Relevant bibliographies by topics / Copolymers

Academic literature on the topic 'Copolymers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Copolymers"

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Mohammed, Ameen Hadi, Tamador Ali Mahmood, Selvana Adwar Yousif, and Aminu Musa. "Sunflower and Linseed Oils with Decyl Methacrylate Based Copolymers as Green Lubricating Additives." Materials Science Forum 1045 (September 6, 2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1045.109.

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During the last few years, the greener additives prepared from bio-raw materials with low-cost and multifunctional applications have attracted considerable attention in the field of lubricant industry. In the present work, copolymers derived from sunflower and linseed oils with decyl methacrylate were synthesized by a thermal method using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a radical initiator. Direct polymerization through the double bonds of the fatty acid chain in the presence of a free radical initiator leads to the formation of ecofriendly copolymeric additives (P1 and P2). The copolymers were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR). Thermal decomposition of copolymers was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The average molecular weight was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) method. Different concentrations of prepared copolymer as additives vis 1, 2, 3, and 4 (w/v) were used to examine the rheological behavior and performance evaluation of the formulated base oil. The copolymer acts as an excellent viscosity improver and better pour point depressant.
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Gusarov, M. V., A. V. Krylov, E. A. Deshevaya, and V. A. Tverskoy. "Synthesis and properties of vinyl benzyl alcohol copolymers with styrene." Fine Chemical Technologies 16, no. 5 (November 28, 2021): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2021-16-5-399-413.

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Objectives. Synthesis and study of the properties of copolymers of vinyl benzyl alcohol (VBA) with styrene with antimicrobial properties.Methods. The study employed infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, viscometry, and elemental analysis. The sessile drop method and the pencil method were respectively utilized to determine the contact angles and hardness of the films. The process of testing the film coatings’ resistance to the effects of molds consisted of contaminating the film coatings applied to the glass with mold spores of the All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms in a solution of mineral salts without sugar (Czapek–Dox medium).Results. Homopolymers of vinyl benzyl acetate and its copolymers with styrene were synthesized in this study. Homo- and copolymers of VBA were obtained by saponification. IR and proton NMR (1H NMR) spectroscopy determined the composition of the copolymers. Employing IR spectroscopy, the degree of saponification was monitored by the appearance of the hydroxyl group absorption band and the disappearance of the ester group absorption band. According to the IR spectroscopy data, only an insignificant (~3%) amount of ester groups remains in the saponified copolymers. The influence of the copolymers’ composition on their solubility in various solvents is demonstrated. IR spectroscopy of the copolymers revealed hydrogen-bond formation between the unreacted ester groups and hydroxyl groups formed due to the saponification. The viscometry of the solutions of mixtures of saponified and unsaponified copolymers, solutions of mixtures of saponified copolymer with polyvinyl acetate, and viscometry of saponified copolymers in various solvents all support this conclusion. These bonds’ concentration depends on the copolymer’s composition and can be controlled by the nature of the solvent from which these copolymers’ films are formed. Saponified copolymer solutions form smooth, transparent film coatings with excellent adhesion to metals and silicate glass surfaces. The contact angle of these films, like the hardness, decreases as the VBA units’ concentration in the copolymers increases and depends on the solvent polarity used to form the films. It has been demonstrated that increasing the VBA units concentration suppresses the microorganisms’ growth.Conclusions. Film coatings made of copolymers of styrene with VBA have been shown to have high biocidal activity against molds; can be used to protect structural materials and products from the effects of microorganisms.
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Eliza, Eliza, Desnelli Desnelli, Ady Mara, and Fahma Riyanti. "Study of Effect of Weight Ratio on Copolymerization of Chitosan and Acrylamide." Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 6, no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24845/ijfac.v6.i3.96.

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In this research, chitosan copolymer synthesis with acrylamide has been carried out by varying weight of chitosan and acrylamide, namely 2:3, 3:2 and 1:1 using a microwave oven. The copolymers characterization was carried out using FTIR, XRD, SEM and TGA/DTA. The results of the synthesis of chitosan copolymer with acrylamide were obtained the largest percentage of grafting at a ratio of 2:3. From the results of FTIR analysis showed that the copolymer had been successfully synthesized. XRD analysis showed that the copolymers synthesized have amorphous properties compared to chitosan. The results of SEM analysis, the copolymers had a porous structure. Thermal analysis showed that the copolymers have better thermal stability than chitosan. The swelling ability of the CA23 copolymer was higher than that of the CA32 and CA11 copolymers. The chitosan-acrylamide copolymer which was synthesized in a ratio of 2:3 has better properties
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Luo, Song, Xinyu Peng, Ying Chen, Ting Su, Jun Cao, Sai Li, and Bin He. "Synthesis, characterization, and crystallization of biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(L-lactide) diblock copolymers." e-Polymers 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2014-0155.

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AbstractThree diblock copolymers of PCL6k-PLLA2k, PCL6k-PLLA4k, and PCL6k-PLLA6k were prepared and their crystallization behaviors were investigated. The molecular weights of the copolymers calculated from 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were equivalent to the designed molecular weights. The gel permeation chromatography spectra of the copolymers showed one peak, which revealed that the copolymers were monodisperse. The crystallization capability of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) decreased and that of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) increased when the molecular weight of the PLLA block was increased from 2k to 6k. PCL spherulites in the PCL6k-PLLA2k copolymer film were smaller than those in PCL6k-PLLA4k or PCL6k-PLLA6k copolymer film. PCL spherulites in the PCL6k-PLLA2k copolymer film grew fastest within all three diblock copolymers. An obvious phase separation phenomenon was observed on the surface of PCL6k-PLLA6k copolymer film in atomic force microscopy images.
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Nikolova, Denitsa, Christo Tzachev, Lachezar Christov, and Elena Vassileva. "Poly(Sulfobetaine Methacrylate-co-Vinyl Pyrrolidone) Hydrogels as Potential Contact Lenses Delivery Systems for Timolol Maleate." Gels 9, no. 2 (January 30, 2023): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9020114.

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The study reveals the development of novel hydrogels based on sulfobetaine methacrylate (SB) and vinyl pyrrolidone (VP) copolymers as potential contact lenses delivery systems of timolol maleate (TM). The novel copolymer networks demonstrated composition dependent swelling kinetics, where the hydrophilicity of VP and the physical network of SB monomeric units play significant roles. TM loading efficiency appeared to slightly depend on the copolymeric composition, increasing upon VP monomeric unit increase. In contrast, the TM release was prolonged when the SB monomeric units content in the copolymers increased, reaching full drug release for 48 h for the SB-rich networks. The transparency of the hydrogels was also studied and the obtained values demonstrate their applicability as potential materials for soft contact lenses. The study has revealed the potential of these novel copolymeric hydrogels as materials for contact lenses delivery systems of timolol maleate.
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Sarikulak, Hikmet Bora, and Songül Şen Gürsoy. "Chemical, Electrochemical and Plasma Polymerization of Pyrrole-Aniline Copolymers and Their Characterization." Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research 14, no. 3 (September 21, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3265.

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Pyrrole-aniline copolymers (poly(Py-co-Ani)) were synthesized using both three chemical, electrochemical and plasma polymerization methods. Comparison of the copolymers synthesized with three methods was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravymetric analysis (TG-DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and conductivity results confirmed that the poly(Py-co-Ani) copolymers were successfully obtained in all cases with some differences according to synthesis methods. It was found that plasma method enhanced the thermal stability of the poly(Py-co-Ani) copolymer. The first thermal decomposition temperatures of chemically, electrochemically and plasma polymerized copolymers are 210, 190 and 250 °C, respectively. However, the conductivity value of plasma polymerized copolymer (1,97x10-4 S.cm-1) is lower than that of chemical (4,40x10-4 S.cm-1) and electrochemical (3,14x10-4 S.cm-1) synthesized copolymers. According to findings chemical and electrochemical polymerization methods provides nearly the same properties to the copolymers. Plasma polymerization method provides better thermal properties to copolymer. The both three methods can be used for preparing the pyrrole and aniline copolymers.
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Jeon, Oju, Su Jin Song, Min Hyung Lee, Sang Woo Seo, Cha Yong Choi, and Byoung Soo Kim. "Synthesis and Characterization of Polyethylenimine-Graft-Poly(L-Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Block Copolymers for Gene Delivery." Key Engineering Materials 342-343 (July 2007): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.342-343.521.

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Polyethylenimine-graft-poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PEI-g-PLGA) block copolymers were prepared by a ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide and glycolide using PEI as a macroinitiator and stannous octoate as a catalyst in dimethylformamide at 100 °C. The molecular structure of the block copolymers was evaluated with 1H-NMR, and the molecular weight of the block copolymers was determined with gel permeation chromatography. The thermal properties were investigated using differential scanning calorimetery and thermogravimetric analysis. The zetapotential of the pDNA/copolymer complexes was evaluated with dynamic laser light scattering. Cytotoxicity and gene transfection efficiency of PEI-g-PLGA were tested in vitro using human embryonic kidney 293 cell culture. The pDNA/copolymer complexes (N/P = 10) showed a lower zeta-potential than pDNA/PEI25kDa complex, suggesting the lower toxicity of the pDNA/copolymer complexes. The copolymer composition was found to significantly affect the gene transfection efficiency of the pDNA/copolymer complexes. The copolymers with lower contents of PLGA showed higher gene transfection efficiency. These results indicate that these block copolymers are promising candidates for gene delivery vehicles, featuring good biocompatibility, potential biodegradability, and relatively high gene transfection efficiency.
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Szkudlarek, Marian, Elisabeth Heine, Helmut Keul, Uwe Beginn, and Martin Möller. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Properties of Peptides Mimicking Copolymers of Maleic Anhydride and 4-Methyl-1-pentene." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (September 4, 2018): 2617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092617.

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Synthetic amphiphilic copolymers with strong antimicrobial properties mimicking natural antimicrobial peptides were obtained via synthesis of an alternating copolymer of maleic anhydride and 4-methyl-1-pentene. The obtained copolymer was modified by grafting with 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine (DMAPA) and imidized in a one-pot synthesis. The obtained copolymer was modified further to yield polycationic copolymers by means of quaternization with methyl iodide and dodecyl iodide, as well as by being sequentially quaternized with both of them. The antimicrobial properties of obtained copolymers were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Both tested quaternized copolymers were more active against the Gram-negative E. coli than against the Gram-positive S. aureus. The copolymer modified with both iodides was best when tested against E. coli and, comparing all three copolymers, also exhibited the best effect against S. aureus. Moreover, it shows (limited) selectivity to differentiate between mammalian cells and bacterial cell walls. Comparing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Nisin against the Gram-positive bacteria on the molar basis instead on the weight basis, the difference between the effect of Nisin and the copolymer is significantly lower.
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Zhang, Da Wei, Jin Song Leng, and Yan Ju Liu. "Influence of Radialization Dosage on Shape Memory Effect of Polystyrene Copolymer." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.690.

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This paper is concerned about the synthesis of shape memory styrene copolymer and the investigation of the influence of radialization dosage on its shape memory effect. As one of novel actuators in smart materials, shape memory polymers (SMPs) have been investigated intensively. Styrene copolymer with proper cross-linking degree can exhibit shape memory effect (SME). In this paper, the influence of radialization on shape memory effect of styrene copolymer was investigated through altering the dosage of radialization. The radialization dosage of styrene copolymer was determined by changed radicalization time. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of styrene copolymerwas measured by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The shape memory performance of styrene copolymer with different radiated dosage was also evaluated. Results indicated that the shape memory polymer (SMP) was synthesized successfully. The Tg increased from 60°C to 65°C followed by increasing the radialization dosage. Moreover, the SMP experienced good SME and the largest reversible strain of the SMP reached as high as 150%. When heating above Tg+30°C (different copolymers performed different Tg), the shape recovery speed of the copolymers increased with increasing the radialization dosage. However, the recovery speed decreased with increasing the radialization dosage at the same temperature of 95°C.
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Yang, Lei, Cheng Jie Hu, Hai Yang, and Dong Ming Qi. "Synthesis of Polystyrene-b-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-b-Polystyrene Triblock Copolymers as Binder for Pigment Dyeing." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.473.

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Well-controlled polystyrene-b-poly (n-butyl acrylate)-b-polystyrene (PSt-b-PnBA-b-PSt) triblock copolymers were prepared by RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) emulsion polymerization process. The mechanical properties of the triblock copolymers were investigated in comparison to the P(nBA-co-St) statistical copolymers. When the PSt content is 20%, the ultimate tensile strength of triblock copolymer is nearly six times the strength of statistical copolymer, while their modulus are all around 3.0×103 Pa. The triblock copolymer films feel smooth and non-tacky as the PSt content is higher than 20%. It indicates that PSt-b-PnBA-b-PSt triblock copolymers can be used as binders in pigment dyeing, providing the dyed fabrics with soft non-tacky handle and good fastness properties.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Copolymers"

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Thunga, Mahendra. "Rheological and Mechanical behaviour of Block copolymers, Multigraft copolymers and Block copolymer Nanocomposites." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-19634.

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Block copolymers are commercially significant and fundamentally interesting class of polymeric materials. The ability to undergo interfacial thermodynamics-controlled microphase separation from a completely disordered state in the melt to a specifically defined ordered structure through self-organization makes the block copolymers based materials unique. Block copolymer are strongly replacing many of the commercially available polymers due to their unique microstructure and properties. The most practical interests of block copolymers lie in the area of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). The objective of the present thesis work is to developing novel roots for enhancing the physical and mechanical properties in block copolymer and multigraft copolymers. Initially the properties are tailored by controlling chemical architecture at synthesis level and by selective blending at production level. This gives an easy access for improvement of the material properties and this is one of my major tasks in the present research modules. Further the block copolymer based TPEs are cross-linked in presence of electron beam (EB) radiation for developing materials with superior properties. The electron beam radiation has the ability to alter material parameters at molecular level for enhancing the macroscopic properties. The desirable physical and chemical properties can be easily attained by varying the radiation beam parameters. In addition to that, controlling the material at nanometer scale is one of the greatest challenges for current nanocomposite research. In elastomeric materials it is very prominent to fill the rubber matrix with nano particles from carbon or silica by melt mixing technique for enhancing the material properties. Other than conventional melt mixing technique, sol–gel processing is also a versatile technique, which making it possible to produce a wide variety of materials and to provide existing materials with novel properties. A combination of in situ sol-gel reaction with electron beam cross-linking in TPEs from triblock copolymer has been demonstrated for the first time as one of the novel nanocomposite system in this work. The main advantage of this system lies in controlling the material behaviour by finely tuning the size of silica nano particle generated inside TPE during in situ sol-gel reaction. Finally, the various roots employed for enhancing the material behaviour in block copolymers in the above research module were secussfully employed on super elastic multigraft copolymers for improving their strength withour sacrificing the super elastic nature.
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Thunga, Mahendra. "Rheological and Mechanical behaviour of Block copolymers, Multigraft copolymers and Block copolymer Nanocomposites." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25047.

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Block copolymers are commercially significant and fundamentally interesting class of polymeric materials. The ability to undergo interfacial thermodynamics-controlled microphase separation from a completely disordered state in the melt to a specifically defined ordered structure through self-organization makes the block copolymers based materials unique. Block copolymer are strongly replacing many of the commercially available polymers due to their unique microstructure and properties. The most practical interests of block copolymers lie in the area of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). The objective of the present thesis work is to developing novel roots for enhancing the physical and mechanical properties in block copolymer and multigraft copolymers. Initially the properties are tailored by controlling chemical architecture at synthesis level and by selective blending at production level. This gives an easy access for improvement of the material properties and this is one of my major tasks in the present research modules. Further the block copolymer based TPEs are cross-linked in presence of electron beam (EB) radiation for developing materials with superior properties. The electron beam radiation has the ability to alter material parameters at molecular level for enhancing the macroscopic properties. The desirable physical and chemical properties can be easily attained by varying the radiation beam parameters. In addition to that, controlling the material at nanometer scale is one of the greatest challenges for current nanocomposite research. In elastomeric materials it is very prominent to fill the rubber matrix with nano particles from carbon or silica by melt mixing technique for enhancing the material properties. Other than conventional melt mixing technique, sol–gel processing is also a versatile technique, which making it possible to produce a wide variety of materials and to provide existing materials with novel properties. A combination of in situ sol-gel reaction with electron beam cross-linking in TPEs from triblock copolymer has been demonstrated for the first time as one of the novel nanocomposite system in this work. The main advantage of this system lies in controlling the material behaviour by finely tuning the size of silica nano particle generated inside TPE during in situ sol-gel reaction. Finally, the various roots employed for enhancing the material behaviour in block copolymers in the above research module were secussfully employed on super elastic multigraft copolymers for improving their strength withour sacrificing the super elastic nature.
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Tsartolia, E. "Graft copolymers." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381632.

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Coetzee, Liezel. "Adamantane copolymers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52075.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study concerns the incorporation of adamantane containing monomers 3-(1-adamantyl)-1-propene and 1-(1-adamantyl)-4-vinylbenzene into ethene, propene and higher a-olefins using different catalytic systems. The effect of the incorporation of the adamantane monomer on the physical and thermal properties of the polymers was investigated. A thorough study on the background of adamantane in general, as well as polymerization reactions involving the above-mentioned monomers and a-olefins was done. 3-(1-Adamantyl)-1-propene as well as 1,.(1-adamantyl)-4-vinylbenzene was sucessfully synthesized. The homo polymers of each monomer were made. The above-mentioned monomers were also polymerized: • . 3-( 1-adamantyl)-1-propene with ethene, propene and higher a-olefins, • 1-(1-adamantyl)-4-vinylbenzene with ethene and styrene. The copolymers of 3-(1-adamantyl)-propene as well as 1-(1-adamantyl)- 4-vinylbenzene were characterized as far as possible to show the influence of the incorporation of the adamantane group on the physical and chemical properties of the polymers. A series of 3-phenyl-1-propene copolymers with higher a-olefins were synthesized to compare the influence of the phenyl group to the adamantyl group on the relevant properties of the polymers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie behels die inkorporasie van adamantaan-bevattende monomere, 3-( 1-adamantiel)-1-propeen en 1-(1-adamantiel)-4-vinielbenseen in eteen, propeen en hoër a-olefiene met behulp van verskillende katalitiese sisteme. Die effek wat die inkorporasie van die adamantaan monomeer op die fisiese en chemiese eienskappe van die polimere het, is ondersoek. 'n Deeglike studie van die agtergrond van adamantaan in die geheel, sowel as die polimerisasie reaksies van die bogenoemde monomere met a-olefiene, is gedoen. 3-( 1-Adamantiel)-1-propeen sowel as 1-(1-adamantiel)-4-vinielbenseen is suksesvol berei. Die homopolimere van bogenoemde monomere is gesintetiseer. Bogenoemde monomere is gepolimeriseer: • 3-(1-adamantiel)-1-propeen met eteen, propeen en hoër a-olefiene, • 1-(1-adamantiel)-4-vinielbenseen met eteen en stireen. Die kopolimere van 3-(1-adamantiel)-1-propeen en 1-(1-adamantiel)- 4-vinielbenseen is sover moontlik gekarakteriseer om die invloed van die adamantaan groep op die fisiese en chemiese eienskappe van die polimeer te toon. 'n Reeks kopolimere van 3-(1-feniel)-1-propeen met hoër a-olefiene is gesintetiseer om die verwantskap tussen die invloed van die fenielgroep en die adamantielgroep op die relevante eienskappe van die polimere te toon.
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Farias, Mancilla Bárbara Isabel. "Asymmetric copolymers : neither block nor random." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30288.

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Les monomères d'un copolymère statistique sont aléatoirement mélangés, tandis que ceux d'un copolymère à bloc sont nettement séparés en sections de compositions différentes. Entre ces deux structures modèles existent des copolymères asymétriques, qui sont définis comme une distribution de monomères au sein de la chaîne qui n'est ni complètement ségrégée comme pour un copolymère à bloc ni statistiquement distribuée de manière indépendante de la position au long de la chaîne comme dans le cas des copolymères statistiques. Ainsi, les propriétés des copolymères asymétriques devraient combiner les caractéristiques des structures à bloc et statistiques. Dans cette étude, des copolymères d'acide acrylique-(acrylate de n-butyle) (AA-n-BA) et diméthylacrylamide-N-isopropylacrylamide (DMA-NIPAM), avec des masses molaires ciblés de 10 kg mol-1 et 20 kg mol-1 , ont été obtenus par polymérisation RAFT en utilisant une synthèse forcée et par étapes. Les deux systèmes de copolymères sont des polymères sensibles aux stimuli : des macromolécules qui subissent des transitions de phase lorsqu'elles subissent de subtils changements des conditions environnementales. Les copolymères P(AA-n-BA) réagissent au pH et les copolymères P(DMA-NIPAM) sont thermosensibles. Lors de cette étude, la composition des copolymères a été fixée (50% AA ou 50% NIPAM), mais la distribution des unités de monomères au sein de la chaîne varie. En effet, des structures à blocs, statistiques, à gradient, asymétriques dibloc et tribloc ont été obtenues dans le but de comparer leurs propriétés physiques et d'auto-assemblage. Les caractéristiques macromoléculaires des copolymères ont été obtenues par spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (1H RMN) et chromatographie d'exclusion stérique (SEC). Les copolymères P(AA-n-BA) en solution à différents pH ont été étudiés par diffusion dynamique de la lumière (DLS), microscopie électronique à transmission cryogénique (cryo-TEM) et diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles (SANS) et il a été possible de démontrer les changements de taille et de comportement d'auto-assemblage en fonction du pH des différentes solutions de copolymères. Les résultats ont montré que les copolymères asymétriques P(AA-n-BA) forment des agrégats de morphologie différente selon le pH, par exemple des vésicules à pH 4 ou des micelles et des micelles vermiculaires à pH 5. D'autre part, la morphologie des copolymères à bloc de même composition, n'est pas influencée par les changements de pH. Les copolymères de P(DMA-NIPAM) ont été analysés en solution par DLS, SANS et 1H RMN en fonction de la température. L'évolution de la taille hydrodynamique en fonction de la température a pu être suivie par DLS. La micellisation induite par le changement de température a été analysée par SANS. Enfin, l'effondrement de la structure induit par la température et la perte de mobilité résultante des chaînes polymères ont été suivis à un niveau moléculaire par 1H RMN. Des résultats intéressants ont été obtenus, car les copolymères à bloc de faible masse molaire (Mn = 10 kg mol-1) présentent un comportement similaire au copolymère à gradient de masse molaire plus élevé (Mn = 20 kg mol-1). Ce phénomène a été observé par SANS et 1H RMN, et il a été attribué à la faible longueur du copolymère à bloc : une fraction significative des unités NIPAM dans le copolymère à bloc peuvent être en contact avec le DMA du bloc adjacent, conduisant à un changement progressif de la composition effective du polymère en fonction de la longueur de la chaîne
Block copolymers are made from polymer chains of different chemical composition that are covalently joined via their respective end groups. On the other hand, there are statistical copolymers whose monomers are randomly copolymerized together. Between these structures exist asymmetric copolymers, which are defined as a distribution of monomers within the chain which is neither completely segregated as for a block copolymer nor statistically distributed in a manner that is independent of the position along the chain as in the case of statistical copolymers. Based on the latter, the properties of asymmetric copolymers are expected to combine characteristics of block and statistical structures. In this investigation, acrylic acid-(n-butyl acrylate) (AA-n-BA) copolymers and dimethylacrylamide-N-isopropylacrylamide (DMA-NIPAM) copolymers, with targeted molecular weights of 10 kg mol-1 and 20 kg mol-1, were obtained by RAFT polymerization using forced and stepwise synthesis. Both copolymer systems are stimuli-responsive polymers: macromolecules which undergo phase transitions when they experience subtle changes in the environmental conditions. P(AA-n-BA) copolymers are pH-responsive and P(DMA-NIPAM) copolymers are thermosensitive. The composition of the copolymers was always the same (50% AA or 50% NIPAM), but the distribution of the monomer units within the chain was different. Block, statistical, gradient, asymmetric diblock and triblock structures were obtained with the aim to compare their physical and self-assembly properties. The macromolecular characteristics of copolymers were obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). P(AA-nBA) copolymers in solution at different pH were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and it was possible to demonstrate the changes in size and self-assembly behavior as a function of pH of the copolymers solutions. The results showed that the P(AA-nBA) asymmetric copolymers form aggregates of different morphology depending on the pH, for example vesicles at pH 4 or micelles and worms at pH 5. On the other hand, the morphology of block copolymers with the same composition, is not influenced by changes in pH. P(DMA-NIPAM) copolymers in solutions were analyzed by DLS, SANS and 1H NMR as a function of temperature. The evolution of hydrodynamic size as a function of temperature could be followed by DLS and the temperature-induced micellization was analyzed by SANS whereas by 1H NMR, the temperature-induced collapse and resulting loss of mobility of the polymer chains could be followed at a molecular level. Interesting results were obtained, since low molar mass block copolymers (Mn = 10 kg mol-1) displayed similar behavior to the corresponding to high molar mass gradient copolymer (Mn = 20 kg mol-1). This phenomenon was observed by SANS and 1H NMR, and it was attributed to the short length scale of the block copolymer, in which the chain is short enough that a significant fraction of the NIPAM units in the block copolymer are strongly affected by the DMA of the adjoining block, leading to a gradual change in the effective composition of the polymer as a function of chain length
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Wheatley, G. W. "Polyaryletherketone block copolymers." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383989.

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Kay, Christopher James. "Polyethylene block copolymers." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/62620/.

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Chapter 1 introduces the concept of polyethylene (PE) end-functionalisation as a route to block copolymers, reviews the different literature methods for their synthesis this way, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each. Finally, an existing method which makes use of PE terminated with a styrene derivative is identified as having fewer disadvantages than most literature procedures. Further investigation of the mechanism is proposed. Chapter 2 focusses on the different types of so-called dormant state formed in Ziegler-Natta catalysed olefin polymerisations, and in particular on the dormancy occurring after styrene insertion. Copolymerisations of ethylene with styrene, allylbenzene and 4-phenyl-1-butene in the presence of hydrogen are undertaken, and evidence for the presence of a dormant state or simply competitive rates of hydrogenation vs ethylene insertion is discussed. Increasing styrene concentration beyond that used by Chung is found to yield PE capped at both chain ends with styrene. A new mechanism – Catalytic Hydride Initiated Polymerisation (CHIP) – is consistent with these new observations. Chapter 3 focusses on extending the application of the CHIP mechanism to the synthesis of new examples of end-functional PE. Copolymerisations of ethylene with α-methylstyrene and related monomers 1,3/1,4-diisopropenylbenzene, α-methylstyrene dimer and limonene in the presence of hydrogen are investigated, resulting in the successful synthesis of a range of PE examples initiated with each comonomer. The effects of hydrogen pressure and comonomer concentration are also discussed. The advantages of CHIP are discussed, and the synthesis of end-functionalised PE incorporating DIB is studied in detail. An α-methylstyrene like end group is present at the start of the PE chains. Chapter 4 describes the free-radical copolymerisation of the new functionalised PE with acrylate monomers. Observations are consistent with a new reversible termination mechanism similar to nitroxide mediated polymerisation. The products are characterised by NMR, GPC, DLS, TEM and DSC, and the evidence is found to be consistent with the presence of block copolymers. Chapter 5 details the experimental procedures used to carry out the work in this thesis.
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Elmaci, Aysegul. "Thermal Characterization Of Homopolymers, Copolymers And Metal Functional Copolymers Of Vinylpyridines." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609892/index.pdf.

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Although, the use of vinyl pyridine polymers, especially as matrices for nanoparticle synthesis, is growing considerably, the knowledge of thermal degradation behavior is still missing in the literature. In this study, thermal degradation characteristics of the homopolymers
poly(4-vinylpyridine), P4VP, and poly(2-vinylpyridine), P2VP, the diblock copolymers
polystyrene-blockpoly( 2-vinylpyridine), (PS-b-P2VP) and polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine), (PS-b-P4VP), and the metal functional vinyl polymers
cobalt-polystyrene-blockpoly( 2-vinylpyridine) and cobalt-polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) were investigated by direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry. The effects of the position of the nitrogen in the pyridine ring, composition and molecular weight of diblock copolymer and coordination of the metal to the pyridine ring of the copolymer on thermal behavior were also investigated. The results showed that unlike most of the vinyl polymers that decompose via depolymerization, P2VP degrades through opposing reaction pathways
depolymerization, proton transfer to N atom in the pyridine ring yielding unsaturated linkages on the polymer backbone that decompose slightly at higher temperatures and loss of pyridine units. On the other hand the thermally less stable P4VP decomposition follows v depolymerization in accordance to general expectations. Another finding was the independent decomposition of both components of the diblock polymers, (PS-b- P2VP) and (PS-b-P4VP). Thermal degradation occurs in two main steps, the thermally less stable P2VP or P4VP chains degrade in the first step and in the second step decomposition of PS takes place. It was also concluded that upon coordination of metal, thermal stability of both P2VP and P4VP increases significantly. For metal functional diblock copolymers thermal degradation of chains coordinated to Co metal through N in the pyridine ring occurred in three steps
cleavage of pyridine coordinated to Co, coupling and H-transfer reactions yielding unsaturated and/or crosslinked structure and decomposition of these thermally more stable unsaturated and/or crosslinked blocks. TEM imaging of the metal functional block copolymers along with the results of the pyrolysis mass spectrometry pointed out that PS-b-P2VP polymer is a better and more effective matrix for nanoparticle synthesis.
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Nguyen, Duc Anh. "Cycloalkenyl macromonomers from new multifunctional inimers : a platform for graft, bottle-brush and mikto-arm star copolymers." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1001/document.

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Le sujet de cette thèse concerne l'élaboration de macromonomères, de copolymères greffés et de polymères étoiles de type 'mikto-arm'. De telles architectures macromoléculaires ont été synthétisées par la combinaison de techniques de polymérisation contrôlées/vivantes telles que la polymérisation par ouverture de cycle (par métathèse) (RO(M)P) etde chimie 'click' orthogonales : cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaireazoturealcyne catalysée au cuivre (CuAAC) et thiol-ène.Dans un premier temps, des macromonomères originaux à fonctionnalité polymérisable (oxa)norbornène portant deux chaînes macromoléculaires poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) et/ou poly(oxyde d'éthylène) (POE) ont été synthétisés par combinaison ROP/CuAAC. Les macromonomères à fonctionnalité (oxa)norbornène avec deux chaînes PCL de masse molaire moyenne en nombre (Mn) compris entre 1400 et 5000 g/mol ont été obtenus par ROP organocatalysée. La synthèse des macromonomères POE44-b-PCLn à fonctionnalité norbornène avec un bloc PCL de longueur variable (1100 g/mol
The objective of the present thesis was the preparation of complex macromolecules by the combination of controlled/livingpolymerization methods such as ring-opening (metathesis) polymerization (RO(M)P) and highly efficient orthogonal chemistries: copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne coupling (CuAAC) and thiol-ene reactions.In the first part of this work, a series of well-defined structural (co)polymers containing a cycloolefin (norbornene (NB) oroxanorbornene (ONB)) functionality bearing two polymer chains including poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and/or poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) have been successfully prepared using the combination of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and CuAAC ‘click’ chemistry. Well-defined (oxa)norbornenyl-functionalized bis-PCL polymers with PCL chain ranging from 1400 to 5000 g/mol were obtained by organocatalyst-mediated ROP. Norbornenyl-functionalized PEO-b-PCL block copolymers with PCL block in the range 1100 to 4100 g/mol were synthesized from commercially available PEO 2000 g/mol by CuAAC followed by ROP of CL. The presence of a hydrophilic PEO chain and a hydrophobic PCL chain in norbornenylfunctionalizedPEO-b-PCL copolymers gives rise to self-assembling properties in water solution. Critical micellar concentrations (CMC)are in the range of 0.08 – 0.006 g/L for copolymers with PCL chain length ranging from 10 to 36 CL units, respectively. Thecorresponding micelles show hydrodynamic diameters in range of 10 – 23 nm with low polydispersities.In the second part of this work, well-defined copolymers were used to prepare bottle-brush and (mikto-arm) star copolymersthrough reactions involving the cycloolefin functionality. On the one hand, high density grafting bottle-brush copolymerspoly(oxa)norbornene-g-bisPCL, polynorbornene-g-PEO/PCL (PNB-g-(PEO/PCL)) and PNB-b-(PNB-g-(PEO/PCL)) were achieved by ROMP according to the ‘grafting through’ strategy using Grubbs’ catalysts. On the other hand, PCL, PEO, PNIPAM-based 3-arms star, 4-arms star copolymers were obtained via radical thiol-ene reactions as demonstrated by 1H NMR, SEC and MALDI-ToF MS analysis.The high reactivity of these copolymers toward ROMP and thiol-ene reactions makes them interesting candidates in order toprepare new well-defined copolymers with controlled structures and properties through highly efficient synthetic strategies
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Ott, Marcell. "Nanostructuring with diblock copolymers." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=982533284.

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Books on the topic "Copolymers"

1

Massimo, Lazzari, Liu Guojun, and Lecommandoux Sébastien, eds. Block copolymers in nanoscience. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2006.

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Cowie, J. M. G., ed. Alternating Copolymers. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9139-6.

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Volker, Abetz, and Arnal Purroy María Luisa, eds. Block copolymers. Berlin: Springer, 2005.

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G, Cowie J. M., ed. Alternating copolymers. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.

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Amiri, Sahar, Mohammad Ali Semsarzadeh, and Sanam Amiri. Silicon Containing Copolymers. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09225-6.

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Abetz, Volker, ed. Block Copolymers I. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b137234.

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Abetz, Volker, ed. Block Copolymers II. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b138192.

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Kalia, Susheel, and M. W. Sabaa, eds. Polysaccharide Based Graft Copolymers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36566-9.

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Hamley, Ian W. Block Copolymers in Solution. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2005.

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Kalia, Susheel. Polysaccharide Based Graft Copolymers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Copolymers"

1

Gooch, Jan W. "Copolymers." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 171. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2917.

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Massy, Jim. "Copolymers." In A Little Book about BIG Chemistry, 43–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54831-9_10.

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Cowie, J. M. G. "Principles of Alternating Copolymerization." In Alternating Copolymers, 1–18. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9139-6_1.

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Cowie, J. M. G. "Radical Initiated Alternating Copolymerization." In Alternating Copolymers, 19–74. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9139-6_2.

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Bamford, Clement H. "Alternating Copolymerization in the Presence of Lewis Acids." In Alternating Copolymers, 75–152. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9139-6_3.

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Furukawa, Junji, and Isao Maruyama. "Alternating Copolymerization of Olefins and Diolefins." In Alternating Copolymers, 153–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9139-6_4.

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Kobayashi, Shiro, and Takeo Saegusa. "Alternating Copolymerization Involving Zwitterions." In Alternating Copolymers, 189–238. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9139-6_5.

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McEwen, I. J., and A. F. Johnson. "Physical Properties of Alternating Copolymers." In Alternating Copolymers, 239–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9139-6_6.

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Tadros, Tharwat. "Block Copolymers." In Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science, 81–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20665-8_49.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Random Copolymers." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 608. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9760.

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Conference papers on the topic "Copolymers"

1

"Trizane functionalized inverse vulcanized copolymer prepared using one-pot method." In Sustainable Processes and Clean Energy Transition. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902516-9.

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Abstract. Inverse vulcanized copolymers have emerged as a promising adsorbent for mercury remediation due the presence of S-S chain in their structure. However, these adsorbents are still suffering from low selectivity, adsorption capacity due to their hydrophobic nature and less functionality. Herein we reported the synthesis of Trizane functionalized inverse vulcanized copolymer using one-pot method by reacting sulfur and 2,4,6-triallyl-1,3,5-trizane and DIB (crosslinker) at 163 oC. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the resultant copolymers. FTIR spectra of all copolymers shows the absence of C=C bond and C-C=C as there were no peak observed at 1660 and 3005 cm-1. TGA revealed that the produced copolymers are thermally stable and only started to degrade at 200 oC. It can be concluded here that TAC and DIB can react successfully with sulfur to form trizane containing copolymer.
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Hitchcock, Dale, Timothy Krentz, Anastasia Mullins, Charles James, Qianhui Liu, Siyang Wang, Samruddhi Gaikwad, and Marek W. Urban. "Hydrogen Permeability of Self-Healing Copolymers for Use in Hydrogen Delivery Applications." In ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-84051.

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Abstract Safe and reliable fueling components are essential for large scale deployment of H2 fuel. Field data has shown that existing materials used in dispensing hoses do not meet current standards for component reliability. Currently modern copolymerization methods are under investigation to create a new platform for inner hose technologies using self-healable copolymers. Ideally these inexpensive self-healable copolymer inner layers will reduce the cost of H2 delivery hoses and extend their service life beyond 25,000 refills. In this work gas driven hydrogen permeability measurements were performed on a variety of self-healing copolymer membranes all of which have exhibited excellent self-healing properties in previous studies. Copolymers were prepared with Poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate/n-butyl acrylate) [p(TFEMA/nBA)] and Poly(methyl methacrylate/nbutyl acrylate) [p(MMA/nBA)]. Measurements were performed through a range of temperatures and source pressures. Additionally, the effects of composition, copolymer ratio, and molecular weight on the hydrogen permeability, solubility, and diffusivity were all studied. As expected, hydrogen permeation through the samples is proportional to the source pressure and inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the polymer. In general, the self-healing copolymers exhibit hydrogen permeabilities consistent with literature data for similar elastomers. These results suggest this class of self-healable copolymers may be promising candidates for use as inexpensive inner layers in hydrogen dispensing hoses with extended service life.
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So, Franky F., and Harris A. Goldberg. "Nonresonant absorption of side-chain polymer thin films by photothermal deflection spectroscopy." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.tua2.

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Side-chain copolymers are a class of materials for linear and nonlinear optics applications with good structural integrity and stability. However, there are some basic issues that should be addressed in consideration of these materials for device applications. One of the most important questions is what the optical absorption is at 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm. This is particularly important when the materials are used in a waveguide geometry. In this talk, we report the nonresonant optical absorption of several side-chain methacrylate copolymers and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) thin films by photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS). To understand the optical absorption in the side-chain methacrylate polymers, the absorption spectrum of PMMA thin films was measured by PDS. Several overtone absorption bands due to C-H stretching are identified. The optical window at 1.5 μm has a stronger absorption than that at 1.3 μm because of the stronger overtone absorption at the longer wavelength. Similar to PMMA, overtone absorption bands can also be identified in the side-chain copolymers. Because of the long absorption tail of the chromophore in some side-chain copolymers (for example, silicon naphthalocyanine copolymer), the absorption is larger at 1.3 μm than that at 1.5 μm. The nature of the nonresonant absorption and the possible cause of the absorption tail of these side-chain polymers will be discussed.
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Shirk, James S., Steven R. Flom, J. R. Lindle, F. J. Bartoli, Michael E. Boyle, James D. Adkins, and Arthur W. Snow. "Nonlinear Optical Properties of Phthalocyanine Copolymers." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wb21.2.

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Systematic studies of the third-order nonlinear optical properties of organic materials have led to the identification of several which have a large χ(3). In many of these materials, nonlinear absorption, α2, makes a substantial contribution to the nonlinear response. Some also possess a figure of merit, α2/α0 which makes them appealing for optical limiter applications.1,2 Among these materials, a class of heavy metal substituted macrocycles, most notably PbPc(CP)4, exhibited a wide dynamic range and the lowest thresholds for the onset of optical limiting. These materials are robust and photochemically stable in the solution phase. In this work the synthesis of similar phthalocyanines incorporated into the backbone of a urethane copolymer is reported. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of these copolymers have been measured and compared to the analogous materials in solution.
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Xiao, Huining, Robert Pelton, and Archie Hamielec. "Novel Non-ionic Polymeric Flocculants for Mechanical Pulps: An Overview." In The Fundamentals of Papermaking Materials, edited by C. F. Baker. Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.1997.2.1121.

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Novel comb copolymer with long polyacrylamide backbones bearing very short polyethylene glycol (PEG) pendant chains were prepared by the free-radical copolymerisation of acrylamide (AM) and PEG acrylate macromonomers. The copolymers are effective retention aids for mechanical pulps in retaining fines and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). The optimum copolymer stricture had a molecular weight greater than 3 million and contained 0.5 – 1 .0 % of PEG pendant chains with 9 to 23 polyether repeat units. The retention of fines induced by copolymer/phenolic resin (PFR) dual-polymer system follows the mechanism called “complex bridging flocculation” . According to this mechanism, the copolymer molecules aggregate in the presence of PFR to form a colloidal dispersed polymer complex which hetero-flocculates with fine particles. The interpolymer complex formation were experimentally observed through precipitate isotherms measurement, dynamic viscosity measurement and fluorescent microscopy.
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Kato, Masao, Takao Shiraga, Takashi Fukuda, Hiro Matsuda, and Hachiro Nakanishi. "NLO-active maleimide copolymers." In Photonics Prague '99, edited by Miroslav Hrabovsky, Pavel Tomanek, and Miroslav Miler. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.373670.

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Ban, C. C. "Novel conjugated block copolymers." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.835264.

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Calvert, Paul D., Mualla Oner, Jeremy Burdon, Peter C. Rieke, and Kelly Farmer. "Block copolymers for biomimetic composites." In 1993 North American Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Vijay K. Varadan. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.148492.

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Aksimentiev, Aleksij. "Phase behavior of gradient copolymers." In Third tohwa university international conference on statistical physics. AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1291523.

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Daly, Robert C., Michael J. Hanrahan, and Richard W. Blevins. "Negative-Working E-Beam Copolymers." In 1985 Microlithography Conferences, edited by Larry F. Thompson. SPIE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.947826.

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Reports on the topic "Copolymers"

1

Harper, Aaron W. Photon-Harvesting Block Copolymers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada396380.

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Rutkowski, Joseph V., and Barbara C. Levin. Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS) :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3248.

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McCormick, Charles, and Roger Hester. Responsive Copolymers for Enhanced Petroleum Recovery. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/792020.

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Pople, John A. Thermodynamic Interactions in Organometallic Block Copolymers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/799989.

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McCormick, C., and R. Hester. Responsive Copolymers for Enhanced Petroleum Recovery. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/775021.

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McCormick, Charles, and Roger Hester. Responsive copolymers for enhanced petroleum recovery. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/756541.

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Jenekhe, S. A., and X. L. Chen. Self-Assembly of Rod-Coil Block Copolymers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada366979.

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Hogen-Esch, T. E., and E. J. Amis. Synthesis of novel associating water-soluble copolymers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6187799.

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GUMBS ASSOCIATES INC EAST BRUNSWICK NJ. Flexible EMI Shielding Materials Using Conducting Copolymers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada358490.

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Smith, G. S., S. Wages, S. M. Baker, C. Toprakcioglu, and G. Hadziioannou. Reflectivity studies on adsorbed block copolymers under shear. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10103849.

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