Journal articles: 'Copper ores'

1

Tran, Hien Thi, and Phong Duc Pham. "Research and complete the processing technology of Son La oxide copper ores for the Tay Bac Minerals Joint Stock Company." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 62, no. 3b (July 20, 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2021.62(3b).03.

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The copper ore processing plant of the Tay Bac Minerals Joint Stock Company has been designed and operated to produce metallic copper from copper sulphide ores and copper oxide ores in Son La province. Copper sulphide ores are processed to produce copper concentrates with content of more than 20% Cu for the next processing stage, while copper oxide ores, with average content of 1÷3% Cu and after grinding, are fed directly into hydrometallurgical processes to extract copper. However, this process requires large amount of chemicals. Therefore, the economic efficiency is not high. The National Institute of Mining - Metallurgy Science and Technology has researched and proposed a reasonable technology process for Son La copper oxide ores for solving difficulties and perfecting the processing technology at the plant that improves economic efficiency and minimizes environmental pollutions. This report presents results of the experimental production research project with the code CNKK.013.19, implemented by the Institute of Materials Science and sponsored by the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

2

I., Blinov, and Vinogradov N. "Mineral Composition of Ores Used at Ustye-I, a Fortified Settlement of the Bronze Age (Chelyabinsk Region)." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 33, no. 4 (December 2021): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2021)33(4).-10.

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At the fortified settlement of the Bronze Age, Ustye-I (South Trans-Urals), metal products of copper, arsenic and tin bronzes, numerous fragments of metallurgical slags, as well as fragments of copper ores have been discovered. According to the results of early studies, pure copper predominates among metal items (53.4% of finds), but also a significant part contains an admixture of arsenic (25.4% of finds), tin (13.6% of finds) and both components simultaneously (7.6% of finds). Several alloying components of the samples are simultaneously found in slags: Pb (50% of cases), As (49% of cases), Zn (40% of cases), Bi (38% of cases), Sn (7% of cases), Ni (4% of cases), Sb (1% of cases). To identify the relationship between the incoming raw materials and the received metal, 15 ore samples were examined. The ores studied are ‘gravelly’ clasts with a size of 5 mm to several centimeters, and ‘sandy’ ores with a size of 2–3 mm. According to their mineral composition, ores are subdivided into malachite, azurite, and limonite. The main copper minerals are malachite and azurite; chrysocolla is found occasionally, chalcopyrite, cuprite are rarely found. Copper is bound to Fe- and Mn-hydroxides. We have identified copper slag fragments in ‘sandy’ ores. In all types of ores, natural alloying components are very rare and are represented by Pb and Zn. These elements can form their own minerals (mottramit, a mineral of the plumbogummite family) or act as an impurity to malachite (up to 0.62 wt% ZnO), azurite (up to 1.12 ZnO and up to 2.37 PbO), iron hydroxides (up to 2.66 ZnO and up to 2.02 PbO) or manganese hydroxides (up to 0.41 ZnO and up to 9.48 PbO). No As and Sn impurities were found. The presence of numerous fragments of brown iron ore at the settlement, the close location of copper mines indicates that the settlers were engaged in the extraction and processing of copper ore. The widespread occurrence of ores, consisting mainly of malachite and azurite, indicates that the ores were mined from the upper parts of the oxidation zone, and the metal smelted from these ores must correspond to pure copper. The distribution of Pb and Zn impurities indicates that some of the copper ores originate from the oxidation zones of pyrite ores or deposits of other formational types with a similar ore composition. The difference in the compositions of the ores found at the settlement and the compositions of slag and metal is associated with several sources of ores. The sources of copper ores could be mines located near the settlement. Arsenic-bearing ores could have come from mines in adjacent areas. Tin ores were brought in as a result of trans-regional exchange with the Central Asian region.

3

Fatyanov, А., and S. Scheglova. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY OF COPPER ORES OF THE UDOKAN DEPOSIT." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 7 (2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-7-33-40.

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The composition of the mineral raw materials of the Udokan copper deposit has been studied. It is established that the copper minerals antlerite and brochantite are represented both in the form of ordinary and crystal hydrate forms, the properties of which are reflected in the flotation process. Studies were carried out on sulfide, mixed and oxidized samples of ores from the Udokan deposit. A unified flotation scheme for processing such ores with the production of sulfide and mixed copper concentrate with subsequent hydro- and pyrometallurgical methods is recommended. The objects of research are sulfide, mixed and oxidized copper ores of the Udokan deposit. The subject of the study is the technology of processing copper ores. Research objectives: – study of the mineral, material, and chemical composition of copper ores of the Udokan deposit; – study of existing technologies for processing copper ores; – conducting laboratory experiments on sulfide, mixed and oxidized ore samples of the Udokan deposit; – recommendation of a unified enrichment scheme for all types of copper ores of the Udokan deposit. Research methods. The work was carried out on the basis of studying the available sources on the occurrence, composition and structure of copper ores of the Udokan deposit, methods of their processing. In the course of laboratory studies, a flotation method of mineral enrichment was used with the use of operations to stabilize the energy state of the dispersed system (with Eh control) and subsequent electrochemical treatment of the pulp. The authors emphasize that the recommended scheme for processing copper ores from the Udokan deposit will optimize the processing technology and increase the efficiency of mining this deposit. Hydro- and pyrometallurgical methods are the most optimal for processing the obtained sulfide and mixed concentrates

4

Zalesov, M. V., V. A. Grigoreva, V. S. Trubilov, and A. Ya Boduen. "Designing of engineering solutions to enhance efficiency of high-copper gold-bearing ore processing." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 5/2021 (November 12, 2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2021-5-51-56.

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The modern metals industry is characterised by a downward trend in the quality of ores involved in processing, and conventional methods of extracting useful components are inefficient for raw materials with complex composition. To maintain the growing level of metal production it is required to introduce new efficient technologies for processing of low-grade and refractory ores as well as man-made deposits. The article describes processing methods of refractory raw materials with high cyanide content using copper-gold ores as an example, where gold is the primary commodity, and copper is the accompanying useful component. The most common method of processing copper-gold ores is preconcentration followed by selective leaching of copper and gold. In some cases, technologies involving copper by-products and cyanide recovery from the cyanide leaching solutions offer equally effective options for processing of the copper-gold ores and concentrates. Copper-gold ores are processed at gold mines using the cyanide procedures, supplemented if required by gravity and flotation concentration. In all variations of the cyanide treatment, most of copper minerals actively react with cyanides of alkali metals, binding the CN– ions into the copper complex of [Cu(CN3)]2–. This reaction results in an increased solvent consumption, as well as in number of challenges related to cleaning tailings and slurries from highly toxic cyanide compounds and dissolved copper. In addition to technological complications associated with the need to meet strict requirements for the maximum permissible concentrations, copper accumulated in the cycling solutions also causes a decrease in gold extraction from the processed ores.

5

Chen, Bo Wei, Jian Kang Wen, and Guo Cheng Yao. "Acidophiles and its Use in Mineral Biomining with Emphasis on China." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 4201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.4201.

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Acidophiles have been widely used in heap and dump bioleaching of secondary copper sulfide ores and biooxidation of refractory gold ores. 22 genera of acidophiles have been found in biomining environments. This paper gives a preliminary introduction to the application of mineral biomining in China. Challenges and technical trends for heap bioleaching of primary copper sulfide ores, purification of bioleaching solution of polymetallic sulfide ores and biooxidation of carbonaceous refractory gold ores are also recommended.

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Neira, Andrés, Diana Pizarro, Víctor Quezada, and Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes. "Pretreatment of Copper Sulphide Ores Prior to Heap Leaching: A Review." Metals 11, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071067.

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Although the main cause of hydrometallurgical plant closures is the depletion of oxidized copper minerals reserves, the lack of new hydrometallurgy projects also contributes to these closures. One solution is to be able to process copper sulphide ores hydrometallurgically. However, it is widely known that sulphide copper ores—and chalcopyrite in particular—have very slow dissolution kinetics in traditional leaching systems. An alternative to improve the extraction of copper from sulphide ores is the use of a pretreatment process. Several investigations were developed evaluating the effects of pretreatment, mainly in the extraction of copper from chalcopyrite in chloride media. This study presents a review of various pretreatment methods prior to heap leaching to aid in the dissolution of copper from sulphide ores. Different variables of pretreatment that affect the extraction of copper were identified, including the type of salts used in agglomeration, curing time, and curing temperatures. Successful cases such as the implementation of the CuproChlor® process (use of calcium chloride), and various pilot studies using sodium chloride and temperature, show that pretreatment is an alternative that aids in the dissolution of copper from sulphide ores.

7

Top, J. L., J. N. M. Agricola, and A. F. Fort. "Concentration of Cupriferous Micas by Hgms." Magnetic Separation News 2, no. 3 (January 1, 1988): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1988/45689.

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High Gradient Magnetic Separation tests have been carried out on low grade refractory copper ores, consisting mainly of cupriferous micas. An effective concentration of copper was obtained for two types of ores. The copper grade was improved 2 and 1.5 times at a recovery of about 90%. In particular, the amount of quartz in the concentrate could be reduced. This indicates that HGMS could be a successful method for concentration of these ores.

8

Zvereva, N., V. Myazin, and I. Kostromina. "Technological possibility of increasing the complexity of the use of gold-bearing polymetallic ores of the Novo-Shirokinsky deposit." TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 28, no. 6 (2022): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-6-6-14.

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Gold-bearing polymetallic ores of the Novo-Shirokinsky deposit (further NShD) are complex, containing other valuable components besides gold and silver, which include lead, zinc, copper, iron, etc. According to the content of sulfides in the ores, they belong to the moderate sulfide type. The main feature of the material composition of ores NShD: expressed multicomponent content of valuable minerals; proximity of flotation properties of shared minerals; especially valuable mineral in ores, in addition to gold and silver, is copper, which is mainly concentrated in lead concentrate. The highest technological indicators of ore beneficiation are achieved when they are enriched according to a collective technological scheme. The technological scheme of ore beneficiation at the plant is shown in fig. 1. A lead-copper concentrate is obtained, which, as a rule, is subsequently sent for subsequent selective flotation. The factory produces two main concentrates - lead and zinc (corresponding to TU 07.29.15-002-24722376-2018, TU 1725-001-24722376-2011). This work is aimed at increasing the complexity of the use of NShD polymetallic ores in order to justify the possibility of additional production of copper concentrate at the plant. The object of the study – gold-bearing polymetallic ores of the Novo-Shirokinsky deposit. The subject of the study – flotation process of ore beneficiation as the basis for obtaining copper concentrate by constructing effective technological schemes for the polymetallic ores’ processing. The main idea of the work – sequential extraction of copper from lead concentrates using retreatments and optimal operating parameters of the flotation process

9

Sanwani, Edy, Riria Zendy Mirahati, and Siti Khodijah Chaerun. "Recovery of Copper from Pyritic Copper Ores Using a Biosurfactant-Producing Mixotrophic Bacterium as Bioflotation Reagent." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.181.

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In an attempt to investigate the use of bacteria and their metabolites as bioflotation reagents for environmentally friendly mineral processing, laboratory cell flotation tests were carried out using copper sulfide ores bearing a high content of pyrite, which were mixed with a biosurfactant-producing mixotrophic bacterium as bioflotation reagents. The interaction of bacterial cells and their metabolic products with the sulfide ores resulted in the alteration of the surface chemistry of both ores and bacterial cells as evidenced by FTIR and SEM-EDS observations as well as surface tension and contact angle measurements. The change in the surface properties of the sulfide ores in turn enabled the bacterium to function as flotation bioregeants in the flotation of copper sulfide ores as a function of bacterial cell concentration, conditioning time, flotation time and pH. Overall, the bacterium and its metabolites as bioreagents yielded flotation recoveries which might be attributed to the multi-function of the bacterium as depressant, collector and frother. Thus, the bacteria tested in this study could potentially be used as flotation bioreagents, providing an alternative to conventional flotation reagents.

10

Fu, Yanhua, Hongfei Xie, Yachun Mao, Tao Ren, and Dong Xiao. "Copper Content Inversion of Copper Ore Based on Reflectance Spectra and the VTELM Algorithm." Sensors 20, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 6780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236780.

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Copper is an important national resource, which is widely used in various sectors of the national economy. The traditional detection of copper content in copper ore has the disadvantages of being time-consuming and high cost. Due to the many drawbacks of traditional detection methods, this paper proposes a new method for detecting copper content in copper ore, that is, through the spectral information of copper ore content detection method. First of all, we use chemical methods to analyze the copper content in a batch of copper ores, and accurately obtain the copper content in those ores. Then we do spectrometric tests on this batch of copper ore, and get accurate spectral data of copper ore. Based on the data obtained, we propose a new two hidden layer extreme learning machine algorithm with variable hidden layer nodes and use the regularization standard to constrain the extreme learning machine. Finally, the prediction model of copper content in copper ore is established by using the algorithm. Experiments show that this method of detecting copper ore content using spectral information is completely feasible, and the algorithm proposed in this paper can detect the copper content in copper ores faster and more accurately.

11

DENG, TONG, and JIAYONG CHEN. "Treatment of Oxidized Copper Ores with Emphasis on Refractory Ores." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 7, no. 3-4 (April 1991): 175–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827509108952671.

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Chaerun, Siti Khodijah, Frideni Yushandiana Putri, Mohammad Zaki Mubarok, Wahyudin Prawira Minwal, and Zela Tanlega Ichlas. "Bioleaching of Supergene Porphyry Copper Ores from Sungai Mak Gorontalo of Indonesia by an Iron- and Sulfur-Oxidizing Mixotrophic Bacterium." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.20.

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Environmentally friendly mining technologies have to be developed extensively to avoid the impact of mining activities with respect to environmental concern. One example of such technology is bioleaching which has been developed worldwide and is regarded as an appropriate technology for the extraction of metals from polymetallic ores such as supergene porphyry copper ores, mainly consisting of secondary copper sulfides, including chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS), or oxide minerals, i.e., cuprite (Cu2O) and tenorite (CuO). The extraction process for this complex ore generally requires high temperature, high pressure and/or high acid concentration. For the economic extraction of valuable copper from such ores, the bioleaching of supergene porphyry copper ore from Sungai Max in Southeast Sulawesi of Indonesia was investigated in shake-flask experiments at room temperature (28 °C) for 14 days using an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium (Alicyclobacillus sp.) indigenous to an Indonesian mine site. The main mineralogical composition of gangue minerals contained in this ore sample included quartz, muscovite, kaolinite and alunite. The relatively high copper extraction efficiencies were obtained over a 14-day period of the bioleaching experiments as a function of pH, pulp density and NaCl concentration. Therefore, the findings of this study provide the first information of bioleaching process of supergene porphyry copper ores in Indonesia that may highly be useful for developing an economical and environmentally friendly extraction process of such complex ores.

13

Zhang, Tie Min, Zhi Cong Wei, and Ying Bo Mao. "Ammonia Leaching Study on Refractory Oxidised Copper Ores." Applied Mechanics and Materials 563 (May 2014): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.563.53.

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Ammonia leaching research is carried out on a certain oxidised copper ores. The effects of oxidized copper ores which came from Yunnan Province were studied in laboratory in order to find out the optimum leaching conditions under normal temperature and pressure. The ores belonged to typical high binding rate minerals. The optimum conditions obtained were as follows: granding fineness about 90% -0.074mm, ammonia concentration 2 mol/l, ammonium fluoride concentration 1.5mol/l , leaching time 2h, and liquid-solid ratio 3:1.The leaching rate of this ore could reach 86%.

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Gayar, El Sayed El, and M. P. Jones. "A Possible Source of Copper Ore Fragments Found at the Old Kingdom Town of Buhen." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 75, no. 1 (August 1989): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751338907500104.

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An archaeological investigation of the Old Kingdom town of Buhen in 1962 revealed an ancient copper ‘factory’, some copper ore fragments from which have been examined by modern analytical methods. The results show that the main copper-bearing mineral in the ore is malachite but this has been extensively altered (in situ) to the green copper chloride, atacamite. The ore also contains a very high proportion of gold. The mineralogy of the ‘Buhen’ ore has been compared with known copper ores from Egypt and Northern Sudan. These other ores either do not match the Buhen specimens or they occur very long distances from the town. The only mining activity close to Buhen was at the gold mines of Kush, some of which were on the Nile immediately up-stream of the town and were worked in Middle Kingdom times. No mineralogical details of the Kush ores are known but it is possible in view of their location, and also because of the high proportion of gold found in the Buhen specimens, that it was the Kush ores which were used, in the Old Kingdom, for the extraction of copper.

15

Zhang, Chi, Xiao Dong Jia, Ya Lin Lu, Dian Wen Liu, and Xiao Lin Zhang. "Review on New Process and New Reagent of Copper Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 1618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.1618.

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The paper briefly analyzes and systematically summarizes flotation process and chemical treatment method of low-grade oxidized copper ores in recent years. The new high-efficient collectors and system of reagent combined usage are developed widely and have become an important research direction of oxidized copper ores.

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Jiang, Tai Guo, Jian Jun Fang, Tie Min Zhang, Shan Wang, and Ying Bo Mao. "The Effect of Different Collectors on Oxidised Copper Ores Flotation." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.814.

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For a refractory oxidised copper ores in Sichuan province, studing the different collectors on the influence of oxidised copper ores sulfide flotation behavior. The results showed that: the collecting performance of sodium isoamylxanthate was better. When the dosage of sodium isoamylxanthate was 550g/t, the copper concentrate grade of 19.09% could be obtained and recovery was 82.65% under the appropriate process conditions in the closed circuit experiment.

17

Ignatkina, V. A., V. A. Bocharov, A. R. Makavetskas, A. A. Kayumov, D. D. Aksenova, L. S. Khachatryan, and Yu Yu Fishchenko. "RATIONAL PROCESSING OF REFRACTORY COPPER-BEARING ORES." Izvestiya Vuzov Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Proceedings of Higher Schools Nonferrous Metallurgy, no. 3 (June 14, 2018): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2018-3-6-18.

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The paper presents the results obtained when studying material compositions of four samples of refractory copper-bearing ores from the Uzelga deposit along with technological solutions to improve their processing parameters. The refractoriness of ores is associated with a thin dissemination (up to a micron size) and close intergrowth of ore and rock minerals. Ferrous sulfides are represented by a wide range of minerals: pyrite, marcasite and their variety melnikovite, arsenic pyrite and arsenopyrite; sooty melnikovite has a higher flotation activity. The reduction of iron sulfides from 89 to 29 % is followed by a proportional increase of easy-floatable rock minerals to 45 % and clay to 9 %. These properties make these sulfides difficult to process (float) and maintain ore refractoriness. The content of copper sulfides in ore samples varies from 3,32 to 7,29 %; the relative fraction of copper sulfide in a form of tennantite in different deposit samples varies from 29 to 93 %. Copper is also present as chalcopyrite and bornite. The best flotation activity of tennantite can be seen in neutral and weak acid media in contrast with standard flotation mode for chalcopyrite and bornite with butyl xanthate in a high-alkaline calcareous medium. Free grains of copper minerals can be selectively extracted into the intermediate flotation copper concentrates when grinding maximum 60 % of the –71-μm class. The technology of flotation in a low-alkaline medium is developed for refractory copper-bearing ores with variable tennantite content using the M-TF selective sulfhydryl collector in intermediate copper flotations and copper concentrate upgrading cycle; aeration used to suppress melnikovite flotation activity makes it possible to achieve 80 % copper recovery into conditioned copper concentrate. Bornite, tennantite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite disseminated in pyrite make it rational to obtain copper-pyrite, copper-zinc-pyrite products with their yield up to 12 % for pyroand hydrometallurgical processing.

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Jiang, Tai Guo, Zhi Chong Wei, and Tie Min Zhang. "Study on the Beneficiation of an Oxidised Copper Ores in Yunnan Province." Applied Mechanics and Materials 631-632 (September 2014): 641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.631-632.641.

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For a refractory oxidised copper ores in Yunnan province, studing the beneficiation of a oxidised copper ores sulfide flotation behavior. The results showed that: When ethylenediamine phosphate was added with the dosage of 120 g/t, the final copper concentrates were gained with the grade of 21.06% and recovery of 83.20%. Compared to the direct sulfide flotation, the concentrate grade was raised by 3.59% and the recovery was increased by 7.33%.

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RYLNIKOVA, M. V., G. I. AYNBINDER, N. A. MITISHOVA, and L. A. GADZHIEVA. "RESEARCHING REGULATIONS OF FIRE SULFIDE ORE AND BREED DURING COMBINED DEPOSIT DEVELOPMENT." News of the Tula state university. Sciences of Earth 2, no. 1 (2020): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46689/2218-5194-2020-2-1-341-356.

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Mineralogical and mineralogical-graphic analyzes of samples of the host and ore-bearing rocks of copper-zinc-pyrite deposits were carried out. The Program and the corresponding research methods offactors and patterns of development of the oxidation processes of sulfide ores and rocks have been developed and tested. The results of chemical-technological studies of sulfur-pyrite, copper-pyrite, copper-zinc ores, sericite-quartz rocks and metamorphosed tuffs are presented.

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Jiang, Tai Guo, Jian Jun Fang, Tie Min Zhang, Shan Wang, and Ying Bo Mao. "The Effects of Different Depressants on Oxidised Copper Ores Flotation." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 1118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.1118.

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For refractory oxidised copper ores of Huidong Sichuan province, studing the different depressants on the influence of oxidised copper ores flotation behavior. The results showed that: the depressanting effect of the combination of sodium hexametaphosphate primarily is better. When the dosage of the combination of sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium humate reagent is 300 g/t, ratio is 2:1,the recovery of copper concentrate is 83.31and the grade is 19.01 in the closed circuit experiment.

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Medina, Diego, and Corby G. Anderson. "A Review of the Cyanidation Treatment of Copper-Gold Ores and Concentrates." Metals 10, no. 7 (July 5, 2020): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070897.

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Globally, copper, silver, and gold orebody grades have been dropping, and the mineralogy surrounding them has become more diversified and complex. The cyanidation process for gold production has remained dominant for over 130 years because of its selectivity and feasibility in the mining industry. For this reason, the industry has been adjusting its methods for the extraction of gold, by utilizing more efficient processes and technologies. Often, gold may be found in conjunction with copper and silver in ores and concentrates. Hence, the application of cyanide to these types of ores can present some difficulty, as the diversity of minerals found within these ores can cause the application of cyanidation to become more complicated. This paper outlines the practices, processes, and reagents proposed for the effective treatment of these ores. The primary purpose of this review paper is to present the hydrometallurgical processes that currently exist in the mining industry for the treatment of silver, copper, and gold ores, as well as concentrate treatments. In addition, this paper aims to present the most important challenges that the industry currently faces, so that future processes that are both more efficient and feasible may be established.

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Díaz, José, Jennyfer Serrano, and Eduardo Leiva. "Bioleaching of Arsenic-Bearing Copper Ores." Minerals 8, no. 5 (May 17, 2018): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8050215.

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NAKAMURA, Hidekatsu, Muneyuki TAMURA, Tadashi CHIDA, and Naoki SATO. "Acceleration of Copper Leaching of Secondary Copper Sulfide Ores." Journal of MMIJ 126, no. 6 (2010): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/journalofmmij.126.184.

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Ranjbar, M., M. Schaffie, Mohammad Pazouki, R. Ghazi, A. Akbary, S. Zanddevakili, S. A. Seied Baghery, and Z. Manafi. "Application Potential of Biohydrometallurgy in the Iranian Mining Industry." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.38.

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Several studies and different successful commercial applications had demonstrated that bioleaching can be an innovative approach that is capable to provide mining industry opportunities for essential growth in the medium term[2-18]. To identify the commercial application potential of bioleaching in Iranian copper industry, a research program was initiated. The objective of the main part of this program was to evaluate bacterial leaching processes for copper recovery from (i) high grade ores and flotation concentrates and (ii) low grade ores and flotation tailings. The latest results of these studies indicates the general operability of the bioleaching in both cases. At optimum conditions, the copper extraction from low grade materials was more than 80% and that from high grade ores and flotation concentrates about 95%, which should be high enough to justify the process economically.

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Liang, Yi Li, Hua Qun Yin, Yun Hua Xiao, Min Tang, Xue Feng, Zhi Yong Xie, Guan Zhou Qiu, and Xue Duan Liu. "Microbial Leaching of Copper from Tailings of Low Grade Sulphide Ores in Zambia." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.473.

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Demand for copper is growing in the world,which makes it increasingly necessary to process low-grade ores and tailings that used to be considered as wastes. The development and application of bioleaching by acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms, which obtain energy from the oxidation of sulfide minerals and use carbon dioxide for constructive metabolism, has been a major approach for processing the low-grade copper ores. In this study, mixed culture consisted of six iron and sulfur oxidizing microorganisms were used in leaching of flotation and acid-leaching tailings obtained from Zambia sulfide ores. The result showed that 62.7% and 61.7% copper were dissolved by bioleaching, while 53.8% and 57.4% by acid leaching in flotation and acid leaching tailings, respectively. In addition, mineralogical forms of copper were quite noteworthy since copper sulfide mineral extraction was significantly improved in bioleaching. XRD analysis showed wollastonite and diopside in acid tailing were undetectable after 23 days while others were difficult to be dissolved. No jarosite or sulphur was detected by XRD in residues.

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Tanaka, Yoshiyuki, Hajime Miki, Gde Suyantara, Yuji Aoki, and Tsuyoshi Hirajima. "Mineralogical Prediction on the Flotation Behavior of Copper and Molybdenum Minerals from Blended Cu–Mo Ores in Seawater." Minerals 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080869.

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The copper ore in Chilean copper porphyry deposits is often associated with molybdenum minerals. This copper–molybdenum (Cu–Mo) sulfide ore is generally mined from various locations in the mining site; thus, the mineral composition, oxidation degree, mineral particle size, and grade vary. Therefore, in the mining operation, it is common to blend the ores mined from various spots and then process them using flotation. In this study, the floatability of five types of Cu–Mo ores and the blending of these ores in seawater was investigated. The oxidation degree of these Cu–Mo ores was evaluated, and the correlation between flotation recovery and oxidation degree is presented. Furthermore, the flotation kinetics of each Cu–Mo ore were calculated based on a mineralogical analysis using mineral liberation analysis (MLA). A mineralogical prediction model was proposed to estimate the flotation behavior of blended Cu–Mo ore as a function of the flotation behavior of each Cu–Mo ore. The flotation results show that the recovery of copper and molybdenum decreased with the increasing copper oxidization degree. In addition, the recovery of blended ore can be predicted via the flotation rate equation, using the maximum recovery (Rmax) and flotation rate coefficient (k) determined from the flotation rate analysis of each ore before blending. It was found that Rmax and k of the respective minerals slightly decreased with increasing the degree of copper oxidation. Moreover, Rmax varied greatly depending on the mineral species. The total copper and molybdenum recovery were strongly affected by the degree of copper oxidation as the mineral fraction in the ore varied greatly depending upon the degree of oxidation.

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Kamradt, Andreas, Juliane Schaefer, Axel Schippers, and Sabrina Hedrich. "Comparative Bioleaching and Mineralogical Characterization of Black Shale-Hosted Ores and Corresponding Flotation Concentrates." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.139.

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In this study, two black shale copper ores from different Mid-European Kupferschiefer-type deposits and their flotation concentrates were used for bioleaching tests. All samples were subjected to stirred tank bioleaching using an acidophilic, moderately thermophilic microbial consortium. The distribution of sulfides and gangue minerals in the ores, copper concentrates and residues of both, bioleaching and sterile chemical control tests were investigated using EDX-based particle analysis. The black shale ores and the extracted copper concentrates varied in their mineralogical composition with respect to the distribution of sulfides and gangue. While the copper-bearing sulfides in the Sangerhausen black shale and concentrate were dominated by bornite and chalcopyrite, the Rudna black shale and its flotation concentrate were rich in chalcocite and bornite. Differences in the portion of gangue minerals were detected in particular for carbonates that represented the dominant mineral group in the Rudna black shale and its copper concentrate. Distinct Cu dissolution kinetics and recovery rates of Co and other associated metals were observed for the various materials processed by bioleaching. Copper sulfides were completely dissolved also in both black shale ores. However, the sulfide distribution in the bioleaching residues of the Sangerhausen concentrate revealed that a significant portion of chalcopyrite was not leached. Even higher recovery rates for copper and other metals were determined for the bioleaching tests on the Rudna concentrate, in which copper sulfides were nearly completely dissolved. Alteration of copper sulfides and the formation of calcium sulfate were in particular observed in the sterile control residue of the Rudna concentrate, due to excessively use of sulfuric acid for pH stabilization. Lead sulfate precipitates increasingly occurred in the bioleaching residues, but represented also a common secondary phase in the sterile leaching residues.

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Li, Guo Dong, Li Kun Gao, Hui Xin Dai, and Hai Fang Dong. "Study on Application of Intensifying Depression Talcum in the Copper Sulphide Flotation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 3043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.3043.

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Talcum is a common gangue with which sulphide ores are associated, it has an adverse impact on sulphide ores flotation and product index due to its high natural floatability. In this paper it takes talcum-bearing copper sulphide ores from DongChuan in Yunnan province as experimental samples, and a series of tests on depressing talcum in the copper suphide ore flotation were carried out. Results show that when took the composed CMC and sodium hexametaphosphate as depressant with respective dosage 200g/t and 300g/t, it obtained a favourableeffect. In addition, depression effect can get improved with the dosage of collector increasing properly, it shows that when took the composed CMC and sodium hexametaphosphate as depressant, it can make the flotation process stable.It employed rougher-scavenger-three cleaners system as the closed-circuit flowsheet, and attained a Cu concentrate product of whom grade and recovery is 16.16%, 78.78% respectively.The results might contribute to dispose some similar talcum-bearing sulphide ores in the future.

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Xiong, Fei, Yan Jun Li, Zheng Zhang, Guo Fang Du, and Yao Zhong Lan. "Application of Chelating Collectors in the Flotation of Copper Minerals." Advanced Materials Research 868 (December 2013): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.868.417.

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The application of new chelating reagents on the flotation of copper minerals has been paid much attention in recent years. These collectors have successfully extracted the copper minerals from the low-grade refractory ores, and one of the most important collectors is the alkylhydroxamate-based chelating reagent which shows the excellent flotation performance to the copper oxide minerals. Furthermore, the mixture of various chelating reagents can recover the copper sulfides and oxides simultaneously from the complicated copper ores, which is attributed to the synergy among collectors. Thus we conclude that it is an important flotation method by using chelating collectors in conjunction with other traditional collectors, by which the synergy can break through the limitation of single reagent and enhance the flotation efficiency.

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Liu, Dian Wen, Jian Jun Fang, Xiao Lin Zhang, Shu Ming Wen, Zhi Cong Wei, Shao Jun Bai, Bing Liang Xu, and Wen Bin Zhang. "Sulfidisation Promotion Effect of Ammonium Sulfate on Flotation of Copper Oxide Ore." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 1109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.1109.

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This paper presents the sulfidisation promotion effect of ammonium sulfate on the sulfidisation flotation of both malachite and copper oxide ores. Copper oxide ores are commonly difficult-to-float due to its molecular structure, and adding sodium sulfide as activator is necessary; however, its dosage to the flotation pulp must be strictly controlled, as it is also a powerful depressant for copper sulfide minerals, and will, if in excess, depress the activated copper oxide minerals. This depression will be alleviated while ammonium sulfate is added, as it accelerates the speed of sulfidisation, and alleviates excessive sulfide ions on the depression of copper oxide minerals. Ammonium sulfate, therefore, may be a sulfidisation promoter, and plays a role of sulfidisation promotion effect; it makes the coating of sodium sulfide on the ore surface more dense and stable, which is ready for xanthate adsorption on the surface of copper oxide minerals. The results of experiments show that the flotation recovery is increased 12.28% while ammonium sulfate is added in the presence of excessive sodium sulfide in the pulp, and the highest recovery is obtainable when the ammonium sulfate and sodium sulfide are in the same dosages. The sulfidisation promotion effect of ammonium sulfate is confirmed by pure copper oxide mineral flotation test and copper oxide ores flotation test, as well as by SEM images of floated malachite.

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Li, Xiaohua, Wouter Monnens, Zheng Li, Jan Fransaer, and Koen Binnemans. "Solvometallurgical process for extraction of copper from chalcopyrite and other sulfidic ore minerals." Green Chemistry 22, no. 2 (2020): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc02983d.

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Konareva, Tatiana, and Maxim Kirilchuk. "Research of combined reagent schemes of activation leaching of gold from oxidized ores of the Malmyzh field." E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 02020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019202020.

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The results of studies of the cyanide and an alternative methods for leaching gold and silver from oxidized ores of the Malmyzh field are presented. The possibility of recovering gold and silver from oxidized porphyry copper ores by thiosulfate solutions in agitation and percolation modes without intensifying the process – heating the solutions and adding copper ions – has been shown. Also, in a separate cycle – copper leaching with low-concentration sulfuric acid-sulfite solutions with additional opening of the silicate matrix with ammonium hydrofluoride – has been studied. The possibility of using ammonia-thiosulfate leaching in percolation mode has been investigated.

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Medyanik, Nadezhda L., Anton P. Ponomarev, and Olga V. Yershova. "The Chemical Technology for Producing Precious Metals from Enrichment Rejects of Copper-Pyrite Ores." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.625.

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The chemical technology for recovery precious metals Au and Ag from mature flotation tailings of copper-pyrite ores by two-stage sintering with chlorine-ammonium reagents and leaching of bakes with water is developed. The chemical extraction of gold and silver is carried out, using NH4Cl and NH4NO3 reagents in the ratios of 1:1 at a temperature of 250 °C, and 2:1 at 200 °C. In accordance with the obtained results, a chemical technology of enrichment rejects of copper-pyrite ores processing and a scheme of primary apparatus chain for implementing this technology are proposed. The economic effect of the technology realization is calculated. This effect is 96.3 million rubles with a payback period of 8 years when processing enrichment rejects of copper-pyrite ores in amount of 109.5 thousand tons per year under the conditions of JSC “Uchaly Mining and Metallurgical Combine”.

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Szubert, Agnieszka, Anne-Gwénaëlle Guezennec, Françoise Bodénan, Stefan Dirlich, Agnieszka Pawłowska, Andrzej Grotowski, Zygmunt Sadowski, and Kajetan Witecki. "An update on possibilities of metals recovery from Polish copper ores by biotechnology. Project Ecometals." E3S Web of Conferences 18 (2017): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20171801015.

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The possibilities of metals recovery from copper ores with the biotechnological methods are widely known. The methods consist in bioleaching of copper ores, copper concentrates and byproducts of their production, as well as metals recovery from leaching solutions. Biohydrometallurgical methods were tested for years to be applied at KGHM Polska Miedź S.A., in order to improve efficiency of copper production. Several different research units worked on the topic, and the most significant and wide range initiatives in this area are mentioned in this article. One of the initiatives is an ongoing German and French Ecometals project. KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. and KGHM Cuprum Ltd. Research and Development Centre are this project Partners. In the frame of the project different metals bearing materials (ores, concentrates and tailings) are tested. Among them three lithological types of the copper ore from Rudna mine and the copper concentrate from Lubin concentrator are used for studies. The article gives a general overview of these activities, with the main focus on results of bioleaching studies of selected materials, conducted by KGHM Cuprum. In these studies sandstone and shale, as well as so called “shale concentrate” (containing 39% of the shale) were used for experiments, and possibilities of their bioleaching were evaluated.

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Grigoriev, S. A. "Development of metallurgy of copper and copper alloys in China in the 2nd millennium BC." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 2(57) (June 15, 2022): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2022-57-2-3.

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The first rare metal finds in China are dated to the Neolithic period, but most of them belong to its final phase. For this period, pure copper is known, very rare arsenic alloys, probably smelted from ore with arsenic admixtures. At the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, in Gansu, the technology of smelting ore with the following alloying with arsenic, occasionally tin minerals were borrowed from an unknown source. This technology spread to the east, and is present in the Erlitou II layer. At the beginning of the Erlitou III phase (which corresponds to the beginning of the Shang dynasty), the tradition of the Seima-Turbino metallurgy and the technology of smelting copper sulfide ores and alloying with tin penetrated into the Yellow River basin from the north (through Shanxi) from southern Siberia. This tradition soon spread to southern China, as well as the western and northern peri-phery of Chinese civilization. The penetration of the Karasuk tradition of arsenic alloys is also observed in the west and north in the late Shang period, and the Shang and Karasuk metallurgical traditions coexisted there. A special situation formed in Xinjiang, where the Andronovo tradition of smelting sulfide ores and tin alloys pene-trated, but this penetration was limited to the west of the region. It did not affect the development of Chinese me-tallurgy. In general, in China, there is the same correspondence between the types of used ores and alloys as in the rest of Eurasia: native copper and malachite — pure copper, oxidized ores and secondary sulfides with gangue — arsenic copper, occasionally tin bronze, copper-iron sulfides — tin bronze. But in China, this sequence was driven by two technological impulses at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC (from an unclear source) and at the end of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC from southern Siberia. In addition, during the late Shang period, the interaction of the Shang and Karasuk traditions occurred in the north and west.

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Abbas Jasim, Sundus, Sajad Abd Al-kadhum Mohsin, and Maithem Ammory Jaafer. "Production of Copper Powder from Ores by Elecrodeposition Process." Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences 27, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jubes.v27i2.2342.

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This paper studies the preparation of Copper powder from copper sulphate aqueous solution (CuSO4.5H2O), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and copper chloride (CuCl2.2H2O) by using the process of electrodeposition. Process of Powder deposition has been investigated for copper powder; it is a fine layer on cathode electrode by using the value of different from time of deposition (15, 30, 45, and 60) min. it is noticed the weight of the powder rises with the rise of time of depostion. Diffractions of X-ray (XRD) revealed high crystallinity and pure copper powder not contain impurity or oxides. Optical microscopes have revealed the particles of copper have dendritic shapes. The size of Particles analyzer measured the size of a particle which is about (4.645) μm.

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Aikawa, Kosei, Mayumi Ito, Nodoka Orii, Sanghee Jeon, Ilhwan Park, Kazutoshi Haga, Taro Kamiya, et al. "Flotation of Copper Ores with High Cu/Zn Ratio: Effects of Pyrite on Cu/Zn Separation and an Efficient Method to Enhance Sphalerite Depression." Minerals 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091103.

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Porphyry copper deposits are important sources of copper and typically processed by flotation to produce copper concentrates. As mining areas become deeper, the amounts of impurities, such as sphalerite, can be increased in copper ores, so the appropriate depression of sphalerite floatability should be achieved to obtain saleable copper concentrates. In this study, the flotation behaviors of chalcopyrite and sphalerite in model samples mimicking copper ores with high Cu/Zn ratios (i.e., the ratio of chalcopyrite/sphalerite = 13:1) were investigated with zinc sulfate as a depressant for sphalerite. In addition, the effect of pyrite—a major gangue mineral in copper ores—on the depression of sphalerite floatability with zinc sulfate was examined. When sphalerite and chalcopyrite coexisted, the floatability of the former was effectively depressed by zinc sulfate (Zn recovery: <12%), whereas the presence of pyrite promoted the release of Cu2+ due to the galvanic interaction with chalcopyrite, which resulted in the elimination of the effectiveness of zinc sulfate in depressing sphalerite floatability (Zn recovery: >90%). Despite the presence of much higher amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite than sphalerite, the application of nitrogen (N2) gas limiting the galvanic interaction between pyrite and chalcopyrite by reducing the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the system effectively depressed the floatability of sphalerite (Zn recovery: <30%).

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Ngom, Baba, Yili Liang, and Xueduan Liu. "Cross-Comparison of Leaching Strains Isolated from Two Different Regions: Chambishi and Dexing Copper Mines." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/787034.

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A cross-comparison of six strains isolated from two different regions, Chambishi copper mine (Zambia, Africa) and Dexing copper mine (China, Asia), was conducted to study the leaching efficiency of low grade copper ores. The strains belong to the three major species often encountered in bioleaching of copper sulfide ores under mesophilic conditions:Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, andLeptospirillum ferriphilum. Prior to their study in bioleaching, the different strains were characterized and compared at physiological level. The results revealed that, except for copper tolerance, strains within species presented almost similar physiological traits with slight advantages of Chambishi strains. However, in terms of leaching efficiency, native strains always achieved higher cell density and greater iron and copper extraction rates than the foreign microorganisms. In addition, microbial community analysis revealed that the different mixed cultures shared almost the same profile, andAt. ferrooxidansstrains always outcompeted the other strains.

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Jena, Silpa Sweta, Sunil Kumar Tripathy, N. R. Mandre, R. Venugopal, and Saeed Farrokhpay. "Sustainable Use of Copper Resources: Beneficiation of Low-Grade Copper Ores." Minerals 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2022): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050545.

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The global market has announced copper as a modern energy metal and finds its extensive utilization in the construction industry, electrical wiring, power transmission lines, alloying, anticorrosive coating, heat exchangers, refrigeration tubing, etc. Copper ore is primarily beneficiated from sulphide mineral deposits. Due to high-grade copper sulphide deposit exhaustion, the focus has now shifted towards recovery from different lean-grade oxide and mixed ore deposits. The present paper summarizes the utilization of copper as a clean energy mineral and its importance in the current renewable energy sector. Extensive research has been carried out on the flotation of copper sulphide ore as compared to copper oxide and mixed type ores. Besides flotation, other beneficiation techniques (selective flocculation and gravity separation) are also discussed in the present review. A few novel pretreatment methods are currently being studied for copper ore to intensify the separation for higher productivity.

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Murzin, V. V., G. A. Palyanova, E. V. Anikina, and V. P. Moloshag. "Mineralogy of noble metals (Au, Ag, Pd, Pt) in Volkovskoe Cu-Fe-Ti-V deposit (Middle Urals, Russia)." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 21, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2021-21-5-643-659.

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Research subject. The mineral compositions of titanomagnetitic (apatite, titanomagnetite) and copper-titanomagnetitic (bornite, chalcopyrite, apatite, titanomagnetite) ores of the Volkovskoe Cu-Fe-Ti-V deposit (Middle Urals, Russia).Methods. The research was carried out using a Jeol JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope and X-ray spectral microanalyzers JXA-5 (Jeol) at the Geoanalitik Collective Use Center of the IGG UB RAS. Results and conclusions.Native gold (with ≤ 0.3 wt % Pd, 0.2–0.4 wt % Cu; fneness 800–914 ‰), tellurides of Pd, Au and Ag (merenskyite, keithconnite, sylvanite, hessite) and Pt arsenide (sperrylite) were found in the copper-titanomagnetitic ores. For the frst time, two generations of native gold (fneness 1000 and 850–860 ‰) and palladium telluride (keithconnite Pd3-xTe) were detected in titanomagnetitic ores. The sequence of ore mineral formation and the features of their genesis were revealed. Native gold (fneness 1000‰) in the form of microinclusions in titanomagnetite was attributed to the magmatic stage. Noble metal minerals, intergrown with copper sulfdes (bornite, chalcopyrite, digenite) and associated with late hydroxyl-bearing minerals (amphibole, epidote, chlorite), are superimposed in relation to the magmatic minerals (pyroxene, plagioclase, hornblende, apatite, titanomagnetite, ilmenite, etc.) of these ores. Merenskyite, sperrylite, high fneness gold (800–914 ‰), as well as carrolite, cobaltite, copper-cobalt telluride and bismuth tellurium-selenide kawazulite Вi2Te2Se are syngenetic with copper sulfdes. The Au-Ag tellurides were deposited later than these minerals. It is shown that the high fugacity of tellurium, which binds Pd, Au, and Ag into tellurides, prevents the occurrence of native gold containing high concentrations of palladium and silver.

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Kyaw, Z. Y., Z. A. Tiagalieva, Z. O. Htet, and K. K. Phyo. "Improvement of reagent flotation modes of sphalerite and pyrite from deposits of copper-zinc pyrite, polymetallic copper-zinc pyrite and polymetallic ores." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 942, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/942/1/012004.

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Abstract Copper-zinc pyrite (Sulphide) and polymetallic ores of Russia are complex and difficult to process mineral raw materials. The main technology for the enrichment of this ores are flotation. Currently, the improvement of the flotation technology of this mineral raw materials is carried out in several way. It has been established by the practice of beneficiation of copper-zinc ores that obtaining high-quality zinc and pyrite concentrates is impossible without adding flotation modifiers of sphalerite and pyrite to various flotation operations. This reagent are copper (II) sulfates, zinc and iron (II) sulfates in an alkaline calcareous medium. Therefore, studies on the flotation of sphalerite and pyrite in an alkaline calcareous medium with the addition of one of these metal sulfates to the mineral flotation operation were performed. The effect of each copper (II) sulfates zinc, and iron (II) on the flotability of sphalerite and pyrite was studied during flotation of the mineral and xanthate and dithiophosphate at pH = 8, 10, and 12. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the flotation size class (- 0.074 + 0.044 mm) sphalerite and pyrite of one of the Russian deposits by sulfhydryl collectors in the presence of copper, zinc and iron sulfates in the liquid phase of flotation pulp

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Karimova, L. M., and Y. T. Kairalapov. "Percolation leaching of clay mixed copper ores." iPolytech Journal 26, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2022-1-142-153.

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The present work addresses the problem of improving the percolation properties of heap leaching piles of clay, slime-oxidised and mixed ores. These ores are prone to colmatation, which hinders percolation of the solution through the ore layer. Laboratory tests on percolation leaching were carried out using a 2 m column having an internal diameter of 190 mm, loaded with 89.42 kg of ore material having a grain size of -55+0 mm. In order to eliminate colmatation, the ore layer was divided into two equal parts by a drainage layer of polystyrene foam. The research object was ore material extracted from the northern Nurkazgan deposit (Karaganda region, Republic of Kazakhstan), in which copper is present in the form of sulphide (53.48%) and oxidised minerals (46.52%), including 23.5% of chrysocolla. The mineral composition of a test sample determined by optical and electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, local X-ray spectral, X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was characterised by 93.78% of rock-forming minerals, 53.23% of which comprised layered silicates, namely, mica, chlorite and kaolinite. Ore mineralisation was characterised by both sulphide (copper sulphides, pyrite) and oxide (malachite, iron hydroxides and manganese oxides) phases. The content of easy-sliming minerals equalled 56.30%. Prior to leaching, moisture saturation during the period of one day was carried out. The ore was top irrigated with a solution of sulphuric acid having a concentration of 60 g/dm3. Pregnant solutions were processed following a sorption method (sorption/desorption–electrolysis). The copper extraction into the solution yielded 60.04% with a sulphuric acid consumption of 50.0 kg/t ore at an average irrigation rate of 10.58 dm3/(m2h) or 0.1058 dm/h per clear opening. Therefore, heap leaching of ores at a layer height of lower than 1 m can be performed following the "leaching–extraction/re-extraction or sorption/desorption–electrolysis" scheme.

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Ignatkina, V. A., V. A. Bocharov, A. R. Makavetskas, A. A. Kayumov, D. D. Aksenova, L. S. Khachatryan, and Yu Yu Fishchenko. "Rational Processing of Refractory Copper-Bearing Ores." Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 59, no. 4 (March 29, 2018): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1067821218040065.

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Ingebritsen, S. E. "Modeling the Formation of Porphyry-Copper Ores." Science 338, no. 6114 (December 20, 2012): 1551–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1231706.

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Yerkovic, C., J. Menacho, and L. Gaete. "Exploring the ultrasonic comminution of copper ores." Minerals Engineering 6, no. 6 (June 1993): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-6875(93)90115-4.

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Pernechele, Matteo, Ángel López, Diego Davoise, María Maestre, Uwe König, and Nicholas Norberg. "Value of Rapid Mineralogical Monitoring of Copper Ores." Minerals 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11101142.

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An essential operation in the mineral processing of copper ores into concentrates is blending, as it guarantees a constant feed for the flotation cells, increases metal recovery rate and reduces tailings. In this study, copper ores from Huelva province (Spain) were investigated by quantitative XRD (X-ray diffraction) methods to optimize blending and detect penalty minerals, which can affect flotation and concentrate quality. The Rietveld method in combination with cluster analysis, PLSR and more traditional chemical analysis provide a more complete and in-depth characterization of the ore and the whole process. The mineralogical monitoring can be fully automated to enable real-time decision making.

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Vokhidov, B. R. "NEW HORIZONS PROCESSING OF TECHNOGENIC WASTE OF THE COPPER INDUSTRY." American Journal of Applied sciences 04, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume04issue05-03.

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At the present time, in the mining and metallurgical industry, there are trends in the processing of man-made waste that have accumulated over the course of many years. Since the world's reserves of ore deposits with a high initial content of non-ferrous metals and easily processed ores are currently practically depleted. This is due to a decrease in the volume of processing of conditioned ores and the involvement in the development of industrial waste, refractory ores and off-balance from low-grade dumps. High prices for metals on the world market create a favorable environment for the development of technologies for the extraction of precious metals involving the processing of mineral resources of technogenic origin. The work studies the mineralogical composition of industrial waste from the copper industry in the conditions of JSC "Almalyk MMC", determined the effectiveness of methods for the selective extraction of platinoids and paid attention to the methods of dissolution, reduction of platinum metals and methods of their purification from various impurities. Based on the study of this topic and the analysis of the results of the research, the authors proposed an optimal technology and complex methods for extracting platinum, palladium and rhodium from industrial waste using selective methods suitable for each metal separately using hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. Hydrometallurgical methods have been developed for the purification of palladium, platinum and rhodium with treatment, respectively, with formic, citric and nitric acids. As a result of the developed technologies, the possibility of complex extraction of platinum group metals from industrial waste has been achieved. In this case, the end-to-end extraction of all platinoids is over 80%.

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Zhang, Tie Min, Jian Jun Fang, Tai Guo Jiang, Shan Wang, and Ying Bo Mao. "Impact of Closed Flowsheet Structure on Oxidised Copper Ores in Huidong." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.337.

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Flotation experimental research is carried out on a certain oxidised copper ores in Huidong, Sichuan province. The ores belongs to the typical oxidised ores. For the characteristics of the mine and the scene of the test requirements, five different flowsheets were test. Under the proper process conditions, the good technical indexes were obtained in all flowsheets. But the the fourth flotation flowsheet was choosed. The principle process of two roughing, one scavenging and two cleaning were used in flotation process. Both the scavenging foam and tailing of first cleaning are returned to the first roughing work and tailing of second cleaning is returned to first cleaning work in closed circuit.

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Kyaw, Zay Ya, Kyaw Kyaw Phyo, A. B. Kopylov, and R. A. Kovalev. "IMPROVEMENT OF REAGENT REGIMES OF FLOTATION OF SPHALERITE AND PYRITE FROM SILVER COPPER-ZINC AND POLYMETALLIC ORE DEPOSITS." News of the Tula state university. Sciences of Earth 4, no. 1 (2021): 374–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46689/2218-5194-2021-4-1-374-388.

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Pyrite copper-zinc (sulfide) and polymetallic ores in Russia are complex and refracto-ry mineral raw materials. The main processing technology for such ores is flotation. Currently, the improvement of the flotation technology of such mineral raw materials is carried out in several directions. It has been established by the practice of enrichment of copper-zinc ores that obtaining high-quality zinc and pyrite concentrates is impossible without the use of various modifiers in the practice of flotation of sphalerite and pyrite. Such reagents are copper (II), zinc and iron (II) sulfates in an alkaline lime environment. Therefore, studies were carried out to float sphalerite and pyrite in an alkaline lime medium with the addition of one of the indicat-ed sulfates to the mineral flotation operation. The effect of each of the sulfates of copper (II), zinc and iron (II) on the flotation of sphalerite and pyrite was studied during flotation of the mineral with butyl xanthate and dithiophosphate at pH = 8, 10, and 12. The aim of this work was to study the effect of sulfhydryl collectors in the presence of copper sulfates , zinc and iron for flotation of sphalerite and pyrite with a size class (-0.074 + 0.044 mm) from one of the Rus-sian deposits.

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Klochko, Viktor I., Vjacheslav I. Manichev, Galina S. Kompanec, and Miron S. Kovalchuk. "Wychodnie rud miedzi na terenie ukrainy zachodniej jako baza surowcowa metalurgii kolorowej w okresie funkcjonowania kultury trypolskiej." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 10 (November 1, 2018): 47–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2003.10.03.

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The article presents a study of copper ore from western Ukraine aimed at explanation of possibilities of their exploitation for the color metallurgy development during the period of Tripolye culture. It gives a short characteristics of lithological, mineralogical, and geochemical composition of copper ores from the Dneper area, Volhynia, and the Carpathians plateau. It further presents results of chemical and spectral analysis of ore-bearing rocks, evaluation of its current state and potential possibilities of their use in the past. Based upon a statement that metal objects produced during the existence of the Tripolye culture were made of pure copper two methods of its procurement were considered: (a) from a virgin copper, and (b) from oxygenated copper ore of sedimentary origin in which a small number of admixtures was noticed. The paper shows the potential of studies aimed at explanation of the correlation between contemporary and past copper ores and some copper goods from archaeological sites of the Tarnopol region.

Journal articles on the topic 'Copper ores'

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