Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Copolymères fonctionnels'
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Viet, David. "Valorisation de nouveaux oligosaccharides fonctionnels dans la synthèse de copolymères cationiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10092.
Full textIn recent years, a great attention has been paid to polymers bearing pendant saccharide moieties, herein referred to as glycopolymers, because of their potentials as biotechnological, pharmacological and medical materials. However only a few studies have been reported on cosmetic applications on such polymers and their contribution. During this work, we have synthesized copolymers with monomers bearing saccharide moieties of cellobiose and xyloglucans. After a bibliographic introduction about the different possible ways to obtain deals with the synthesis of glycopolymers with the help of cationic comonomers, MAPTAC. We worked on finding the best method, in batch, with the capacity to reach the highest molar conversion as possible (near 100%) in glycosidic monomers. In the last chapter, we used different techniques of characterization such as viscosimetry, size exclusion chromatograpgy, static light scattering. With the help of them, we have shown we synthesized glycopolymers with high molecular mass, one of our main target
Petrova, Petya. "Synthèse de nouveaux monomères trifluorovinyliques fonctionnels et leurs copolymérisations avec des oléfines fluorées." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20034.
Full textFrezet-Erout, Marie-Noëlle. "Synthèse et caractérisation de copolymères fonctionnels à base de N-vinyl pyrrolidone : élaboration de conjugués copolymère-oligodésoxyribonucléotides et leur utilisation dans le diagnostic médical." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10332.
Full textGodoy, Lopez Ricardo. "Synthèse de polyéthylènes fonctionnels : application à l'élaboration de copolymères à blocs par des techniques de polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10036.
Full textToufik, Jamila. "Interactions de copolymères fonctionnels dérivés du Sephadex avec le système du complément et les monocytes humains." Paris 13, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA132010.
Full textWarnant, Jérôme. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nanomatériaux fonctionnels siliciques structurés à l'aide de micelles complexes de copolymères séquencés doublement hydrophiles." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENCM0005/document.
Full textThis study focused on the design and development of new structuring agents of silica constituted of induced and reversible assemblies of original copolymers, the double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBC). The first system studied consists of a neutral-anionic DHBC PAPEO-b-PAA ou poly(acrylate methoxy poly (ethylene oxide))-b-poly (acrylic acid). The PAA block is a weak polyacid with a degree of ionization depending on the pH. In aqueous solution and in a right pH range, the association of this copolymer with a weak polybase, an oppositely charged polyamine, such as an oligochitosan, leads to the formation of polyion complex micelles (PIC) with a core/corona structure. These micelles can direct the structure of highly organized inorganic materials with different types of mesostructures. In a second step, by adjusting the conditions of pH, ionic strength, it is possible to "control" the extraction of organic species to get functional porous materials able to trap species of charge opposite to the functionality. Organized materials are obtained because of a favourable balance of the interactions between organic and inorganic species. If a polyamine/silica interaction occurs at the expense of the interaction polyamine/DHBC, the mesostructuring process by the micelles is limited. A neutral-cationic DHBC PEO-b-PDMAEMA poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(2-(dimethylamine)ethyl) associated with an anionic PVS poly(vinyl sulfonic acid) polymer can play a dual role in the synthesis of silica materials: firstly managing the growth of silica particles by interacting with the silicates and secondly acting as a structuring agent in association with PVS, confering a mesostructuration to the material. Finally, a very promising approach allowed to encapsulate water-soluble and charged drugs in a material by using as silica complexing agent a complex between the drug and a DHBC
Petit, Christelle. "Etude et applications de la chromatographie liquide aux conditions critiques à l'analyse de polymères fonctionnels et de copolymères à blocs." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX11014.
Full textChuda, Katarzyna. "Élaboration et modification sous rayonnement des polymères fonctionnels pour les microsystèmes analytiques." Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/55368e96-85f4-4fe2-bcc6-74ad9db76d59.
Full textLuneau, Benoît. "Caractérisation de polystyrènes fonctionnels issus de la PRC [Polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée] et de copolymères amphiphiles à blocs par chromatographie liquide aux conditions critiques." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX11069.
Full textThe appearance of controlled/living radical polymerization techniques (NMP, ATRP and RAFT) in the 80’s led to a great enthusiasm, considering their easy processing and tolerance towards impurities. Most of published papers are aiming at the polymerization of new monomers rather than trying to characterize the synthesized polymers. Using Liquid Chromatography at the Critical Conditions (LC-CC), we have developed a tool making the comparison of the different CRP techniques feasible, in terms of controlled and living characters. This tool offers the possibility to precisely determine the composition of a polymer sample, in terms of functional groups distribution. We also study the feasibility of the analysis of strong amphiphilic block copolymers (such as PS-b-PAA) by LC-CC. Then we have applied LC-CC to the determination of grafting reactions yields and to the study of termination mechanisms in radical polymerization. Finally, we also studied the visibility of a functional group in LC-CC depending on its position on the polymer chain
Gody, Guillaume. "Synthèse de monomères saccharidiques pour l'élaboration de glycopolymères à gradient, α-fonctionnels et à blocs par le procédé RAFT : application à l'immobilisation de biomolécules par reconnaissance spécifique ou par covalence." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10302.
Full textIn the biological diagnosis field, glycopolymers are particularly interesting since they can be used either as support for covalent coupling of biomolecules or as multivalent architectures that favor the recognition processes with proteins. The purpose of this PhD thesis was the synthesis of original and well-defined gycopolymers, using a controlled radical polymerization technique, the RAFT process, with the aim of preparing new useful tools for diagnosis tests (capture and detection of nucleic acids and pathogenic agents). Five glycomonomers derived from D-galactose, D-mannose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine were synthesized and then copolymerized with N-acryloylmorpholine (NAM) in the presence of three dithiobenzoate derivatives used as chain transfer agents (two of them bearing a biotin). Statistical copolymers (some -biotinylated) with various DPn in saccharide moieties were prepared in a controlled manner (Ip = 1,1-1,3). The “living” character of polymer chains was confirmed by preparing a diblock copolymer (consisting of NAM and N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS) statistically copolymerized, thus providing lateral activated ester functional groups useful for further modification). Finally, three applications highlighted the potentialities of these glycopolymers : synthesis of “glycopolymer-ODN” conjugates using galactosylated glycopolymers ; preparation of biotinylated gold glyconanoparticules, characterized by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) ; study of the specific recognition between mannosylated glycopolymers and lectin ConA by capillary electrophoresis
Tastet, Damien. "Modulation des propriétés macroscopiques des fibres de pin maritime par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée amorcée depuis la surface : élaboration de bio-hybrides fonctionnels." Thesis, Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU3026/document.
Full textThis work is part of the regional research project BEMA (Bois Eco Matériaux Aquitaine) which combines academic and industrial partners to develop, through the wood pannel industry, abundant resources in Aquitaine: corn and Maritime Pine. The objective of this thesis is to covalently graft polymer chains on the surface of wood fibers in order to modify their surface properties and to facilitate their compatibilization with natural and/or synthetic binders. To achieve this goal, we chose to use a special polymerization technique, the controlled radical polymerization. The international scientific context of the beginning of the thesis shows the feasibility of the project through several studies carried out on model cellulose, such as filter paper. The challenge of this thesis is to implement this mechanism on raw wood fibers to give them new properties (water resistance, fungicidal character, best compatibilization ...). To achieve the objective stated above, we investigated several polymer synthetic pathways (RAFT, NMP) but also characterization techniques (Contact angle measurements, TGA, XPS) suitable with the presence of raw wood fibers. What’s more, we have valued the presence of functional polymers by inserting at the wood fibers surface oxide nanoparticles of silica or metal in a controlled manner
Nguyen, Thi Hang Nga. "Conception et synthèse de polymères pour le domaine lubrifiants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066763.
Full textControlling the viscosity of apolar solutions as a function of temperature is a key issue in many industrial applications, such as high performance lubricating oils. Here, we describe a new approach to control the viscosity of such formulations as a function of temperature. For that purpose, we designed two sets of functional copolymers that have temperature dependant solvent affinity as well as the ability to reversibly connect through the formation of dynamic covalent boronic ester bonds. Those macromolecules were synthesized by controlled radical polymerization, which allowed preparing random copolymers with adjustable molecular weight, solvent affinity, and functionality. Rheological studies of the linear viscoelasticity and flow behavior were conducted to exemplify the efficiency of these systems to control the viscosity of organic solutions as a function of temperature. By manipulating the composition and functionality of the copolymers it should be possible to precisely adjust the temperature for which the system will respond as well as the resulting viscosity
Doutaz, Stéphane. "Polymérisation anionique de l'épichlorhydrine par activation du monomère : synthèse de (co)polymères fonctionnels et applications." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14159/document.
Full textAssociation of tetraoctylammonium halide and triisobutylaluminium allows anionic polymerization of epoxides by an activated monomer mechanism. This catalytic system was applied to the synthesis of (co)polymers of epichlorohydrin. The synthesis of poly(epichlorohydrin) was achieved in a controlled manner allowing the preparation of polymers with molar masses up to 100 000 g/mol. This approach was extended to the synthesis of statistic and block copolymers of epichlorohydrin with various substituted oxirane : propylene oxide, tert-butyl glycidyl ether and allyl glycidyl ether.In order to extend the application field of this ω-hydroxyl polyether, we have investigated the introduction of functional groups at the beginning of the polymer chain. For this purpose, the influence of the substituted group on the aluminium and the nature of the initiator were examined on the efficiency and the specificity of the initiation step
Frangville, Camille. "Functional water soluble polymers and metal ions interactions for diagnosis and therapy." Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30378.
Full textBoyer, Cyrille. "Synthèses de nouveaux copolymères greffés et leurs applications." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20040.
Full textThis thesis presents the graft copolymer synthesis. We used two different approaches: the copolymerization of macromonomers and functional oligomer grafting on a polymer carrying reactive functions. The synthesis of these two copolymers passes by the chemical oligomer modification, which is one of the topics of the laboratory. The use of oligomer makes it possible to reach a considerable variety of structures. Thus, the functional oligomers were obtained by telomerisation with the 2-mercaptoethanol or the 2-aminoethanethiol or by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). These oligomers can be modified by reaction on organic molecules carrying functions vinyl or acrylic to form macromonomers or on a polymer carrying reactive functions to give copolymers of comb or diblocs
Al, Samad Assala. "Fonctionnalisation photochimique de polyesters dégradables pour applications en santé." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT209/document.
Full textFor decades, aliphatic polyesters (polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA)) and their copolymers have been selected for medical applications because of their biodegradability and their biocompatibility. Among their medical applications, we are interested in drug delivery system based on amphiphilic copolymers and tissue engineering. However, aliphatic polyesters suffer from significant hydrophobicity and the absence of functional groups. To overcome these drawbacks, several strategies ofchemical modifications have been reported in literature among which we present: hydrolysis, plasma modification, post polymerization modification by copper catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition and thiol-yne post polymerization modification. These modifications have been used to introduce hydrophilic polymers (eg. polyethylene glycol) or functional groups on the polyester chains that can enhance the biodegradability of polyesters. In this manuscript, we are interested in modifying PCL and PLA chains by thiol-yne photochemical route. This method is rapid, versatile, applicable in solution as well as on surface and it does not require the use of a metallic catalyst which can be harmful for medical applications. First, PCL modification was done in solution and amphiphilic copolymers PCL-g-PEG were synthesized. The strategy “grafting to” in two steps has been selected starting from commercial polymers. Conditions optimization of anionic activation, followed by thiol-yne photoaddition, allowed us to obtain copolymers with controlled ratios hydrophilic/hydrophobic. The impact of copolymers hydrophilicity on nanoobjets formulation, critical micelle concentration and sizes was studied. Curcumin encapsulation as an anticancer agent and nanocarriers cytotoxicity towards cancer cells were verified. In addition, these copolymers were then decorated with a targeting peptide and an enzymatically cleavable peptide in the aim of using them in cancer treatment. The biological effect of anticancer loaded copolymer was verified in vitro on target cells expressing more or less integrins or metalloproteases. Second, PLA fibers were modified with inorganic nanoparticles and generate covalent hybrids for purposes in tissue engineering of neuronal cells. Analogously to the solution modification, these hybrids were obtained in two steps by anionic activation of PLA fibers, followed by covalent grafting of iron oxide nanoparticles according to a thiol-yne photochemical strategy
Xiang, Yunjie. "Towards multifunctional supramolecular copolymers." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAF015/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis was to understand the supramolecular organization and the possible dynamic rearrangement of multifunctional supramolecular copolymers. To this end, we havedeveloped a series of building blocks based on urea or perylene cores with various lateral side chains for combining structuring, fluorescence, and biorecognition properties in a singlesupramolecular polymer chain. Using a combination of spectroscopy, scattering, and microscopy techniques, we have shown that molecules with a same core but different lateral chains can lead to the formation of various nanostructures su ch as twisted ribbons, 20 plates, or branched fibers. Ultimately, by combining monomeric units with different functional side chains, multifunctional supramolecular copolymers have been obtained. Whereas radiation scattering and imaging techniques were used to demonstrate that one of the monomer can dictate the formation of a preferential nanostructure, optical spectroscopies revealed that the polymerization process of our systems indeed occurs via social self-sorting
El, jundi Ayman. "DEGRADABLE DOUBLE HYDROPHILIC BLOCK COPOLYMERS FOR HEALTH APPLICATIONS." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS141.
Full textBiodegradable amphiphilic copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) PEG and aliphatic polyesters (poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactide) (PLA), poly(glycolide) (PGA)) are widely used in medical applications due to their safety and their acceptance by health authorities. However, their ability to address the challenges faced by the nanomedicines (targeting, programmed response etc…) is limited due to the absence of functional groups. To overcome this limitation, this work focuses on the post-polymerization modification strategies of amphiphilic PEG-b-PCL giving easy access to families of degradable double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBC). We are particularly interested in the three-step synthesis of DHBC including a thiol-yne photoaddition step which allows, starting from the same macromolecular precursor, the synthesis of DHBC families composed of PEG blocks and side chain functionalized PCL blocks with a neutral, cationic or anionic character. The potential of these DHBC for the formulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients within pH-responsive drug delivery nanosystems is first evaluated using an anti-cancer agent with a broad spectrum of antitumor activity. In another part, we study the formulation of tripartite polyionic complex micelles with an anionic DHBC and siRNA for applications in gene therapy. Finally, the preparation of DHBC/gadolinium nanocomplexes for medical imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI) is discussed
Beija, Mariana. "Synthesis of -dye-labelled thermoresponsive block copolymers by raft polymerization : behaviour at the air-water interface and in aqueous solutions." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10116.
Full textDouble hydrophilic diblock copolymers comprising a thermoresponsive block have gained increasing attention due to their capability of self-assembling in micelles by a temperature change. However, very few fluorescence studies were devoted to investigate their conformation and dynamics both at the air-water interface and in aqueous solutions. In this work, block copolymers composed of a thermoresponsive block of N,N- iethylacrylamide (DEA) and a hydrophilic block of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) or a reactive block [statistical copolymer of DMA and N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS)] were prepared by RAFT polymerization. These block copolymers were functionalized at the hydrophilic chain-end by a Rhodamine B or Malachite Green dye using either a pre- or a post-polymerization strategy. In the first case, Rhodamine B and Malachite Green amino derivatives were synthesized for the preparation of dyelabelled chain transfer agent (CTA), which led directly the alpha-dye-labelled block copolymers. Alternatively, the block copolymers were prepared using a precursor CTA and further functionalized with the dye amino derivative. The thermoresponsive behaviour of these polymers and of amphiphilic block copolymers of DEA and N-decylacrylamide was studied at the air-water interface and in Langmuir-Blodgett films using AFM and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescence emission and anisotropy, light scattering and 1H NMR studies were performed to investigate their behaviour in aqueous solutions
Minisini, Benoit. "Modélisation et simulation moléculaire d'un matériau nanocomposite à base de polypropylène chargé de nanoparticules lamellaires." Le Mans, 2004. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2004/2004LEMA1001.pdf.
Full textThis thesis lies in the scope of the fondamental and industriel research aiming Io better understand the physicochemical properties of nanocomposite polymer. Thanks Io an ab inito method we have shown a link between the reactivity of the montmorillonite surface and the oclahedral configuration. Then, the reactivity of différent surfactants used for the organo- modification of the montmorillonite is studied. Electrostatic properties of différent functional groups which could be grafted onto polyolefine are also studied. The influence of the surfactant on the organoclay properties is investigated with the classical molecular mechanic method. Classical molecular dynamies on graft polypropylene-surfactant-montmorillonite systems are performed to calculaie the interaction energies. Eventually, we study the role of binder of the surfactant
Pertici, Vincent. "Récupération induite par l'implantation d'hydrogels, à base de polymères et de copolymères à blocs, suite à un traumatisme médullaire : analyse comportementale, électrophysiologique et histologique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4026/document.
Full textCurrently, there is no treatment for patients with spinal cord injury. This pessimistic statement is, in part, due to the presence of a scar that prevents tissue regrowth. In this context, biomaterials (non-toxic compounds) could be implanted in order both to reduce the scar formation and to provide a growth support for nervous fibers. Among those biomaterials, many seem to induce numerous benefic effects in the rat model. We confirmed these data by the use of electrophysiological techniques. In addition, we developed a new degradable material so as to limit any long term deleterious reactions. After having synthesized our material, combining the degradable quality of the poly(lactic acid) and the mechanical properties of the poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), we analyzed its different characteristics and its therapeutic effects. The obtained results are encouraging. Now, it would be interesting to couple bioactive molecules or cells with our biomaterial scaffold
Khalil, Ali. "Elaboration de nanoparticules fonctionnelles à base de dérivés du poly(acide diméthylmalique) pour la vectorisation ciblée de principes actifs." Thesis, Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENCR0054.
Full textThe main objective of this PhD thesis being the preparation of biocompatible nanovectors, we have set up metal-free catalytic systems to polymerize various prepared monomers derived from dimethylmalic acid. Using such catalytic systems, the anionic ring opening polymerization (aROP) proceeds in a controlled manner with faster kinetics compared to the organo-catalysts already reported in the literature. Three hydrophobic homopolymers and two families of amphiphilic block copolymers with different hydrophilic/hydrophobic balances have been therefore synthesized. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been prepared by nanoprecipitation of these hydrophobic homopolymers and amphiphilic block copolymers. The size of the NPs ranges from 30 to 170 nm with low dispersity values (PDI ≤ 0.23) and high stability at 4°C and 37°C. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on HepaRG hepatoma cell line have highlighted that all the NPs have low toxicity at concentrations lower than 3μM. In parallel, NPs were loaded with the fluorescent probe DiR without altering the characteristics and the stability of the corresponding DiR loaded NPs. Finally, in vitro studies using NPs loaded with DiR have shown that HepaRG cells effectively uptake the NPs in different percentages of uptake
Peyret, Ariane. "Vésicules polymères biomimétiques : vers un biomimétisme cellulaire structurel et fonctionnel." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0712/document.
Full textAmphiphilic block copolymers can self-assemble into vesicles, also called polymersomes.These vesicles have been developed and studied for many years especially in the field of drugloading and controlled release. More recently, their use as cell mimics have attracted a lot ofattention, mainly because polymersomes exhibit many advantages in contrast to their lipidicanalogues (liposomes). In such, compartmentalized polymer systems have especially beendeveloped as structural mimics of cells. These systems have found applications as bioreactorsthat can confine cascade chemical or enzymatic reactions. However, a major goal that stillremains to achieve is to find ways to trigger the beginning of these chemical reactions insidethe compartmentalized structures. The work carried out during this PhD thesis was actually totackle this challenge. A synthetic asymmetric lipid – polymer membrane, that mimics themembrane of biological cells was developed and the emulsion-centrifugation protocol wasfollowed to prepare biomimetic compartmentalized structures. In addition, two different waysto control the independent release of multiple species from individual compartments weredeveloped, based on temperature or light activation. Lastly, co-encapsulation of synthetic cells(polymersomes) and biological cells were performed in 3D media with the aim to study theircompatibility for co-culture experiments
Lévêque, Hubert. "Synthèse d'oxazolines fonctionnelles chirales : accès aux phases stationnaires polymériques et greffage sur silice pour l'application à la chromatographie énantiosélective." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUES058.
Full textGuerre, Marc. "Synthèse et Auto-assemblage de Copolymères Fluorés Amphiphiles Deeper insight into the MADIX Polymerization of Vinylidene Fluoride A Journey into the Microstructure of PVDF Made by RAFT Limits of vinylidene Fluoride RAFT Polymerization One-pot Synthesis of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Methacrylate Macromonomer via thia-Michael addition RAFT synthesis of well-defined PVDF-b-PVAc block copolymers Combination of cationic and radical RAFT polymerization: A versatile route to well-defined poly(vinyl ethyl ether)-block-poly(vinylidene fluoride) block copolymers Amphiphilic poly(vinylidene fluoride)-b-poly(vinyl alcohol) block copolymer: Synthesis and Self-Assembly in water Polymerization-induced Self-Assembly of PVAc-b-PVDF block copolymers via RAFT dispersion polymerization of VDF in dimethylcarbonate." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENCM0006.
Full textFluoropolymers constitute a specific class of polymers, with remarkable properties (high resistance to chemicals and heat, ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity for semi-crystalline polymers, to name a few). Fluoropolymers have found many industrial applications. However, fluoropolymers have not yet attracted all the interest they deserve from the scientific community. It is indeed difficult to prepare well-defined fluorinated polymeric architectures. The synthesis techniques developed and used so far allow the preparation of interesting architectures, but they suffer from two major drawbacks: 1) They do not allow access to high molar mass, and 2) The resulting architectures are ill-defined. As a result, physical chemistry studies of the phase segregation phenomena in films or in the bulk, or of the crystallization of fluorinated polymers were for the most part limited to homopolymers and blends. Similarly, very few studies of the self-assembly in solution of fluorinated polymeric architectures have been reported. Throughout deeper kinetic study, NMR characterizations and DFT calculation, this study reveals the remarkable efficiency of the RAFT polymerization to synthesize well-defined PVDF–based architectures. Self-assembly of PVDF-b-PVA block copolymers as well as polymerization-induced self-assembly of PVAc-b-PVDF block copolymers led to the first crystalline core/shell and desert-rose PVDF-based nanostructures
Osei-Agyemang, Eric. "Modeling reactivity and functionalization of ZrC/ZrO2 surfaces and interfaces en-route to synthesis of ZrC/SiC nanocomposites." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10195/document.
Full textZrC is a non-oxide ceramic applied in the nuclear and aerospace industries but the excellent mechanical and physical properties are hampered by formation of low refractory oxides at temperatures of 500-600 oC. A need exists for coating the surface with other materials like SiC. Density functional theory (DFT) combined with thermodynamic modelling was used for this study. Stabilities of the various low index surfaces of ZrC are studied to determine the appropriate surfaces for coating with SiC. A preliminary study of reactivity of small inorganic molecules such as H2O, O2, and H2 is carried out. The properties of ZrC surfaces towards oxidation is then studied to develop proper models and understanding of the different types of oxide layers exhibited at real oxidizing conditions. Several experimental techniques were combined with the theoretical studies to analyse the oxide layers formed on ZrC surfaces. Mechanical and thermodynamic models were developed to characterize the interface formed between ZrC surfaces and the oxide layer. Functionalization of ZrC was finally carried out on the exposed facets of the oxidized ZrC. The functionalized surfaces were first grafted with 3-bromo propyne and allyl(chloro)dimethylsilane followed by hydrosilylation from diphenylsilane and 1,4-diethylnylbenzene (these two monomers form a polymer macromolecule). The resulting particles are finally subjected to laser pyrolysis to yield the resulting ZrC/SiC core/shell nanocomposites. The use of H2O as functionalizing group however did not yield grafted polymer units and hence a dual functional group organic molecule (3-butenoic acid) was used to yield the desired ZrC/SiC nanocomposites
Fradon, Alexis. "Design de polymères conjugués pour des applications dans le photovoltaïque assisté par modélisation moléculaire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0310/document.
Full textDuring the last decade, a new kind of donor polymers for photovoltaic application have been intensively studied, the low band-gap polymers. They are based on repeating units associating two different moieties, one electron-rich (ER) and one electron-poor (EP), which allow to finely tune the molecular orbitals and to induce a delocalization of the exciton generated upon the photo-excitation process. A large variety of devices are based on such low band-gap polymers, with a power conversion efficiency record around 10%, and, to increase the efficiency, it is necessary to have a better understanding of these polymers during the photo-absorption phenomenon. Computational chemistry isa powerful tool that permits to predict different opto-electronic properties. For this work, we used Density Functional Theory and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory to compute the optical properties of increasingly large oligomers involving various ER and EP subunits. The optical properties in the polymer limit were then estimated for the different systems by using an extrapolation scheme based on the Kuhn equation. This theoretical screening allowed us to select promising candidates based on benzodithiophene, benzothiadiazole and benzofurazan for syntheses, which were performed by a Stille coupling. The obtained polymers and size-controlled oligomers were further characterized by UV visible spectroscopy, fluorescence, size exclusion chromatography and NMR, in order to extractstructure-properties relationships and correlate experimental results to theoretical data
Erothu, Harikrishna. "Synthesis and photovoltaic applications of novel copolymers based on poly(3-hexylthiophene)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14227/document.
Full textThe performance of organic photovoltaic cells mainly depends on the active layer nano-morphology. Rod-coil block copolymers (BCPs) are well known in their ability to self-assemble into well-ordered nanoscopic morphologies. BCPs containing electron-donor and acceptor segments are of particular interest for use in photovoltaic cells because electronic light-excited states exist over distances similar to the typical size of block copolymer domains (~10 nm). Therefore, we designed novel donor-acceptor BCPs to exploit this coincidence in dimensions. This thesis is focused on BCPs based on regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (rr-P3HT) due to its high hole mobility and good processibility from various solvents. Simplified and versatile syntheses of donor-acceptor rod-coil di- and tri- BCPs consisting of the donor block P3HT (rod) and polystyrene or poly(4-vinylpyridine) (coil) blocks to carry the acceptor C60 in different ways were developed. These materials were used as surfactants to stabilize the nano-morphology of reference P3HT: [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) based devices. Photovoltaic characterizations were then tied to copolymer structural data with the help of AFM and a range of complementary characterization techniques
Handke, Nadege. "Elaboration de nanoparticules de poly (acide lactique) multifonctionnelles comme adjuvants potentiels de vaccination." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10134/document.
Full textVaccination represents one of the most powerful tools of medicine for the fight against infectious diseases. The improvement of vaccine efficiency needs the development of adjuvants able to increase the quality of the immune response. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) represent an efficient system for antigen delivery. In order to improve their vaccine potential, the goal of this research work was to elaborate PLA NPs decorated at the surface with immunostimulatory molecules, D-mannose or peptide derived from interleukine-Beta, and into the core with imiquimod. Our strategy relies on the use of a macromolecular surfactant composed of a PLA block and a poly(N- acryloxysuccinimide-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) (P(NAS-co-NVP)) block, whose N-succinimidyl (NS) activated esters allow the coupling of biomolecules. This diblock copolymer was synthesized by the combination of ring opening polymerization and nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP). After the study of the copolymerization of NAS and NVP by NMP from the MAMA-SG1 model alkoxyamine, their copolymerization was performed from the macro-alkoxyamine PLA-SG1, leading to the desired copolymer PLA-b-P(NAS-co-NVP). PLA NPs were then prepared by nanoprecipitation and diafiltration, in the presence of the copolymer, leading to 150 nm and 500 nm sized particles, respectively. Studies of zeta potential and UV spectrometry demonstrated the presence of NS-activated esters at the NP surface (2.4 functions.nm-2), available for the coupling of biomolecules. Micelles from copolymer were also prepared, after substitution of esters with carbohydrates, and allowed an efficient encapsulation of imiquimod, contrary to PLA NPs. These systems represent a flexible platform of potential adjuvants as an alternative to non-biodegradable adjuvants currently used
Duret, Damien. "Développement de sondes polymères fluorescentes à propriétés de ciblage améliorées pour des applications en imagerie cellulaire et en oncologie." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI060/document.
Full textThis work is focused on improving the biospecificity properties of fluorescent polymer probes, with controlled architectures, for two main applications: the in vivo targeting of cancer tumors and the labeling of proteins for in cellulo studies. For a targeted imaging of tumor angiogenesis in vivo, targeting systems presenting two levels of multivalency were developed by combining both i) well-controlled polymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization and the PISA process, ii) peptide tetravalent clusters exhibiting a high affinity for the αvβ3 integrins and iii) fluorophores emitting in the far red / near-infrared for a monitoring in vitro and in vivo by optical microscopy. Two types of probes were synthesized, linear conjugates and hairy nanoparticles. Multivalent presentation of the peptide cluster induced a significant increase of the affinity for αvβ3 integrins. The first biological evaluations also indicated an efficient cellular internalization of polymer probes mediated by the peptide clusters and a selective labeling of cells over-expressing αvβ3 integrins. For protein labeling, two strategies were explored: the labeling of native proteins by covalent coupling of ω-functional polymer probes and the labeling of recombinant proteins by probes bearing a specific ligand at one chain-end. For the first strategy, an activated ester function was introduced at the ω-end of polymer probes by thiol-ene chemistry to label the lysine residues of native proteins. This approach resulted in a poly-labeling, difficult to control but providing highly bright bioconjugates. For the second strategy, a nitrilotriacetic acid group (NTA) was introduced at the α-end of polymers probes to specifically label Histidine tagged proteins. This approach enabled an efficient labeling of different proteins with a more precise control of the number of probes per protein and of the binding site. Finally, following this work, a new synthetic strategy of sequenced polymers by successive addition of hetero-bifunctional monomers using highly efficient, selective and orthogonal chemical reactions was proposed and validated