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1
Newell, Edmund. "The British copper ore market in the nineteenth century with particular reference to Cornwall and Swansea." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253858.
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Cunningham, Simon John. "Nationalization and the Zambian copper mining industry." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/32165.
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Pelto, Brendan. "Black-Americans in Michigan's Copper Mining Narrative." Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10617571.
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This thesis details the Phase 1 archaeological investigation into Black-Americans who were active on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan during the mining boom of the 1850s–1880s. Using archaeological and archival methods, this thesis is a proof-of-concept for future work to be done that investigates the cultural heritage of Black Americans in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
4
Yang, Fenghua. "Geopolymerization of Copper Mine Tailings." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/268596.
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Geopolymerization is a chemical reaction process, reacting SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ with alkaline solutions, which can transform aluminosilicate solids or particles to polymer materials. Geopolymers have many engineering applications such as cementation binders for construction and solidification or encapsulation of hazardous heavy metals. Mine tailings mainly consist of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. Theoretically, mine tailings can be used as source materials for geopolymerization. However, for most researchers, they use fly ash, metakaolin or furnace slag as source minerals, because these minerals are much more reactive with alkaline solutions. Mine tailings are naturally-forming minerals and are considered to be inert in geopolymerization. How are mine tailings to be activated through different reaction conditions? We conducted several tentative or preliminary experiments to study the geopolymerization process step by step. We tried different methods to react mine tailings with alkaline solutions. Mine tailings were submerged into alkaline solutions in a plastic bucket for 6 days in room temperature (20-25 °C). We wanted mine tailings to be activated by soaking. The results were not satisfying. Then we tried to react mine tailings with alkaline solutions at 60 °C and 90 °C. After analyzing, we found that the results were not satisfying either. So, we conducted simplified geopolymerization experiments in order to better understand the chemical reaction mechanism. Pure SiO2 and Al2O3, which were two major reactants, were employed to simplify and simulate the geopolymerization process. We drew some useful conclusions such as that geopolymerization took place at elevated temperatures; Al₂O₃ almost did not react with alkaline solutions at low temperatures, etc. We conducted experiments at elevated temperatures (150 °C, 180 °C, 210 °C). Different levels of pressure (5 MPa, 10 MPa, 20 MPa) were applied to make compact specimens. After many attempts, the results were successful. The highest mechanical strength was about 20 MPa. Most importantly, we obtained polymers produced from geopolymerzation, which could be seen by naked eyes. The experiment techniques such as scanning electron microstructure (SEM) imaging and X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and unconfined compression tests (UCS) were applied to study the geopolymerization reaction mechanism and the feasibility of using mine tailing-based geopolymers as construction materials.
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Sainath, Narayana Rangaiah 1968. "Dynamic behavior of flow during leaching of copper ores." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291737.
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The objective of this investigation was to experimentally determine the variation in the flow characteristics of tactite copper ores during the leaching process. The laboratory work involved estimation of porosity and permeability of cores before leaching, and after various intervals of leaching. The tests were carried out using specimens of diameter 1.5 and 4.0 inches, prepared from boulders obtained from the Cyprus Casa Grande mine. A solution containing about 25 grams of sulfuric acid per liter was used as the lixiviant. Porosity was determined using the water saturation method. The permeability was estimated using either helium or water with the specimens stressed triaxially to simulate in situ conditions. The rate of copper recovery from the specimen during the leaching process was also determined by estimating the copper content in the solution used for leaching. The results indicate that the permeability and porosity of the specimens increased with leaching, but both tend to remain constant after most of the soluble material in the core was dissolved. The rate of copper recovery was high initially but dropped as leaching progressed and the copper in the specimen was depleted.
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Forshell, Helena. "The inception of copper mining in Falun : relation between element composition in copper artifacts, mining and manufacturing technology and historic development with particular emphasis on copper from the Falu mine /." Stockholm : Archaeological research laboratory, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35727130k.
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Altamirano, Nelson. "Essays on mining countries : Dutch disease, development and copper markets /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9975891.
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Mengwe, Moses Seargent. "Towards social impact assessment of copper-nickel mining in Botswana." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1443.
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This research study is more of an initiative towards Social Impact Assessment of copper-nickel mining in Botswana. The specific objectives of the study were centred on the assessment of the social impacts of copper-nickel mining in Botswana from the initial mining stage of exploration, surveying and mine site development to mine closure. The study was carried out under the broad hypotheses that mining influences population movement that impact on areas of mining; mining activities have both economic benefits and deleterious social impacts on the local communities found in the areas where mining is taking place; and mine closure has far reaching socio-economic, investment and developmental implications over and above the obvious interests of project owners. To achieve the broad aim as summarised above, the research study used a multi-disciplinary methodology and approach that required several kinds of expertise and sources of information. Hence it used both primary and secondary sources centred on interactive informative interviews, site visits and observations, questionnaires, census data records, mining companies’ publications, published textbooks and journal articles. The research study comprised of three different mines operated by three different mining companies in three varied socio-cultural and ethnic regions of Botswana. First was a detailed Social Impact Assessment of the initial phase of exploration, surveying and mine site development represented by Mowana mine project operated by African Copper in the rural areas of Dugwi and Mosetse. This case study yielded results showing that the social impacts of mining in the area are diverse and extensive. The findings suggest that the impacts relate not only to the possible economic benefits of foreign exchange, employment, the optimal use of available mineral resources and the possible development of Dugwi and Mosetse villages, but extends to the deleterious social impacts. The results also indicated that the social impacts have just begun in the two communities. Hence they point towards a possible disruption within the socio-cultural system of the local people if serious mitigation measures are not put in place; thus suggesting that the early stages of exploration and mine site development results in the most conflict between the mine and the local people. Second was a comprehensive Social Impact Assessment of Tati-Nickel Phoenix mining project in the peri-urban areas of Matshelagabedi and Matsiloje areas representing the mining stage of mine production and expansion. The results from this case study suggest that during vi mine production and expansion, many people were relocated. However, the overriding impression gained from the case study was Tati-Nickel Mining Company’s elaborate corporate policies that suggested good corporate governance and best practices that promote sustainable development. A notable milestone on good corporate governance and best practice that the other two case studies (mining company) could benchmark on is Tati-Nickel’s corporate social responsibility programme that has been designed to ensure that the communities within a fifty kilometre mine radius benefit from the mine. The results from the case study also distinguished the mining stage of production and expansion from the other two because it is associated with the deep entrenchment of the social impacts into the communities near to mining areas. Third was a detailed Social Impact Assessment on Bamangwato Concession Limited mine in the industrial town of Selebi-Phikwe. The case study represented the stage of mine closure. Through the findings of this case study, it became apparent that the economic dependence of Selebi-Phikwe on mining has seen the town developing into a mining town, increasing its vulnerability at mine closure. The results from the case study further suggest that mine closure will degrade the socio-economic sector of the town with ever far reaching socio-economic implications as many people lose their gainful employment, hence suggesting that a possible complete mine closure will be the most traumatic phase leading to major social conflict within the area. Thus the results suggest that at mine closure, the deleterious social impacts will overspill to other areas in Botswana with disastrous effects for the economy of the country. The results yielded through this study established in clear and passionate language that copper-nickel mining in Botswana influences population movements that lead to positive and negative impacts on the communities found in mining areas. Another major finding of the study is that copper-nickel mining activities have both economic benefits and deleterious social impacts on the local communities, hence the recommendation that the copper-nickel mining companies should embrace the concept of sustainable mining for sustainable development to avoid most of the negative impacts of their operations on the local communities.
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de, Sousa Eudes Alves 1959. "Impact of geology on ore grade estimation of a porphyry copper deposit." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277264.
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Accurate ore estimation processes are of crucial importance in the mining scenario. Over the last 20 years, one practical approach to improve ore grade estimation has encouraged the need to incorporate the geology of the ore deposit being estimated in the estimation process. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of the geology on the kriging estimation of the ore grade of a portion of a porphyry copper deposit. Preliminary data analysis demonstrates the need to perform a subsequent variogram modeling and kriging estimation of the ore grade by rock type separation. Global and local estimations were done to assess the influence of the geology on the ore grade estimation at a global and local scales. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that for the portion of the deposit studied the incorporation of the geology does not produce substantial improvement on the ore grade estimation.
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Fowler, Sandra Dee. "COPPER SOLVENT EXTRACTION FROM CHLORIDE-SULFATE MEDIA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275369.
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Zhao, Xinxin. "Fabrication and plastic deformation of copper at small scales." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5480/.
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In the current study, copper nanowires are fabricated by filling the nanochannels of anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) templates using electrodeposition. The nanowires with different growth orientations as well as twin boundaries in some cases are obtained. Cu micropillars are machined from bulk materials using focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The micropillars oriented in the [235] and [156] directions, with and without a twin boundary, with a cylindrical or square shape and with different sizes are prepared. These pillars are then compressed by a nanoindenter equipped with a flat tip, and the stress-strain curves are obtained. The morphologies of the pillars are observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thin foils of the pillars are prepared by FIB and examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning TEM (STEM). Finally, the dislocation structures are analysed to shed light on the investigation of the deformation mechanisms.
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Hovis, Logan W. "Technological change and mining labour : copper mining and milling operations at the Britannia mines, British Columbia, 1898-1937." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26539.
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Most recent studies of the relationship between technological change and mining labour in the western metal-mining regions of North America have concentrated on the impact of the mechanization of the industry that took place during the second half of the nineteenth century. The distinct impression is left that the increased use of machinery — especially the machine drill — was the chief factor in reducing the skill levels associated with mining as a craft tradition. Preoccupation with machinery has led to the assumption that by the beginning of the twentieth century the transformation to modern forms of mining was essentially complete and the traditional miner an anachronism.
Mining as practiced prior to 1900 differed qualitatively and quantitatively from the subsequent period of "modern mining;" but the introduction of machinery per se was less important to the reorganization of the patterns of work in the mines than the redesigning of the engineering systems in which workers and machines were employed — a process which gained its full momentum in the decades after 1900. This transformation involved the gradual abandonment of low-volume, high-value, selective mining methods in favour of higher volume, non-selective methods which emphasised the quantity rather than the quality of the ore mined. The change redefined the nature of work in and around the mines, putting an end to a tradition of mining practice that was at least as old as the methods described in Agricola's De Re Metalica, something the initial mechanization of mining had never been intended to accomplish.
Under selective mining practices, machinery was used to assist the skilled miner in his traditional task. Under non-selective or mass mining techniques, a new generation of engineers trained in the applied sciences redefined the miner's work as solutions were sought to the problems of an increasingly complex geology in a climate of rapid economic expansion, chronic over-production, generally declining metal prices, and ever increasing production costs. The efforts and successes of these engineers were amply demonstrated in the fields of mining, metallurgical, and human engineering. The impact of the change is evident in varying degrees throughout the metal-mining community; but by focusing on copper mining — the technological leader from 1900 to 1930 — the full impact of the industrial sciences on mine labour is evident.Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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Williamson, Christian Thoreau. "Hydrologic mechanisms and optimization of in-situ copper leaching case study-BHP Copper, San Manuel, Arizona /." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1998_473_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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De, Bono Paola. "Laser welding of copper and aluminium alloys for electrical interconnects." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6898/.
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The adoption of lithium-ion and/or super-capacitor battery technologies is a current hot topic in the automotive industry. For both battery types, the terminals and busbars are manufactured from copper (Cu) and/or aluminium-based (Al-based) alloys, as a result of their high electrical and thermal conductivities. Laser welding is considered an attractive process to industry due to its easy auto-motability, high processing speed and highly repeatable cost-effective processing. However, laser welding of monometallic and dissimilar Cu and A1 presents several difficulties due to the high surface reflectivity at infrared (IR.) wavelengths. Three main areas were investigated in this research work: • Laser beam lap-welding of monometallic Cu sheets, with the aim of validating the developed welding procedures against target specifications addressed by the automotive industry, in line with production environment setups. • The suitability of using tailored energy distributions, produced using a 1070nm laser source delivered through a laser beam scanner, for welding multiple overlapping Al or Cu foils. • The effects of different laser processing parameters on the formation of deleterious brittle intermetallic phases when welding Alto Cu with a continuous-wave Yb-fibre laser.
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Barfield, Roosevelt. "Investing in Least Developed Countries: The Aynak Copper Mine Project." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2436.
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The rise of market globalization creates challenges for business executives seeking to pursue foreign direct investment (FDI) in least developed countries (LDC), such as Afghanistan. Multinational corporate (MNC) executives need strategies that will improve the timely delivery of minerals for mining projects in LDCs. Guided by the force field analysis theory, the purpose of this holistic, single-case study was to explore the strategies that 5 MNC executives in Beijing, China, used to improve the timely delivery of minerals associated with the Aynak copper mine project in Afghanistan. Semistructured interviews were used to elicit detailed narratives from MNC executives about their experiences to develop strategies for mining projects in LDCs. A review of company documents, as well as member-checking of initial interview transcripts, helped to bolster the trustworthiness of final interpretations. Study results included 2 themes. Theme 1 was determinants of mine investment strategies in LDCs that included an exploration of driving forces, restraining forces, neutral forces, and the effect of those forces. Theme 2 was FDI strategies for copper mine projects in LDCs that included the comparison of cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and combination of cost leadership and differentiation strategies. By implementing a cost leadership strategy and best practices, MNC executives were able to achieve greater success to improve timely delivery of minerals associated with FDI copper mine projects in LDCs. Social implications include ongoing efforts of Afghan government leaders to implement effective economic policies that decrease unemployment while reducing poverty.
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Tatiya, Ratan Raj. "Ore estimation and selection of underground mining methods for some copper deposits." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46738.
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Acosta, Ignacio. "The copper geographies of Chile and Britain : a photographic study of mining." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2016. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/990e32f6-a6b4-4854-a69e-f9d17120ca6e.
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This practice-based thesis is a study of the uneven geographical development of Chilean copper mining industry and the circulation of copper in Britain. My research examines three key historical moments in a pattern of ‘denationalisation,’ a term identified by Sassen (2003), of the copper resources of Chile: (1) 1840–1880; (2) 1904–1969; and (3) 1981–today, in which resources have been transferred from public to private management. In my research, I use a combination of photographic and historical methodologies to explore the impact of those processes on the extractive ecologies of Chile and to connect them to the global geographies of London, Liverpool and Swansea. My thesis considers how photography can be used to propose a re-mapping of the relationship between the global and the local, the national and the transnational, making visible the hidden geopolitical forces that shape the mobile and unequal geographies of copper. My doctoral investigation explores the global circulation of copper and its agency to produce geographical and political change. With the aim of revealing their close connections and networks, it examines the notion of ‘unequal geography’ established by Baran (1957) and the newer ‘mobility paradigm’ proposed by Sheller and Urry (2006). I follow the flow of copper, in Held’s words, ‘across space and time’ (1999), creating a constellation of photographs and texts about the transformation and mutation of copper as it traverses the world, exploring traces of extraction, smelting, manufacture, transport and trade processes across geographies. In doing so, I open ways of thinking about how landscape carries traces of those processes, bringing to the fore the significance of photographic intervention in highlighting them. The photographic research conducted during this investigation is organised in three lines of inquiry: Global mobility of copper; Post-industrial landscapes; and Contemporary mining industry and its relation to London. The first, Global mobility of copper comprises four visual essays presented together this written thesis: Sulphiric Acid Route (2012), Metallic Threads (2010-2015), High Rise (2012) and Hidden Circuits (2015). These works explore the mutation and transformation of hard-rock mining, back and forth from Chile to Britain from raw material to capital; through ore, smelted commodity, stock market exchanged value, assembled material and waste. The second, Post industrial landscapes, is explored through two case studies. The first of these is Coquimbo & Swansea (2014), which studies forgotten historical mining connections between Coquimbo, Chile and the Lower Swansea Valley, Wales between 1840 and 1880. This is followed by Miss Chuquicamata, the Slag (2012), which examines the Chuquicamata corporate town, Antofagasta Region, Chile and its contested history. The third line of inquiry, Contemporary mining industry and its relation to London involves two case studies. It opens with Antofagasta plc, Stop Abuses! (2010–14), which connects contemporary struggles of the inhabitants of Pupio Valley with the City of London, the world’s centre for mining investment. This line of investigation concludes with the site-specific studies LME Invisible Corporate Network (2011–15), which examines the London Metal Exchange within the City of London, using mapping methodologies. These case studies can also be used to map the three periods of denationalisation of copper resources in Chile. My photographic work is based on extensive photographic fieldwork in each geographical location, conducted over the last four years, as well as my two years as an activist photographer. Through my written thesis I seek to make visible the historical conditions that are central to the formation of the geographies of copper. Both aspects of my work are informed by the notion of ‘critical realism’ coined by Georg Lukács (1963) and developed later by Allan Sekula (1984). Alongside these case studies, my written thesis contains photographic examples of my practice so as to give insight into my research process. This thesis has been produced as part of Traces of Nitrate: Mining history and photography between Britain and Chile, a research project developed in collabotation with Art and Design historian Louise Purbrick and photographer Xavier Ribas, based at the University of Brighton and funded with the generous support of the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC).
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Nelsen, Jacqueline L. "British Columbia copper mining development : a sixty-year economic and political retrospective." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/53592.
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Mining is a significant economic driver in British Columbia (BC). There has been a long history of copper mining in BC and with a strong forecasted global demand for copper it remains an important socio-economic opportunity. In the last 15 years, only one copper project has progressed beyond the federal-provincial review system to proceed into production. Why has it been so difficult for such new mines to be built in BC? A conceptual framework of political ecology is used to determine the relationship between factors, actors and sectors in order to characterize their influence on mine development in BC between 1952 and 2014. The dissertation is organized in two parts: first, an analysis of economic, social and technological; and, (Part 2) political analysis. Part 2 analyzes seven current copper projects to determine their quality and economic viability. It analyzes the political factors, actors and sectors that are shown to have significantly influenced the development of mineral policy and regulatory frameworks in BC. This analysis showed that political, economic, social and technological forces (political parties, commodity prices, operating and capital cost inflation, environmental regulations, land access issues, environmental and social movements, and a change in voter values) have driven miners to restart or expand old mines rather than build new ones. It considers the potential consequences of what ultimately could result in a punitive cycle of discovery drought. In addition, factors, and actors need to come together in order for such large, low-grade deposits to be built in BC. Building a mine in the current climate is shown to be far more complex and regulated than at the height of BC mining development when Premier W.A.C. Bennett (1952-1972) was in power. The research demonstrates that significant development issues relate in particular to: First Nation land claims; the environmental movement and protected areas; regulatory duplication and inconsistencies; and provincial, federal and international relations that hinder mine development in BC. Overall, highlighting the decline in BC’s copper industry as being a political-economic issue opens up discussion and debate on how to resurrect the industry and how to make it sustainable for future generations.Applied Science, Faculty of
Mining Engineering, Keevil Institute of
Graduate
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Negi, Rohit. "Copper Capitalism Today: Space, State and Development in North Western Zambia." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1248715316.
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Carr, Frank. "Government decision-making and environmental degradation : a study relating to mining activities in Papua New Guinea /." Carr, Frank (2007) Government decision-making and environmental degradation: a study relating to mining activities in Papua New Guinea. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/502/.
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Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a country possessing abundant resources of gold, oil, copper, timber, and fish stocks. It is hampered in its development and management of these resources, however, by serious problems of governance and corruption. These problems are evident throughout the economy and also in the management of the environment. The level of environmental damage caused by the mining industry in PNG is now such that it will require extensive rehabilitation, if the areas affected can, indeed, ever be fully rehabilitated. The mining companies which precipitated this damage were licensed and encouraged by the PNG Government in the initiation and exercise of the mining operations. The resulting environmental impact has affected the lives of thousands of New Guineans to their detriment. The degradation caused remains
unredressed.
Compounding the problem, there is a growing reliance by Papua New Guinea on mineral exploitation for foreign direct investment, government revenues, and foreign exchange. Gold exports accounted for the biggest share of export revenues in 2002 representing 37.5% of the total. In light of this growing dependency on mining activities, there is a correspondingly urgent requirement to address the deficiencies in the administrative, monitoring, and policing aspects of the protection of its environment.
Despite the public evidence of the damage to the environment and the ensuing affect on the people of Papua New Guinea by mining activities; and despite universal condemnation of these activities and the companies responsible; the companies continue to conduct these activities without official hindrance and with little apparent concern for the long-term ramifications of their actions.
This thesis will examine the degradation resulting from the mining activities of companies in Papua New Guinea over the last three decades - particularly those of Placer Dome's Porgera gold mine, BHP's Ok Tedi gold and copper mine (the waste from both of which is dumped into the Ok Tedi and Strickland rivers which are tributaries of the Fly River and form part of the Fly River system) and Lihir Gold Limited's gold mine on Lihir Island. It will examine the extent to which the Government of Papua New Guinea may have wittingly (in the sense of a prescience as to the possible or probable likelihood of deleterious impact) or unwittingly contributed to that degradation as a result of its actions or omissions.
Studies of available literature suggest that there has been little attention paid to the subject of culpability on the part of successive PNG governments in matters of environmental damage. This research will contribute to reducing this gap in the literature by focusing on possible motives of the PNG government and its actors which precipitated those decisions and which resulted in environmental degradation. The discussion will examine the likely motivation of the PNG government in its deliberations and decisions and the extent to which corruption and incompetence may have played a role.
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Hughes, Susan Helen. "The geochemical and mineralogical record of the impact of historical mining within estuarine sediments : Fal Estuary, Cornwall, UK." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341192.
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Andersson, Simon. "Urban Mining potential in local power grids: Hibernating copper and aluminium in Linköping." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97042.
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Power grids have a high content of metal, mainly copper and aluminium. When old cables reach their end-of-life, or in some way lose their intended purpose, they are usually left lying in their subsurface position. Material no longer used, but not yet discarded as waste, is in a state known as hibernation. Over time there is an accumulation of hibernating cables under ground that potentially could be recovered or “mined”. The aim of this study is to examine the total hibernating metal content of an urban, subsurface power grid, how it is distributed and also what reasons for disconnection are the most common. The focus of the study is the power grid of Linköping. Using a GIS based variant of material flow analysis the hibernating metal stock is examined both in terms of size and spatial distribution. The results of the study show a significant amount of hibernating copper and aluminium; in total 240 tons of metal were identified. By comparing the results with previous studies both similar and differing patterns appear. The main differences lie in the distribution of the stock within the city which is affected by the characteristics of the cities. When examining the reasons for disconnection continuous repair and maintenance work seems to be the most common reason for disconnection of cables. Further studies on how the characteristics of a city affects the formation of hibernating metal stocks in the infrastructure are suggested.
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Del, Rio Salas Rafael Eduardo. "METALLOGENESIS FOR THE BOLÉO AND CANANEA COPPER MINING DISTRICTS: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF COPPER ORE DEPOSITS IN NORTHWESTERN MÉXICO." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145742.
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Northwestern Mexico is characterized by different metallogenic provinces that are included along the Basin and Range, the Sierra Madre Occidental, and the Baja California geological provinces. With the purpose of contribute to the current understanding of the mineralizing processes, the present study focused on two important copper metallogenic provinces: the Cananea Porphyry District in Sonora, and the Sediment-hosted Stratiform Copper- and Mn-deposits in Baja California Sur. The U-Pb zircon ages from the mineralizing porphyries from Cananea district suggest a continued magmatic activity period of ~6 Ma. Also suggests a period of ~20 Ma for the entire magmatic activity in the district. The Re-Os molybdenite ages demonstrate five well-constrained mineralization events in the district; the main mineralization is constrained over a short period of time (~4 Ma). The new molybdenite age from the Pilar deposit documents the oldest mineralizing pulse, suggesting possibly the initiation of the Laramide mineralization in northern Sonora. A detailed study of Mariquita porphyry Cu and Lucy Cu-Mo deposits in the Cananea district was performed. Four hydrothermal stages were defined in Mariquita, whereas a single hydrothermal pulse characterizes Lucy. Emplacement depths between 1-1.2 km, and temperatures between 430-380ºC characterized the mineralization from Mariquita, whereas deeper emplacement depths and higher mineralization temperatures characterized Lucy. The stable isotope systematic and fluid inclusion data determined that the mineralizing fluids in Mariquita deposit are essentially magmatic during the earlier hydrothermal stages, whereas the last stage is the mixing between magmatic and winter meteoric-waters. The mineralizing fluids from Lucy deposit are magmatic in origin. A comprehensive study was performed in the Cu-Co-Zn-Mn ineralization of the Boléo District, and Mn-oxide mineralization along the eastern coast Baja California Sur. The REE and trace element in the Mn-oxides demonstrated the exhalative nature of the mineralizing hydrothermal fluids, and exclude the hydrogenous nature. The stable isotope systematic in ore and gangue minerals, along with the Cu-isotope data helped to decipher the nature of mineralizing and non-mineralizing fluids. The application of Pb, Sr and Re-Os isotope systems was applied to constrain the nature of the fluids involved during the mineralization processes and that the metal sources.
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Diaz, Acevedo Nelson Simon. "Exotic deposits derived from porphyry copper systems in Chile." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011149.
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The exotic orebodies related to cal-alkaline porphyry copper deposits. are sub-horizontal lenticular bodies of secondary copper minerals that impregnate Tertiary gravels and bedrock of different ages. They lie immediately downslope of the porphyry copper deposits, that is to say. they are related to the propylitic halo of the main deposits, and are considered to have originated with the deposition of copper minerals from solutions that overflowed during the secondary enrichment process. Supergene alteration took place between the late Oligocene and Miocene, by which time both orehodies (exotic and porphyry copper) were established. The paucity of tile denudation since the Miocene in the Andean segment from 21º to 26º latitude S. due to the dominance of a hyperarid climate explains the remarkable preservation of the shallow porphyry copper systems, supergene enriched blankets and associated deposits. This is reflected in the limonites, where the typical boxworks have been partially or totally destroyed on surface by the superleaching. As a result of the lateral migration of the copper-bearing solutions, the exotic deposits show a zonation. alteration and mineralization whose characteristics depend among other factors. on the reactivity of the bedrocks and the Cu/S ratio of the mother deposit. In these deposits three zones can be recognized: Proximal (0 to 2 km Intermediate (2 to 3) and Distal (3 to 8-14 km) with palaeodrainage control. The associations and mineralogical abundance are related to the climate (rain. temperature). In some deposits two important units are detected and they are the Cu-phosphates and Cu-lixiviable (to sulphuric acid) units. The size of tile Chilean exotic deposits varies between 100 and 3.500.000 tons of copper, with a total known resource of 8 M tons of copper. The large exotic deposits are comparable to the resources of a medium-sized porphyry copper- type deposit. The discovery of the exotic deposits is related to the exploration of porphyry copper deposits, where a mass balance of the leached column must be done. Moreover the lithology and alteration of the propylitic halo. permeability, structures, geophysics and geochemistry should be considered. The diorite model is not compatible with a supergene enrichment process, expressed by the absence of colour anomalies, exotic deposits and in the presence of secondary minerals like jarosite, which is coherent with the pyrite deficiency of the system. The projects are for exploitation of reserves by open pit methods. The projects plan to extract and to crush copper oxide ore which will he pre-treated with concentrated sulphuric acid prior to heap leaching, solvent extraction and electrowinning. The copper output varies between 10,000 and 50,000 ton per year of catilode copper. The total investment varies between 20 and 100 millions dollars. For project calculations, estimation of 65 % - 82 % copper recovery and 37 - 40 kg/ton net acid consumption can be used due to the nature of ore. The leaching time is estimated as 30 to 180 days for heaps of 4,5 to 30 metres high. As a result of this, the plant capacity is determined by an annual equivalent of 10,000 to 25,000 ton Cu per year. Pit planning has heen carried out using diverse software on the basis of 5 x 5 x 5 m and 10 x 10 x 10 m block models, evaluated using a kriging package built into the program, giving an overall waste/ore ratio (induding pre-stripping) of 0: I (in an outcrop) to 3: I. The location of the mine and plant sites are associated with the porphyry copper in production, for this the already installed facilities can be used. So there is no need to build a new mine camp or access. The environmental impact is summarized relating to the characterization of the physical, biological and socio-cuitural effects, using the framework of the Base Line study and the Impact evaluation derived from the construction and project operation phases. The conclusions and recommendations will diminish, mitigate and/or eliminate impact derived from the specific activities.
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Newman, Philip. "Environment, antecedent and adventure : tin and copper mining on Dartmoor, Devon, C.1700-1914." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10210.
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The tin and copper industries of Dartmoor in Devonshire are investigated through an analysis of the earthworks and ruined structures which constitute the surface evidence of mining. An entirely new body of data has been assembled resulting from field investigation, survey and documentary research, focussing specifically on the surface remains of underground mining, the dressing of the ores and the evidence for water power. This has enabled a reconstruction of key elements of the mining landscape and established the scale of the processes involved. An analytical methodology has been developed which contextualises the archaeological remains in terms of local environment and social antecedent, together with a broader framework of inference based on consumption, global trade in metals and the impact of historical capitalism on the organization of mining. This has provided a novel interpretive framework that combines the environmental and social inimitability of a mining region with contemporary global, socio-economic trends. This precise approach has not previously been applied to any mining district in the United Kingdom. The results demonstrate that for the study period c.1700 to 1914, Dartmoor shares many historical and technological similarities with other mining districts in the south-west peninsula. However, its environmental configuration of marginal ore sources and plentiful water supplies, together with a strong belief in the resources by those who strove to exploit them, following centuries of tradition, enabled an industry to survive, albeit materially small in scale, over much of the late 18th and the 19th centuries. The dynamic role of capital investment through joint adventure is also examined in the light of these considerations and the results suggest that on Dartmoor at least, the genesis and impact of capitalism had a character partly determined by locality.
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Burdiles, Orellana Sergio. "Process Innovation by working miners : a case of user innovation in copper mining industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72876.
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Thesis (S.M. in Management of Technology)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51).
Employees are known to develop and use key process improvements. In this thesis, I explore innovation by mining employees working in Codelco, a Chilean mining company. The data on these innovations come from a contest sponsored by mine management at the Andina division of Codelco. This contest encourages workers to come forward and reveal the improvements they have made. The research method used for this case study is based on data and information collected from interviews with managers, workers and members of the contest organizing committee. In addition, a survey was given to more than 50 workers involved in the current version of the contest, to evaluate and analyze their interests and motivation drivers to participate in the contest. One of the main findings is that more than 85% of total workers do behave as user innovators, and 85% of the survey's participants have created at least two innovations at Andina. For the workers, the main reasons to participate in the contest are making a contribution to the company, to develop a deeper knowledge in a specific topic, and also to be recognized by family, colleagues and managers. The key lessons of this case study are that user innovations in the copper mining industry do happen, and creating the right incentives for workers to innovate and share their innovations, can increase their motivation, performance evaluation and add value to their company and the industry.
by Sergio Burdiles Orellana.
S.M.in Management of Technology
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Sharpe, James Leslie, University of Western Sydney, and Faculty of Science and Technology. "Chemical mineralogy of supergene copper deposits of the Cloncurry district, north west Queensland." THESIS_FST_XXX_Sharpe_J.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/822.
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The research described in this thesis has led to an understanding of the geochemical conditions controlling the formation, paragenesis and distribution of oxide zoner copper species in the Eastern Fold Belt of the Mt. Isa Inlier. This area is also known as the Cloncurry Complex. The regional geology and genesis of the copper deposits is reviewed and the deposits of particular interest to the study are described. Oxidation of pyrite and chalcopyrite by oxygen-bearing groundwater and the sources and mechanisms by which anions are carried by groundwater to reaction sites to form secondary copper species are discussed. Physical and chemical conditions control the development of particular species. Equilibrium phase diagrams have been constructed to represent stability fields. An explanation for the relative abundance and spatial distribution of the basic copper phosphates is provided. Stability field data supported by observations made on deposits in the Cloncurry district and elsewhere provides a basis for assessing the paragenesis and distribution of secondary copper species in this and similar environments. This is discussed and illustrated using the Great Australia mine as a modelMaster of Science (Hons)
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Arias, Loyola M. I. "Negotiating sustainable development : an analysis of the bargains between the state and mining multinational enterprises in the Chilean copper mining Global Production Network." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1545179/.
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The latest processes of globalisation have brought major changes in the world’s social fabric. Today, places are connected by an intricate web of relations and flows, determining their development possibilities. The natural resource rich countries and regions have been plugged into these global production networks, but despite their natural wealth, they have not successfully reached a sustainable development path. Orthodox economic theories have assuming positive externalities from FDI flows fail to capture this outcome. However, recent developments in the Economic Geography literature provide an analysis of uneven development in the guise of the Global Production Networks approach. This literature acknowledges the decisive role of power in producing a strategic coupling between the host region/country interests and the extractive multinational enterprises, something crucial in the extractive industries. This research focuses on the mining industry, as a way to advancing a better understanding of the relationship between the extractive industry and sustainable development of host regions. For this, it uses the Chilean copper mining as a case study. Hence, this research tries to contribute to the general question of how the mining industry affects uneven regional and national development in the context of the latest globalisation process by: first, incorporating the GPN in analysing the extractives industries; second, unpacking the concept of bargaining power, to explain issues related to value capture; third, providing empirical evidence about the successive bargains taking place between the mining MNEs and Chilean State in different nodes, and their implications for sustainable development; and fourthly, establishing the role of the State in the successive bargains taking place with the mining MNEs in the current Chilean copper mining GPN.
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Ramsey, James Edward, and James Edward Ramsey. "Unions, Corporations, and the State: Ethnic Tension and Legislative Activism in the Arizona Mining Industry, 1873-1903." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626144.
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The mining industry in Arizona first gained prominence with the growth of the Morenci-Clifton district in the 1870s. A "Mexican camp" from its inception, the town differed racially from the other mining centers across the State, most notably that of Bisbee to the south. As the industry expanded and with the coming of the 20th century, each town established its reputation as an ethnic center for Mexicans and Anglos. Competition for jobs and debates over the rights of workers both contained an underlying issue of race. Questions about who held rights to which jobs isolated Morenci-Clifton as a cultural outlier, and the union push to regulate the industry left the region in a precarious situation. A 1903 state law shortening the work day to eight hours prompted the first major strike in the history of the district, and the motivations behind the law's passage had connotations beyond the protection of workers, extending into the realm of racial exclusion.
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De, La Harpe Anthony Vernon. "The sale of the farm Melkboschkuil and the start of copper mining in Namaqualand (1850 – 2000)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5237.
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Magister Artium - MAThis thesis relates what is referred to in the text as a 'chronicle' of the history of the Cloete family of Springbokfontein and surrounding areas in Namaqualand, with particular attention to the issue of a land transaction in the early 1850s between seven Cloete brothers and the English copper mining company Phillips & King. The sale of the farm Melkboschkuil has since been a source of long-standing dispute on the part of the Cloete family. It traces the circumstances of the Cloetes' settlement in Namaqualand, the archival and oral record regarding the highly contentious ‘sale’ of the land between these parties, and the subsequent resonances of this land dispute over decades and indeed right up to the 1990s when the Cloete descendants lodged a land claim. The author attempts to use the very specific story of a land deal to throw light on the wider story of the relations between a disadvantaged Baster and later 'Coloured' family, and the white-dominated local and regional government in Namaqualand -- particularly in Springbok. At the same time, attention is drawn to the political and economic forces shaping the people around Springbokfontein during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The small story of the Cloetes is used to illuminate the wider history of the inequitable relations between white capitalists and Baster/Coloured landowners dispossessed of their historic rights to land. The thesis is based on a detailed examination of the struggle of the Cloete family in Namaqualand to secure possession of the land that they once owned but which became the site of a copper mine and later on the town of Springbok. The narrative told from the perspective of certain members of the Cloete family and their descendants, follows a convoluted trail of legal papers, land deeds and oral pronouncements. But at the heart of the story is the question as to how the Nama and Baster people of Namaqualand came to be divested of their rights to the land and a fair share of the mineral wealth of the district following the development of copper mining.
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Dybowska, Agnieszka. "Remediation options for a site contaminated with arsenic and copper by past mining and smelting activities." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7755.
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Forde, John. "The elevated temperature performance of cast aluminium alloys and the development of a cast aluminium-copper metal matrix composite." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6419/.
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The first phase of this thesis characterised the currently commercially available L169 and A201 aluminium alloys in terms of their response to testing at the operating parameters predicted for next generation aero-engine components. The L169 and A201 alloys were initially subjected to ageing trials at 205°C, specimens of both alloys were then fatigue tested at ambient temperature and at 205°C following 1000 hours exposure at 205°C. Detailed micrographic characterisation was undertaken to assess the impact of prolonged elevated temperature exposure on the alloy microstructure. Fractography was undertaken on the failed fatigue specimens to assess the impact of ageing temperature and temperature exposure on fatigue behaviour. The L169 alloy exhibited a significant reduction in properties following 1000 hours exposure at 205°C due to extensive precipitate coarsening. The A201 exhibited comparably better elevated temperature performance due to the increased stability of the Ω- phase precipitate however the extensive shrinkage porosity observed in the alloy had a negative impact on fatigue performance and will limit its use in a pressure tight environment. In addition to the investigation into currently commercially available alloys a detailed investigation was taken into a novel dilute aluminium-copper based castable metal matrix composite with the potential for use at elevated temperatures. This alloy exhibits unique solidification mechanisms which result in an increased resistance to conventional aluminium copper alloy casting defects such as shrinkage porosity, segregation and hot tearing. A detailed investigation was undertaken to assess the impact of chemical composition on the alloys unique solidification behaviour and to assess whether there was any possibility for further optimisation. Following on from this investigation the alloy was characterised in similar terms to the L169 and A201 alloys in terms of its fatigue behaviour at both ambient and elevated temperatures to provide an assessment of the alloys potential to meet the predicted next generation aero-engine component operating conditions.
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Copp, Rebecca. "Recovery of Yttrium and Neodymium from Copper Pregnant Leach Solutions by Solvent Extraction." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595982.
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The solvent extraction of yttrium and neodymium from copper pregnant leach solutions (PLS) using Primene JM-T, a primary aliphatic amine, has been studied. Effect of contact time, pH, sulfate concentration, and extractant concentration were investigated using synthetic and actual PLS systems. Standard experimental conditions were 5 minute contact time, pH ~2.5, 10% v/v Primene JM-T concentration, and 1:1 O:A phase ratio. Distribution isotherms were constructed for the pure systems and for actual copper leach solutions. Synthetic solutions contained 100 ppm Y and ~75 ppm Nd. Copper PLS contained 2.1 ppm Nd and 14.9 ppm Y. Results showed that complete extraction of both yttrium and neodymium occurred within five minutes and at pH values greater than 1. It was also found that sulfate concentration does not inhibit extraction at any concentration. Additionally, the distribution isotherms created show that extraction for these metals can operationally take place in one stage from both synthetic solutions and copper leach solutions.
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Katsikis, Spyros. "Effect of copper and magnesium on the precipitation characteristics of Al-Li-Mg, Al-Li-Cu and Al-Li-Cu-Mg alloys." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11664/.
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The effects of copper and magnesium on the precipitation characteristics of Al-Li-Mg, Al-Li- Cu, and Al-Li-Cu-Mg alloys have been investigated during isochronal and isothermal ageing. In AI-Li-Mg alloys, increasing the magnesium concentration results in stimulation of δ'precipitation by a shift of the α/δ'solvus boundary to higher temperatures. It was shown that for each wt%Mg present in the alloy the α/δ'solvus boundary shifts by 7.0°C. In Al-Li-Cu alloys the concentration of copper has no effect on the position of the α/δ'solvus boundary. The significant stimulation of δ' observed in Al-Li-Cu alloys was shown to be due to the formation of GPCu zones that act as heterogeneous nucleation centres. TEM analysis showed that this heterogeneous nucleation produced composite precipitates consisting of an inner plate of GPI zone and an outer cylindrical shell of δ'. At high copper concentrations (Cu>2.0%) and long ageing times at 150°C, significant retardation of δ' precipitation takes place due to precipitation of the equilibrium T1 and T2 phases. The mechanisms by which copper and magnesium affect the precipitation characteristics of Al- Li-Cu-Mg alloys are different than those operating in the ternary AI-Li-Mg alloys and Al-Li-Cu alloys. In 1.7Lil. 2CuXMg alloys, increasing the magnesium concentration beyond 1.2% causes significant stimulation of δ'precipitation through the formation of Li-Cu-Mg clusters (mechanism referred to as CL δ') that are capable of rapidly developing into δ'. It is proposed that in 1.7Lil. 2CuXMg alloys the initial 1.2%Mg added is consumed in the formation of GPB zones that have very little effect on δ' precipitation. As the magnesium concentration increases to levels higher than 1.2%, the magnesium is free in the matrix to gather both copper and lithium thus forming Li-Cu-Mg clusters which are extremely effective at nucleating δ' In 1.7Li1.2MgXCu alloys the mechanisms by which stimulation of δ' precipitation takes place are again by formation of Li-Cu-Mg clusters (CL δ'), and by nucleation on GPB zones (mechanism referred to as GP δ'). During ageing at 70 and 100°C, and for copper concentrations in the range 0-1.2%, the dominant precipitation mechanism is GP δ'. For higher copper concentrations (1.2
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Lemmons, Kelly Kristopher. "Salt Lake City's urban growth and Kennecott Utah Copper a geographical analysis of urban expansion onto a previously proposed Superfund site adjacent to the world's largest copper mine /." Connect to this title, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/206/.
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Sharpe, James Leslie. "Chemical mineralogy of supergene copper deposits of the Cloncurry district, North-West Queensland /." View thesis, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030822.110153/index.html.
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Matos, José Henrique da Silva Nogueira de 1987. "Evolução metalogenética da mina de cobre de Pedra Verde (CE)." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287647.
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Orientadores: Ticiano José Saraiva dos Santos, Lena Virgínia Soares MonteiroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Istituto de Geociências
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T19:19:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matos_JoseHenriquedaSilvaNogueirade_M.pdf: 14049686 bytes, checksum: 25d55717e4c109fa4bd180699977bb8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: A mina de cobre de Pedra Verde situa-se no município de Viçosa do Ceará, NW do Ceará. O depósito é hospedado por rochas supracrustais neoproterozóicas do Grupo Martinópole, Domínio Médio Coreaú. O embasamento é constituído por gnaisses-migmatíticos TTG paleoproterozóico (2,35 Ga). Quartzitos com intercalações de xistos, filitos, metassiltitos e meta-argilitos compõem a sequência supracrustal. ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The Pedra Verde Copper Mine, located at Viçosa do Ceará (CE), contains reserves of 44.932.644 t with 0.9 wt.% of Cu (418.726 tonn of Cu), with silver as by-product. The deposit is hosted by Neoproterozoic supracrustal rocks of the Martinopole Group, in the Médio Coreau Domain. Gneisses-migmatites TTG units compound the Paleoproterozoic basement (2.35 Ga) in the area. ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document
Mestrado
Geologia e Recursos Naturais
Mestre em Geociências
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Reese, Ronald S. "Characterization of organic contamination of groundwater in a mining area, Globe, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277240.
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Organic contamination is associated with inorganic contamination in a plume resulting from acidic mine drainage water in an area of copper mining, Globe, Arizona. The level of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is low, but is eight times the 0.5 mgC/l background. The source is probably organic reagents used in mineral processing. DOC fractionation using XAD-8 resin sorption chromatography gave a hydrophobic acid fraction (humic substances) of 1.0 mgC/l, and the hydrophobic neutral fraction was also anomalous, being as high as 49% of DOC. The fractionation data matched that for a waste-solution lake, believed to be a source of the aquifer contamination. Loss of DOC is occurring downgradient in the aquifer, based on comparison of DOC/chloride ratios. Loss occurs as the pH increases to over 4 or 5. Sorption onto metal precipitates being formed, particularly of the hydrophilic fraction, may be occurring.
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Duran-Palma, Fernando. "Union strategies in the era of globalisation : case studies from Chile's large-scale copper mining sector (1982-2009)." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9400.
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Trade unions, workers' collective organisations, are facing tough times almost everywhere. Research on union strategies of revitalisation has largely focused on advanced industrialised countries thereby overlooking potentially interesting developments elsewhere. This thesis aims at contributing to fill this gap by widening the breath of empirical research and bringing in evidence from Chile's large-scale copper mining sector. Chile and its copper sector are often heralded as prominent examples of the benefits globalisation can bring to developing countries but much less publicised has been the extent to which neoliberal policy has negatively affected workers and their organisations. The purpose of this thesis is to understand these challenges and to address the issues of in what ways, why, and how far workers and trade unions have effectively confronted their changing environments. More specifically, the thesis aims at analysing and explaining similarities and differences in the emergence, form, and outcomes of union strategy. The research is based on a comparative multi case study of nine union organisations and draws on semi-structured interviews with union leaders, senior managers, state officials, academics, and elite interviewees. This work employs a preliminary framework of analysis that conceives of union strategy as multi-dimensional and aims at explaining its changing nature by elaborating on Frege and Kelly's (2003) social movement model of union strategic choice, thereby integrating structural determinants with purposeful agency. The thesis shows that since the early 1980s Chile's labour regulatory regimes have been redesigned to subordinate groups' disadvantage, severely impacting workers and unions structure of opportunity. It distinguishes three groups. (1) Unions of core workers in union-accepting regimes have stabilised their situation by engaging in different forms of union-management co-operation and membership de-mobilisation. (2) Unions of core workers in anti-union regimes have developed successful organising campaigns and union-building strategies, transforming their original 'union-free' status into a heavily unionised one. (3) Unions of contract workers in harsh anti-union regimes have developed militant 'direct action' strategies, becoming prominent nation-wide organisations. At its most general, the thesis argues that meaningful union strategic choice is possible, even in the most difficult of conditions, thereby contradicting claims that unions have become powerless, ineffective, and unnecessary organisations in the era of 'globalisation'. It acknowledges the relevance of different strategic paths to union effectiveness but suggests that broadly defined militant types of unionism may be better placed to promote union revitalisation. It suggests that structural determinants are insufficient in explaining the form and outcomes of union choices, and that renewed attention must be paid to the social processes of collective action, in particular to the dynamics of micromobilisation.
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Andersson, Simon, and Johan Petersson. "Potential for Urban Mining in Norrköping : a Static Quantification of Metal in Subterranean Infrasystems." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-68929.
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As the society’s demand for metal increases, the rate of mineral extraction will do the same. This contributes to environmental implications in the form of emissions and depletion of finite natural resources. Conventional recycling is a common practice used to reduce the need for extraction of metal ore and in turn reduce the environmental impact. Recycling is an important source to satisfy the metal demand; as much of 30 % of the metal demand is covered by recycling in some markets. Another form of recycling is the practice of urban mining. A practice which includes recycling of society’s stocks of unused but not discarded metal, these unused amounts metal is part of a so called hibernating stock. An example of a very large stock is the infrasystems in the shape of power cables and pipes. The objective of this thesis is to quantify the metal stocks of copper, aluminium and iron in subterranean infrasystems in the city district of Södra Butängen in Norrköping. Also, a quantification for Norrköping as a whole is performed but on slightly different infrasystems. An economical valuation of these stocks is also performed. The Municipality of Norrköping has the ambition to transform this small industrial area, that Södra Butängen is today, into to a sustainability profiled residential and commercial area which opens up an opportunity to recycle the infrasystems when all buildings are removed and the ground is dug up. To fulfil the objective of the thesis, and quantify the metal stocks, so called static quantification was used. The infrasystems to be included in this study were chosen and the data describing these systems was collected from the respective owner of the systems. The gathered data consists of maps which were digitalized with GIS-software using ArcMap 10 where the stocks then were quantified. The results show that the infrasystems in Södra Butängen holds almost 600 tons of metal with an economical value of 4.67 million SEK. For the Norrköping quantification the results shows that the stock contains about 30,000 tons of metal. The economical value is a little over 70 million SEK. The hibernating stocks in Norrköping equals to 5,100 tons of metal and a value of 9.5 million SEK. There is a potential for urban mining in Södra Butängen that should be considered. However, there are some issues that also must be considered, like cost of extraction. There are large stocks of metal that not have been possible to identify in this thesis. This includes the power grid for Norrköping; a valuable stock due to its large copper content.
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Wallsten, Björn. "The Urk World : Hibernating Infrastructures and the Quest for Urban Mining." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122758.
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This PhD thesis concerns urban mining, an umbrella term for different recycling strategies aimed to recover materials from the built environment. More specifically, it focuses on hibernating urban infrastructures, that is: cables and pipes that have been left behind in their subsurface location after they were disconnected. I term this subsurface urban realm of system rejects the “Urk World”. “Urk” is short for “urkopplad”, the Swedish word for “disconnected”, an abbreviation often found on old infrastructure maps denoting discarded system parts. Since urks contain high concentrations of copper, my normative stance is that the Urk World should be “mined” as a contribution towards diminishing the persistently wasteful handling of mineral resources in society. The thesis has three focus areas. The first of these discusses how the Urk World has emerged, that is: how the creation of urks is sustained in sociotechnical processes related to infrastructure’s provision. The second concerns the potential of urk mining, how much copper the Urk World contains, where these quantities are located and by which implications they could be recovered. The third focus area is devoted to the politics of urks, and is concerned with the political embeddedness of infrastructure and where politics might intervene for the sake of increased urk recovery. Five papers complete the thesis. The first paper investigates how much copper, aluminium and steel there is in the Urk World of the Swedish city of Norrköping, and how these quantities are spatially dispersed in the urban environment. The second paper is based on interviews with system owners and repair crews, and investigates how urks come into existence in relation to three different infrastructural processes: maintenance, larger installation projects and shutdown. The third paper describes how environmental systems analysis can be beneficially coupled with theories and methods from the social sciences to create knowledge useful to aid the development of urk recycling schemes. The fourth article makes use of the inherent ambiguities of urks to investigate a spectrum of locations where politics aimed for increased urk recovery can intervene as well as what is at stake there. The fifth and final paper investigates urks in Linköping’s power grid in spatial and weight terms, and analyses the implications of urk recovery from several different viewpoints. In overall terms, the major contribution of the thesis is how it improves the knowledge of societal stocks of materials, thereby giving an increased recognition of the built environment as a resource base. In overall scientific terms, it sets an example of how a coherent interdisciplinary research design can provide knowledge useful for the implementation of urk recycling schemes as well as for political decision–making for increased urk recovery.
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Berggren, Johanna. "Stoftnedfall från gruvindustrin : En utvärdering av analysdata och undersökning av provtagningspunkter kring Aitikgruvan, Gällivare." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136729.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the sampling points for measuring airborne dust deposition in the Aitik copper mine - the largest, most effective opencast copper mining in Europe - are well located regarding efficiency to collect monitoring data. Issues that were addressed, among others, include background levels, weather impacts and possible external influence. The study was carried out by analyzing monitoring data covering a seven-year period (2010–2016). Dust-and copper levels, precipitation patterns, wind direction and wind speed were the parameters analyzed. A further look into the sampling points and their actual location in terrain was also made. The result of the study indicates, according to different aspects, on decreasing dust fall levels even though the production has increased. For instance, many of the 19 sampling points shows to have lower dust and copper levels according to a comparison of measurement data from 2010 to 2016. A correlation test showed that precipitation and wind does not have a strong connection to dust levels. On the other hand, wind speed showed to have a strong impact on dust fall levels under periods when the highest dust amounts were measured. Many of the sampling points also showed to have a strong connection to each other. The study concludes that a better dust control programme can be obtained if sampling points are reorganized along with a better method for calculating the dispersion of airborne dust.
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Fernández, Reyes Pablo. "Metallurgical characterisation of 1st and 2nd century AD Roman copper-alloy military equipment from north-western Europe." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2003529/.
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Roman military equipment has traditionally been studied from a typological perspective based on a linear concept of change. Whilst Roman alloys have been analysed scientifically and general studies on them have been published, analysis of military equipment has been scarce and mostly secluded as part of excavation reports of individual sites. Scientific analysis though, can provide independent ways of studying military equipment. It can answer questions about production and distribution of the raw materials and finished objects and is capable of informing on reasons for technological choices (the intention of obtaining determinate colours, for example), and identification of military units. A total of 216 copper-alloy military objects from the British sites of South Cadbury Castle, Ham Hill, Usk, Carlisle, Chester and Kingsholm, and the German site of Kalkriese were selected for obtaining metallurgical characterisation: chemical analysis at major, minor and trace element level and microstructural analysis to obtain fabrication history and identifying any plating. The analytical techniques employed were atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS), optical microscopy and multivariate statistics methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (DA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The aim of the project was to characterise the chemical and physical make-up of Roman military copper-alloy metalwork from the 1st century AD, with especial interest in the immediate post-conquest period. The results of the analysis show a difference between the Roman military equipment from British sites and the equipment from Kalkriese, based on trace element patterns. This difference can be explained by a large input of material into Britain that had been made in the years before AD43 in preparation for the conquest. Contrary to recent scholarship, and based on compositional and microstructural evidence, some lorica segmentata brass fittings seem to have been centrally produced. Primary brass and specific gunmetal compositions seem to be associated with the military and probably chosen primarily for their appearance and resemblance to gold, rather than for their mechanical properties. The possibility of mechanised production of brass is explored based on the brass ingot from Sheepen.
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Latorre, J. J. "Exploration for stratabound copper, lead and zinc deposits in the Damara-Katanga orogen, central-southern Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005558.
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The Damara-Katanga orogen in central-southern Africa represents an area of 1.73xl0⁶ sq. km. The region is considered one of the wealthiest metallogenic provinces in the world. Successful exploration for stratabound base-metal deposits has taken place at this particular area since the introduction of more organised methodology in the early 1920s. The genesis, location and distribution of the ore deposits are related to their tectonic settings. Geodynamic evolution of the orogen, which initially formed part of a complex Pan-African rift system, comprises the following stages rifting; downwarping, including spreading on the western portion; syn-orogeny and late-orogeny. Two major tectonic events in the history of the region have been identified: the Katangan (900-750 Ma) and the Damaran episodes (750-500 Ma). Timing of mineralisation of ore deposits has been related to the evolutionary stages of the orogen. Genetic models of the most productive deposits are briefly discussed in this dissertation. The sedimentological, geochemical, paleogeographic and structural features can be employed as geological guidelines for integrated exploration programmes. Discoveries of major deposits and prospects in the orogen are also summarised, focussing on the exploration methods employed. The cost-effective use of the exploration techniques includes the classical copper-lead-zinc soil sampling for residual soils such as those in the Copperbelt area. Airborne magnetics and electromagnetics and follow-up ground geophysics have proved successful in areas where the cover is transported in the search for shallow ore deposits such as the Matchless massive sulphides. Remote sensing, geochemical and geophysical techniques have been tried in covered areas of western Botswana. The lack of geological control makes this interpretation difficult. A detailed geological mapping and the use of geochemical and geophysical techniques has been used to delineate carbonate-hosted base-metal deposits at the Otavi Land. The more expensive traditional methods necessary for the delineation of orebodies, such as pitting, trenching and drilling, are also discussed. Using a sequential approach, a possible exploration strategy is suggested, outlining the cost-effective use of remote sensing, geochemical and geophysical techniques. Standardisation in basic geological information is required for future successful explorations in the Damara-Katanga orogen, as well as attractive mining policies. In the event of their implementation, exploration perspectives are promising, specifically in terms of ore potential.
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Puga, Federico Manuel. "An empirical study of leadership and strategy in a copper mining environment : care of the self, interactional patterns and sustainability." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14929.
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This study extends the understanding of leadership emergence from a relational perspective (Hosking, 2011; Cunliffe & Eriksen, 2011; Uhl-Bien, 2006), specifically related to the forming of trusting relationships. The argument follows from the conceptual development of subjectification processes referred to as “care of the self” (Foucault M. , 1988; Foucault M. , 2005) and the implications of “regimes of practices" (Foucault M. , 2010; Dean, 2010). The findings contribute to our understanding of the relation between patterns of differentiation and reciprocity (as contextual definitions) and the relational emergence of leadership. We conceive leadership formed by actions that have no instrumental purpose beyond constructing a subject able to form trusting relationships and judge this to be a phronetic practice. The research is based on a case study of the executive team of a large copper mining company implementing a sustainability strategy that has as its central purpose the construction of trusting relations within a complex net of stakeholders. Based on this case, my second contribution is to conceptualise the function of “parrhēsia practice” (Foucault M. , 2010), a “truth game” about truth, truth-telling and action in the relation of the self and others, which is significant in the formation of the relational leadership of the “conscious pariah” (Arendt, 1978). The study examines how it is that “truth games” of examining the self and “reframing” interactional patterns can facilitate the relational emergence of phronetic forms of leadership. The research methodology, designed to deal from a non-dualistic perspective with the relational emergence of leadership, uses a narrative research approach to describe practices (Czarniawska, Narratives in Social Science Research, 2011). It is “uncovered” as representational and dualistic in the research relation, and a discussion of how a non-dualistic research approach could be developed is provided.
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Mudenda, Lee. "Assessment of water pollution arising from copper mining in Zambia: a case study of Munkulungwe stream in Ndola, Copperbelt province." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27984.
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Water pollution is recognized as one of the major environmental problems in the mining industry. This has been compounded with an increase in agriculture activities. Water pollution is a major problem on copper and coal mines throughout the world and Zambia, the focus of this study, is no exception. Worldwide freshwater resources, which provide important ecosystem services to humans, are under threat from rapid population growth, urbanization, industrialization and abandonment of wastelands. There is an urgent need to monitor and assess these resources. In this context, the physical, chemical and ecological water quality of the Munkulungwe Stream located on the Copperbelt of Zambia, was assessed with possible contamination from Bwana Mkubwa TSF, agriculture activities and subsequent impact on the surrounding community. The chemical and physical parameters were assessed at four sampling locations. Sampling site S1 was located on the Munkulungwe stream upstream of Bwana Mkubwa TSF, S2, S3 and S4 were on the main stream downstream of Bwana Mkubwa TSF. In addition, a macroinvertebrate composition analysis was performed to estimate the quality of water using the biotic index score. Finally, the relationship between physiochemical parameters and biotic index score was analysed to interrogate their inter-relationship with respect to water quality. The results showed that the average values of dissolved oxygen (DO) of 4.52 mg/l, turbidity (40.96 NTU), Co (0.24 mg/l), Pb (0.25 mg/l), Fe (0.36 mg/l) and Mn (0.22 mg/l) downstream exceeded international standards for drinking water. Upstream, the values of Co, Pb, Fe and Mn were within acceptable standards for drinking water, DO and turbidity were above acceptable standards. The metal concentration and total dissolved solutes were impacted by closeness to the mine tailings deposit with the heavy metal concentration being highest at S2 and S3. Moreover, high turbidity levels revealed that land erosion induced by agriculture activities is a severe problem in the area. Physical parameters were high in the rainy season due erosion escalated by rains while chemical parameters were high post rainy season. During the rainy season, the chemical contaminants are diluted and thus they are not such a big impact, but they tend to concentrate up during the dry MDNLEE001 III season. The stream at sampling points S2 and S3 was dominated by species tolerant (leech, Isopod and Snail: Pouch) and semi tolerant (Blackfly larvae and Amphipod or Scud) to pollution. The change in season influenced the composition of macroinvertebrates, with the number of species increased post rainy season. The average biotic index score (2.5) showed that the stream condition is not good, it is slightly polluted. The results showed that water quality downstream was substantially affected by Bwana Mkubwa TSF, agriculture activities and is likely to affect human health and food security. It is recommended that groundwater surrounding tailings dams should be monitored in both active and abandoned mines. Curtain boreholes around a tailings dam can be drilled and the water extracted and treated so that it doesn't contaminate other water bodies. To improve the environmental management of mining related impacts in Zambia, mining areas should be completely rehabilitated. There is need for remediation strategies for abandoned mine sites. Constructed wetlands, roughing filtration and phytoremediation are highly promising techniques, as they are reliable, cheap, effective and sustainable.
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Sapiie, Benyamin. "Strike-slip faulting, breccia formation and porphyry Cu-Au mineralization in the Gunung Bijih (Ertsberg) mining district, Irian Jaya, Indonesia /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1998.Vita. Four folded plates in pocket. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 285-303). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.
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Mwamba, Bright. "Water resources management in Zambia: a case of cumulative impacts associated with copper mining in the Upper Kafue Catchment, Copperbelt Province, Zambia." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33894.
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Water resources management is high on the agenda both locally and globally because of its important role in social, economic and environmental development. For example, as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, all United Nations Member States adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 that covered thematic issues including water, energy, climate, oceans, urbanization, transport, science and technology. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) no.6, which targets universal access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030, is of particular interest in this study. The mining industry contributes to socio-economic development; however, it has also contributed to declining water quality in rivers and lakes in many regions globally. In this study, the status and governance of water resources within the Copperbelt province of Zambia over the period 2000 to 2020 was examined. The study investigated population and economic growth within the region and its correlation with changes in water quality and quantity. The research also focused on understanding the ways copper mining is affecting local water resources. The study also investigated challenges faced by regulators and institutions in the water sector, and considered how these challenges could be addressed. Secondary data was obtained from government institutions within Zambia such as National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASCO), Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA) and Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA), which are the key institutions in the water sector and the environment. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with the three key institutions in the water and pollution control sectors. The results showed that the total population in the Copperbelt province has increased by 20% since 2000 to a total of 1 972 317 in 2010. The population is projected to be 2 669 635 in 2020, representing about 27% increase from 2010. The rural population is projected to be 423 511 in 2020, representing about 11% increase from 2010 while the urban population will be 2 246 124 in 2020 representing about 29% increase from 2010. The majority of this growth has occurred in urban areas, which grew by about 30% from 2000 to a total of 1 595 456 in 2010. Rural population has increased by 8% since 2000 to a total of 376 861. The results also showed increased economic activities driven mainly by copper mining. Water abstraction has generally declined since 2000 mainly due to decrease in mining activities. In 2000, about 1 million m3 /day was abstracted in the Copperbelt province and about 600 000 m3 per day in 2005. The reduction in 2005 could be attributed to reduction in mining activities and institutional changes in the water sector. Water production and consumption from commercial utilities has generally been in decline from 2000 to 2017. This is also the case with water consumption per capita and water production per capita. For example, water consumption per capita per day in 2001 was 203 liters and reduced to 113 liters in 2017, representing a 44% reduction in consumption. The results showed that water consumption from 2004 to 2008 averaged 100 million m3 while the production averaged 160 million m3 per year. NWASCO attributed the general downward trend in water production and consumption in the province to maintenance and rehabilitation of water infrastructure, and investment in new infrastructure, thereby reducing the unaccounted-for water. The other reason could be that new housing developments prefer to use groundwater sources rather than utility water (supplied by water companies). The reduction could also be attributed to the cost of water and that consumers needed to adjust from the background where utility services such as water supply and sanitation were the sole responsibilities of the mines (ZCCM), prior to privatization. In terms of water supply and sanitation coverage, there has been an increased coverage since 2000. In 2001, the population that had access to water supply and sanitation was 81% and 46%, respectively. Therefore, roughly 50% of the population had no access to sanitation. However, in 2017 the population with access to water supply and sanitation was 91% and 75%, respectively. This represented only 25% of the population in serviced areas that had no access to sanitation. Between 2007 and 2008, the sanitation coverage had seen a reduction compared to the year 2006. This was due to institutional changes on the Copperbelt province, and the 2008 economic recession – the mine townships that were previously serviced by an asset holding after privatization of the mines were taken over by other utility companies. Consequently, the service delivery in the province initially dropped, but then started increasing again in 2009.
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Rojas, Ricardo Vicente 1951. "ORE-WASTE SELECTION UTILIZING GEOSTATISTICS (ARIZONA)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291255.
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Kutterer, Johannes [Verfasser], and Ernst [Akademischer Betreuer] Pernicka. "The Archaeological Site HLO1 - A Bronze Age Copper Mining and Smelting Site in the Emirate of Sharjah (U.A.E.) / Johannes Kutterer ; Betreuer: Ernst Pernicka." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1163235792/34.
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