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Journal articles on the topic 'Copper free - Brake pad'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Riva, Gabriele, Guido Perricone, and Jens Wahlström. "A Multi-Scale Simulation Approach to Investigate Local Contact Temperatures for Commercial Cu-Full and Cu-Free Brake Pads." Lubricants 7, no. 9 (September 4, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7090080.

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Copper from vehicles disc brakes is one main contributor of the total copper found in the environment. Therefore, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the automotive industries started the Copper-Free Brake Initiative. The pad friction material is essentially composed of a binder, fillers, reinforcing fibres and frictional additives. Copper and brass fibres are the most commonly used fibres in brake pads. There is a need to understand how the contact temperature distribution will change if copper-based fibres are changed to steel fibres. The aim of this work is, therefore, to investigate how this change could influence the local contact temperatures. This is done by developing a multi-scale simulation approach which combines cellular automaton, finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches with outputs from inertia brake dyno bench tests of Cu-full and Cu-free pads. FEA and thermal-CFD are used to set the pressure and the temperature boundary conditions of the cellular automaton. The outputs of dyno tests are used to calibrate FEA and CFD simulations. The results of the study show lower peaks in contact temperature and a more uniform temperature distribution for the Cu-free pad friction material.

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2

Sathyamoorthy, G., R. Vijay, and D. Lenin Singaravelu. "Synergistic performance of expanded graphite—mica amalgamation based non-asbestos copper-free brake friction composites." Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 10, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 015019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ac4320.

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Abstract Recent advancements in brake pad applications emphasise various friction compositions that exclude toxic components such as asbestos, copper etc, in order to provide superior performance without hurting the environment, human life and aquarium species. In this work, brake friction materials were fabricated by the conventional manufacturing process as standard brake pads using expanded graphite with the synergetic effect of thermal resistant material mica flakes. Six standard brake pads were produced based on varying the expanded graphite by 16, 14, 12, 8, 6 & 4 weight percentage, which is compensated using the Mica flakes by 4, 6, 8, 12, 14 & 16 weight percentage, fixing the composition of other ingredients and designated as BM01, BM02, BM03, BM04, BM05 and BM06. Physical, chemical and mechanical, characterisations of the formed friction materials were carried out in accordance with IS 2742 and ISO 6312. A full-scale inertia brake dynamometer was used to determine the fade, recovery characterisations with the pressure and speed sensitivity as of JASO-C-406. From the experimental observations, BM03 friction composites reveal excellent low fade and high recovery characteristics because of the integrated effect of expanded graphite (superior lubricity) & mica (good thermal stability). Worn surface analysis was studied with the help of a scanning electron microscope. The inclusion of expanded graphite-mica as a hybrid ‘lubricant-filler’ combination in composite materials for friction braking application results in performance synergism.

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3

WANG, Zhenyu, Jie WANG, Fenghong CAO, and Yunhai MA. "Comparative Braking Performance Evaluation of a Commercial and Non-asbestos, Cu-free, Carbonized Friction Composites." Materials Science 27, no. 2 (May 5, 2021): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.23525.

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Carbonization treatment contributes to improvement of tribological properties of friction composites. Pure Non-asbestos organic (NAO) friction raw materials were selected, friction composite specimens had been made using a new mixing process and carbonization treatment. Two types of specimens had been prepared to evaluate their performance, one was carbonized a pure non-asbestos organic friction composite specimen and the other was an original brake metal linings of a certain brand of vehicles. Two friction composites were evaluated by brake inertia dynamometer. Their performances were assessed according to the procedure in a European Union Automobile Standards (AK Master). Microscopic photographs of worn surfaces were obtained by scanning electron microscopy to characterize their tribological behavior and wear mechanism. The results showed that pure NAO friction composites had more suitable frictional properties, fade and recovery behavior than the copper-containing metal brake pad, but wear resistance was slightly lower. Carbonation promoted the formation of microporous structure in friction composites, which was helpful to reduce noise and vibration during work.

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4

Matějka, Vlastimil, Mara Leonardi, Petr Praus, Giovanni Straffelini, and Stefano Gialanella. "The Role of Graphitic Carbon Nitride in the Formulation of Copper-Free Friction Composites Designed for Automotive Brake Pads." Metals 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12010123.

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In this study, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, labelled as gCN) was tested in the formulation of copper-free (Cu-free) friction mixtures, which are potentially interesting for brake pad manufacturing. Three formulations of friction composites were prepared starting from a common Cu-free master batch: (i) without graphite, (ii) with graphite and (iii) with gCN. The mixtures were pressed in the form of pins by hot-press moulding. The friction-wear performance of the prepared pins was investigated using a pin-on-disc (PoD) test at room temperature (RT), high temperature (HT) (400 °C) and, again, at room temperature (H-RT). The values of the friction coefficient (µ) for the composites with gCN (or graphite) were as follows: (i) RT test, µRT = 0.52 (0.47); (ii) HT test, µHT = 0.37 (0.37); (iii) RT after the HT tests, µH-RT = 0.49 (0.39). With respect to wear resistance, the samples with graphite performed better than the samples without this solid lubricant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the evaluation of the role of gCN in friction composites designed for automotive brake lining applications. The results indicate the main role of gCN as a soft abrasive.

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5

Szczyglak, Piotr, Jerzy Napiórkowski, and Mateusz Sydorczyk. "AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF SILICA DUST ON BRAKEPAD WEAR." Tribologia 304, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.6126.

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The wear of brake pads exposed to silica dust was measured. A novel test stand was developed to analysebrake pads' wear exposed to silica dust. Brake pad wear was determined by measuring pad lining geometryand mass changes. Geometric wear was analysed by determining changes in the thickness of the brake padlining during friction tests. In order to determine changes in mass, the brake pads were weighed before andafter the test. Brake pad wear was evaluated under dust-free conditions and under exposure to silica dust. Thetests revealed significant differences in brake pad wear under dust-free conditions and under exposure to silicadust. Mass loss of brake pad lining at different silica concentrations in airborne dust was described.

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6

Adekunle, N. O., K. A. Oladejo, S. I. Kuye, and A. D. Aikulola. "Development of Asbestos-free Brake Pads Using Bamboo Leaves." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 2019): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2019.02.0126.

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Asbestos-based brake pads are not desirable due to the carcinogenic nature of asbestos. Organic asbestos-free brake automotive brake pad produced from bamboo leaves was evaluated in this study. Ground bamboo leaves were sieved into sieve grades of 100, 200, and 350 μm. The sieved bamboo leaves particles were then combined with 15 % steel dust, 10% graphite, 20% resin, Silicon Carbide varied five (5) times between 35-55 % and 0-20% respectively for each sieve grade to make brake pads of different ratios. The mechanical properties (hardness, compressive strength, density, porosity, wear rate, and flame resistance) of the produced samples were investigated. The results showed that the finer the particle size of the bamboo leaves, the better the mechanical properties of the produced samples. The results of this work when compared with those of the commercial (asbestos based) brake pad showed they were in close agreement except for the wear rate and porosity property. Therefore, bamboo leaves could be used in the production of asbestos free brake pads if the wear rate and porosity properties of the produced samples could be improved.

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7

Ghazali, Che Mohd Ruzaidi, H. Kamarudin, Shamsul Baharin Jamaludin, A. M. Mustafa Al Bakri, and J. Liyana. "Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Palm Slag, Calcium Carbonate and Dolomite Filler in Brake Pad Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.174.

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The development of asbestos free brake pad composites using different fillers was investigated with a intention to substitute asbestos which is known hazardous and carcinogenic. Mechanical and morphology studies were made to clarify the mechanism for compressive strength, hardness and wear rate behavior of different filler of brake pad which were prepared by compression molding of mixture of filler (palm slag, calcium carbonate and dolomite) with phenolic as binder, metal fiber as reinforcement, graphite as lubricant and alumina as abrasive. The result showed that palm slag has significant potential to use as filler material in brake pad composite. The wear rate of palm slag composite was comparable with the conventional asbestos based brake pad. The result also supported by SEM micrograph.

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8

Dirisu, J. O., O. S. I. Fayomi, S. O. Oyedepo, and N. E. Udoye. "Asbestos-Free Aluminium Dross Brake Pad: A Mini Review." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1107/1/012034.

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9

Idris, U. D., V. S. Aigbodion, I. J. Abubakar, and C. I. Nwoye. "Eco-friendly asbestos free brake-pad: Using banana peels." Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences 27, no. 2 (July 2015): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2013.06.006.

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10

Ghazali, Che Mohd Ruzaidi, H. Kamarudin, J. B. Shamsul, M. M. A. Abdullah, and A. R. Rafiza. "Mechanical Properties and Wear Behavior of Brake Pads Produced from Palm Slag." Advanced Materials Research 341-342 (September 2011): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.26.

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Brake pads are important safety devices in vehicles. An effort to avoid the use of asbestos in brake pads has led to the development of asbestos-free brake pads that incorporate various organic and inorganic fillers. Palm slag as a filler in brake pads was investigated in this paper. Different processing pressures were employed during production of samples through compression molding. The properties examined included hardness, compressive strength, and wear behavior. The results showed that brake pad samples prepared with 60 tons of compression pressure resulted in the most desirable properties. Hence, palm slag has its own potential for use as a filler in asbestos-free brake pads.

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11

Pranay, P. Sai, S. Dhanush, P. Charan Teja, and D. S. Kumar. "Experimental Investigation on the Frictional Behaviour of Banana Peels Composites for Brake Pad Applications." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 1041–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51673.

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Abstract: Asbestos is used in the manufacture of automobile brake linings, which has negative effects on both people and the environment. As a result, organic brake lining without the use of asbestos material evolved. Asbestos-free brake lining materials come in a variety of forms, and these novel formulations offer excellent performance too. The material used to replace it ought to maintain qualities of standard brake pad risks. A new brake pad was produced using banana peels waste to replace asbestos. The produced composites were mixed with carbon powders, epoxy and hardener in predetermined ratios. The current study is being conducted to create three different samples of brake pads by altering the combination of carbon powder and banana peel powder. The banana peel was varied from 35 to 25 wt. % with a 5 wt. % interval to create test samples. Morphology, physical, mechanical and wear properties of the brake pad were studied. The results showed that the produced banana peel composite of composition carbon 35% and banana peel powder 25% gives better properties compared with other compositions. According to the findings of this study, banana peel particles may be utilized efficiently as a replacement for asbestos in the fabrication of brake pads.

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12

Yawas, D. S., S. Y. Aku, and S. G. Amaren. "Morphology and properties of periwinkle shell asbestos-free brake pad." Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences 28, no. 1 (January 2016): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2013.11.002.

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13

Watremez, M., J. P. Bricout, B. Marguet, and J. Oudin. "Friction, Temperature, and Wear Analysis for Ceramic Coated Brake Disks." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831558.

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Coating adherence, friction coefficient, surface temperature, and wear mass loss are determined for a set of scale reduced steel brake disks on which NiCr cement based coatings and low conductivity subcoatings are plasma sprayed. The related pads are made of either sintered iron copper or sintered aluminum titanate. It is mainly shown that NiCr-Cr3C2 cermet coating on the disk, coupled with sintered aluminum titanate pad, leads to good damage resistance and stable friction coefficient in the simulation of high speed train braking. Low conductivity sublayers are also involved and it is found that temperatures in disc or pad may be also controlled.

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14

Zheng, Kaikui, Chenghui Gao, Fushan He, and Youxi Lin. "The Role of Rare Earth Lanthanum Oxide in Polymeric Matrix Brake Composites to Replace Copper." Polymers 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10091027.

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The main focus of current research in polymeric matrix brake composites is on searching out a replacement for copper, which has been recently proved to be a hazard to human health and the environment. In this paper, rare earth lanthanum oxide was explored for the replacement of copper in composites. The mechanism of the role of lanthanum oxide in brake composites to replace copper was analyzed. Four series of polymeric matrix brake composites with various amounts of copper (15, 10, 5 and 0 wt %) and rare earth lanthanum oxide (0, 5, 10 and 15 wt %) were developed, in which the copper was gradually replaced by lanthanum oxide in the formula. These series were characterized in terms of physical, thermo-physical and mechanical properties. The results show that lanthanum oxide can be successfully used as a replacement for copper in brake composites. Brake composites with 15 wt % lanthanum oxide that are copper-free are considered optimal, where tribo-properties are considered best. Compared with the addition of copper in brake composites, lanthanum oxide is more conducive to the formation of compacted friction films and transfer films, which is beneficial to the tribological properties of the brake composites. The addition of La2O3 to the brake composites can cause the reaction between La2O3 and Al2O3 to form LaAlO3, and the reaction between Al2O3 and BaSO4 can produce Ba18Al12O36 and Al2SO4 during the friction and wear processes, which can effectively improve the tribological properties of the brake composites at elevated temperature. This research was contributive to the copper-free, metal-free and eco-friendly brake composites.

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15

Sankar, Vijayasankar Vinayak Arun, and Paramasivam Suresh. "Asbestos-Free Brake Lining Material Using Sea Shell." Materiale Plastice 59, no. 3 (October 3, 2022): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.22.3.5609.

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Due to the extreme health concerns associated with asbestos-based brake linings, researchers are looking at using ecologically friendly bio-based biomaterials as reinforcing agents in composite materials used to make brake pad linings. The goal of this study is to see whether using sea shell (SS) powder in the production of asbestos-free brake lining materials is feasible. The powders were combined with the necessary fillers to make the brake lining. The reinforcing powders compositions were varied between 20% and 35%, the resin binder s composition was changed between 58 and 43 percent, and the filler metal and curing agents compositions were kept constant. These ingredients were weighed, prepared, combined, cured, and moulded. The composite materials were tested for water and oil absorption, compressive strength, hardness, and wear. According to the findings, increasing the quantity of reinforcing components increases the water and oil absorption of the samples. With the addition of up to 35% content, the composite s compressive strength increased proportionally. The tested coefficient of friction was found to be within acceptable limits. Furthermore, when mixed with other fillers and restricted, SS powder has showed tremendous promise in the production of brake linings.

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16

Pupan, Danuwat, Chakrit Suvanjumrat, and Watcharapong Chookaew. "Effect of Post-Curing Temperature and Mechanical Surface Treatment on Shear-Bond Strength of Asbestos-Free Brake Pad." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.131.

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Brake pad is the combination of lining and metallic components, e.g. steel backing plate (disc brake) and aluminum brake shoe (drum brake). Shear bond strength plays a major role to provide the safety and/or drive performances. This work aimed to study the processing factors affected the bonding strength. The molding temperature couple with post-curing temperature was simultaneously analyzed in order to optimize the processing temperature. The shear bond strengths of metallic plates were continually investigated with regard to the effect of different surface treatments. The obtained results indicated that the mechanical strength was increased as the molding temperature raised in ranges of 160°C to 180°C. Conversely, the deterioration of adhesive strength was progressively presented with rising post curing temperature. In comparing different backing plate, aluminum showed the higher shear bond strength than that of steel plate. In fact, the weakened property of aluminum in nature would be easily destroyed by mechanical treatments. From the shear tested results, an increase of surface roughness was inversely changed the shear bond strength. On the other hand, the contact angle of water droplet affected directly to adhesive strength. It was suggested that an adding surface roughness, commonly used in automotive industry, was inappropriate criteria, whist geometrical surface should be taken into account for improving the shear bond strength. Moreover, the contact angle and mechanical interlocking were recommended to use as a criteria of brake pad shear strength.

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17

Primaningtyas, W. E., R. R. Sakura, Suheni, I. Syafi’i, and A. A. G. A. D. Adhyaksa. "Asbestos-free Brake Pad Using Composite Polymer Strengthened with Rice Husk Powder." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 462 (January 8, 2019): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/462/1/012015.

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18

I., Justin Antonyraj, Vijay R., and Lenin Singaravelu D. "Influence of WS2/SnS2 on the tribological performance of copper-free brake pads." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 3 (April 8, 2019): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-06-2018-0249.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of solid lubricants (tungsten disulfide [WS2]/ Tin disulfide [SnS2]) on the tribological performance of brake pads. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the brake pads were developed by varying the solid lubricants (WS2/SnS2) without varying the other ingredients. The brake pads were developed as per the industrial procedure. Thermal stability was found for varying ingredients and developed pads. The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the developed brake pads were analyzed as per the industrial standards. The tribological properties were analyzed using the Chase test. The worn surface analysis was done using scanning electron microscopy, elemental mapping and three-dimensional profile analysis. Findings The experimental results indicate that the WS2-based brake pads possess good physical, chemical and mechanical properties with stable friction and less wear rate due to its good lubrication film formation and thermal stability natures of WS2. Originality/value This paper explains the effect of solid lubricants in brake pads for enhancing the tribological performance by the shearing of crystal structure, thermal stability and tribo film properties of the lubricants.

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19

Su, Chong, Chao Wang, Xiaoshuai Sun, and Xinghua Sang. "Study on Grinding Mechanism of Brake Pad with Copper Matrix Composites for High-Speed Train." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (February 25, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8970689.

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The processing mechanism of copper matrix composites is very complex, for the particle phase and lubricating phase are randomly distributed in the copper matrix phase, and the characteristics of the three phases are completely different. Aiming at understanding the chip formation and the influence of each phase of the material on the workpiece surface morphology, a single abrasive grain cutting experiment is carried out. Experiment results show that the cutting force increases with the increase in the cutting depth, but the increase amplitude is smaller. Extrusion of the abrasive particles causes plastic deformation of the copper matrix phase and brittle fracture of the particle phase and graphite phase. It results in the defects on the groove surface, such as pits, collapses and cracks, and holes. The brittle fracture of the graphite phase and the breaking and falling off of the particle phase block the plastic deformation of the copper alloy, which makes the copper alloy not forming ductile chips. The chip is mainly powdery. It shows that the brittle fracture is the main removal form of the brake pad material. The copper matrix phase on the surface of the groove produces obvious plastic deformation. The plastic deformation at the bottom is larger and has a certain degree of fibrosis appearing.

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20

Sellami, Amira, Nesrine Hentati, Mohamed Kchaou, Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury, and Riadh Elleuch. "Effect of size and shape of copper alloys particles on the mechanical and tribological behavior of friction materials." Mechanics & Industry 21, no. 6 (2020): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2020079.

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Friction materials are composed of numerous ingredients which differ from nature and particles size. Each ingredient has its own impact on the mechanical and tribological behavior of the material. Brass ingredients have a great impact on the thermal gradient dissipation in the sliding contact between disc and brake pad material. In this research, the influence of different sizes and forms of brass ingredient was studied on the friction material behavior. The physical (density), mechanical (yield strength, young module) and thermal (thermal conductivity and specific heat) properties of the considered composites were characterized. Results proves that only physical and mechanical properties are sensitive to the changes in size and form of brass particles. The tribological behavior of the brake friction materials was also assessed using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The results show that bigger brass particles and their elongated shape allows it to be well embedded on the pad surface during braking application, and thus decreased wear rate . In contrast, the smaller particle decrease the friction stability and it rounded shape increase wear of the material since it tearing from the surface by abrasive wear.

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21

Yang, Haiyang, Qingnian Wang, Ti Zhou, and Hong Zhou. "The Relationship between the Model of the Laser Biomimetic Strengthening of Gray Cast Iron and Matching between Different Brake Pads." Metals 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10020184.

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When the surface of gray cast iron is subjected to laser irradiation and melted and then re-solidified, a material can be obtained that has a superior structure and properties to the base metal. On the surface of gray iron brake drums, the surface of the raw material can be processed into a bionic coupling surface with different shapes, structures, and soft and hard tissues similar to the surface of an organism. The wear resistance and fatigue resistance of brake drum surfaces can be greatly improved. However, the relative wear characteristics of the friction pairs in brake systems show that performance improvements in brake systems are the result of appropriately matching the brake drum and brake pad. This paper studies the wear relationship between three kinds of commonly-used brake pads (semi-metallic, organic asbestos-free, and ceramic) and different biomimetic models of brake drum samples. The interaction mechanism and failure mode between three kinds of brake pads and bionic samples were determined. According to the wear test results, the matching relationship between the brake pads and the brake drum was analyzed and determined, which provides a basis for the application of bionic brake drums.

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22

Kim, Ki-Bong, Sangsun Yang, Seong-Ju Lee, Suk-Hun Hwang, Sin-Wook Kim, and Yong-Jin Kim. "A Study on the Wear Properties of Cu-free Ecofriendly Vehicle Brake Pad." Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute 25, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4150/kpmi.2018.25.1.30.

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23

Donigian, Anthony S., Brian R. Bicknell, and Kirsten Sinclair Rosselot. "Watershed Modeling of Copper Runoff to San Francisco Bay from Brake Pad Wear Debris." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2009, no. 6 (January 1, 2009): 919–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864709793958110.

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24

Bhatt, Bhaskaranand, Navnath Kalel, Suyash Ameta, Sarthak Mittal, and Jayashree Bijwe. "Fe–Al alloy for eco-friendly copper-free brake-pads." Tribology International 163 (November 2021): 107156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2021.107156.

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25

Ghazi, A. A. S., K. Chandra, and P. S. Misra. "Manufacturing Brake Pads by Using Hot Powder Preform Forging for Low Duty Applications." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 820–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.820.

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To develop a high density brake pad for low duty application, a P/M route based on ‘Hot Powder Preform Forging’ was developed, which is not possible by sintering route. The mechanical properties of these materials were characterized using ASTM standards. The limitations of the conventional technique i.e. Compacting and Sintering for the manufacture of brake pads were tried to remove by adopting this technology. It offers better opportunity for pore free materials with better bonding between metallic and non-metallic constituents. Fade and Recovery test were done by using a Krauss Tester. μfade, μrecoveryand μperformancelie within the range of friction materials used for low duty applications.

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26

Asrar Ahmed, K., S. Rasool Mohideen, and M. A. S. Balaji. "Tribological Performance of Brass Powder with Different Copper and Zinc Content in the Brake pad." Tribology in Industry 42, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24874/ti.783.10.19.03.

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27

Govindaraju, M., A. Megalingam, Jayaprakash Murugasan, R. Vaira Vignesh, Pavan Kalyan Kota, A. Sumanth Ram, P. Lakshana, and V. Naveen Kumar. "Investigations on the tribological behavior of functionally gradient iron-based brake pad material." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 12 (February 18, 2020): 2474–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220905858.

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In this study, a functionally gradient iron-based brake pad material was developed and the tribological behavior was studied. The functionally gradient specimen had more copper near the base plate and more abrasives towards the top, which provides excellent joint strength and serves the purpose of braking, respectively. The layers had a hybrid composition of metallic materials (Fe, Cu), and abrasives (silicon carbide and aluminum oxide) to improve the strength, wear resistance, and toughness. Graphite was added to stabilize the specimen's thermal and friction characteristics at high temperature. The microstructure, wear rate, and friction coefficient of the functionally gradient specimen and the conventionally sintered specimen were evaluated. The results indicate that the wear resistance of the functionally gradient specimen is higher than the wear resistance of conventional specimen.

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28

Antanaitis, David B., Michael Shenberger, and Max Votteler. "Sizing Next Generation High Performance Brake Systems with Copper Free Linings." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 10, no. 3 (September 17, 2017): 825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-2532.

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29

Kalel, Navnath, Ashish Darpe, and Jayashree Bijwe. "Propensity to noise and vibration emission of copper-free brake-pads." Tribology International 153 (January 2021): 106651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106651.

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30

Olmeda, Ester, María Garrosa, Susana Sanz Sánchez, and Vicente Díaz. "Development and Characterization of a Compact Device for Measuring the Braking Torque of a Vehicle." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 4278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154278.

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In this article, a new force transducer is designed, developed and built for the measurement of braking forces in the wheel rim of a motor vehicle. The parameters of the transducer design are justified using numerical simulation. In order to install it in the vehicle in a simple and interference-free way, the metal base of the caliper rod is used. It is manufactured and installed in a vehicle in order to obtain the signals of the wheel braking torque, in real time, and at different speeds of circulation, carrying out several tests on the track. Subsequently, data are obtained from calculations of the disc brake system itself. The latter provides instantaneous adherence values between the brake pad and the disc.

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31

Ali, Sarafat, Naresh Kumar, Jasmaninder Singh Grewal Grewal, Vikas Thakur, Kwok Wing Chau, and Mukesh Kumar. "Coconut waste fiber used as brake pad reinforcement polymer composite and compared to standard Kevlar‐based brake pads to produce an asbestos free brake friction material." Polymer Composites 43, no. 3 (January 5, 2022): 1518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.26472.

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32

Chandradass, J., M. Amutha Surabhi, P. Baskara Sethupathi, and P. Jawahar. "Development of low cost brake pad material using asbestos free sugarcane bagasse ash hybrid composites." Materials Today: Proceedings 45 (2021): 7050–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.877.

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33

Karthikayan, S., D. Madhankumar, P. Kamalkumar, and E. C. Prasad Nidumolu. "Current Research Trends and Innovations on Asbestos Free Brake Pad Materials in Automotive Vehicle Applications." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 455 (December 19, 2018): 012139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/455/1/012139.

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34

Amaren, S. G., D. S. Yawas, and S. Y. Aku. "Effect of periwinkles shell particle size on the wear behavior of asbestos free brake pad." Results in Physics 3 (2013): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2013.06.004.

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35

Lin, Hsun-Yu, Huy-Zu Cheng, Kuo-Jung Lee, Chih-Feng Wang, Yi-Chen Liu, and Yu-Wei Wang. "Effect of Carbonaceous Components on Tribological Properties of Copper-Free NAO Friction Material." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051163.

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Copper helps to accelerate heat transfer during the braking process, allowing the brake materials to produce a stable coefficient of friction (COF), which in turn reduces wear loss and braking noise. However, its properties are also quite harmful to aquatic organisms. Finding a suitable replacement that fits all functions of copper for brake materials is not an easy feat. In this paper, six different carbonaceous components (coke, carbon black, carbon fiber, artificial graphite, natural graphite and expanded graphite) were substituted for copper in non-asbestos organic (NAO) friction materials. The hardness, thermal conductivity and tribological behaviors of these copper-free NAO friction materials were examined. Experimental results indicate that carbonaceous components improve lubrication and assist the friction composites with generating friction layers on the worn surface. Specimens containing coke, carbon black or carbon fiber exhibit broken friction layers, whereas specimens containing artificial graphite, natural graphite or expanded graphite exhibit quite adherent and smooth friction layers. Among all the copper-free carbon containing specimens, the specimen containing expanded graphite appears to be the best choice. It has the highest thermal conductivity, a relatively low wear loss and a relatively high and stable COF.

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Dastgir, Nauman, Pooria Pasbakhsh, Ning Qun Guo, Norhazlina Ismail, and Kheng Lim Goh. "Finite Element Analysis of Copper Wire Bonding in Integrated Circuit Devices." Advanced Materials Research 566 (September 2012): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.566.293.

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Axisymmetric finite element models of copper wire-bond-pad structure for an integrated circuit devicewere developed to investigate theeffects of bonding force, initial bonding temperature, Aluminum metallization thickness, bond pad thickness and free air ball (FAB) diameter on induced stresses in the wire-bond structure. The results show that an increase in bonding force greatly increased the induced stresses in the copper FAB and bond pad (aluminum and silicon). However, a change in bonding temperature while keeping the bonding force constant does not result in an appreciable change in the stress. Similarly an increase in aluminium metallization thickness does not yield appreciable variation in the stress and strain in the bond pad. Over the range of FAB diameters studied it is found that bigger FAB yields smaller stress in the overall structure

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Yeung, Johnny, Sylvia Sutiono, and Eugen Milke. "Free Air Ball Consistency of Palladium Coated Copper Wire." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2010, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 000661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2010-wp4-paper3.

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The formation of good free air ball (FAB) in palladium coated copper wire depends on many factors including the type of protection gas used, flow rate, Electric Flame Off (EFO) current, firing time and gap between the tip of wire and EFO wand. These factors can individually or, in combination of which, affect how good a ball can be formed prior to bonding onto the bond pad of a device. It is therefore important to find an optimum condition in forming good FAB so as to avoid poor bonded ball quality, or worse, non-uniform ball hardness that could lead to damage of the bond pad upon impact. The microstructure of the free air ball from palladium coated copper is unlike that of pure copper wire. It consists of palladium or palladium rich phase that can either exist partially or majority on surface of the ball making the structure non-uniform and inconsistency from one condition of EFO firing to the either. The hardness of the ball is also complicated by the non-uniform microstructure in such a way that determining the microhardness of the ball is never a straight forward characterisation. This paper covers the effect of process condition on the FAB size and quality of the wire. Microstructure and hardness of the FAB processed with different conditions are also presented and discussed.

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Aranganathan, N., and Jayashree Bijwe. "Development of copper-free eco-friendly brake-friction material using novel ingredients." Wear 352-353 (April 2016): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.01.023.

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Zhang, Peng, Lin Zhang, Kangxi Fu, Peifang Wu, Jingwu Cao, Cairang Shijia, and Xuanhui Qu. "Fade behaviour of copper-based brake pad during cyclic emergency braking at high speed and overload condition." Wear 428-429 (June 2019): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2019.01.126.

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40

Amaren, S. G. "Evaluation of the wear and thermal properties of asbestos free brake pad using periwinkles shell particles." Usak University Journal of Material Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12748/uujms/20131714.

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41

Borawski, Andrzej. "Study of the Influence of the Copper Component’s Shape on the Properties of the Friction Material Used in Brakes—Part One, Tribological Properties." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020749.

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Brakes play an extremely important role in any vehicle. In today’s automotive industry, friction brakes are most often used, in which the composite material of the brake pad cooperates with a cast iron disc. While little can be modified in the case of discs, in the case of pads, the composition of the material used for its production can have an almost unlimited number of possibilities. Both scientists and manufacturers invent and test new combinations to achieve the desired end result. A similar task was undertaken in this work. Bearing in mind the fact that materials commonly used as reinforcing materials generate undesirable threats in the production process, it was decided to check whether this role could be taken over by another substance that is already present in brake pads; this substance is copper. A number of samples containing copper, in the form of powder and fibers, were made, and then the samples were subjected to tribological tests in order to determine the coefficient of friction and abrasive wear rate. The ball-cratering research method was used, and the Taguchi process optimization method was used to plan the experiment. As a result of the tests, it was found that the replacement of aramid fibers with copper fibers does not significantly affect the value of COF and the abrasive wear rate.

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Bhatt, Bhaskaranand, Navnath Kalel, Ashish Darpe, and Jayashree Bijwe. "Role of Promaxon-D in Controlling Tribological Performance of Cu-Free Brake Pads." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2021): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030441.

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Copper appears to be an indispensable ingredient of non-asbestos organic (NAO) brake friction materials owing to its multifunctionality. However, recent findings proved it as a threat to aquatic life and efforts were initiated worldwide over the last few years to find a substitute for it. Recently, the authors’ group had reported on the potential of particulate Promaxon-D (hydrated calcium silicate), a porous material for enhancement of noise–vibration (NV) performance of Cu-free brake pads. It was felt necessary to investigate how Promaxon-D (PD) contributes to controlling tribo-performance of brake pads since this aspect is most important for the brake friction materials. A series of five types of brake pads was developed by keeping parent composition fixed and varying the theme ingredient PD content from 0–20 wt.%. The tribo-performance was evaluated on a full-scale brake inertia dynamometer as per the JASO C406 test standards. The increase in PD contents led to a reduction in density, hardness, and thermal conductivity while an increase in porosity and compressibility. With the increase in PD contents, almost all tribo properties such as average μ, fade ratio, and recovery ratio got enhanced, sensitivity of µ for pressure, speed, and temperature lowered but at the cost of wear resistance. Finally, the worn surfaces of pads and discs were observed under a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) to find out the presence of various elements at the contact zone and to monitor specific topographical events responsible for wear mechanism.

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43

VIJAY, R., D. LENIN SINGARAVELU, and PETER FILIP. "INFLUENCE OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE PARTICLE SIZE ON FRICTION AND WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-ASBESTOS-BASED COPPER-FREE BRAKE FRICTION COMPOSITES." Surface Review and Letters 27, no. 01 (March 15, 2019): 1950085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x19500859.

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Molybdenum disulfide is a successful solid lubricant because of its cleavage of the basal plane at the time of sliding, which helps to retain the lubrication nature in order to reduce wear and to maintain frictional stability. Thus the present study deals with the development of copper-free brake pads using molybdenum disulfide that possesses different grades based on the particle size, namely, technical (coarse), fine and superfine. The brake pads were developed using conventional manufacturing processes and characterized for its physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties as per industrial standards. Thermal stability was measured for the varying ingredients and the developed composites using thermogravimetric analyzer instrument. The tribological studies were done using Chase testing following IS2742 Part-4 standards. The results showed that coarse-sized (technical grade) molybdenum disulfide-based brake pads possess better thermal stability with good fade and recovery characteristics in turn leading to less wear when compared with the other two composites. This is because of its better heat dissipation and superior lubricating nature. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis were helpful in studying the wear behavior of the Chase-tested brake friction composite samples.

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44

Nong, Wan Hua, Fei Gao, Rong Fu, and Xiao Ming Han. "Investigation of Friction Temperature in Railway Disc Brake." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.202.

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The distribution of temperature on the rubbing surface is an important factor influencing the lifetime of a brake disc. With a copper-base sintered brake pad and a forge steel disc, up-to-brake experiments have been conducted on a full-scale test bench at a highest speed of 200 Km/h and a maximum braking force of 22.5 KN. The temperature distributions on brake disc surface have been acquired by an infrared thermal camera, and the contact pressure on the contact surface of the friction pair has been calculated by the finite element software ABAQUS. The results show that the area and thermal gradient of the hot bands increase with the increase of braking speed and braking force. The hot bands occur in priority at the radial location of r=200 mm and r=300 mm, and move radially in the braking process. The finite element modelling calculation indicates that the distribution of the contact pressure on the disc surface in radial direction is in a "U"-shape. The maximum contact pressure occur at the radial locations of r=200 mm and r=300 mm, and the minimum contact pressure occur in the vicinity of the mean radius of the disc. The conformity of contact pressure distributions with the practical temperature evolutions indicates that the non-uniform distribution of the contact pressure is the factor resulting in the appearance of hot bands on the disc surface.

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45

Lee, Jung Suk, Woong Ho Bang, J. P. Jung, and Kyu Hwan Oh. "Application of TLP (Transient Liquid Phase) Bonding Method to the High T_m Lead-Free Solder." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1869.

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TLP method was applied to the lead free soldering process; Sn-3.5Ag core solder (Tm of 221°C) / Sn-Bi coating layer (Tm of 139°C at eutectic) was reflowed on UBM pad. Sn-Bi was formed by electroplating method at current range of 2~6A/dm2, which had varied the coating layer composition from 96wt% to 28wt% Bi. Specimens were reflowed on copper pad at temperature range of 200 and 220°C, and then interface reaction was examined. It was claimed that high Bi adding in the plated layer improved the wetting performance on Cu. Even at the reflow temperature of 200°C, SEM observation revealed well-defined interface junctions between solder and copper pad, i.e. nucleation and growth of CuxSn intermetallic compound. After heating for 5min at 220°C, Bi was resolved into Sn-3.5Ag core solder and completely homogenized, which is favorable from the viewpoint of long term fatigue reliability.

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46

Zhang, Mi, Xingming Guo, Bingyang Tian, Jia Wang, Shiyue Qi, Yufei Yang, and Baoping Xin. "Improved bioleaching of copper and zinc from brake pad waste by low-temperature thermal pretreatment and its mechanisms." Waste Management 87 (March 2019): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.047.

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47

Kumar, V. Vineeth, S. Senthil Kumaran, and S. Dhanalakshmi. "A case study focusing on investigating the tribological performance of Cu-Sn sintered brake pad of off-high road vehicles." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 27 (June 3, 2020): 4299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320929752.

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Copper-based sintered friction materials are most suitable for heavy-duty off-road vehicles, trains, aircraft, and military applications. This present study aims to investigate the tribological performance, dominating wear mechanism of an existing copper-tin sintered friction material that is being used in armoured fighting vehicle. The brake pad was tested as per IS 2742 using the chase test machine. Especially fade cycle was carried out till 441℃ to analyze the frictional response of the material. Physical, mechanical, and tribological properties were evaluated as per industrial standards. Morphological analysis was carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy, and wear debris analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. The dominating wear mechanisms were found to be delamination and abrasive wear. The investigated results showed a less wear rate of 0.05 cm3/MJ. However, results seem to be better for high-energy applications by exhibiting excellent mechanical properties.

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48

Zhang, Peng, Lin Zhang, Peifang Wu, Jingwu Cao, Cairang Shijia, Dongbin Wei, and Xuanhui Qu. "Effect of carbon fiber on the braking performance of copper-based brake pad under continuous high-energy braking conditions." Wear 458-459 (October 2020): 203408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203408.

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49

Fuad, Muhammad Taufik Nur, and Heri Yudiono. "Analisa Keausan Kampas Rem Sepeda Motor Berbahan Komposit Serbuk Tempurung Buah Maja." Jurnal Pendidikan Teknik Mesin Undiksha 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jptm.v10i1.44431.

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Pemanfaatan serbuk tempurung buah maja terbilang masih belum maksimal. Kampas rem komposit saat ini banyak dikembangkan karena sifatnya yang ramah lingkungan dan tahan panas dibandingkan kampas rem non asbestos. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis fraksi volume serbuk tempurung buah maja terhadap keausan komposit bermatrik epoxy sebagai material alternatif kampas rem sepeda motor. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan true experimental design dengan tipe posttest-only design, terdapat kelompok eksperimen (komposit) dan kelompok kontrol (kampas rem merk Indoparts). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai yang paling optimal terdapat pada volume 30% dengan nilai keausan 2,008 x 10-6 mm2/kg. Hal itu menunjukkan semakin banyak volume serbuk, maka kekuatan komposit akan meningkat. Nilai tersebut yang paling mendekati dengan nilai kampas rem sepeda motor merk Indoparts. Maka dari itu, komposit serbuk tempurung buah maja dapat direkomendasikan sebagai material alternatif kampas rem sepeda motor.Kata kunci: fraksi volume; keausan; kampas rem; serbuk tempurung buah maja.The utilization of wood apple shell particles is not optimal yet. Composite brake pads are currently being developed because they are eco-friendly and heat resistant compared to non-asbestos brake pads. This research attempt to analyze the volume fraction of Buah maja shell particles on the measure of wear from epoxy matrix composites as an alternative material for motorcycle brake pads. The design of this research uses a true experimental design with a posttest-only design type, there is an experimental group (composite) and a control group (Indoparts brand brake pads). The results show the most optimal measure is found in volume 30% with a hardness measure of wear 2,008 x 10-6 mm2/kg. It shows that the more particles volume, the composite strength will increase. This measure is closest to the measure of the Indoparts motorcycle brake pads. Therefore, wood apple shell particles composite can be recommended as an alternative material for motorcycle brake pads. Keywords : Buah maja shell particles ; Brake pads; Volume fraction; Wear. DAFTAR RUJUKAN Ademoh, N. A., & Olabisi, A. I. (2015). Development and evaluation of maize husks (asbestos-free) based brake pad. Development, 5(2), 67-80.Afolabi, M., Abubakre, O. K., Lawal, S. A., & Raji, A. (2015). Experimental investigation of palm kernel shell and cow bone reinforced polymer composites for brake pad production. International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research, 3(2), 27-40.Atmika, I. K. A., Subagia, I. D. G. A., Surata, I. W., & Sutantra, I. N. (2019, June). Hardness and wear rate of basalt/alumina/shellfish powder reinforced phenolic resin matrix hybrid composite brake lining pads. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 539(1), 012012.Elanchezhian, C., Ramnath, B. V., Ramakrishnan, G., Rajendrakumar, M., Naveenkumar, V., & Saravanakumar, M. K. (2018). Review on mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(1), 1785-1790.Gbadeyan, O. J., Kanny, K., & Mohan, T. P. (2017). Influence of the multi-walled carbon nanotube and short carbon fibre composition on tribological properties of epoxy composites. Tribology-Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 11(2), 59-65.Kiran, Z. S., Babu, V. S., & Shekar, K. S. (2019). Study of the microhardness and erosive wear behavior of organo-modified nanoclay filled glass-epoxy composites and optimization. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 13(2), 4794-4815.Liao, Z., Hua, N., Chen, W., Huang, Y., & Zhang, T. (2018). Correlations between the wear resistance and properties of bulk metallic glasses. Intermetallics, 93, 290-298.Maleque, M. A., Atiqah, A., Talib, R. J., & Zahurin, H. (2012). New natural fibre reinforced aluminium composite for automotive brake pad. International journal of mechanical and materials engineering, 7(2), 166-170.Prasad, L., Singh, G., & Pokhriyal, M. (2018). A comparative study on physical and mechanical behaviour of functionally graded composite materials reinforced with natural fillers. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(9), 16990-16994.Sahari, J., Sapuan, S. M., Zainudin, E. S., & Maleque, M. A. (2013). Mechanical and thermal properties of environmentally friendly composites derived from sugar palm tree. Materials & Design, 49, 285-289.Sastry, M. N. P., Devi, K. D., & Bandhu, D. (2016). Characterization of Aegle Marmelos fiber reinforced composite. International Journal of Engineering Research, 5(SP 2), 345-349.Sathish, S., Kumaresan, K., Prabhu, L., & Gokulkumar, S. (2018). Experimental investigation of mechanical and FTIR analysis of flax fiber/epoxy composites incorporating SiC, Al2O3 and graphite. Revista Romana De Materiale, 48(4), 476.Satikbaša, K., Selvakumar, A. S., Sal, B., & Surja, R. B. (2019). Effect of steel family fibers on friction and stiction behavior of brake pads. FME Transactions, 47(4), 856-864.Shakuntala, O., Raghavendra, G., & Acharya, S. K. (2018). Characterization of Wood Apple Shell Particles. In Conference Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Recent Advances in Bioenergy Research. Springer, 139-146.Shinde, D., & Mistry, K. N. (2017). Asbestos base and asbestos free brake lining materials: Comparative study. World Scientific News, 61(2), 192-198.Soenoko, R., Suprapto, W., & Irawan, Y. S. (2020). Characterization of aluminium matrix composite of Al-ZnSiFeCuMg alloy reinforced with silica sand tailings particles. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 14(3), 7094-7108.

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Wei, L., Y. S. Choy, C. S. Cheung, and D. Jin. "Tribology performance, airborne particle emissions and brake squeal noise of copper-free friction materials." Wear 448-449 (May 2020): 203215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203215.

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