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Journal articles on the topic 'Copepod life-cycle'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Kabata, Z. "The developmental stages of Neobrachiella robusta (Wilson, 1912), a parasitic copepod of Sebastes (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-210.

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The morphology of the developmental stages of Neobrachiella robusta (Wilson, 1912) (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) is described. The copepod is parasitic on the gill rakers of Sebastes alutus (Gilbert, 1890) (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes). The life cycle of this copepod consists of a copepodid stage, followed by four chalimus stages and a relatively long preadult stage, which undergoes extensive metamorphosis. The copepods aggregate on the outer row of long gill rakers of the first gill arch, as many as 97% of them being attached to these rakers. Some of the rakers become distorted, but a connection between the presence of N. robusta and these abnormalities could not be established.

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2

Milinski, Manfred, and Mira Christen. "The optimal foraging strategy of its stickleback host constrains a parasite's complex life cycle." Behaviour 142, no. 7 (2005): 979–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539055010129.

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AbstractThe cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus' growth is limited by the size of its second intermediate host, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. S. solidus should thus prefer a large stickleback as host. Since the stickleback is a predator of the parasite's previous intermediate host, a small copepod, the stickleback that consumes the infected copepod will probably be of a size for which this copepod has the optimal prey size. The optimal foraging decision of the stickleback may or may not be compatible with the parasite's preference. Infected copepods are present in early summer when both many size classes of young of the year and adult sticklebacks are potential predators. We offered laboratory bred three-spined sticklebacks of four size classes individually the choice among five prey types: two size classes of copepods, two classes of Daphnia of corresponding size as alternative prey and a third Daphnia size class that was larger than the larger copepod. We found that small copepods, the potential hosts of S. solidus, were most accepted by the smallest sticklebacks of about 1.5 cm of length, larger fish consumed a decreasing proportion; fish larger than 3.8 cm did not consume them at all. Experience with copepods over several weeks increased the acceptance for this prey to some extend but hardly in the largest fish. This suggests that S. solidus will end up usually in sticklebacks that are too small for the parasite so that it has to allow its host's further growth after infection to reach its definitive size.

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3

Lovy, J., and S. E. Friend. "Black sea bass are a host in the developmental cycle of Lernaeenicus radiatus (Copepoda: Pennellidae): insights into parasite morphology, gill pathology and genetics." Parasitology 147, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 478–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019001781.

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AbstractLernaeenicus radiatus, a mesoparasitic pennellid copepod, has long been known in the northwest Atlantic with metamorphosed females infecting the muscle of marine fish. The study herein is the first to identify a definitive first host, black sea bass Centropristis striata, for L. radiatus supporting larval development to adults and sexual reproduction in the gills. This finding suggests a two-host life cycle for L. radiatus, with black sea bass as the first host. Heavy infections in the gill were associated with considerable pathology related to a unique and invasive attachment process that penetrated the gill and selectively attached to the gill filament cartilage. The morphology of the developing copepod was highly conserved with that of a related pennellid copepod, Lernaeocera branchialis, though was distinguished by the attachment process, unique pigmentation and other morphologic features described herein. Sequencing the small and large subunits of the ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes demonstrated L. radiatus to share closer identities with Lernaeocera and Haemobaphes spp. pennellid copepods rather than other Lernaeenicus spp. available in GenBank to date. Taxonomy of L. radiatus is discussed in relation to life cycles, tissue tropism, morphology and genetics of other closely related pennellid copepods.

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4

Poulin, R., M. A. Curtis, and M. E. Rau. "Effects of Eubothrium salvelini (Cestoda) on the behaviour of Cyclops vernalis (Copepoda) and its susceptibility to fish predators." Parasitology 105, no. 2 (October 1992): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000074199.

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SUMMARYTo facilitate the completion of their life-cycle, many helminth parasites have evolved the ability to manipulate the behaviour of their intermediate host in order to make it more likely to be eaten by the parasite's definitive host. Here, we determined whether the cestode Eubothrium salvelini modifies the behaviour of its intermediate host, the copepod Cyclops vernalis, and makes it more susceptible to predation by brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, the parasite's final host. Following the experimental infection of copepods, the spontaneous activity of infected and control subjects was quantified weekly. In addition, we regularly quantified predation by individual brook trout fry on known numbers of infected and control copepods. At approximately the time when the cestode larvae became infective to fish (2–3 weeks following infection), the infected copepods started to swim more actively than uninfected controls. Also at that time, infected individuals became more likely to be captured by fish than uninfected ones. Copepod size and intensity of infection had no significant effect on their behaviour or their risk of being eaten by fish. Thus cestode- induced changes in copepod swimming activity can lead to infected copepods becoming highly vulnerable to fish predators, and may have resulted from selection on the parasite to increase its transmission success

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5

Baud, A., C. Cuoc, J. Grey, R. Chappaz, and V. Alekseev. "Seasonal variability in the gut ultrastructure of the parasitic copepod Neoergasilus japonicus (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-149.

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The gut structure and ultrastructure of Neoergasilus japonicus (Harada, 1930), a copepod from the family Ergasilidae (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida) and a parasite of fish, were compared at different periods of the life cycle: in free-living specimens in October and after attaching to fish in January and June. Differences in the depth of the intestinal epithelium were prominent and other cellular characteristics appeared seasonally variable. We relate these to changes in the physiological activity. Preliminary data from stable-isotope analyses of attached specimens suggest nutritional contribution from parasitism. The possibility of a diapause in the life cycle, as well as the relationship between the morphology of the gut and early evolutionary parasitism of N. japonicus, are discussed.

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6

ARZUL, I., B. CHOLLET, S. BOYER, D. BONNET, J. GAILLARD, Y. BALDI, M. ROBERT, J. P. JOLY, C. GARCIA, and M. BOUCHOUCHA. "Contribution to the understanding of the cycle of the protozoan parasite Marteilia refringens." Parasitology 141, no. 2 (October 11, 2013): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013001418.

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SUMMARYThe paramyxean parasite Marteilia refringens infects several bivalve species including European flat oysters Ostrea edulis and Mediterranean mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Sequence polymorphism allowed definition of three parasite types ‘M’, ‘O’ and ‘C’ preferably detected in oysters, mussels and cockles respectively. Transmission of the infection from infected bivalves to copepods Paracartia grani could be experimentally achieved but assays from copepods to bivalves failed. In order to contribute to the elucidation of the M. refringens life cycle, the dynamics of the infection was investigated in O. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and zooplankton over one year in Diana lagoon, Corsica (France). Flat oysters appeared non-infected while mussels were infected part of the year, showing highest prevalence in summertime. The parasite was detected by PCR in zooplankton particularly after the peak of prevalence in mussels. Several zooplanktonic groups including copepods, Cladocera, Appendicularia, Chaetognatha and Polychaeta appeared PCR positive. However, only the copepod species Paracartia latisetosa showed positive signal by in situ hybridization. Small parasite cells were observed in gonadal tissues of female copepods demonstrating for the first time that a copepod species other than P. grani can be infected with M. refringens. Molecular characterization of the parasite infecting mussels and zooplankton allowed the distinguishing of three Marteilia types in the lagoon.

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7

Schnack-Schiel, Sigrid B., David Thomas, Gerhard S. Dieckmann, Hajo Eicken, Rolf Gradinger, Michael Spindler, Jürgen Weissenberger, Elke Mizdalski, and Kerstin Beyer. "Life cycle strategy of the Antarctic calanoid copepod Stephos longipes." Progress in Oceanography 36, no. 1 (January 1995): 45–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(95)00014-3.

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8

Tanimura, Atsushi, Takao Hoshiai, and Mistuo Fukuchi. "The life cycle strategy of the ice-associated copepod, Paralabidocera antarctica (Calanoida, Copepoda), at Syowa Station, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 8, no. 3 (September 1996): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102096000363.

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The vertical distribution, abundance, population structure and life cycle of the ice-associated copepod, Paralabidocera antarctica was studied in the fast ice near Syowa Station (69°00'S, 39°35'E) in the eastern part of Lützow-Holm Bay in 1970, 1975 and 1982. The results indicated that P. antarctica inhabited the ice-seawater interface throughout the year with a one year life cycle and was actually present in the sea ice for most of the year except the summer. P. antarctica overwintered as naupliar stages (NIV-NV) with slow development in sea ice during winter. P. antarctica population then developed rapidly and attained adulthood in the water just beneath the sea ice during spring-summer. P. antarctica depended entirely on ice algae for food throughout its whole life-span, suggesting that the ice-seawater interface provides favourable food conditions for P. antarctica. The slow development in naupliar stages in sea ice and short copepodite life span in the water suggest that P. antarctica may adapt its growth strategy to suit the varying fast ice/water interface environment.

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9

Gutierrez, M. F., J. C. Paggi, and A. M. Gagneten. "Fish kairomones alter life cycle and growth of a calanoid copepod." Journal of Plankton Research 32, no. 1 (October 22, 2009): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp095.

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10

Hirche, H. J. "Life cycle of the copepod Calanus hyperboreus in the Greenland Sea." Marine Biology 128, no. 4 (June 26, 1997): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050127.

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11

Cornils, Astrid, Rainer Sieger, Elke Mizdalski, Stefanie Schumacher, Hannes Grobe, and Sigrid B. Schnack-Schiel. "Copepod species abundance from the Southern Ocean and other regions (1980–2005) – a legacy." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 3 (August 16, 2018): 1457–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1457-2018.

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Abstract. This data collection originates from the efforts of Sigrid Schnack-Schiel (1946–2016), a zooplankton ecologist with great expertise in life cycle strategies of Antarctic calanoid copepods, who also investigated zooplankton communities in tropical and subtropical marine environments. Here, we present 33 data sets with abundances of planktonic copepods from 20 expeditions to the Southern Ocean (Weddell Sea, Scotia Sea, Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctic Peninsula), one expedition to the Magellan region, one latitudinal transect in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, one expedition to the Great Meteor Bank, and one expedition to the northern Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba as part of her scientific legacy. A total of 349 stations from 1980 to 2005 were archived. During most expeditions depth-stratified samples were taken with a Hydrobios multinet with five or nine nets, thus allowing inter-comparability between the different expeditions. A Nansen or a Bongo net was deployed only during four cruises. Maximum sampling depth varied greatly among stations due to different bottom depths. However, during 11 cruises to the Southern Ocean the maximum sampling depth was restricted to 1000 m, even at locations with greater bottom depths. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean (PS63) sampling depth was restricted to the upper 300 m. All data are now freely available at PANGAEA via the persistent identifier https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.884619.Abundance and distribution data for 284 calanoid copepod species and 28 taxa of other copepod orders are provided. For selected species the abundance distribution at all stations was explored, revealing for example that species within a genus may have contrasting distribution patterns (Ctenocalanus, Stephos). In combination with the corresponding metadata (sampling data and time, latitude, longitude, bottom depth, sampling depth interval) the analysis of the data sets may add to a better understanding how the environment (currents, temperature, depths, season) interacts with copepod abundance, distribution and diversity. For each calanoid copepod species, females, males and copepodites were counted separately, providing a unique resource for biodiversity and modelling studies. For selected species the five copepodite stages were also counted separately, thus also allowing the data to be used to study life cycle strategies of abundant or key species.

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12

LEVSEN, A., and P. J. JAKOBSEN. "Selection pressure towards monoxeny in Camallanus cotti (Nematoda, Camallanidae) facing an intermediate host bottleneck situation." Parasitology 124, no. 6 (June 2002): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182002001610.

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This paper describes the ability of the Asian fish nematode Camallanuscotti to carry out both heteroxeny, i.e. an indirect life-cycle using copepods as intermediate host, and monoxeny, i.e. direct infection and development in the definitive fish host. C. cotti occurs naturally in various freshwater teleosts in Asia. During the past decades it has been disseminated into closed or semi-closed aquaculture systems and aquaria around the world, mainly due to the ornamental fish trade. Under such conditions the species may frequently face a bottleneck situation with regard to the availability of copepods. It is known that C. cotti may reproduce and persist in copepod-free aquaria for several months. In order to investigate whether C. cotti has selected towards monoxeny in water systems lacking copepods, in contrast to the opposite selection pressure when copepods are present, 2 separate infection trials were run. It was shown that the parasite can infect the fish host both indirectly via copepods, and directly. However, C. cotti has significantly higher fitness, expressed as survival to maturity, when transmitted indirectly compared to the direct transmission mode. We suggest that the ability of aquarium populations of C. cotti to carry out a direct life-cycle is favoured by selection in order to avoid extinction whenever copepods are absent. It still remains unknown, however, whether the parasite shows the same characteristics in the wild.

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13

Fomina, Yuliya, and Maria Syarki. "Life cycle of the copepod Eudiaptomus gracilis (Sars, 1863) in Lake Onega." Principles of the Ecology 28, no. 3 (September 2018): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j1.art.2018.7842.

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14

Vanderploeg, Henry A., Wayne S. Gardner, Christopher C. Parrish, James R. Liebig, and Joann F. Cavaletto. "Lipids and life-cycle strategy of a hypolimnetic copepod in Lake Michigan." Limnology and Oceanography 37, no. 2 (March 1992): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1992.37.2.0413.

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15

Roberts, Michael J. "Chokka squid (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii) abundance linked to changes in South Africa's Agulhas Bank ecosystem during spawning and the early life cycle." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.10.002.

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Abstract Chokka squid biomass and catch are highly variable, likely owing to their links to changes in the ecosystem, which impact spawning and recruitment. A synthesis of basic ecosystem components for the domain in which chokka squid live (i.e. South Africa's west coast and Agulhas Bank) was prepared using published and new data. It included bottom temperature, bottom dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, and copepod abundance. Alongshore gradients of these indicated that the main spawning grounds on the eastern Agulhas Bank are positioned where bottom temperature and bottom dissolved oxygen are optimal for embryonic development. This location, however, appears suboptimal for hatchlings because the copepod maximum (food for paralarvae) is typically on the central Agulhas Bank some 200 km to the west. Data on currents suggest that this constraint may be overcome by the existence of a net west-flowing shelf current on the eastern Agulhas Bank, improving survivorship of paralarvae by transporting them passively towards the copepod maximum. CTD data and a temporal analysis of AVHRR satellite imagery reveal the copepod maximum to be supported by a “cold ridge”, a mesoscale upwelling filament present during summer when squid spawning peaks. In situ sea surface temperature (SST) data used as a proxy for cold ridge activity demonstrate considerable interannual variability of the feature, especially during El Niño-Southern Oscillation events. Negative linear correlations between maximum summer SST (monthly average) and squid biomass the following autumn (r2 = 0.94), and annual catch (r2 = 0.69), support the link between the “cold ridge–copepod maximum” and the early life cycle of chokka squid, and holds promise for prediction.

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16

Tsurumi, Maia, Ramona C. de Graaf, and Verena Tunnicliffe. "Distributional and Biological Aspects of Copepods at Hydrothermal Vents on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, north-east Pacific ocean." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 3 (April 9, 2003): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403007367h.

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The abundance patterns of copepods on the Juan de Fuca Ridge was examined. One species was studied in detail. Twelve non-parasitic species are recorded from the Juan de Fuca, but only three dirivultid species and some unidentified harpacticoids are abundant in collections. Densities are estimated at 0·5 copepod cm−2 on vestimentiferan tubes to over 8 cm−2 on chimney surfaces. Aphotopontius forcipatus is most abundant at new vents and Benthoxynus spiculifer is most abundant at mature vents. Vents with reduced or undetectable fluid flow have higher diversity of copepod fauna. The life cycle of the siphonostome Stygiopontius quadrispinosus begins with a centrolecithal egg brooded singly or doubly on the female. Hatching and naupliar stages are unknown in benthic samples. The preadult stage (copepodite V) recruits to the vent habitat. Pre-adult males attach to pre-adult females and fertilize at the final copepodite VI moult. As the sex ratio is highly skewed in favour of females, males probably inseminate many females and there may be mate competition in populations where males are rare. Reproduction is probably continuous or semi-continuous. Abundance is greatest on sulphide edifices near the points of hot water egress. This copepod co-occurs with the alvinellid polychaete Paralvinella sulfincola.

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17

Medina, M. H., B. Morandi, and J. A. Correa. "Copper effects in the copepod Tigriopus angulatus Lang, 1933: natural broad tolerance allows maintenance of food webs in copper-enriched coastal areas." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 12 (2008): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08122.

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Some coastal areas of northern Chile have received copper mine tailings for more than 60 years. At these areas, the toxic effects of copper have eliminated most intertidal seaweed and macroinvertebrate populations. However, the harpacticoid splashpool copepod Tigriopus angulatus seems unaffected, inhabiting heavily impacted sites. Because this species of copepod makes the energy of photosynthesis available to higher trophic levels, it becomes ecologically relevant to define the range of copper it can tolerate without affecting its population size. This was assessed through the analysis of demographic responses measured in a life-cycle experiment with copepods from a site with no history of heavy metal pollution. Results showed that juvenile survival was the most sensitive endpoint and that the species’ intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) remains unaffected (without showing a fitness cost associated with tolerance) at copper concentrations within the range measured at these impacted areas. Thus, despite the high levels of dissolved copper measured at those sites, the local population of T. angulatus apparently can persist in exploiting its ecological niche and contributing to the overall ecosystem functioning, highlighting an unforeseen role of this copepod in the maintenance of food webs at the copper-enriched environment of northern Chile.

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18

Madanire-Moyo, G. N., and A. Avenant-Oldewage. "On the development of a parasitic copepod, Lamproglena clariae Fryer, 1956 (Copepoda, Lernaeidae) infecting the sharp tooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus." Crustaceana 86, no. 4 (2013): 416–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003165.

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The postembryonic development of the gill parasite, Lamproglena clariae, infecting the sharp tooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus was established from egg culture and artificial infection of fish under laboratory conditions. Like most fish parasitic copepods, L. clariae has a direct life cycle utilizing only a single fish host species. Adult post metamorphosis females produce two egg strings. The mean number of eggs in each egg string was 52. Three naupliar and first copepodid stages were obtained in culture while two copepodid stages, cyclopoid and adult specimens were obtained after artificial infection of catfish in aquaria. First stage nauplii were globular in shape and densely filled with yolk. Nauplii lacked a perforation for the mouth and masticatory parts of the appendages, all of which indicate that they do not feed. Body architecture of the first copepodid stage of L. clariae is similar to that of all other copepods in the number and kind of somites: a cephalothorax with five appendages, three thoracic somites, one abdominal somite and furca rami. This seems to be a conserved morphology among the copepods. The three naupliar and three copepodid stages are described and compared to related copepods.

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19

Roth, Myron. "Morphology and development of the egg case in the parasitic copepod Haemobaphes intermedius Kabata, 1967 (Copepoda: Pennellidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 2573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-378.

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Studies on the morphology of the egg sacs of the copepod parasite Haemobaphes intermedius Kabata, 1967 indicate that a distinctive change in appearance occurs once the egg sac is mature and ready to hatch. Highest rates of infection by copepodids occur where adults are found, suggesting a one-host life cycle. Clinocottus acuticeps is recorded as a new host for H. intermedius, as well as for Holobomolochus sp. and Clavella sp. The ecology of the tide pool is discussed in relation to intertidal fish parasites.

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20

Fomina, Yuliya, and Maria Tagevna Syarki. "The life cycle of the copepod Thermocyclops oithonoides (Sars, 1863) in Lake Onega." Principles of the Ecology 33, no. 3 (September 2019): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j1.art.2019.9082.

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21

SEEBENS, HANNO, ULRICH EINSLE, and DIETMAR STRAILE. "Copepod life cycle adaptations and success in response to phytoplankton spring bloom phenology." Global Change Biology 15, no. 6 (June 2009): 1394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01806.x.

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22

Elbrächter, Malte. "Life cycle ofSchizochytriodinium calani nov. gen. nov. spec., a dinoflagellate parasitizing copepod eggs." Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 42, no. 3-4 (September 1988): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02365629.

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23

TAYEH, AHMED, SANDY CAIRNCROSS, and FRANCIS E. G. COX. "Guinea worm: from Robert Leiper to eradication." Parasitology 144, no. 12 (June 27, 2017): 1643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017000683.

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SUMMARYGuinea worm disease, dracunculiasis or dracontiasis, is an ancient disease with records going back over 4500 years, but until the beginning of the 20th century, little was known about its life cycle, particularly how humans became infected. In 1905, Robert Thomas Leiper was sent by the British colonial authorities to West Africa to investigate the spread of Guinea worm disease and to recommend measures to prevent it. While carrying out his investigations, he made important contributions to the aetiology, epidemiology and public health aspects of Guinea worm disease and provided definitive answers to many outstanding questions. First, he tested the validity of previous theories; second, he confirmed the role of water fleas, which he identified as Cyclops, as the intermediate hosts in the life cycle; third, he investigated the development of the parasite in its intermediate host; and fourth, he recommended measures to prevent the disease.[The crustacean Order Cyclopoida in the Family Cyclopidae contains 25 genera, including Cyclops which itself contains over 400 species and may not even be a valid taxon. It is not known how many of these species (or indeed species belonging to related genera) can act as intermediate hosts of Dracunculus medinensis nor do we know which species Fedchenko, Leiper and other workers used in their experiments. It is, therefore, best to use the terms copepod, or copopoid crustacean rather than Cyclops in scientific texts. In this paper, these crustaceans are referred to as copepods except when referring to an original text.]Leiper described the remarkable changes that took place when an infected copepod was placed in a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid; the copepod was immediately killed, but the Dracunculus larvae survived and were released into the surrounding water. From this, he concluded that if a person swallowed an infected copepod, their gastric juice would produce similar results. He next infected monkeys by feeding them copepods infected with Guinea worm larvae, and thus conclusively demonstrated that humans became infected by accidentally ingesting infected crustaceans. Based on these conclusions, he advocated a number of control policies, including avoidance of contaminated drinking water or filtering it, and these preventive measures paved the way for further research. The challenge to eradicate Guinea worm disease was not taken up until about seven decades later since when, with the support of a number of governmental and non-governmental organizations, the number of cases has been reduced from an estimated 3·5 million in 1986 to 25 in 2016 with the expectation that this will eventually lead to the eradication of the disease.

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24

CARRASCO, N., I. LÓPEZ-FLORES, M. ALCARAZ, M. D. FURONES, F. C. J. BERTHE, and I. ARZUL. "Dynamics of the parasite Marteilia refringens (Paramyxea) in Mytilus galloprovincialis and zooplankton populations in Alfacs Bay (Catalonia, Spain)." Parasitology 134, no. 11 (July 11, 2007): 1541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007003009.

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SUMMARYSince the first description of Marteilia refringens (Paramyxea) in flat oysters Ostrea edulis in 1968 in the Aber Wrach, Brittany (France), the life-cycle of this parasite has remained unknown. However, recent studies, conducted in the ‘claire’ system, have proposed the planktonic copepod Acartia grani as a potential intermediate host for the parasite. Nevertheless, experimental transmission of the parasite through the copepod has failed. Recent studies in this field have reported the presence of the parasite in zooplankton from the bays of the Delta de l'Ebre, a more complex and natural estuarine environment than that of the claire. As a result, 2 new Marteilia host species were proposed: the copepods Oithona sp. (Cyclopoida) and an indeterminate Harpaticoida. Consequently, the objective of the present work was to study the dynamics of Marteilia in the zooplankton community from one of the bays, Alfacs Bay, as well as the dynamics of the parasite in cultivated mussels during 1 complete year. Six different zooplankton taxa appeared to be parasitized by M. refringens, including copepods (3 Calanoida, Acartia discaudata, A. clausi and A. italica; 1 Cyclopoida, Oithona sp.; and 1 Harpacticoida, Euterpina acutifrons), and larval stages of decapod crustaceans (zoea larvae of Brachyura, probably Portumnus sp.). These taxa are thus proposed as new subjects for study, since they could be intermediate hosts in the infection process of mussels by Marteilia.

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25

BENESH, D. P. "Intensity-dependent host mortality: what can it tell us about larval growth strategies in complex life cycle helminths?" Parasitology 138, no. 7 (April 18, 2011): 913–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000370.

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SUMMARYComplex life cycle helminths use their intermediate hosts as both a source of nutrients and as transportation. There is an assumed trade-off between these functions in that parasite growth may reduce host survival and thus transmission. The virulence of larval helminths can be assessed by experimentally increasing infection intensities and recording how parasite biomass and host mortality scale with intensity. I summarize the literature on these relationships in larval helminths and I provide an empirical example using the nematodeCamallanus lacustrisin its copepod first host. In all species studied thus far, includingC. lacustris, overall parasite volume increases with intensity. Although a few studies observed host survival to decrease predictably with intensity, several studies found no intensity-dependent mortality or elevated mortality only at extreme intensities. For instance, no intensity-dependent mortality was observed in male copepods infected withC. lacustris, whereas female survival was reduced only at high intensities (>3) and only after worms were fully developed. These observations suggest that at low, natural intensity levels parasites do not exploit intermediate hosts as much as they presumably could and that increased growth would not obviously entail survival costs.

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Nishibe, Yuichiro, and Tsutomu Ikeda. "Laboratory observations on early development of the oncaeid copepod Triconia canadensis from the mesopelagic zone of the western subarctic Pacific." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 2 (April 2007): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407055336.

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Egg development time and hatching success were determined for the oncaeid copepod, Triconia canadensis, from the mesopelagic zone of the western subarctic Pacific. The egg development time was estimated to be 74.7–84.5 days at in situ temperature (3°C), which is much longer than those reported previously on the other oncaeid copepods even if the differences in experimental temperatures are taken into account. The egg hatching success varied between 50 and 100%, with a grand mean of 88%. The newly hatched nauplii of T. canadensis were elongate ellipsoid in shape, and had many large-sized lipid droplets in their body. Possible adaptive significance of apparent longer egg developmment time of T. canadensis is discussed in the light of their life cycle strategy.

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Brown, R. J., S. D. Rundle, T. H. Hutchinson, T. D. Williams, and M. B. Jones. "A copepod life-cycle test and growth model for interpreting the effects of lindane." Aquatic Toxicology 63, no. 1 (March 2003): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-445x(02)00120-0.

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Templeton, Ryan C., P. Lee Ferguson, Kate M. Washburn, Wally A. Scrivens, and G. Thomas Chandler. "Life-Cycle Effects of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) on an Estuarine Meiobenthic Copepod†." Environmental Science & Technology 40, no. 23 (December 2006): 7387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es060407p.

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BROOKER, A. J., A. P. SHINN, S. SOUISSI, and J. E. BRON. "Role of kairomones in host location of the pennellid copepod parasite, Lernaeocera branchialis (L. 1767)." Parasitology 140, no. 6 (February 1, 2013): 756–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012002119.

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SUMMARYThe life cycle of the parasitic copepod Lernaeocera branchialis involves 2 hosts, typically a pleuronectiform host upon which development of larvae and mating of adults occurs and a subsequent gadoid host, upon which the adult female feeds and reproduces. Both the copepodid and adult female stages must therefore locate and identify a suitable host to continue the life cycle. Several mechanisms are potentially involved in locating a host and ensuring its suitability for infection. These may include mechano-reception to detect host movement and chemo-reception to recognize host-associated chemical cues, or kairomones. The aim of this study was to identify the role of kairomones in host location by adult L. branchialis, by analysing their behaviour in response to fish-derived chemicals. Experiments demonstrated that water conditioned by immersion of whiting, Merlangius merlangus, elicited host-seeking behaviour in L. branchialis, whereas cod- (Gadus morhua) conditioned water did not. Lernaeocera branchialis are considered a genetically homogeneous population infecting a range of gadoids. However, their differential response to whiting- and cod-derived chemicals in this study suggests that either there are genetically determined subspecies of L. branchialis or there is some form of environmental pre-conditioning that allows the parasite to preferentially recognize the host species from which it originated.

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Araújo-Castro, Cristiane M. V., Lília P. Souza-Santos, Anny Gabrielle A. G. Torreiro, and Karina S. Garcia. "Sensitivity of the marine benthic copepod Tisbe biminiensis (copepoda, harpacticoida) to potassium dichromate and sediment particle size." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 57, no. 1 (March 2009): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592009000100004.

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For the future use of the marine benthic copepod Tisbe biminiensis in solid-phase sediment toxicological bioassays, the present study investigated the effect of muddy sediment from the Maracaípe estuary (northeastern Brazil), sediment particle size and the reference toxicant potassium dichromate on the species. Muddy sediment from Maracaípe can be used as control sediment, since it does not interfere in the copepod life-cycle and has metal contamination levels that are unlikely to produce any detrimental biological effects on benthic invertebrates. Neither survival nor fecundity was affected by grain size, suggesting that this species can be used with any kind of sediment from muddy to sandy. The sensitivity of T. biminiensis to K2Cr2O7 in acute tests was similar to that of other organisms. The LC50 (lethal concentration to 50% of the test organisms) medium values for T. biminiensis were 7.51, 4.68 and 3.19 mg L-1 for Cr in 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. These results suggest that T. biminiensis is a promising organism for use in solid-phase sediment toxicity assessments.

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Breitholtz, Magnus, Leah Wollenberger, and Laurence Dinan. "Effects of four synthetic musks on the life cycle of the harpacticoid copepod Nitocra spinipes." Aquatic Toxicology 63, no. 2 (April 2003): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-445x(02)00159-5.

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Gómez, Fernando, David Moreira, and Purificación López-García. "Life cycle and molecular phylogeny of the dinoflagellates Chytriodinium and Dissodinium, ectoparasites of copepod eggs." European Journal of Protistology 45, no. 4 (November 2009): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2009.05.004.

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Perez-Landa, Victor, and Stuart L. Simpson. "A short life-cycle test with the epibenthic copepod Nitocra spinipes for sediment toxicity assessment." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30, no. 6 (March 31, 2011): 1430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.513.

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Knudsen, R., R. Kristoffersen, and P. A. Amundsen. "Parasite communities in two sympatric morphs of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), in northern Norway." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 2003–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-833.

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In this study from Fjellfrøsvatn, an oligotrophic lake in northern Norway, the parasite communities in two sympatric Arctic charr populations were compared. The dwarf morph, which inhabits the profundal zone, exhibited the lowest parasite diversity, seven species, and 72% of these charr harboured only one or two parasite species. In contrast, 10 parasite species were encountered in the larger normal charr, and between 5 and 8 species were present in 73% of these fish, which also utilised a broader food and habitat niche. Proteocephalus sp. was by far the most abundant species in the dwarf charr, probably because this morph fed intensively upon the benthic copepod Acanthocyclops gigas. On the other hand, parasites that are transmitted with littoral benthic prey (i.e., Phyllodistomum umblae, Cyathocephalus truncatus, Cystidicola farionis, and Crepidostomum spp.) were almost absent in the dwarf charr, though they were common in the normal morph. Also, Diphyllobothrium spp. were more prevalent in the normal charr, and this was attributed to their feeding upon limnetic copepods in the pelagic zone. The only recorded parasite with a direct life cycle, the copepod Salmincola edwardsii, had relatively similar abundances in the two morphs. The considerable differences in parasite community structure and abundance between the two charr populations were closely related to differences in the width and composition of the habitat and food niches between the morphs.

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AUDEMARD, C., F. LE ROUX, A. BARNAUD, C. COLLINS, B. SAUTOUR, P.-G. SAURIAU, X. DE MONTAUDOUIN, C. COUSTAU, C. COMBES, and F. BERTHE. "Needle in a haystack: involvement of the copepod Paracartia grani in the life-cycle of the oyster pathogen Marteilia refringens." Parasitology 124, no. 3 (March 2002): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001001111.

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Marteilia refringens is a major pathogen of the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis Linnaeus. Since its description, the life-cycle of this protozoan parasite has eluded discovery. Attempts to infect oysters experimentally have been unsuccessful and led to the hypothesis of a complex life-cycle involving several hosts. Knowledge of this life-cycle is of central importance in order to manage oyster disease. However, the exploration of M. refringens life-cycle has been previously limited by the detection tools available and the tremendous number of species to be screened in enzootic areas. In this study, these two restrictions were circumvented by the use of both molecular detection tools and a mesocosm with low biodiversity. Screening of the entire fauna of the pond for M. refringens DNA was systematically undertaken using PCR. Here, we show that the copepod Paracartia(Acartia) grani is a host of M. refringens. Not only was DNA of M. refringens consistently detected in P. grani but also the presence of the parasite in the ovarian tissues was demonstrated using in situ hybridization. Finally, successful experimental transmissions provided evidence that P. grani can be infected from infected flat oysters.

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Kovatch, Charles E., G. Thomas Chandler, and Bruce C. Coull. "Utility of a Full Life-Cycle Copepod Bioassay Approach for Assessment of Sediment-Associated Contaminant Mixtures." Marine Pollution Bulletin 38, no. 8 (August 1999): 692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(99)00029-6.

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Dahms, Hans-Uwe, Sang Heon Lee, Da-Ji Huang, Wei-Yu Chen, and Jiang-Shiou Hwang. "The challenging role of life cycle monitoring: evidence from bisphenol A on the copepod Tigriopus japonicus." Hydrobiologia 784, no. 1 (August 11, 2016): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2859-7.

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38

Kosobokova, K. N. "The reproductive cycle and life history of the Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis in the White Sea." Polar Biology 22, no. 4 (September 24, 1999): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050418.

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Hack, Lisa A., Louis A. Tremblay, Steve D. Wratten, Guy Forrester, and Vaughan Keesing. "Toxicity of estuarine sediments using a full life-cycle bioassay with the marine copepod Robertsonia propinqua." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 70, no. 3 (July 2008): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.12.008.

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40

Cleary, Alison C., Janne E. Søreide, Daniela Freese, Barbara Niehoff, and Tove M. Gabrielsen. "Feeding by Calanus glacialis in a high arctic fjord: potential seasonal importance of alternative prey." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 7 (July 25, 2017): 1937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx106.

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Abstract The copepod species Calanus glacialis is an important component of arctic marine food webs, where it is the numerically dominant zooplankton grazer and serves as a major prey item for fish, seabirds, and other predators. These copepods are typically considered to be phytoplanktivorous, although they are also known to feed on microzooplankton, and little is known about their diet in fall and winter. To investigate their feeding, C. glacialis gut contents were analyzed over an annual cycle in a seasonally ice covered arctic fjord using next generation sequencing of 18S rDNA. During the spring bloom, diatoms, particularly Thalassiosira spp., were important contributors to the dietary sequence reads. In addition to diatoms, Chytridiomycetes, fungal parasites of diatoms, also made up a large proportion of dietary sequence reads during this productive season. This provides one of the first indications of the potential importance of the mycoloop in marine environments. Just prior to the spring bloom, chaetognath sequences dominated the prey sequence reads from C. glacialis, suggesting potential predation on eggs or other early life stages of chaetognaths by C. glacialis. Other indications of omnivorous feeding outside of the spring bloom period included sequence reads from polychaetes in summer, at the time of peak polychaete larval abundance, and from Metridia spp. (Copepoda) in winter in prey sequences from C. glacialis. Incorporating such predation into our knowledge of Calanus spp. behaviour may help refine our understanding of Calanus spp. ecology, and potential responses of C. glacialis to ongoing climate change.

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41

Køie, Marianne. "Life cycle and seasonal dynamics of Cucullanus cirratus O.F. Müller, 1777 (Nematoda, Ascaridida, Seuratoidea, Cucullanidae) in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 2 (March 5, 2000): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-197.

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Mature specimens of Cucullanus cirratus O.F. Müller, 1777 (Cucullanidae) were obtained from the pyloric caeca and intestine of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., from Danish waters. Eggs embryonate in seawater. Third-stage larvae about 400 µm long, with amphids and dereids, hatch from the egg. Experimental studies indicated that third-stage larvae were infective to calanoid and cyclopoid copepods and sand gobies, Pomatoschistus minutus (Pisces, Gobiidae). Larvae entered the haemocoel of copepods but did not grow. In gobies, the third-stage larvae entered the intestinal mucosa and grew to 800 µm in length within 6 months. They were not encapsulated. Experimental infections of cod (8-30 cm long) showed that free-living third-stage larvae are not infective, whereas >700 µm long third-stage larvae from gobies survived in the cod. Third-stage larvae 700-1200 µm long occur in the stomach mucosa, where they develop and moult to fourth-stage larvae. The fourth-stage larvae then migrate to the pyloric caeca and anterior part of the intestine, where they moult and develop to the mature adult stage. No developmental stage became encapsulated. Naturally infected cod (>20 cm total length) harboured moulting third-stage larvae and <2 mm long fourth-stage larvae 2 months post capture. Naturally infected 4- to 5-month-old codlings (8-10 cm total length) harboured 2-3 mm long fourth-stage larvae only, indicating that they acquired the third-stage larvae as planktivorous fry only a few centimetres long. Cucullanus cirratus may have a life-cycle that involves copepod transport hosts and fish (gobies or cod fry) intermediate hosts. Postcyclic development occurs in gadoids when an infected cod is consumed by another cod (cannibalism). Examinations of 350 (8-78 cm total length) naturally infected cod showed that group 1 and older cod are infected throughout the year, with maximum prevalence of third-stage larvae in spring and summer. The greatest prevalence of gravid worms was observed in autumn.

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Swadling, K. M., A. D. McKinnon, G. De'ath, and J. A. E. Gibson. "Life cycle plasticity and differential growth and development in marine and lacustrine populations of an Antarctic copepod." Limnology and Oceanography 49, no. 3 (May 2004): 644–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0644.

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Chandler, G. Thomas, and Andrew S. Green. "Developmental stage-specific life-cycle bioassay for assessment of sediment-associated toxicant effects on benthic copepod production." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, no. 1 (January 2001): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620200119.

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Das, Shagnika, Baghdad Ouddane, Jiang-Shiou Hwang, and Sami Souissi. "Intergenerational effects of resuspended sediment and trace metal mixtures on life cycle traits of a pelagic copepod." Environmental Pollution 267 (December 2020): 115460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115460.

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45

Sweeney, A. W., M. F. Graham, and E. I. Hazard. "Life cycle of Amblyospora dyxenoides sp. nov. in the mosquito Culex annulirostris and the copepod Mesocyclops albicans." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 51, no. 1 (January 1988): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(88)90087-0.

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Ikeda, T., and K. Hirakawa. "Early development and estimated life cycle of the mesopelagic copepod Pareuchaeta elongata in the southern Japan Sea." Marine Biology 126, no. 2 (August 1996): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00347451.

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47

SHIMONO, TAKAKI, NOZOMU IWASAKI, and HIROSHI KAWAI. "A new species of Dactylopusioides (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Thalestridae) infesting brown algae, and its life history." Zootaxa 1582, no. 1 (September 12, 2007): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1582.1.6.

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A new species of harpacticoid copepod, Dactylopusioides malleus sp. nov., belonging to the family Thalestridae is described from central Japan. The species is obligately endophagous in dictyotalean brown algae (Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux, Dictyota maxima Zanardini and Dictyopteris undulata Holmes). The species nests by burrowing into the algal tissue during the copepod naupliar stages, while copepodids and adults reside in a dome-shaped, transparent capsule made of mucus and formed on the algal tissue. In laboratory experiments, the new species progressed through its complete life cycle (i.e. from egg to adult) while feeding only on unialgal dictyotalean tissues; this confirmed the obligate relationship with the host. The new species shares the following morphological characters with other species of Dactylopusioides: 1) antennary exopod 1-segmented; 2) first segment of P1 endopod in female elongated with a long seta on the inner proximal margin; 3) baseoendopod and exopod of P5 in female with five setae. It differs from other species in the following ways: 1) antennary exopod with six setae; 2) a stout hammer-shaped inner spine on the basis of P1 in male; 3) terminal short seta on third segment of P2 endopod in male is plumose.

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Otto, SA, G. Kornilovs, M. Llope, and C. Möllmann. "Interactions among density, climate, and food web effects determine long-term life cycle dynamics of a key copepod." Marine Ecology Progress Series 498 (February 17, 2014): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps10613.

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Gutierrez, María Florencia, Ana M. Gagneten, and Juan C. Paggi. "Copper and Chromium Alter Life Cycle Variables and the Equiproportional Development of the Freshwater Copepod Notodiaptomus conifer (SARS)." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 213, no. 1-4 (April 7, 2010): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0383-3.

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50

da Cruz Lopes da Rosa, Judson, Cristina de Oliveira Dias, Eduardo Suárez-Morales, Laura Isabel Weber, and Luciano Gomes Fischer. "Record of Caromiobenella (Copepoda, Monstrilloida) in Brazil and Discovery of the Male of C. brasiliensis: Morphological and Molecular Evidence." Diversity 13, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060241.

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Monstrilloid copepods are protelean parasites with a complex life cycle that includes an endoparasitic juvenile phase and free-living early naupliar and adult phases. The monstrilloid copepod genus Caromiobenella Jeon, Lee and Soh, 2018 is known to contain nine species, each one with a limited distribution; except for two species, members of this widespread genus are known exclusively from males. Hitherto, members of Caromiobenella have not been recorded from tropical waters of the South Western Atlantic (SWA). The nominal species Monstrilla brasiliensis Dias and Suárez-Morales, 2000 was originally described from female specimens collected in coastal waters of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), but the male remained unknown. The failure to reliably link both sexes of monstrilloid species is one of the main problems in the current taxonomy of the group, thus leading to a separate treatment for each sex. New zooplankton collections in coastal waters and intertidal rocky pools of the SWA yielded several male and female monstrilloid copepods tentatively identified as Monstrilla brasiliensis. Our results of both morphologic and molecular (mtCOI) analyses allowed us to confirm that these males and females were conspecific. We also found evidence suggesting that Caromiobenella is not a monophyletic taxon. Our male specimens are morphologically assignable to Caromiobenella, therefore, females of the nominal species Monstrilla brasiliensis, are matched here with the aforementioned males and, thus, the species should be known as C. brasiliensis comb. nov. (Dias and Suárez-Morales, 2000). This finding represents the third documented discovery of a female of Caromiobenella, the first record of the genus in the Southwestern Atlantic, and the first documented record of monstrilloids from coastal tidepools. With the addition of C. brasiliensis, Caromiobenella now includes 10 valid species worldwide. This work represents the second successful use of molecular methods to link both sexes of a monstrilloid copepod. The male of C. brasiliensis is herein described, and a key to the known species of Caromiobenella and data on the habitat and local abundance of C. brasiliensis are also provided.

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