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Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Jiang, Mei Guang, Quan Jun Liu, Hong Xiao, and Jun Long Yang. "Experiment Research on Copper Zinc Mixed Flotation." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 3346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3346.

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the major elements of the copper sulfide tin ore are Copper, tin and zinc, The grade of copper is 1.22%,as chalcopyrite and copper sulfide tin ore exists in the ore, the grade of tin is 1.19%,With gray tin and tin exists in the stone, the grade of zinc is 1.27%, Zinc is mainly in sphalerite,it is not easy separation Because ore structure is complex, due to the flotability of copper zinc is similar, The first with prior flotation method choose copper zinc mixed concentrate, Use re-election for tin enrichment, The last is copper zinc separation flotation.
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2

Johnson, M., S. V. Baryshev, E. Thimsen, M. Manno, X. Zhang, I. V. Veryovkin, C. Leighton, and E. S. Aydil. "Alkali-metal-enhanced grain growth in Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films." Energy Environ. Sci. 7, no. 6 (2014): 1931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ee44130j.

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Copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) is an emerging photovoltaic material comprised of earth abundant elements. Presence of very small amounts of sodium and potassium during the synthesis of thin CZTS films enhances grain growth and leads to microstructures ideally suited for solar cells.
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3

Vermang, Bart, Aniket Mule, Nikhil Gampa, Sylvester Sahayaraj, Samaneh Ranjbar, Guy Brammertz, Marc Meuris, and Jef Poortmans. "Progress in Cleaning and Wet Processing for Kesterite Thin Film Solar Cells." Solid State Phenomena 255 (September 2016): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.255.348.

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Copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide (CIGS) and copper zinc tin selenide/sulfide (CZTS) are two thin film photovoltaic materials with many similar properties. Therefore, three new processing steps – which are well-known to be beneficial for CIGS solar cell processing – are developed, optimized and implemented in CZTS solar cells. For all these novel processing steps an increase in minority carrier lifetime and cell conversion efficiency is measured, as compared to standard CZTS processing. The scientific explanation of these effects is very similar to its CIGS equivalent: the incorporation of alkali metals, ammonium sulfide surface cleaning, and Al2O3 surface passivation leads to electrical enhancement of the CZTS bulk, front surface and reduced front interface recombination, respectively.
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4

Chernomordik, B. D., A. E. Béland, N. D. Trejo, A. A. Gunawan, D. D. Deng, K. A. Mkhoyan, and E. S. Aydil. "Rapid facile synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 27 (2014): 10389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01658k.

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A method for rapid synthesis of 2–40 nm diameter nanocrystal dispersions of the emerging sustainable thin-film solar absorber copper zinc tin sulfide is reported: the average crystals size is controlled by varying the synthesis temperature between 150 °C and 340 °C. Films cast from larger nanocrystals, are crack-free and suitable for making thin film solar cells.
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5

Rudnik, Ewa, Iwona Dobosz, Krzysztof Fitzner, and Zbigniew Miazga. "Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Smelted Low-Grade WEEE in Ammoniacal Solutions." Key Engineering Materials 682 (February 2016): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.682.293.

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Hydrometallurgical routes of copper recovery from smelted low-grade e-waste are presented. Electronic scrap was smelted to produce Cu–Zn–Ag-Sn alloys of various phase compositions. The alloys were then treated in the following ways: (a) anodic dissolution with simultaneous metal electrodeposition using ammoniacal solutions with various ammonium salts (chloride, carbonate, sulfate). This resulted in the separation of metals, where lead, silver and tin accumulated mainly in the slimes, while copper was transferred to the slime, electrolyte and then recovered on the cathode. (b) leaching in ammoniacal solutions of various compositions and then copper electrowinning. Alloy was leached in chloride, carbonate, sulfate and thiosulfate baths. This resulted in the separation of the metals, wherein copper and zinc were transferred to the electrolyte, while metallic tin and silver as well as lead remained in the slimes. Copper was selectively recovered from the ammoniacal solutions by the electrolysis, leaving zinc ions in the electrolyte. The best conditions of the alloy treatment were obtained, where the final product was copper of high purity (99.9%) at the current efficiency of 60%. Thiosulfate solution was not applicable for the leaching of the copper alloy due to secondary reactions of the formation of copper(I) thiosulfate complexes and precipitation of copper(I) sulfide.
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6

Fischereder, Achim, Alexander Schenk, Thomas Rath, Wernfried Haas, Sébastien Delbos, Corentin Gougaud, Negar Naghavi, et al. "Solution-processed copper zinc tin sulfide thin films from metal xanthate precursors." Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly 144, no. 3 (January 9, 2013): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00706-012-0882-6.

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7

Özdal, Teoman, and Hamide Kavak. "Comprehensive analysis of spin coated copper zinc tin sulfide thin film absorbers." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 725 (November 2017): 644–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.209.

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8

Gunavathy, K. V., K. Tamilarasan, C. Rangasami, and A. M. S. Arulanantham. "Solution processed copper zinc tin sulfide thin films for thermoelectric device applications." Ceramics International 46, no. 18 (December 2020): 28342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.338.

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9

Fuhrmann, Daniel, Stefan Dietrich, and Harald Krautscheid. "Copper Zinc Thiolate Complexes as Potential Molecular Precursors for Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CZTS)." Chemistry - A European Journal 23, no. 14 (January 27, 2017): 3338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201604717.

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10

Sravani, Lingam, Soumyaranjan Routray, Kumar Prasannajit Pradhan, and Maykel Courel Piedrahita. "Kesterite Thin‐Film Solar Cell: Role of Grain Boundaries and Defects in Copper–Zinc–Tin–Sulfide and Copper–Zinc–Tin–Selenide." physica status solidi (a) 218, no. 16 (July 17, 2021): 2100039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202100039.

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11

Sawant, Jitendra P., Rekha Rajput, Seema Patil, Jungho Ryu, Deepak Rajaram Patil, and Rohidas B. Kale. "Photocatalytic activities of hydrothermal synthesized copper zinc tin sulfide nanostructures." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 32, no. 18 (August 11, 2021): 22803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06759-9.

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12

Ghorpade, Uma V., Mahesh P. Suryawanshi, Seung Wook Shin, Chang Woo Hong, Inyoung Kim, Jong H. Moon, Jae Ho Yun, Jin Hyeok Kim, and Sanjay S. Kolekar. "Wurtzite CZTS nanocrystals and phase evolution to kesterite thin film for solar energy harvesting." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 30 (2015): 19777–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp02007g.

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A quaternary indium- and gallium-free kesterite (KS)-based compound, copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4, CZTS), has received significant attention for its potential applications in low cost and sustainable solar cells.
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13

Akhanda, S., R. Matin, MS Bashar, M. Sultana, A. Kowsar, M. Rahaman, and ZH Mahmood. "Effect of annealing atmosphere on structural and optical properties of CZTS thin films prepared by spin-coating." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 53, no. 1 (March 11, 2018): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v53i1.35905.

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Copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) thin films were deposited by spin coating procedure of a sol-gel prepared from the solution of copper (II)chloride, zinc acetate, tin (II) chloride and thiourea in 2-methoxyehtanol followed by annealing under two different atmospheres viz. N2 gas and Sulphur (S) powder at 530 °C for 5 minutes. The effect of different annealing atmosphere on the structural and optical properties of the CZTS thin films were investigated. The X-ray diffraction study showed higher intensity peaks for films annealed under N2 gas ambient. SEM study revealed that the surfaces of the films in both cases are non-uniform. Films annealed in N2 gas atmosphere showed better absorption coefficient (exceeding 104 cm-1 in the visible region) than the sulphurized ones. The optical band gap (Eg) of the films were found to be in the range of 1.46 - 1.53 eV.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(1), 13-20, 2018
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14

Williams, Bryce A., Michelle A. Smeaton, Collin S. Holgate, Nancy D. Trejo, Lorraine F. Francis, and Eray S. Aydil. "Intense pulsed light annealing of copper zinc tin sulfide nanocrystal coatings." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 34, no. 5 (September 2016): 051204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4961661.

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15

Mitzi, David B., Oki Gunawan, Teodor K. Todorov, and D. Aaron R. Barkhouse. "Prospects and performance limitations for Cu–Zn–Sn–S–Se photovoltaic technology." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1996 (August 13, 2013): 20110432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0432.

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While cadmium telluride and copper–indium–gallium–sulfide–selenide (CIGSSe) solar cells have either already surpassed (for CdTe) or reached (for CIGSSe) the 1 GW yr −1 production level, highlighting the promise of these rapidly growing thin-film technologies, reliance on the heavy metal cadmium and scarce elements indium and tellurium has prompted concern about scalability towards the terawatt level. Despite recent advances in structurally related copper–zinc–tin–sulfide–selenide (CZTSSe) absorbers, in which indium from CIGSSe is replaced with more plentiful and lower cost zinc and tin, there is still a sizeable performance gap between the kesterite CZTSSe and the more mature CdTe and CIGSSe technologies. This review will discuss recent progress in the CZTSSe field, especially focusing on a direct comparison with analogous higher performing CIGSSe to probe the performance bottlenecks in Earth-abundant kesterite devices. Key limitations in the current generation of CZTSSe devices include a shortfall in open circuit voltage relative to the absorber band gap and secondarily a high series resistance, which contributes to a lower device fill factor. Understanding and addressing these performance issues should yield closer performance parity between CZTSSe and CdTe/CIGSSe absorbers and hopefully facilitate a successful launch of commercialization for the kesterite-based technology.
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16

Paraye, Akanksha, Manivannan Ramachandran, and Noyel Victoria Selvam. "Facile Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Chalcogenide Nanoparticles for Thin Film Solar Cell Applications." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 65, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.14923.

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Single-step ultrasound-assisted synthesis of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide nanoparticles (CZTS) has been studied at two different frequencies. While the effects of frequency on the particle size of the CZTS nanoparticles were insignificant, a noticeable change was observed in composition. As-obtained particles presented the amorphous nature and spherical morphology with a high degree of agglomeration. Annealing of the synthesized CZTS nanoparticles increased the crystallinity while the sulfur content decreased considerably. The poly-dispersity and agglomeration of the nanoparticles increased upon annealing. The as-obtained CZTS nanoparticles synthesized at 45 kHz frequency presented a copper deprived and zinc-rich composition suitable for higher photo-conversion efficiency of the solar cells. The bandgap of the annealed and non-annealed particles ranged between 1.25 eV and 1.65 eV.
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17

Fathima, A. Anis. "Optical Study of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.33158.

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18

Williams, Bryce A., Nancy D. Trejo, Albert Wu, Collin S. Holgate, Lorraine F. Francis, and Eray S. Aydil. "Copper–Zinc–Tin–Sulfide Thin Films via Annealing of Ultrasonic Spray Deposited Nanocrystal Coatings." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 22 (May 23, 2017): 18865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b04414.

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19

Madiraju, Alekhya Venkata, Kshitij Taneja, Manoj Kumar, Anup Kumar Keshri, Sarang Balkrushna Mahajan, and Raghunandan Seelaboyina. "Synthesis of CZTS in Aqueous Media Using Microwave Irradiation." Conference Papers in Energy 2013 (May 23, 2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/962730.

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Copper-Zinc-Tin-Sulfide (CZTS), a promising material for absorber layer application in thin film solar cells, has been synthesized in aqueous media by microwave irradiation technique. Compared to conventional synthesis methods, microwave irradiation is highly efficient, reliable, and less time consuming. The synthesized nanopowders were characterized for particle size by dynamic light scattering (DLS), phase by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and band-gap by UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Various atmospheric processing methods are being evaluated for the deposition of absorber layers from CZTS nanopowder based ink.
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20

He, Bo, Jing Xu, Hong Zhi Wang, Yao Gang Li, Huai Zhong Xing, Chun Rui Wang, Qing Hong Zhang, and Zhong Quan Ma. "Observation of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film prepared by RF magnetron sputtering for heterojunction applications." Modern Physics Letters B 28, no. 16 (June 23, 2014): 1450134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984914501346.

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In this paper, copper-zinc-tin-sulfide ( Cu 2 ZnSnS 4) thin film was successfully fabricated by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering on glass substrate. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the film were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), laser micro-Raman spectrometer, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), UV-VIS spectrophotometer and Hall effect measurement, respectively. The results show that Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 film is of good quality. A good nonlinear rectifying behavior is obtained for the GZO / Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 heterojunction. Under reverse bias, high photocurrent is obtained.
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21

Mahdi, Noura, and Nabeel Bakr. "Effect of Na Doping on Some Physical Properties of Chemically Sprayed CZTS Thin Films." 3, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2022-3-11.

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In this work, sodium-doped copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) thin films are prepared by depositing them on glass substrates at temperature of (400±10) °C and thickness of (350±10) nm using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique. 0.02 M of copper chloride dihydrate (CuCl2.2H2O), 0.01 M of zinc chloride (ZnCl2), 0.01 M of tin chloride dihydrate (SnCl2.2H2O), and 0.16 M of thiourea (SC(NH2)2) were used as sources of copper, zinc, tin, and sulphur ions respectively. Sodium chloride (NaCl) at different volumetric ratios of (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9) % was used as a dopant source. The solution is sprayed on glass substrates. XRD diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, FESEM, UV-Vis-NIR, and Hall effect techniques were used to investigate the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the produced films. The XRD diffraction results revealed that all films are polycrystalline, with a tetragonal structure and a preferential orientation along the (112) plane. The crystallite size of all films was estimated using Scherrer's method, and it was found that the crystallite size decreases as the doping ratio increases. The FESEM results revealed the existence of cauliflower-shaped nanoparticles. The optical energy band gap was demonstrated to have a value ranging from 1.6 to 1.51 eV with a high absorption coefficient (α ≥104 cm-1) in the visible region of the spectrum. Hall measurements showed that the conductivity of CZTS thin films with various Na doping ratios have p-type electrical conductivity, and it increases as the Na doping ratio increases.
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22

Chang, Zhi-Xian, Wen-Hui Zhou, Dong-Xing Kou, Zheng-Ji Zhou, and Si-Xin Wu. "Phase-dependent photocatalytic H2evolution of copper zinc tin sulfide under visible light." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 84 (September 2, 2014): 12726–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc05654j.

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23

Edler, Michael, Thomas Rath, Alexander Schenk, Achim Fischereder, Wernfried Haas, Matthias Edler, Boril Chernev, et al. "Copper zinc tin sulfide layers prepared from solution processable metal dithiocarbamate precursors." Materials Chemistry and Physics 136, no. 2-3 (October 2012): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.07.030.

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24

Wang, Chonge, Boubacar Drame, Lucien Niare, and Fu Yuegang. "Optimization of the Shell Thickness of the ZnO/CdS Core-Shell Nanowire Arrays in a CZTS Absorber." International Journal of Optics 2022 (January 20, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5301790.

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Copper-zinc-tin-sulfide (CZTS) solar cells have now become a topic of interest in the solar power generation industry. These are used as an absorber in the zinc oxide (ZnO)/cadmium sulfide (CdS) core-shell nanowire arrays, in order to improve the performance of solar cells. The relationship between the average increase in absorption rates and CdS shell thickness (compared to the thin film) reveals that the optimum thickness with the maximum average absorption rate (39.95%) compared to thin film is 30 nm. The cells’ electrical and optical performance was significantly improved with the introduction of graphene between the ZnO and CdS layers. The shell thicknesses for a better performance of these nanowire solar cells were 30 and 40 nm, with almost the same open-circuit voltage, the similar short-circuit current density, and efficiency, which were 630 mV, 6.39 mA/cm2, and 16.8%, respectively. Furthermore, a minimum reflection of 40% was obtained with these same shell thicknesses.
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25

Dai, Pengcheng, Guan Zhang, Yuncheng Chen, Hechun Jiang, Zhenyu Feng, Zhaojun Lin, and Jinhua Zhan. "Porous copper zinc tin sulfide thin film as photocathode for double junction photoelectrochemical solar cells." Chemical Communications 48, no. 24 (2012): 3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc17652a.

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26

Lin, Yi-Rung, Tsu-Chin Chou, Ling-Kang Liu, Li-Chyong Chen, and Kuei-Hsien Chen. "A facile and green synthesis of copper zinc tin sulfide materials for thin film photovoltaics." Thin Solid Films 618 (November 2016): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2016.04.005.

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27

Gunavathy, K. V., K. Tamilarasan, C. Rangasami, and A. M. S. Arulanantham. "Investigations on copper zinc tin sulfide thin films grown through nebulizer assisted spray pyrolysis technique." International Journal of Energy Research 44, no. 9 (May 3, 2020): 7371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.5451.

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28

Seelaboyina, Raghunandan, Manoj Kumar, Alekhya Madiraju, Kshitij Taneja, and Kulvir Singh. "Microwave Synthesis of Thin Film Absorber Layer Nanopowders of Copper-Indium-Gallium-(di) Selenide and Copper-Zinc-Tin-Sulfide." Current Microwave Chemistry 1, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213335601666140305000522.

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29

Syum, Zeru, Tadesse Billo, Amr Sabbah, Boya Venugopal, Sheng-Yu Yu, Fang-Yu Fu, Heng-Liang Wu, Li-Chyong Chen, and Kuei-Hsien Chen. "Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperature." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9, no. 27 (July 1, 2021): 8970–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01341.

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30

Ramasamy, Karthik, Mohammad A. Malik, and Paul O'Brien. "Routes to copper zinc tin sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4 a potential material for solar cells." Chemical Communications 48, no. 46 (2012): 5703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc30792h.

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31

Kannan, G., T. E. Manjulavalli, M. Thambidurai, K. Habeeba, and D. V. Ezhilarasi GnanaKumari. "3.2% efficient cadmium free Cu2ZnSnS4/ZnO solar cells fabricated using solvothermally synthesized nanoparticles." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1219, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1219/1/012036.

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Abstract In this paper, we report thefabrication of a hetero-junction solar cell using nanocrystallinep-type Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) as absorber layer and ZnO as buffer layer.The effect of copper ratio on the properties of copper zinc tin sulfide nanoparticles synthesized using solvothermal method and the influence of Cu ratio on the cell efficiencies are also systematically investigated.The structural, optical andelectrical properties of prepared nanoparticles were studied using X-ray powder diffraction, Raman analysis, scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis absorption and J-Vcharacteristic studies.The device fabrication and conversionefficiency of cadmium free CZTS/ZnOsolar cellsare also discussed.The highestpower conversion efficiency of the solar cell was observed to be 3.2% for copper slightly poor (0.9) compositional ratio.
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Khalkar, Arun, Kwang-Soo Lim, Seong-Man Yu, Dong-Wook Shin, Tae-Sik Oh, and Ji-Beom Yoo. "Effects of Sulfurization Pressure on the Conversion Efficiency of Cosputtered Cu2ZnSnS4Thin Film Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/750846.

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We report herein Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) thin film solar cells with 6.75% conversion efficiency, without an antireflection coating. The CZTS precursors have been prepared by cosputtering using three different targets on Mo-coated substrates: copper (Cu), tin sulfide (SnS), and zinc (Zn). The postsulfurization was carried out at different pressures in a H2S/N2environment at 550°C for one hour. A comparative study on the performances of solar cells with CZTS absorber layers prepared at different sulfurization pressures was carried out. The device efficiency of 1.67% using CZTS absorber and low pressure sulfurization is drastically improved, to an efficiency of 6.75% with atmospheric pressure sulfurization.
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33

Bras, Patrice, Jan Sterner, and Charlotte Platzer-Björkman. "Influence of hydrogen sulfide annealing on copper–zinc–tin–sulfide solar cells sputtered from a quaternary compound target." Thin Solid Films 582 (May 2015): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2014.11.004.

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34

CHAN, C. P., H. LAM, K. K. LEUNG, and C. SURYA. "GROWTH OF COPPER ZINC TIN SULFIDE NANO-RODS BY ELECTRODEPOSITION USING ANODIZED ALUMINUM AS THE GROWTH MASK." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 18, no. 04 (December 2009): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863509004804.

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In this work, we report the growth of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CZTS) nano-rods on CZTS thin films. The nano-structures were fabricated using an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) growth mask. The metallic constituents of CZTS were co-electrodeposited within the AAO nano-pores using a choline-based ionic liquid as the electrolyte. Sulfurization was performed in elementary sulfur vapor environment at 450°C for 4 hours in nitrogen ambient. The properties of the CZTS thin film grown in the process were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results indicated that the film has a stannite structure with preferred grain orientation along (112). The nano-rods fabricated using this technique show that the diameters of the rods can be easily varied from 150–250 nm by changing the potential in the anodization process. The morphology and crystal structure of CZTS nano-rods were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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35

Muhunthan, N., Om Pal Singh, Son Singh, and V. N. Singh. "Growth of CZTS Thin Films by Cosputtering of Metal Targets and Sulfurization in H2S." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/752012.

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Copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) is an emerging thin film photovoltaic material. Chemical composition and phase purity are important factors which decide the quality of the film for photovoltaic applications. In the present work, we report the results of the morphological, structural, optical, and electrical characterizations of Cu2ZnSnS4thin films, synthesized by sulfurizing magnetron cosputtered Cu2ZnSn thin films in ambient H2S. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on CZT deposition by cosputtering from Cu, Zn, and Sn targets and sulfurizing it in ambient H2S for making CZTS thin films. GIXRD and Raman study results showed that the film was kesterite CZTS. Optical absorbance studies revealed a band gap value of ~1.5 eV for CZTS thin film. Results of the Hall effect measurements are also reported.
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36

Sani, Rabiya, R. Manivannan, and S. Noyel Victoria. "One Step Electrodeposition of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Using Sodium Thiocyanate as Complexing Agent." Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33961/jecst.2018.9.4.308.

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37

Alvarez Barragan, Alejandro, Hoda Malekpour, Stephen Exarhos, Alexander A. Balandin, and Lorenzo Mangolini. "Grain-to-Grain Compositional Variations and Phase Segregation in Copper–Zinc–Tin–Sulfide Films." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 35 (August 26, 2016): 22971–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b04982.

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38

Arora, Leena, Poonam Gupta, Nitu Chhikara, Om Pal Singh, N. Muhunthan, V. N. Singh, B. P. Singh, Kiran Jain, and S. Chand. "Green synthesis of wurtzite copper zinc tin sulfide nanocones for improved solar photovoltaic utilization." Applied Nanoscience 5, no. 2 (March 17, 2014): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-014-0302-9.

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39

Shin, Donghyeok, SangWoon Lee, Dong Ryeol Kim, Joo Hyung Park, Yangdo Kim, Woo-Jin Choi, Chang Sik Son, Young Guk Son, and Donghyun Hwang. "Effect of RF Power on the Properties of Sputtered-CuS Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030688.

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Copper sulfide (CuS) thin films were deposited on a glass substrate at room temperature using the radio-frequency (RF) magnetron-sputtering method at RF powers in the range of 40–100 W, and the structural and optical properties of the CuS thin film were investigated. The CuS thin films fabricated at varying deposition powers all exhibited hexagonal crystalline structures and preferred growth orientation of the (110) plane. Raman spectra revealed a primary sharp and intense peak at the 474 cm−1 frequency, and a relatively wide peak was found at 265 cm−1 frequency. In the CuS thin film deposited at an RF power of 40 W, relatively small dense particles with small void spacing formed a smooth thin-film surface. As the power increased, it was observed that grain size and grain-boundary spacing increased in order. The binding energy peaks of Cu 2p3/2 and Cu 2p1/2 were observed at 932.1 and 952.0 eV, respectively. Regardless of deposition power, the difference in the Cu2+ state binding energies for all the CuS thin films was equivalent at 19.9 eV. We observed the binding energy peaks of S 2p3/2 and S 2p1/2 corresponding to the S2− state at 162.2 and 163.2 eV, respectively. The transmittance and band-gap energy in the visible spectral range showed decreasing trends as deposition power increased. For the CuS/tin sulfide (SnS) absorber-layer-based solar cell (glass/Mo/absorber(CuS/SnS)/cadmium sulfide (CdS)/intrinsic zinc oxide (i-ZnO)/indium tin oxide (ITO)/aluminum (Al)) with a stacked structure of SnS thin films on top of the CuS layer deposited at 100 W RF power, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 115 mA, short circuit current density (Jsc) of 9.81 mA/cm2, fill factor (FF) of 35%, and highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.39% were recorded.
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40

Ge, Zhongyang, Pravakar Rajbhandari, Junjie Hu, Amin Emrani, Tara P. Dhakal, Charles Westgate, and David Klotzkin. "Enhanced omni-directional performance of copper zinc tin sulfide thin film solar cell by gradient index coating." Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 10 (March 10, 2014): 101104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4868104.

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41

El kissani, A., L. Nkhaili, A. Ammar, K. Elassali, and A. Outzourhit. "Synthesis, annealing, characterization, and electronic properties of thin films of a quaternary semiconductor; copper zinc tin sulfide." Spectroscopy Letters 49, no. 5 (March 24, 2016): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00387010.2016.1167086.

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42

Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró, and Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): A250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a250820.

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The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.
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43

Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró, and Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): P250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3p250820.

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Abstract:
The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.
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44

Bree, Gerard, Hugh Geaney, Killian Stokes, and Kevin M. Ryan. "Aligned Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Nanorods as Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes with High Specific Capacities." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 35 (August 16, 2018): 20090–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05386.

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45

Yao, Shujuan, Shanshan Zhou, Xuexiang Zhou, Jie Wang, and Xipeng Pu. "TiO2-coated copper zinc tin sulfide photocatalyst for efficient photocatalytic decolourization of dye-containing wastewater." Materials Chemistry and Physics 256 (December 2020): 123559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123559.

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46

Yang, Haoran, Luis A. Jauregui, Genqiang Zhang, Yong P. Chen, and Yue Wu. "Nontoxic and Abundant Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Nanocrystals for Potential High-Temperature Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting." Nano Letters 12, no. 2 (January 6, 2012): 540–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl201718z.

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47

Xin, Xukai, Ming He, Wei Han, Jaehan Jung, and Zhiqun Lin. "Low-Cost Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Counter Electrodes for High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50, no. 49 (September 7, 2011): 11739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201104786.

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48

Xin, Xukai, Ming He, Wei Han, Jaehan Jung, and Zhiqun Lin. "Low-Cost Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Counter Electrodes for High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Angewandte Chemie 123, no. 49 (September 7, 2011): 11943–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201104786.

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49

Muhunthan, N., Om Pal Singh, M. K. Thakur, P. Karthikeyan, Dinesh Singh, M. Saravanan, and V. N. Singh. "Interfacial Properties of CZTS Thin Film Solar Cell." Journal of Solar Energy 2014 (November 26, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/476123.

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Cu-deficient CZTS (copper zinc tin sulfide) thin films were grown on soda lime as well as molybdenum coated soda lime glass by reactive cosputtering. Polycrystalline CZTS film with kesterite structure was produced by annealing it at 500°C in Ar atmosphere. These films were characterized for compositional, structural, surface morphological, optical, and transport properties using energy dispersive X-ray analysis, glancing incidence X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Hall effect measurement. A CZTS solar cell device having conversion efficiency of ~0.11% has been made by depositing CdS, ZnO, ITO, and Al layers over the CZTS thin film deposited on Mo coated soda lime glass. The series resistance of the device was very high. The interfacial properties of device were characterized by cross-sectional SEM and cross-sectional HRTEM.
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50

Ashfaq, A., Hareem Mufti, K. Javaid, K. Mahmood, Salma Ikram, A. Ali, N. Amin, et al. "A new approach to enhance the thermoelectric performance of quaternary chalcogenides copper zinc tin sulfide thin films by varying copper molar concentration." Solid State Communications 360 (February 2023): 115046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2022.115046.

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