata coprosmae sp. nov., Cosetacus mamangi sp. nov. and Aculus robustalucidus sp. nov.. A key to the eriophyoid mites associated with Coprosma species in the world is provided.

Coprosma macrocarpa, known as the large-seeded coprosma or coastal karamu, is a shrub endemic to New Zealand. To our knowledge, no reports of plant parasitic nematodes associated with C. macrocarpa have been reported. Here we report the detection and identification of the nematode, Litylenchus coprosma, extracted from C. macrocarpa in Otata Island.

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ is associated with a number of plant diseases in New Zealand. The only known vector of this pathogen was Zeoliarus atkinsoni, a planthopper considered to be monophagous on New Zealand flax (Phormium spp.). The work carried out shows that Z. oppositus, which is polyphagous, is able to vector ‘Ca. P. australiense’ to both Coprosma robusta (karamu) and Cordyline australis (New Zealand cabbage tree). Although transmission was achieved to both these species, the disease symptomatology was more evident in C. australis. Two approaches were taken to achieve transmission. First, insects were collected from areas around symptomatic Coprosma plants and caged directly on test plants. Second, insects were collected from grasses and sedges in areas where disease was less evident and were fed on known infected Coprosma plants prior to being caged on test plants. Transmission was achieved using both approaches, although transmission was far greater (30% compared with 4%) from insects that were directly applied. Phytoplasma DNA was detected in 12% of Z. oppositus individuals tested during all the trials. This work identifies a new vector for ‘Ca. P. australiense’ and contributes to our understanding of the ecology of Cordyline sudden decline and Coprosma lethal decline.

The valuable glycoside asperuloside was efficiently isolated in multigram quantities from Coprosma quadrifida employing a recently developed rapid pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE) method that utilises an unmodified household espresso machine. This study represents the first time C. quadrifida has been extracted and its major chemical components isolated and analysed. Our findings reveal that this species is a rich source of asperuloside (7.0 % yield w/w). Significantly, this represents one of the highest yields obtained of this glycoside from a Coprosma species, and the entire Rubiaceae family more generally.

The role of whole-genome duplication (WGD) in facilitating shifts into novel biomes remains unknown. Focusing on two diverse woody plant groups in New Zealand, Coprosma (Rubiaceae) and Veronica (Plantaginaceae), we investigate how biome occupancy varies with ploidy level, and test the hypothesis that WGD increases the rate of biome shifting. Ploidy levels and biome occupancy (forest, open and alpine) were determined for indigenous species in both clades. The distribution of low-ploidy ( Coprosma : 2 x , Veronica : 6 x ) versus high-ploidy ( Coprosma : 4–10 x , Veronica : 12–18 x ) species across biomes was tested statistically. Estimation of the phylogenetic history of biome occupancy and WGD was performed using time-calibrated phylogenies and the R package BioGeoBEARS. Trait-dependent dispersal models were implemented to determine support for an increased rate of biome shifting among high-ploidy lineages. We find support for a greater than random portion of high-ploidy species occupying multiple biomes. We also find strong support for high-ploidy lineages showing a three- to eightfold increase in the rate of biome shifts. These results suggest that WGD promotes ecological expansion into new biomes.

AbstractA new genus and species of anguinid nematode, Litylenchus coprosma gen. n., sp. n., was recovered from leaves of Coprosma repens A. Rich. from an amenity planting in Wellington, New Zealand. The genus is characterised by having slender males and slender or semi-obese females, pharynx with a weak non-muscular median bulb, a terminal bulb containing the pharyngeal glands, female with a single gonad having a quadricolumella and post-uterine sac; male with arcuate spicules and the bursa arising 1-2 anal body diam. anterior to the cloacal aperture and extending nearly to the tail tip, and does not induce galls, only foliar chlorosis. The species is characterised by having a short, robust stylet with conus forming ca 40% of stylet length and three well developed rounded knobs, secretory/excretory pore opening posterior to the nerve ring, terminal bulb abutting the intestine, and tail tip of variable form. Molecular phylogeny of near full length small subunit, D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit and internal transcribed spacer rRNA genes support the description of L. coprosma gen. n., sp. n. as a new genus and species.

Phylogeny of the tribe Anthospermeae is estimated on the basis of nucleotide sequence variation in the ITS region (nuclear ribosomal DNA) and the rps16 intron (plastid DNA). It is concluded that it is dubious whether the tribe is monophyletic including Carpacoce. If Carpacoce does belong to the tribe, then it is the sister group of all other genera. There is no support for the traditional subdivision of the tribe into three subtribes. Anthospermum, Galopina, Nenax and Phyllis form one strongly supported subclade. Coprosma, Durringtonia, Leptostigma, Nertera, Normandia, Opercularia and Pomax form another subclade in all most parsimonious trees, but this subclade lacks jackknife support. Opercularia and Pomax, referred to the subtribe Operculariinae, form a basal grade of this second group. However, trees on which Operculariinae are monophyletic are only one step longer than the most parsimonious ones. Normandia is deeply nested within Coprosma. The subdivision of Coprosma into two subgenera is shown to be artificial. It is suggested that the ancestral area of Anthospermeae is Africa, and that the group was spread by long-distance dispersal to north-eastern Antarctica. It is further suggested that occurrences in Hawaii, Tristan da Cunha, and America are due to long-distance dispersal at a time much later than primary cladogenesis.

The widespread complex of mat-forming Coprosma species, hitherto known as 'Coprosma pumila', plus some close allies (C. petriei, C. atropurpurea, C. nivalis) have been reexamined. C. pumila s. str. is shown to be restricted to the northern central plateau and Ben Lomond areas of Tasmania. The name C. perpusilla Col. is resurrected for the orange-fruited plants of Australia and New Zealand formerly included in C. pumila. A new subspecies, C. perpusilla ssp. subantarctica, is erected for the plants on Macquarie, Auckland, Camp- bell and Antipodes Islands. A new species, C. niphophila, is recognised for the Mt Kosciusko region and the South Island of New Zealand. The six species and two subspecies of the complex are keyed, fully described and illustrated, and their interrelation- ships, particularly their trans-Tasman vicariance, are discussed.

Summary Litylenchus crenatae n. sp., isolated from leaf galls of Fagus crenata from Japan, is described and figured. The new species is characterised by its dimorphism in adult females, six (or more) lateral lines, a more or less pointed tail tip in both sexes, male bursa arising posteriorly and reaching to near tail tip, presence of a quadricolumella and a post-uterine sac in females. Litylenchus crenatae n. sp. is distinguished from its only congener, L. coprosma, by the number of lateral lines, six or more vs four; the lip morphology, offset with very shallow constriction or dome-shaped without clear constriction vs clearly offset; tail tip morphology, more or less pointed vs blunt; and structure of the median bulb, weakly muscular with a clear valve vs not muscular with an obscure valve. The molecular phylogenetic analysis confirms that the new species is close to, but clearly different from, L. coprosma.

The flora of New Zealand has evolved largely in the absence of terrestrial mammals, the predominant frugivore guilds being birds and reptiles. The evolution of divergent fruit traits in New Zealand may be a consequence of different selection pressure by these two guilds, and two contrasting putative dispersal syndromes have been proposed for New Zealand fleshy fruited plants. Coprosma (Rubiaceae: subtribe Coprosminae) is a speciose and morphologically diverse genus, which is distributed throughout the South Pacific and which also produces variably coloured drupes. It was selected as a model genus to investigate the evolution of fruit traits within this context. For this purpose, a molecular phylogeny for the subtribe Coprosminae and Coprosma was inferred using parsimony, likelihood and split decomposition analysis on sequences from the 16rps intron of cpDNA and ETS and ITS region of nrDNA. Up to 32 species were included in the subtribal analyses, whilst 53 species of Coprosma were used in subgeneric studies. The basis for the variety of fruit colours seen in New Zealand was determined using histology and pigment extractions. To test the assumption that fruit traits among species evolved in concert under selection from frugivore guilds, fruit shape, size and nutrient composition were determined in order to test predictions that these would co-vary with fruit colour. In the Coprosminae, fleshy drupes have arisen from dry fruited schizocarps and with two possible reversals to semi-dry drupes. Within Coprosma, fruit colour was found to be evolutionarily labile and varied both among and within lineages, particularly within two main groups where fruit colour had shifted from orange to blue and white, or red, pink and black colours respectively. The evolution of novel (non-orange) fruit colours was restricted to New Zealand, as was the small-leaved, divaricate growth form, the combination of which has been associated with a putative reptile dispersal syndrome. Several trans-oceanic dispersals out of New Zealand were also inferred from the phylogeny, these extending into Australia, New Guinea and Hawai�i. In these instances, fruit colour did not appear change markedly after establishment in a new country. Within New Zealand, fruit sizes were found to vary with colour as predicted, although the majority of species produced small (< 8 mm), elliptical fruits. There was no clear association between fruit colour and fruit nutrient composition. It would appear that these small, succulent, carbohydrate-rich and lipid-poor fruits cater to a wide range of generalist frugivores. The variety of fruit colours in Coprosma stemmed from qualitative and quantitative differences in carotenoid and anthocyanin composition. The genetic basis for the control of these pathways is currently unknown, but it is assumed that a few regulatory genes can control a substantial amount of phenotypic variation. Considering the evolutionary history of Coprosma, it would appear that a history of recent and rapid speciation, hybridisation and reticulate evolution may have increased the tempo of fruit colour evolution in the genus.

Plant-based defence mutualisms involve aspects of plant morphology that influence the performance of plant parasites, their natural enemies and trophic interactions. Leaf domatia, small indentations on the underside of leaves, can be structurally complex, and are often inhabited by potentially beneficial mites and other arthropods. Plant morphological traits such as domatia that enhance mutualistic relationships may result in increased plant growth rates, and reproductive success. New Zealand supports ~60 plant species that have domatia, the most speciose genus being Coprosma. The aim of this thesis was to examine factors that affect the production of leaf domatia and their relationship with foliar mite assemblages. The three main objectives of this thesis are: First, to investigate the production of foliar domatia and their susceptibility to limited resources, particularly to carbon availability. Second, to test if domatia are inducible structures during leaf ontogeny in the presence of foliar mites and/or fungi. Finally, to explore the effect of domatia availability on foliar mite assemblages on leaves with and without resident mites. This thesis tested the stated objectives using C. lucida, C. ciliata, C. foetidissima and C. rotundifolia, with a combination of field investigations and controlled manipulative experiments. The cost of domatia production was investigated using two field surveys and two controlled experiments. Under natural conditions the relationship between leaf morphology and domatia were measured in situ and across an altitudinal gradient. The experimental manipulations used carbon and nutrient stress, induced by temperature, light and fertilizer application. The second objective was experimentally tested under field conditions by manipulating foliar mites and fungal densities on C. rotundifolia. The third objective was investigated by manipulating domatia availability on C. lucida shrubs across three different vegetation types. Under field conditions, the number of domatia per leaf was associated with leaf morphology in C. lucida and C. foetidissima, but not C. rotundifolia. Foliar carbon showed a positive, but weak association with domatia production in C. foetidissima and C. ciliata. Altitudinal induced-carbon stress on domatia production was ambiguous. Domatia production in C. foetidissima was positively associated to altitude in field survey (1), and negatively associated in the second survey, with no correlation found between carbon and altitude. Experimental C. rotundifolia shrubs held under elevated night-time temperatures showed a 2.5 fold increase in respiration, a 34% to 91% decrease in daily carbon gain, and 38% decrease in domatia per leaf mass. Domatia production showed no significant differences under nutrient stress. The results showed little evidence to support a role for induction of domatia. Domatia production in new leaves was similar across all experimental treatments. Diverse vegetation types supported 60% higher mite species. Leaves with domatia supported ~22 to 66% higher mite densities, greater colonisation success and more diverse mite assemblages, than those without domatia. In the pastoral vegetation, the absence of predatory mites on experimental shrubs resulted in no differences in fungivorous mite densities regardless of domatia availability. Plant investment in foliar domatia appears associated with the number of available sites on the leaf under field conditions. The role of carbon availability during leaf ontogeny suggests a complex and highly variable association with domatia production. Domatia are constitutive defence structures that influence mite assemblages, mediating both beneficial and antagonistic relationships. This thesis concludes that domatia are in part, carbon-based non-inducible structures that influence mite assemblages, plant-mite and mite-mite interactions, and increase the probability of successful colonisation.

El trabajo de investigación describe como la percepción de inseguridad ciudadana no ha cambiado al pasar de los años y nos describe que existen comités de seguridad ciudadana que ejercen una competencia preventiva contra la delincuencia, estas instancias se rigen por leyes ya promulgadas por el estado peruano. A través de la Ley N° 27933 que da origen al Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Ciudadana se pretende fortalecer la democracia, la gobernabilidad, la libertad y el estado de derecho en el Perú, buscando garantizar la tranquilidad, la paz y el bienestar de los ciudadanos. Este sistema tiene como objetivo articular esfuerzos entre el Estado y la sociedad civil organizada a fin de prevenir las acciones de violencia en sus diversas manifestaciones, que constituya una amenaza a la integridad física y psicológica de las personas. Dada la importancia de cumplir las funciones y competencias asignadas para una adecuada implementación de la Política Nacional de Seguridad Ciudadana, se halló el bajo nivel de competencias de los miembros que conforman los Comités Provinciales de Seguridad Ciudadana (COPROSEC), y Comités distritales de Seguridad Ciudadana (CODISEC) de la provincia de Dos de Mayo, para el desarrollo de sus funciones, ante esta problemática se plantea el fortalecimiento de capacidades de forma virtual a los miembros de los Comités de Seguridad Ciudadana mediante un curso especializado de seguridad ciudadana. Este curso especializado está dirigido de manera obligatoria a todos los miembros que conforman los comités de seguridad ciudadana con el objetivo de dinamizar la participación de las instituciones públicas de acuerdo a sus competencias que ya están establecidas en las normas constitucionales
The research work describes how the perception of citizen insecurity has not changed over the years and describes that there are citizen security committees that exercise preventive competence against crime, these instances are governed by laws already promulgated by the Peruvian state. Through Law No. 27933 that gives rise to the National System of Citizen Security, it is intended to strengthen democracy, governability, freedom and the rule of law in Peru, seeking to guarantee the tranquility, peace and well-being of citizens. The objective of this system is to articulate efforts between the State and organized civil society in order to prevent acts of violence in its various manifestations, which constitute a threat to the physical and psychological integrity of people. Given the importance of fulfilling the functions and powers assigned for an adequate implementation of the National Policy on Citizen Security, the low level of competencies of the members that make up the Provincial Committees for Citizen Security (COPROSEC), and district Committees for Citizen Security was found. (CODISEC) of the province of Dos de Mayo, for the development of its functions, in the face of this problem, the strengthening of capacities of the members of the Citizen Security Committees is proposed virtually through a specialized course on citizen security. This specialized course is obligatorily aimed at all the members that make up the citizen security committees in order to stimulate the participation of public institutions according to their competencies that are already established in the constitutional norms.

O Conjunto Habitacional é resultado de um processo de produção do espaço que articula diversos agentes interessados em valorizar seu capital num processo produtivo. Como conjunto de experiências, pode ser observado a partir de suas especificidades materiais, realizadas em cada um de seus contextos históricos e geográficos determinados, e também como um processo de produção que se percebe de maneira genérica, constituindo-se deste modo como uma forma social de produção. Contudo, se esse conjunto de experiências se identifica com políticas econômicas, também o faz com as políticas sociais, nas quais diversos arquitetos se engajaram como meio de contribuir com o processo de desenvolvimento da sociedade. Esta dissertação estabelece uma comparação entre experiências (consideradas exemplares) realizadas no âmbito da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, visando compreender e superar os limites referentes à forma de produção do espaço por meio de Conjuntos Habitacionais. Se, por um lado, tenta olhar criticamente seus produtos, também o faz com relação às formas de produção e seus produtores. E se há limites impostos pela própria forma capitalística de produção do espaço, mediada pelas relações entre salário, lucro e renda, há também nas concepções críticas do pensamento arquitetônico. Deste modo, se for possível a superação da Forma Conjunto Habitacional, isso deverá se dar em conjunto.
El Conjunto Habitacional de interés social es el resultado de un proceso de producción del espacio que articula a diferentes agentes interesados en valorar su capital en un proceso productivo. En cuanto conjunto de experiencias, se puede observar a partir de sus especificidades materiales, realizadas en cada uno de sus contextos históricos y geográficos particulares, y también como un proceso de producción que se percibe de manera genérica, constituyéndose, de este modo, como una forma social de producción. No obstante, aunque este conjunto de experiencias se identifica con algunas políticas económicas, también lo hace con ciertas políticas sociales, que cuentan con el apoyo comprometido de muchos arquitectos quienes ven en ellas una manera de aportar al proceso de desarrollo social. Esta disertación establece una comparación entre algunas experiencias (consideradas como ejemplares) realizadas en el marco de la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo, buscando comprender y superar los límites relacionados a la forma de producción del espacio mediante los Conjuntos Habitacionales. Si, por un lado, se intenta dirigir una mirada crítica hacia sus productos, se lo hace igualmente en lo que se refiere a sus formas de producción y sus productores. Asimismo, si existen límites impuestos por la propia forma capitalística de producción del espacio, mediada por las relaciones entre el salario, las ganancias y las rentas, se los encuentra también en las concepciones críticas del pensamiento arquitectónico. De este modo, si es posible la superación del formato del Conjunto Habitacional, esto se deberá dar en conjunto.

Efficient disposal methods are needed to manage manure produced by industrial animal production. Saprophagous fly larvae could potentially convert manure into fertilizer and produce protein; however, the process is not well studied. Musca domestica, Hydrotaea aenescens, and Coproica hirtula were investigated to determine the most suitable species and conditions that facilitate efficient poultry manure conversion. The objectives were to (1) develop laboratory protocols and timelines for fly production; (2) identify environmental conditions that affect conversion; and (3) determine the ideal manure moisture content, depth, and fly egg-to-manure ratio for manure conversion and protein production. Mass-production was possible for every species and timelines were established for all species except C. hirtula. The most promising species for use in a conversion system was M. domestica and the presence of C. hirtula facilitated complete conversion. When using these species simultaneously the ideal initial conditions were: 77.5% moisture, 2.9cm deep and 0.82g eggs/kg manure.
OMAFRA/ University of Guelph partnership