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Academic literature on the topic 'Copper-based complexes'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Copper-based complexes"

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Zhang, J., and D. P. Kamdem. "Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopic (EPR) Study of Copper Amine Treated Southern Pine in Wood Preservation." Holzforschung 54, no. 4 (July 4, 2000): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.060.

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Summary The structure of copper complexes in copper amine treated wood samples were elucidated by the application of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). EPR axial spectra were observed for all Cu-amine treated samples irrespective of the formulations. The values of A∥ and g∥ of the axial spectra indicate that the stereo-structure of copper complexes in copper amine treated wood was either tetragonal-based octahedral or square-based pyramidal. Comparison of electronic parameters of A∥ and g∥ in Cu-amine treated wood with those of the Cu-amine treating solution and the values in literature suggests that the interaction of wood with copper amine is through complexation in which wood functional groups are complexed with copper amine perpendicularly. The copper complexes in both treating solution and treated wood are in the form of CuN2O2, where copper is ligated with 2 nitrogen and 2 oxygen.
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Campo, José A, Mercedes Cano, José V Heras, M. Cristina Lagunas, Josefina Perles, Elena Pinilla, and M. Rosario Torres. "Copper Complexes with New Pyridylpyrazole Based Ligands." Helvetica Chimica Acta 85, no. 4 (April 2002): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2675(200204)85:4<1079::aid-hlca1079>3.0.co;2-g.

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Pousaneh, Elaheh, Marcus Korb, Volodymyr Dzhagan, Marcus Weber, Julian Noll, Michael Mehring, Dietrich R. T. Zahn, Stefan E. Schulz, and Heinrich Lang. "β-Ketoiminato-based copper(ii) complexes as CVD precursors for copper and copper oxide layer formation." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 30 (2018): 10002–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt01647j.

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Ilicheva, A. I., L. N. Bochkarev, and V. A. Ilichev. "Electroluminescent copper-containing polymers based on copper(I) norbornene-substituted complexes." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 87, no. 6 (June 2017): 1184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363217060135.

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Wang, Yuanmin, Feng Teng, Zheng Xu, Lei Qian, Ting Zhang, and Deang Liu. "Photo-functional materials based on copper(I) complexes*." Progress in Natural Science 14, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10020070412331344261.

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Kobayashi, Keiji, Yasuhiro Mazaki, Koichi Kikuchi, Kazuya Saito, Isao Ikemoto, and Shojun Hino. "Novel copper complexes based on thiophene-fused DCNQI." Synthetic Metals 42, no. 1-2 (May 1991): 1847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(91)91965-d.

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Mau, Alexandre, Guillaume Noirbent, Céline Dietlin, Bernadette Graff, Didier Gigmes, Frédéric Dumur, and Jacques Lalevée. "Panchromatic Copper Complexes for Visible Light Photopolymerization." Photochem 1, no. 2 (August 4, 2021): 167–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photochem1020010.

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In this work, eleven heteroleptic copper complexes were designed and studied as photoinitiators of polymerization in three-component photoinitiating systems in combination with an iodonium salt and an amine. Notably, ten of them exhibited panchromatic behavior and could be used for long wavelengths. Ferrocene-free copper complexes were capable of efficiently initiating both the radical and cationic polymerizations and exhibited similar performances to that of the benchmark G1 system. Formation of acrylate/epoxy IPNs was also successfully performed even upon irradiation at 455 nm or at 530 nm. Interestingly, all copper complexes containing the 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene ligand were not photoluminescent, evidencing that ferrocene could efficiently quench the photoluminescence properties of copper complexes. Besides, these ferrocene-based complexes were capable of efficiently initiating free radical polymerization processes. The ferrocene moiety introduced in the different copper complexes affected neither their panchromatic behaviors nor their abilities to initiate free radical polymerizations.
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Jesús Gismera, M., M. Antonia Mendiola, Jesús Rodriguez Procopio, and M. Teresa Sevilla. "Copper potentiometric sensors based on copper complexes containing thiohydrazone and thiosemicarbazone ligands." Analytica Chimica Acta 385, no. 1-3 (April 1999): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00840-x.

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Sosoe, Johann, Corentin Cruché, Émilie Morin, and Shawn K. Collins. "Evaluating heteroleptic copper(I)-based complexes bearing π-extended diimines in different photocatalytic processes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 98, no. 9 (September 2020): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2020-0014.

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A series of 12 new copper-based photocatalysts of the type Cu(N^N)(P^P)BF4 were synthesized bearing π-extended diimine ligands. The complexes have red shifted absorptions and larger extinction coefficients than complexes prepared with a parent diimine, dmp. The complexes were evaluated for their ability to promote three different photochemical transformations. Although the complexes were inactive in a reductive PCET process, the complexes afforded good yields in both SET and ET processes. Interestingly, homoleptic copper-complexes derived from the π-extended diimines were significantly more active in SET processes than analogous complexes with simpler diimines.
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Liu, Gang, Ning Xia, Linxu Tian, Zhifang Sun, and Lin Liu. "Progress in the Development of Biosensors Based on Peptide–Copper Coordination Interaction." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100809.

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Copper ions, as the active centers of natural enzymes, play an important role in many physiological processes. Copper ion-based catalysts which mimic the activity of enzymes have been widely used in the field of industrial catalysis and sensing devices. As an important class of small biological molecules, peptides have the advantages of easy synthesis, excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, and good water solubility. The peptide–copper complexes exhibit the characteristics of low molecular weight, high tenability, and unique catalytic and photophysical properties. Biosensors with peptide–copper complexes as the signal probes have promising application prospects in environmental monitoring and biomedical analysis and diagnosis. In this review, we discussed the design and application of fluorescent, colorimetric and electrochemical biosensors based on the peptide–copper coordination interaction.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Copper-based complexes"

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Claughton, Hannah J. "Towards radiopharmaceuticals based on copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442381.

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Garrido, Barros Pablo. "Molecular Water Oxidation Catalysts Based on Copper and Nickel Complexes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665124.

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Aquesta Tesi Doctoral es centra en l’estudi de catalitzadors moleculars per a l’oxidació d’aigua basats en coure i níquel, ja que la seva gran abundància i baix cost els fa potencials candidats pel seu ús en sistemes catalítics. Tot i així, avui en dia hi ha una important mancança d’informació respecte als seus mecanismes de reacció i els factors que influeixen la seva activitat. Per això, en primer lloc, es desenvolupen nous catalitzadors moleculars basats en el coure com a centre metàl·lic. L’estudi mecanístic d’aquests catalitzadors revela l’important rol que té l’oxidació del lligand en el cicle catalític a l’hora de controlar el sobre-potencial de la reacció. Al mateix temps, en col·laboració amb el grup del Professor Maseras (ICIQ) es descobreix un nou mecanisme per a la formació de l’enllaç oxigen-oxigen que opera en diferents tipus catalitzadors de coure. Aquest nou mecanisme sense precedents permet redefinir l’escenari mecanístic per a l’oxidació d’aigua. Posteriorment, es realitza el disseny de nous lligands amb diferents propietats redox que permeten estudiar factors que influeixen en l’activitat i el mecanisme de reacció. Això proporciona informació rellevant per al disseny de nous catalitzadors més actius, estables i eficients. També s’aborda la immobilització dels catalitzadors desenvolupats sobre els elèctrodes basats en grafè. D’aquesta manera es descobreix el paper essencial que té la deslocalització d’electrons en els orbitals π, que permet incrementar la cinètica de la reacció per més de dues ordres de magnitud. Finalment, el coneixement generat en coure s’intenta expandir per a la seva aplicació en els catalitzadors de níquel. Això permet estudiar el caràcter làbil dels complexos de níquel en medis bàsics, que determina la presència de dos mecanismes d’operació basats en espècies moleculars i òxids de níquel respectivament.
Esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en el estudio de catalizadores moleculares para la oxidación de agua basados en cobre y níquel, ya que su gran abundancia y su bajo coste los hace potenciales candidatos para su uso en sistemas catalíticos. A pesar de esto, hoy en día hay una importante carencia de información con respecto a sus mecanismos de reacción y los factores que determinan su actividad. Por ello, en primer lugar, se desarrollan nuevos catalizadores moleculares basados en cobre como centro metálico. El estudio mecanístico de dichos catalizadores revela el importante rol que tiene la oxidación del ligando en el ciclo catalítico a la hora de controlar el sobre-potencial de la reacción. Al mismo tiempo, en colaboración con el grupo del Profesor Maseras (ICIQ) se descubre un nuevo mecanismo para la formación del enlace oxígeno-oxígeno que opera en diferentes tipos de catalizadores de cobre. Este nuevo mecanismo sin precedentes permite redefinir el escenario mecanístico para la oxidación de agua. Posteriormente, se realiza el diseño de nuevos ligandos con diferentes propiedades redox que permiten estudiar los factores que influyen en la actividad y el mecanismo de reacción. Esto proporciona información relevante para el diseño de nuevos catalizadores más activos, estables y eficientes. También se aborda la inmovilización de los catalizadores desarrollados sobre electrodos basados en grafeno. De esta forma se descubre el papel esencial que tiene la deslocalización de electrones en orbitales π, que permite incrementar la cinética de reacción por más de dos órdenes de magnitud. Finalmente, el conocimiento generado en cobre se intenta expandir para su aplicación en catalizadores de níquel. Esto permite estudiar el carácter lábil de los complejos de níquel en medios básicos, que determina la presencia de dos mecanismos de operación basados en especies moleculares y óxidos de níquel respectivamente.
This Doctoral Thesis focuses on the study of molecular catalysts for water oxidation based on copper and nickel since their high abundance and inexpensive character make them potential candidates for their use in catalytic systems. Despite that, there is a current lack of information regarding their reaction mechanism and the factors that determine their activity. Therefore, we first develop new molecular catalysts based on copper as metal center. Their mechanistic study reveals the essential role that the ligand oxidation has in the catalytic cycle as tool to control the reaction overpotential. In collaboration with Prof. Maseras group (ICIQ) a new mechanism for the oxygen-oxygen bond formation is found to operate in different copper catalysts. This unprecedented mechanism allows us to redefine the mechanistic scenario in water oxidation. Later on, the design of new ligands with different redox properties is addressed. That allows to study the factors that have influence on the activity and reaction mechanism and provide valuable information for the design of more active, stable and efficient new catalysts. Moreover, the immobilization of the molecular catalyst on the surface of graphene-based electrodes is also studied. We discover the essential role of the π-delocalization in increasing the reaction kinetic by more than two orders of magnitude. Finally, the knowledge developed with copper complexes is applied in nickel catalysis. This allows to study the labile character of nickel complexes in basic media that determine the presence of two different operating mechanism based on molecular species and nickel oxides respectively.
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Noack, Cassandra, and n/a. "Studies in Coordination Chemistry." Griffith University. School of Science, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20031030.145610.

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The research reported in this thesis was carried out in Brisbane, Australia and Calgary, Canada. The aim of the research conducted in Brisbane was to prepare a series of copper(I) and ruthenium(II) based complexes incorporating a hemilabile phosphine ligand and to determine whether or not these compounds possessed catalytic activity. The history, uses, properties and recent work incorporating hemilabile phosphine ligands is discussed in detail as well as the application of hemilabile ligands to atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and the usefulness of the 'windscreen wiper' action of these ligands in polymerization. The literature synthesis and characterization of four hemilabile phosphine ligands is reported with modifications. The (2-chlorophenyl)diphenylphosphine ligand was prepared via a Grignard reaction giving a 11% yield. The (2-bromophenyl) diphenylphosphine ligand was prepared by reaction of 2-bromoiodobenzene with Ph2PSiMe3 in the presence of a palladium catalyst (MeCN)2PdCl2 which yielded 50% product. The 1-chloro-2-diphenylphosphinoethane ligand was prepared following the generation of a lithium diphenylphosphide which was added to 1,2-dichloroethane to give a 43% yield of product. The (2-benzoic-acid)diphenylphosphine ligand was prepared by hydrolysis of (2-methyl-ester-phenyl)diphenylphosphine. Following acidification of the methyl ester phosphine with HCl, the desired product was isolated in 88% yield. The synthesis and characterization of a series of copper(I) based complexes incorporating the prepared phosphine ligands involved reaction in CH3CN of the appropriate ligand with copper halides as starting material. Solution state 31P NMR and mass spectrometry were used to study many of these complexes in the solution state, whilst microanalysis, 31P CP MAS NMR and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies were used to study their solid state properties. The complexes of the type bis(2-halophenyl)diphenylphosphine copper halide were found to be three coordinate with non-chelating ligands and to be isostructural with the previously studied bis(2-methylphenyl)diphenylphosphine copper halide complexes. The synthesis and characterization of ruthenium(II) based complexes incorporating hemilabile phosphine ligands involved reaction of the appropriate ligands in MeOH with RuCl3.3H2O or RuCl2(DMSO)4 as the ruthenium source. Modes of characterization included solution state 31P NMR, mass spectrometry, microanalysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. All ruthenium(II) based complexes were found to incorporate the hemilabile ligands in a chelating mode resulting in 6 coordinate structures. The preliminary polymerization testing of MMA in the presence of the copper(I) and ruthenium(II) based complexes has been reported. All complexes successfully polymerized the monomer and the resulting polyMMA showed polydispersity values ranging from moderate (3.1) to very high (6.7). Chapter 7 discusses research conducted over a 6 month period at the University of Calgary, Canada under an International Resident Fellowship award. This work involved the synthesis and characterization of scandium(III) and yttrium(III) based complexes incorporating a chelating amido-imine ligand, as potential olefin polymerization catalysts.
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Noack, Cassandra. "Studies in Coordination Chemistry." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366798.

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The research reported in this thesis was carried out in Brisbane, Australia and Calgary, Canada. The aim of the research conducted in Brisbane was to prepare a series of copper(I) and ruthenium(II) based complexes incorporating a hemilabile phosphine ligand and to determine whether or not these compounds possessed catalytic activity. The history, uses, properties and recent work incorporating hemilabile phosphine ligands is discussed in detail as well as the application of hemilabile ligands to atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and the usefulness of the 'windscreen wiper' action of these ligands in polymerization. The literature synthesis and characterization of four hemilabile phosphine ligands is reported with modifications. The (2-chlorophenyl)diphenylphosphine ligand was prepared via a Grignard reaction giving a 11% yield. The (2-bromophenyl) diphenylphosphine ligand was prepared by reaction of 2-bromoiodobenzene with Ph2PSiMe3 in the presence of a palladium catalyst (MeCN)2PdCl2 which yielded 50% product. The 1-chloro-2-diphenylphosphinoethane ligand was prepared following the generation of a lithium diphenylphosphide which was added to 1,2-dichloroethane to give a 43% yield of product. The (2-benzoic-acid)diphenylphosphine ligand was prepared by hydrolysis of (2-methyl-ester-phenyl)diphenylphosphine. Following acidification of the methyl ester phosphine with HCl, the desired product was isolated in 88% yield. The synthesis and characterization of a series of copper(I) based complexes incorporating the prepared phosphine ligands involved reaction in CH3CN of the appropriate ligand with copper halides as starting material. Solution state 31P NMR and mass spectrometry were used to study many of these complexes in the solution state, whilst microanalysis, 31P CP MAS NMR and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies were used to study their solid state properties. The complexes of the type bis(2-halophenyl)diphenylphosphine copper halide were found to be three coordinate with non-chelating ligands and to be isostructural with the previously studied bis(2-methylphenyl)diphenylphosphine copper halide complexes. The synthesis and characterization of ruthenium(II) based complexes incorporating hemilabile phosphine ligands involved reaction of the appropriate ligands in MeOH with RuCl3.3H2O or RuCl2(DMSO)4 as the ruthenium source. Modes of characterization included solution state 31P NMR, mass spectrometry, microanalysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. All ruthenium(II) based complexes were found to incorporate the hemilabile ligands in a chelating mode resulting in 6 coordinate structures. The preliminary polymerization testing of MMA in the presence of the copper(I) and ruthenium(II) based complexes has been reported. All complexes successfully polymerized the monomer and the resulting polyMMA showed polydispersity values ranging from moderate (3.1) to very high (6.7). Chapter 7 discusses research conducted over a 6 month period at the University of Calgary, Canada under an International Resident Fellowship award. This work involved the synthesis and characterization of scandium(III) and yttrium(III) based complexes incorporating a chelating amido-imine ligand, as potential olefin polymerization catalysts.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Science
Faculty of Science
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Stührenberg, Kai [Verfasser]. "Phenanthroline-based copper complexes for water splitting applications : photo-physical and spectroscopic investigations / Kai Stührenberg." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149721782/34.

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Sudarga, Tjakraatmadja Airlangga Arya Janitra [Verfasser]. "Copper complexes with bpa- and phen-based ligands as artificial nucleases / Airlangga Arya Janitra Sudarga Tjakraatmadja." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1103486632/34.

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Mketo, Nomvano. "Palladium and copper complexes based on dendrimeric and monofunctional N, N’ chelating ligands as potential catalysts in the oxidative carbonylation of alcohols." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4288.

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Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis we describe the synthesis of several new N-(n-propyl)-1-(2-pyridyl and quinolyl)-imine ligands (ML1-ML4) as well as peripheral functionalised iminopyridyl and iminoquinolyl poly(propylene-imine) dendrimeric ligands (DL1-DL8) with a 1,4- diaminobutane core. The dendrimeric ligands were obtained by modification of the peripheral groups of Generation 1 and Generation 2 poly(propylene-imine) dendrimers, (DAB-(NH2)n which are commercially available, with a series of aldehydes. All the ligands were fully characterised by ESI-mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, 1H&13C{1H}-NMR, FT-IR and UV/Vis spectroscopies. These ligands were utilised to synthesise Pd(II) and Cu(I) complexes using appropriate metal precursors. Some of mononuclear complexes, [N-(n-propyl)-(2-pyridyl and quinolyl) methanimine] dichloro Pd(II) complexes (C1-C4) and bis[N-(n-propyl)-(2-pyridyl and quinolyl) methanimine] copper(I) tetrafluoroborate complexes (C14) were structurally characterised. Pd(II) complexes adopted a distorted square-planar geometry around the metal centre while Cu(I) complex exhibit a distorted tetrahedral arrangement around the metal centre. Both Pd(II) and Cu(I) multinuclear complexes (metallodendrimers) were characterised using a range of analytical techniques.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die sintese van verskeie nuwe N-(n-propiel)-1-(2-piridiel) en kinolielimien ligande (ML1-ML4) sowel as gefunksioneerde imienopiridiel en imienokinoliel poli(propilien-imien) dendrimeriese ligande (DL1-DL8) beskryf. Die dendrimeriese ligande was behaal deur die modifikasie van perifere groepe van Generasie 1 en Generasie 2 poli(propilien-imien) dendrimere met ‘n reeks aldehiede. Alle ligande was volledig deur ESI-massaspektrometrie, elementele analiese, 1H en 13C{1H} – KMR, FT-IR en UV/Sigbare spektroskopie gekarakteriseerd. Hierdie ligande was gebruik om Pd(II) en Cu(I) komplekse te berei om van die gepaste metaal voorlopers te gebruik te maak. Sommige van die mono-kern komplekse, [N-(npropiel)-( 2-piridiel) en kinoliel metanimien] dikloor Pd(II), komplekse (C1-C4) en bis[N-(npropiel)-( 2-piridiel) metanimien] koper(I) tetrafloorboraat, kompleks (C14) was struktureël gekarakteriseerd. Pd(II) komplekse neem ‘n versteurde vierkant valk geometrie om die metaal senter aan, terwyl die Cu(I) kompleks, ‘n versteurde tetrahedriese opset rondom die metaal toon. Beide Pd(II) en Cu(I) multikern komplekse (metaaldendrimere) was deur ‘n verskeidenheid van analitiese tegnieke gekarakteriseerd.
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Magwa, Nomampondo Penelope. "A spectroscopic study of the electronic effects on copper (II) and copper (I) complexes of ligands derived from various substituted benzyaldehyde- and cinnamaldehyde- based schiff bases." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006712.

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Several Schiff base ligands, N, N‟-(aryl)benzyaldiimine ligands (R-BEN); N, N‟-(aryl)benzyaldiamine dihydrochloride ligands (R-BENH•2HCl); N, N‟-(aryl)benzyaldiamine ligands (R-BENH); N, N‟-bis(cinnamaldiimine) ligands (R-CA2EN) were synthesized for the investigation of the electronic effect of the substituents at para-position of the Schiff base ligands and their copper complexes. The synthesis of Schiff bases was carried out by reacting a series of para-substituted benzyaldehyde, and para-substituted cinnamaldehyde with ethylenediamine. The imine group of Schiff bases, N, N‟-(aryl)benzyaldiimine ligands and N, N‟-bis(cinnamaldiimine)ligands were reduced to corresponding amines with sodium borohydride in methanol These ligands, N, N‟-(aryl)benzyaldiamine ligands (H-BENH), N, N‟-bis(cinnamaldiimine)ligands (CA2EN) were reacted with copper(II) dihalide and copper(I) monohalide ions respectively to form complexes. The ligands and their complexes were analysed using elemental analyses, FT-IR spectroscopy (mid-IR), UV/vis in aprotic and protic solvents,while mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR were used to further analyse the ligands. By using substituent parameters, both the single and dual substituent parameters with the spectroscopic data obtained from the spectroscopic techiques mentioned above, it was hoped to monitor and determine whether the electronic effects (resonance or inductive effcets) was predominantly within the Schiff base ligands and copper complexes. The NMR studies with dual substituent parameters suggest that the effects of the substituents are transimitted through the ligands, via resonance effects and that the phenyl group is nonplanar with the azomethine in N, N‟-(aryl)benzyaldiimine ligands. The presence of an extra double bond in Schiff base {(N, N‟-bis(cinnamaldiimine) ligand)} altered the electron density. The UV/vis studies showed that the symmetry of the N, N‟-bis(4-R-benzyl)-1, 2-diaminoethanedihalidecopper(II) complexes were predominantly tetrahedral for both chloro and bromo complexes. The correlation studies from mid-infrared were beneficial in monitoring the effect experienced by N, N‟-(aryl)benzaldiimine ligands, the studies suggest that the inductive effect is more pronounced at the C=N.
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May, Tricia Lee. "Copper-Based N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes for Catalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Additions of Alkyl-, Aryl- and Vinyl-Based Nucleophiles to Form All-Carbon Quaternary Stereogenic Centers." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2650.

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Thesis advisor: Amir H. Hoveyda
Chapter 1 Enantioselective Conjugate Additions of Carbon Nucleophiles to Activated Olefins: Preparation of Enantioenriched Compounds Containing All-Carbon Quaternary Stereogenic Centers. Methods for enantioselective conjugate addition of nucleophiles to activated olefins generating products containing all-carbon quaternary stereogenic centers are critically reviewed. Enantioselective conjugate addition has been shown to be a powerful and concise approach to construct carbon-carbon bonds to prepare compounds containing sterically hindered stereogenic centers and has seen great advances in the past several years. Owing to the difficult nature of additions to relatively unreactive conjugate acceptors, compared to additions generating tertiary stereogenic centers, and construction of a sterically-hindered bond, in many cases, new and active catalysts had to be developed. The review discusses the areas where significant advances have been made as well as current limitations and future outlook. Chapter 2 Development of New and Active Catalysts for Cu-Catalyzed Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Alkyl- and Arylzinc Reagent. Through development of new chiral catalysts, we have found an active and enantiodiscriminating bidentate, sulfonate-containing NHC-Cu catalyst that effects enantioselective conjugate addition of alkyl- and arylzinc reagents on notoriously difficult trisubstituted cyclic enones. Products are prepared with high levels of selectivity and participate in a variety of further functionalizations. The enantioselective additions are efficient and practical, not requiring rigorously anhydrous or oxygen-free conditions. Chapter 3 Cu-Catalyzed Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Alkyl- and Arylaluminum Reagents to Trisubstituted Enones. Outlined in this chapter is the first effective solution for Cu-catalyzed enantioselective addition of alkyl and aryl nucleophiles to trisubstituted cyclopentenones generating products bearing a β-all-carbon quaternary stereogenic center. Products are obtained in up to 97% yield and 99:1 er, only requiring 5 mol % of an in situ generated Cu-NHC catalyst. The methodology was highlighted as one of the key steps in the total synthesis of clavirolide C. Not only five-membered rings, but six- and seven-membered rings serve as proficient partners in the enantioselective process. Moreover, in cases for the enantioselective aryl addition, in situ prepared Me2AlAr can be used without purification, filtration, or isolation, only requiring the corresponding aryl halides. The additions have also been extended to trisubstituted unsaturated lactones and chromones. Chapter 4 Cu-Catalyzed Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Vinylaluminum Reagents to Cyclic Trisubstituted Enones. An enantioselective protocol for the formation of β,β-disubstituted cyclic ketones containing a synthetically versatile vinylsilane is disclosed. Enantioselective conjugate addition of in situ prepared silyl-substituted vinylaluminum reagents to β,β-unsaturated ketones promoted by 5 mol % of chiral Cu-NHC complexes delivers desired products with high efficiency (up to 95% yield after purification) and enantioselectivities (up to >98:<2 er). Several functionalizations utilizing the vinylsilanes, vicinal to an all-carbon quaternary stereogenic center, are shown, including an oxidative rearrangement, vinyl iodide formation and protodesilylation, accessing products not previously attainable. Furthermore, the enantioselective protocol is demonstrated as the key transformation in the total synthesis of riccardiphenol B
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
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Rösener, Thomas [Verfasser], Sonja [Akademischer Betreuer] Herres-Pawlis, and Andrij [Akademischer Betreuer] Pich. "Advanced ligand design in atom transfer radical polymerisation : on the development of new catalysts based on guanidinoquinoline copper complexes / Thomas Rösener ; Sonja Herres-Pawlis, Andrij Pich." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1190360896/34.

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Books on the topic "Copper-based complexes"

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Nishikawa, Michihiro. Photofunctionalization of Molecular Switch Based on Pyrimidine Ring Rotation in Copper Complexes. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54625-2.

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Photofunctionalization Of Molecular Switch Based On Pyrimidine Ring Rotation In Copper Complexes. Springer Verlag, Japan, 2014.

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Nishikawa, Michihiro. Photofunctionalization of Molecular Switch Based on Pyrimidine Ring Rotation in Copper Complexes. Springer, 2016.

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Nishikawa, Michihiro. Photofunctionalization of Molecular Switch Based on Pyrimidine Ring Rotation in Copper Complexes. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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Lei, Peng, Scott Ayton, and Ashley I. Bush. Metal-Protein Attenuating Compounds in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.003.0015.

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Neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are progressive diseases of the aging population with currently few therapeutic options. While aggregation and deposition of disease-specific proteins link the pathologies of these diseases, targeting these aggregating proteins with therapeutics has not yet been successful in clinical trial. This chapter profiles metals (copper, zinc, and iron) as alternative drug targets for neurodegeneration. Complex changes to metals occur in these neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that perturbations to metal homeostasis contribute to the progression of neuronal dysfunction and death. Importantly, several phase II trials have shown that correcting metal dyshomeostasis improves clinical outcomes; the chapter argues that it is now time to explore the therapeutic utility of metal-based drugs in larger, phase III trials.
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Little, Peter C. Burning Matters. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190934545.001.0001.

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This book explores the complex cultural, economic, and environmental health politics of electronic waste (e-waste) in Ghana. Global trade in e-waste has led to various global e-waste management challenges, and many regions of the Global South, like Ghana, have suffered the consequences. Based on ethnographic research, the book exposes the lived experience of Ghana’s e-waste workers as they navigate the health, social, and economic challenges of e-waste labor, especially e-waste workers burning electrical wires to extract copper, a valuable and ubiquitous tech metal. With a particular focus on e-waste workers working in an urban scrap metal market known as Agbogbloshie, the book examines the ways in which this labor practice has raised concerns about toxic exposures and urban environmental contamination and has drawn the attention of international organizations seeking to find “green” solutions to severe environmental and health risks posed by e-waste burning. Addressing the practices and risks of e-waste burning and the politics and optimism of environmental health interventions, the book explores the theoretical import of the “pyropolitical ecology of e-waste,” an approach developed to augment and synthesize the emerging anthropology and political ecology of e-waste ruination, environmental justice, and uncertainty in the Global South.
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Book chapters on the topic "Copper-based complexes"

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Žabka, Matej, and Radovan Šebesta. "Chiral Complexes with Carbophilic Lewis Acids Based on Copper, Silver, and Gold." In Chiral Lewis Acids in Organic Synthesis, 223–60. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527802142.ch7.

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Nishikawa, Michihiro. "Details of Molecular Bistability Based on Pyrimidine Ring Rotation in Copper(I) Complexes." In Springer Theses, 25–61. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54625-2_2.

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Fragoso, Alex, Roberto Cao, and Yan Rodríguez. "Kinetic Effects on the Dismutation of Superoxide Radical by Copper(II) Complexes of Cyclodextrin-Based Sod Models." In Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Cyclodextrins, 537–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4681-4_128.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of dinuclear copper(II)-copper(II) complex of a phenol-based macrocycle." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 145–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53974-3_68.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of copper(II) complex with malonyldihydrazide based macrocyclic ligand." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 207–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54237-8_106.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of copper(II) complex with succinyldihydrazide based macrocyclic ligand." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 209–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54237-8_107.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of copper(II) complex of a phenol-based macrocycle." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 143–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53974-3_67.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of copper(II) chloride complex with azole based biheterocyclic ligand." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 377–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53974-3_196.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of copper(II) thiocyanate complex with azole based biheterocyclic ligand." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 379–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53974-3_197.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of copper(II) chloride complex with azole based biheterocyclic ligand." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 381. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53974-3_198.

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Conference papers on the topic "Copper-based complexes"

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Pirjol, Ticuta Negreanu. "POTENTIAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS BASED ON CHLORHEXIDINE COMPLEXES WITH ZINC AND COPPER(II)." In 13th SGEM GeoConference on ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/be5.v1/s20.101.

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Deng, Suwen, Xingye Zeng, Wei Hu, and Xiaoping Liu. "DFT-based QSAR Study of Copper (II) Complexes with Quinolones and Nitrogen-donor Heterocycles." In 2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology (iCBEB). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbeb.2012.142.

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Ravaro, Leandro P., Peter C. Ford, and Andrea S. de Camargo. "Optical materials based on copper (I) complexes and CdTe quantum dots loaded in solid matrices." In Organic Light Emitting Materials and Devices XXI, edited by Franky So, Chihaya Adachi, and Jang-Joo Kim. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2283503.

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Vlasenko, Valery G., Igor S. Vasilchenko, Irina V. Pirog, Tatiana E. Shestakova, Ali I. Uraev, Anatolii S. Burlov, and Alexander D. Garnovskii. "XAFS Study of the Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Binuclear Copper(II) Complexes of Azomethine Based Tridentate Ligands." In X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE - XAFS13: 13th International Conference. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2644524.

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Yusuf, S. H. Mohamed, Haleel Azees Khan, and T. K. Shabeer. "Development and molecular modeling of VEGFR2 kinase protein with tetrazole based copper(II) & zinc(II) complexes." In 2019 8th International Conference on Modeling Simulation and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmsao.2019.8880418.

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Rodionov, Igor V., Irina V. Perinskaya, and Lyubov E. Kuts. "Ion Beam Processing in Microelectronics and Robotics: Thin Film Systems Based on Copper and Aluminum." In 2019 3rd School on Dynamics of Complex Networks and their Application in Intellectual Robotics (DCNAIR). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcnair.2019.8875578.

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Ge, Xiaohong, Shaolan Wu, Hui Li, and Hongwu Huang. "Research on General Model of Hot Runner Mould for Transparent and Complex Plastic Knobs." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12113.

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In order to improve the manufacturing efficiency and product quality of transparent and complex plastic knobs, a hot runner injection mold is introduced in this paper. Based on a shared hot runner system and a module combination of the mold holders, inserts and the beryllium-copper cored cooling components, an effective general model for hot runner injection molding is developed. The beryllium copper insert extrusion process is employed to copy with the requirements of great variety, high quality, low price and short producing cycle for knob products. The results of CAE analysis and production validation for typical knobs and insert extrusion process demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly developed hot runner injection molding and that the product quality fulfill the requirements of real manufacturing process.
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Braglia, M., M. Frosolini, R. Gabbrielli, L. Marrazzini, and L. Padellini. "Mixed Discrete-Events and Agent-Based Modeling of a complex automatic warehouse for copper tubes bundles." In THE EUROPEAN MODELING AND SIMULATION SYMPOSIUM. CAL-TEK srl, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2019.emss.044.

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Kanki, Koji, Toshiki Hirogaki, Eiichi Aoyama, and Keiji Ogawa. "Process Design and Control Method of Laser Via Hole Drilling of Printed Wiring Boards Based on High Speed Camera Monitor." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67223.

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In recent years, the performance and miniaturization of portable information devices have rapidly advanced. The build-up process is often used in the manufacturing of printed wiring boards (PWBs) for high-density circuits. At present, CO2 laser beams are generally used in the build-up process to drill blind via holes (BVHs) that connect copper foils. The Cu direct-laser method is often used in this process, which irradiates laser to drill the copper foil and insulation layer simultaneously. Cu direct-laser involves a complex phenomenon because it drills copper and resin, with different decomposition points, at the same time. However, only few studies have been made in this field. This report focuses on monitoring Cu direct-laser drilling with a high-speed camera. We drilled holes with four different laser power outputs, 25 W, 50 W, 75 W, and 95 W and measured the size of the drilled holes. During the drilling process, the camera captured the emission of scattering materials in the PWBs. We have processed the images obtained from the camera to observe the scattering material. As a result, we found out that changes in the amount of scattering occur on four occasions: when the outer copper foil is drilled through, when the drilled depth reaches the inner copper foil, when the increase rate of the hole diameter is reduced, and when the inner copper foil is drilled through. Based on these results, the suitable laser irradiation time can be determined for different drilling conditions.
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Zhao, Mengying, Yanxu Zhang, and Duobin Chao. "Visible-light-promoted Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids by A Supramolecular Complex Based on Ruthenium(II) and Copper(II)." In 2017 International Conference on Material Science, Energy and Environmental Engineering (MSEEE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mseee-17.2017.48.

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Reports on the topic "Copper-based complexes"

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Knight, R. D., and B. A. Kjarsgaard. Comparative pXRF and Lab ICP-ES/MS methods for mineral resource assessment, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331239.

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The Geological Survey of Canada undertook a mineral resource assessment for a proposed national park in northern Canada (~ 33,500 km2) spanning the transition from boreal forest to barren lands tundra. Bedrock geology of this region is complex and includes the Archean Slave Craton, the Archean and Paleoproterozoic Rae domain of the Churchill Province, the Paleoproterozoic Thelon and Taltson magmatic-tectonic zones, and the Paleoproterozoic East Arm sedimentary basin. The area has variable mineral potential for lode gold, kimberlite-hosted diamonds, VMS, vein uranium and copper, SEDEX, as well as other deposit types. A comparison of analytical methods was carried out after processing the field collected samples to acquire both the &amp;lt; 2 mm and for the &amp;lt; 0.063 mm size fractions for 241 surficial sediment (till) samples, collected using a 10 x 10 km grid. Analytical methods comprised: 1) aqua regia followed by ICP-MS analysis, 2) 4-acid hot dissolution followed by ICP-ES/MS analysis, 3) lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion methods followed by ICP-ES for major elements and ICP-MS for trace elements and, 4) portable XRF on dried, non-sieved sediment samples subjected to a granular segregation processing technique (to produce a clay-silt proxy) for seventeen elements (Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Th, Ti, U, V, Zn, and Zr) Results indicate that pXRF data do not replicate exactly the laboratory 4-acid and fusion data (in terms of precision and accuracy), but the relationship between the datasets is systematic as displayed in x-y scattergrams. Interpolated single element plots indicate that till samples with anomalies of high and low pXRF concentration levels are synonymous with high and low laboratory-based analytical concentration levels, respectively. The pXRF interpolations thus illustrate the regional geochemical trends, and most importantly, the significant geochemical anomalies in the surficial samples. These results indicate that pXRF spectrometry for a subset of elements is comparable to traditional laboratory methods. pXRF spectrometry also provides the benefit of rapid analysis and data acquisition that has a direct influence on real time sampling designs. This information facilitates efficient and cost-effective field projects (i.e. where used to identify regions of interest for high density sampling), and to prioritize samples to be analyzed using traditional geochemical methods. These tactics should increase the efficiency and success of a mineral exploration and/or environmental sampling programs.
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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova, and Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.

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The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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