Academic literature on the topic 'Copepod culture'
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Journal articles on the topic "Copepod culture"
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Malzahn, Arne M., Nicole Aberle-Malzahn, Katherina Schoo, and Maarten Boersma. "Culture conditions affect the nutritional value of the copepod Acartia tonsa." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 20 (January 1, 2015): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol20iss0pp40-46.
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Live feed are still necessary for the rearing of larval stages of several fish species, especially marine ones. Compared to Artemia, copepods are of superior quality. This is based on a suite of traits like size, movement, and nutritional value. Copepods are for example usually high in protein and fatty acids. Essential fatty acid profiles reflect to a large degree the fatty acid supply, which provides the opportunity to manipulate fatty acid profiles of, amongst others, copepods. By manipulating nutrient supply of the algae Rhodomonas salina we were able to double essential fatty acid concentrations in naupliar and copepodit life stages of the copepod Acartia tonsa. However, this lead to growth depression rather than to increased growth rates in a series of consumer species, including larval fish. The reason for the growth depression is likely to be mineral deficiencies occurring along with the nutrient manipulation of the algae.
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Magouz, Fawzy I., Mohamed A. Essa, Mustafa Matter, Abdallah Tageldein Mansour, Ahmed Gaber, and Mohamed Ashour. "Effect of Different Salinity Levels on Population Dynamics and Growth of the Cyclopoid Copepod Oithona nana." Diversity 13, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13050190.
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Copepods are one of the most abundant and diverse live food sources for mesopelagic and bathypelagic fishes and crustaceans. They could contribute to the overlap of the transition period from live feed to an artificial weaning diet in marine larvae production. However, the culture conditions still need optimization to provide sufficient production to cover the increasing demand for marine hatcheries. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of different salinity levels (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 ppt) on the population growth, growth rate, and population composition (males, females, copepodite, and nauplii ratio) of the marine copepod, Oithona nana. The experiment continued for 15 days, under laboratory-controlled conditions of temperature (27 ± 1 °C), pH (7.7 ± 0.15), and continuous gentle aeration in 30 L glass aquaria. The copepod culture aquaria were supplemented with a mixture of soybean and yeast (0.5 g 10−6 individual−1 24-h−1) as a feed source. The highest significant population growth and population growth rate of O. nana were achieved with a salinity level of 20 ppt. Regarding population composition, O. nana cultured at the salinity level of 20 ppt recorded the highest significant percentages of copepodite and nauplii. The results concluded that copepod, O. nana, is capable of withstanding abrupt changes in the salinity, but there are limits to their tolerance, with an optimal salinity level of 20 ppt. This salinity level achieved the highest population growth and the highest percentages of copepodite and nauplii of marine Copepoda, O. nana.
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Khanaychenko, A. N. "How diatom Cylindrotheca closterium vanquish invasive copepod Oithona davisae." Marine Biological Journal 3, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2018.03.3.08.
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Some diatoms are rich food for herbivorous copepods, while others are toxic for their recruitment. No negative effect of diatom Cylindrotheca closterium was ever observed for copepods, and some estuarine copepods preferred it as a food. Data on grazing diatoms by abundant now in the Black Sea coastal waters invasive copepod Oithona davisae are still contradictory. Interaction of O. davisae and C. closterium, both having high colonizing potential and both typical for coastal waters, was studied in experimental culture. Two weeks after inoculation of C. closterium the cultured O. davisae was drastically fouled by globulous conglomerates of diatom cells. Diatom cells in “colonies” on copepod exoskeleton were interconnected by means of adhesive substances at one of their flexible ends at the point-wise areas at various parts of copepods exoskeleton, and the opposite flexible ends performed various circular roll-over fan-shaped movements around the axis passing through the point of their attachment. “Colonies” behaved as integrated aggressive organisms against any approaching flagellate and prevented normal locomotion of copepods. Herein we present the first report on epizoic behavior of C. closterium: quick disastrous colonization of alive copepods O. davisae by diatom “colonies” led to total extinction of cyclopoid experimental population while alive diatoms formed dense network on copepods degenerative tissues.
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Ghosh, Alokesh Kumar, Suman Kumar Saha, Md Rashedul Islam, and SM Bazlur. "Abundance and Diversity of Zooplankton in Semi-Intensive Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) Farm." International Journal of Life Sciences 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v5i1.5286.
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The present study was carried out on the seasonal abundance and diversity of zooplankton in a semi- intensive shrimp farm of Bagerhat district from June to December, 2008. Plankton samples were collected by conical shaped monofilament nylon net (Plankton net) and Lugol’s solution was used for preservation. The zooplankton abundance was influenced by physico-chemical factors. In the present study 5 groups of zooplankton were observed namely rotifer, copepod, cladocera, ostracoda and crustacean larvae. Among the various groups of zooplankton, the percentages of copepod, rotifer, cladocera, ostracoda and crustacean larvae in the culture system were 52%, 39%, 7%, 1% and 1% respectively. The zooplankton was dominated by copepods (52%) which showed more or less two peaks in August (833 individuals/L) and in October (815 individuals/L). Rotifer and copepod were about r awhile one genus Cypris of ostracod was found only in August. Three genus of copepod namely Diaptomus, Cyclops and Mesocyclops were identified in the study area of which Diaptomus and Mesocyclops were more or less dominant while four genus of which Brachionus and Filinia under rotifer and Daphnia and Diaphanosoma under cladocera were also found during the study period. The findings of the present study will help to improve the management strategies of shrimp culture system.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v5i1.5286 International Journal of Life Sciences Vol.5(1) 2011 1-11
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Zhang, Dajuan, Shaojing Li, Guizhong Wang, Donghui Guo, Kezhi Xing, and Shulin Zhang. "Biochemical responses of the copepod Centropages tenuiremis to CO2-driven acidified seawater." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.821.
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An ecophysiological experiment was conducted to examine the biochemical effects of acidified seawater containing elevated concentration of CO2 (CCO2 0.08, 0.20, 0.50 and 1.00%) on the copepod Centropages tenuiremis. AchE, ATPase, SOD, GPx, GST, GSH level and GSH/GSSG ratio of the copepod were analyzed. The results showed that elevated CCO2 and the duration of culture time significantly influenced several biochemical indices in C. tenuiremis (ATPase, GPx, GST, GSH and SOD). Furthermore, the principal component analysis results indicated that 72.32% of the overall variance was explained by the first three principal components (GPx, SOD and GSH). Changes in GPx and GSH levels may play a significant role in the antioxidant defense of copepods against seawater acidification. The long-term response of copepods to seawater acidification and the synergistic effects of acidification with other environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity and trace metal need further investigation.
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Encina-Montoya, Francisco, Patricio De los Ríos Escalante, and Katherine Salazar. "Culture of native species of zooplanktonic crustaceans: Tumeodiaptomus diabolicus (Brehm, 1935) from northern Patagonian lakes (Chile)." Crustaceana 90, no. 13 (2017): 1599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003713.
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The inland waters of Chile hold endemic species of crustaceans, and these habitats are threatened at present due to pollution as a result of human activities. Until now, the environmental studies performed have not considered native species for evaluating environmental risks. The aim of the present study was to do a first culture experiment with the freshwater copepod Tumeodiaoptomus diabolicus that inhabits central and northern Chilean Patagonian lakes. The copepods were cultured under two dietary regimes, i.e., a diet of microalgae and an artificial diet. The experiment was conducted over 12 days, and the maximum growth was obtained with the artificial diet. The present results would agree with similar results obtained for pseudodiaptomid copepods, that are massively used for aquaculture activities. In accordance with the obtained results and published data in the literature, T. diabolicus culture could be relatively easily done, and would thus qualify as an assay for investigating environmental conditions.
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Barroso, Marcia Vanacor, Breno Barroso Boos, Rosemar Antoniassi, and Luiz Fernando Loureiro Fernandes. "Use of the copepod Oithona hebes as a bioencapsulator of essential fatty acids." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 63, no. 3 (September 2015): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592015089106303.
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AbstractThe advantages of using copepods in aquaculture include nutritional superiority, high digestibility and broad spectrum of sizes, with the possibility of bioencapsulation of nutrients, probiotics and medicines. This study aimed to compare the effects of feeding copepods with a microalgae diet and two commercial inert diets on the copepod culture performance and their fatty acid profile. Wild copepods were collected in the estuarine system of Piraquê-açu River, Aracruz, Espírito Santo, Brazil, with a conical net of 60 cm in diameter and 200 μm mesh with a blind cup end, towed through the subsurface layer at a speed of 1 knot for 5 minutes. Once collected, the material was sieved in order to select only Oithona hebes. The experiment was conducted in nine cylindrical-conical tanks with a 60 L capacity, salinity of 25.8 ± 1.3, temperature of 25.5 ± 0.5 ºC and weak aeration, stocked with a density of 1.5 copepod/mL. Treatments were made in triplicate and consisted of: Treatment 1 (Control) fed with microalgae Chaetoceros gracilis and Nannochloropsis oculata (1:1) with 50,000 cells.mL-1each; Treatment 2 with S.Parkle® INVE (1g.million-1); and Treatment 3 with freeze-dried spirulina (1g.million-1). The mean final population was compared by a Tukey test (p < 0.05). Results showed higher population growth for copepods treated with S.parkle, which was the only treatment that presented copepodites. S.parkle was a good source of total lipids (9.54 g.100g-1 dry weight), high availability of DHA, EPA and had a good DHA:EPA:ARA ratio of 12.4:3.4:1.0. Copepods that were fed S.parkle had the highest DHA levels and a DHA:EPA:ARA ratio of 15.4:2.2:1.0. This study showed that S.parkle is a good inert food for rearing the copepod O. hebes, demonstrating the ability of copepods to bioencapsulate nutrients, allowing their transfer in the food chain.
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Madanire-Moyo, G. N., and A. Avenant-Oldewage. "On the development of a parasitic copepod, Lamproglena clariae Fryer, 1956 (Copepoda, Lernaeidae) infecting the sharp tooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus." Crustaceana 86, no. 4 (2013): 416–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003165.
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The postembryonic development of the gill parasite, Lamproglena clariae, infecting the sharp tooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus was established from egg culture and artificial infection of fish under laboratory conditions. Like most fish parasitic copepods, L. clariae has a direct life cycle utilizing only a single fish host species. Adult post metamorphosis females produce two egg strings. The mean number of eggs in each egg string was 52. Three naupliar and first copepodid stages were obtained in culture while two copepodid stages, cyclopoid and adult specimens were obtained after artificial infection of catfish in aquaria. First stage nauplii were globular in shape and densely filled with yolk. Nauplii lacked a perforation for the mouth and masticatory parts of the appendages, all of which indicate that they do not feed. Body architecture of the first copepodid stage of L. clariae is similar to that of all other copepods in the number and kind of somites: a cephalothorax with five appendages, three thoracic somites, one abdominal somite and furca rami. This seems to be a conserved morphology among the copepods. The three naupliar and three copepodid stages are described and compared to related copepods.
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Muhamad Shaleh, Sitti Raehanah. "Effect of temperature on population growth of copepod, Euterpina acutifrons." Borneo Journal of Marine Science and Aquaculture (BJoMSA) 4, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/bjomsa.v4i1.2620.
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This study was aimed at determining the optimum temperature for culturing the copepod, Euterpina acutifrons. The trial was conducted for 10 days in chambers at temperatures of 25⁰C, 27⁰C, 29⁰C and 31⁰C. Ten adult individuals of the copepod were randomly collected and placed into three replicate experimental flasks for each treatment. Throughout the trial, the salinity, light intensity, and photoperiod were maintained at 30 ±2psu, 100molm-2s-1 and 12:12 light-dark cycle, respectively. The copepods were fed with 80,000cell/ml Isochrysis sp. daily. At the end of the trial, the total numbers of E. acutifrons nauplii, copepodites and adults were determined and counted using Sedgwick-Rafter. The highest population was found at 27⁰C with mean total population of 800±100 individuals from an initial of 10 individuals. This was followed by those reared at 25⁰C and 29⁰C where the population counts were 700±100 individuals and 367±115 individuals, respectively. At the 31⁰C, all the copepod specimens were found dead on day 5th. Statistical analysis showed that the temperature had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the population growth of the copepod. The population of nauplii was higher in lower temperature (25⁰C) set compared to the one at higher temperature (29⁰C). However, the copepodite number was greater at 27⁰C. Growth of the copepod was highest at 27⁰C (0.438K) followed by sets at 25⁰C (0.425K) and 29⁰C (0.361K). Based on the results of this analysis, it is suggested to culture copepod at temperature 25⁰C for nauplii production and 27⁰C for producing more copepodites.
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Imanto, Philip Teguh, Gede Suwarthama Sumiarsa, and Made Suastika. "PRELIMINARY STUDY ON POPULATION DYNAMIC OF HARPACTICOID COPEPOD Euterpina acutifrons IN CULTURE CONDITION." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.2.2.2007.133-139.
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<p>The most important factor to high mortality rate in larval rearing is feeding success in early larval stage related to kind and size of natural live food. Copepod basically is the main source of natural food in the open ocean having some advantages such as smaller size of nauplii, attractive movement and high nutritional value. Observation on population dynamic of harpacticoid copepod <em>Euterpina acutifrons</em> was carried out using 5-L plastic bucket with initial density 100 ind./L. Green algae <em>Nannochloropsis</em> sp. was added to culture media at density of 50,000 cells/mL as a basic feed and additional feeds given were wheat flour (group A) and chicken liver (group B) at a rate of 50 mg/bucket. The result showed that there was no difference on population pattern in both groups where the incubation time took eight days to hatch, from nauplii to the copepodite stage was three days and from copepodite to adult copepod took five-to-six days. The differences came up from population number: in group (A) the highest number of copepod-bearing-egg was only 133 ind., nauplii production up to 62,833 ind. and number of copepodites was 22,333 ind. lower compared to group (B) with the highest copepod-egg was 308 ind., nauplii was 113,333 ind. and copepodite was 51,167 ind. The conclusion pointed out that the kind of food did not influence population pattern (quality) but gave effect to population growth.</p>
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Copepod culture"
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Mzozo, Ziyanda. "Aspects of the feeding biology of the copepod Pseudodiaptomus hessei (Copepoda: Calanoida) under culture conditions." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4727.
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This study aimed to investigate the feeding behaviour of the calanoid copepod, Pseudodiaptomus hessei, particularly whether it prefers to feed on a planktonic or benthic food source. The effect of different microalgae species on the feeding preference, ingestion, and gut evacuation rate were investigated. Two microalgae species (Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis suecica) were used, to test gut fullness and gut evacuation of P. hessei. The copepods were starved for 6 h and allowed to feed on monalgae diets, I .galbana and T. suecica, and a 1:1 binary diet mixture of T. suecica and I. galbana. The gut fullness and gut evacuation rates were determined by observing under the dissecting microscope and gut content percentage was recorded (as 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 percent) along with copepod sex. Copepods that feed on T. suecica fill their gut after 30 min, while those that feed on I. galbana do so after 40 min. There was a significant difference (p= 0.02) between sexes with males filling their gut faster than females. However, copepods that fed on I. galbana evacuated their gut content completely after 30 min, while those fed on T suecica evacuated theirs after 40 min. There was no difference between males and females for gut evacuation. Even though there was high gut fullness rate when P. hessei was feeding on T. suecica, I. galbana is recommended as the best mono-algae diet to culture P. hessei. The feeding behaviour of P. hessei was investigated, as to whether it prefers to feed on a planktonic or benthic food source. Copepods were starved for 3 h and then allowed to feed on two microalgae species (I. galbana and T. suecica), one presented as a benthic and other as planktonic. Controls included swapping the modes of presentation for each algae species. Ingested microalgae species were quantified using real-time PCR, with threshold cycles interpreted as relative abundance ratio (planktonic microalgae divided by benthic microalgae species). Pseudodiaptomus hessei preferred to feed on planktonic food sources initially as there was a difference between planktonic and benthic ingested food (p=0.026). Copepods shifted from planktonic to benthic food sources after 80 min of feeding planktonically. Planktonic food sources were the preferred choice for P. hessei regardless of microalgae species offered. The results from this study also confirm that P. hessei feed on a benthic food source during the day under culture conditions. This information can be used as baseline information for aquaculturists to rear the species as live feed for marine fish larvae.
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Brown, Rebecca Jayne. "Development of culture and toxicity testing methods for the freshwater copepod Bryocamptus zschokkei." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2085.
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The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the use of a meiofaunal copepod as a test species for assessing the developmental and reproductive effects of toxicants relevant to freshwater ecosystems. The harpacticoid copepod Bryocamptus zschokkei was chosen as a candidate test species as it possesses several attributes (widespread distribution, small size and fast development times) that are considered pre-requisites for toxicity test organisms, and has previously been shown to be a sensitive component of the stream community to contaminant exposure. Prior to conducting toxicity tests with B. zschokkei, studies were performed to evaluate the effects of water hardness and food quality on the development and reproduction of this copepod. These data were then used to define optimal culture conditions. Bryocamptus zschokkei was insensitive to water hardness at <150 mg 1ˉ¹ (as CaCO3), reflecting its range of tolerance in the field and suggesting the potential for toxicity testing across a range of hardness levels. Food quality affected development and reproduction: beech leaves (Fagus sylvatica L.), conditioned for 2 weeks supported optimal overall development to adult and reproduction of B. zschokkei and were chosen for use in subsequent culturing and testing regimes. Development and reproduction assays for assessing the effects of environmental parameters on B. zschokkei were combined to produce the first full life-cycle toxicity test for a freshwater copepod. This life-cycle test was relatively quick (6 weeks at 20°C) and is highly reproducible. The effects of three reference chemicals, the trace metal zinc, the pesticide lindane, and the moulting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE), were measured using this toxicity test. There was no effect of 20-HE (0-269 µg 1ˉ¹) on the life cycle of B, zschokkei. Bryocamptus zschokkei was, however, relatively sensitive to zinc and lindane compared with other freshwater crustaceans although sensitivity depended on the chemical and the duration of exposure. A model of ‘equiproportional development' was used to aid interpretation of the mechanism of toxicity of lindane, which was found to act by significantly prolonging the development time to adult. Reproductive endpoints (numbers of eggs and nauplii per female) were the most sensitive measure of zinc and lindane exposure, with lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) of 0.48 mg Zn 1ˉ¹ and 32 fig lindane 1ˉ¹, respectively. An increase in abortion frequency, observed for these contaminants, may have potential as a biomarker of stress for this copepod. In conclusion, it is proposed that toxicity tests with B. zschokkei should be included in contaminant assessment procedures for freshwater systems as they would increase the choice and ecological relevance of current testing regimes.
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Hack, L. A. "Development and validation of the marine benthic copepod Robertsonia propinqua as a bioindicator to monitor estuarine environmental health." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/307.
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Studies in the USA have reported that species of meiobenthic copepods can be used as bioindicators of sediment-associated contaminants. The main objective of this research project was to develop and validate methods to assess the effects of estuarine pollution, using the marine benthic copepod Robertsonia propinqua as a bioindicator of environmental health in New Zealand intertidal / estuarine areas. Cultures of R. propinqua were set up and maintained in the laboratory and individuals used in 96h acute and full life-cycle chronic bioassays using the pre-selected contaminants atrazine and zinc sulphate. From the 96h acute experiments it was found that the lethal doses at which 50% mortality occurred (LC50) for exposed nauplii and adult individuals were 7.5 mg/L and 31.8 mg/L, respectively for atrazine and 1.7 mg/L and 2.7 mg/L, respectively for zinc sulphate. This indicated that the nauplii life stage was more sensitive than were the adult life stages for exposure to both contaminants. Based on the 'trigger' values reported (atrazine = 0.013 mg/L, zinc = 0.015 mg/L) in the Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality, which provide values at which concentrations of contaminants can occur in the environment before they begin causing effects on aquatic fauna, it is unlikely that the calculated LC50s in the current research will induce biological effects in exposed copepods in the short-term. The calculated LC50 results were then used to further investigate the effects of chronic exposure of sediment-associated contaminants on the complete life-cycle (egg-reproductive adult) of R. propinqua. In a laboratory-based full life-cycle toxicity test, field-collected sediments from polluted sites in the Auckland and Bay of Plenty regions reduced reproductive output (nauplii and copepodite production) of R. propinqua individuals, but the number of males and females, gravid females, clutch size per female and the number of eggs produced were not affected by either the polluted or non-polluted (reference) sediment samples from both field regions. Field investigations of meiofauna community composition in polluted and non-polluted field sites were carried out in 2004 in the Auckland and Bay of Plenty field regions in New Zealand. Greater sediment organic content and a correspondingly deeper redox potential discontinuity layer occurred in all polluted field sites compared with the non-polluted sites. However, species composition could not be used to characterise polluted and non-polluted sites, as there were no dominant taxa which were representative of these sites. The results presented in this thesis indicate that R. propinqua has strong potential to be a good candidate species as a bioindicator of environmental contamination. Furthermore, the full life-cycle toxicity test could be used as a rapid test to detect immediate changes in individual reproduction and development as well as long-term population effects. The technologies developed as part of this research may eventually provide additional tools for commercial environmental consultancies and may compliment existing standard operating procedures for environmental assessments involving pollution of estuarine ecosystems.
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Aires, Pedro Nuno Leite Anjos. "Carnivory in Acartia tonsa : a marine larviculture perspective." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14941.
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Mestrado em Biologia AplicadaThe nutritional component of copepods is one of the crucial factors for its good performance as live prey in marine larviculture. Carnivory is a crucial aspect of calanoid copepods diet, being its implications relevant for aquaculture. This study investigated i) the predatory behaviour between Acartia tonsa (Copepoda, Calanoida) and other live prey commonly used in marine larviculture (artemia and rotifers), taking into account the influence of temperature and microalgae availability, and ii) the diet supplementation of A. tonsa with artemia, in terms of eggs production, 48 h hatchability and fatty acid composition. The presence of A. tonsa significantly reduced artemia and rotifers survival. This predatory behaviour was shown to be dependent on copepod sex, being mainly associated with females. Predation decreased with decreasing temperature and with increasing availability of microalgae. The supplementation of A. tonsa diet with artemia did not promoted significant differences in egg production and 48 h hatchability. The fatty acid composition analysis revealed significant differences between eggs and copepods produced with the different diets tested, mainly due to C18:3 (n3) and C18:4 (n3). However, the percentages of HUFAs and DHA/EPA ratios were kept approximately constant. Overall, the supplementation of copepods with artemia does not improve its nutritional quality nor does it enhances egg production or quality.
A componente nutricional dos copépodes é um dos fatores cruciais para o seu bom desempenho como presas vivas em larvicultura marinha. A carnivoria é um aspeto crucial na dieta dos copépodes calanoides, sendo as suas implicações relevantes para a aquacultura. Neste estudo foram investigados i) o comportamento predatório entre Acartia tonsa (Copepoda, Calanoida) e outros alimentos vivos vulgarmente usados como presas vivas em larvicultura marinha (artémia e rotíferos), tendo em conta a influência da temperatura e da disponibilidade de microalga, e ii) a suplementação da dieta de A. tonsa com artémia, em termos de produção de ovos, eclosão a 48 h e composição em ácidos gordos. A presença de A. tonsa reduziu significativamente a sobrevivência de artémias e rotíferos. Este comportamento predatório mostrou-se dependente do sexo dos copépodes, sendo maioritariamente atribuído às fêmeas. A predação diminuiu com a diminuição da temperatura e com o aumento da disponibilidade de microalga. A suplementação da dieta de A. tonsa com artémia não promoveu diferenças significativas na produção de ovos e na eclosão a 48 h. A análise da composição em ácidos gordos revelou diferenças significativas entre os ovos e os copépodes produzidos com as diferentes dietas testadas, principalmente devido a C18:3 (n3) e C18:4 (n3). No entanto as percentagens de HUFAs e rácios DHA/EPA mantiveram-se aproximadamente constantes. Em suma, a suplementação de copépodes com artémia não melhora a sua qualidade nutricional nem aumenta a produtividade ou a qualidade dos ovos.
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VanderLugt, Kyle R. "Population dynamics of the Calanoid copepod, Bestiolina similis, in small scale cultures." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20392.
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Rhodes, Adelaide Cutter Everest. "Marine harpacticoid copepod culture for the production of long chain highly unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoid pigments." 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-02062004-070143/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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Franco, Sofia Cota. "Effects of stocking density on A. tonsa (Copepoda: Calanoida) culture." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/435.
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Dissertação de Mestrado, Aquacultura e Pescas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2009A nutrição é um elemento chave na larvicultura marinha e pesquisas recentes têm demonstrado as vantagens do uso de copépodes como alimento vivo. Acartia tonsa é uma espécie de copépode calanóide com elevado potencial de cultivo, mas cuja densidade de cultivo permanece como uma das principais restrições à sua futura produção comercial. Como tal, este estudo recorreu a uma abordagem integrada com vista a avaliar os efeitos da densidade de cultivo no crescimento, produção de ovos e sucesso de eclosão em A. tonsa. Verificou-se que o uso de densidades elevadas (6000 cop l-1) não apresenta efeitos deletérios no crescimento e desenvolvimento de copépodes, embora a mortalidade aumente significativamente, de ≤2.5 % d-1 a densidades de ≤1000 cop l-1 para 3.5-4.0 % d-1 a 3000-6000 cop l-1. A produção individual de ovos também diminuiu com o aumento da densidade, registando-se uma produção de 28.4±1.43 ovos fêmea-1 d-1 a densidades de 100 cop l-1 e de 7.13±0.61 ovos fêmea-1 d-1 a 2500 cop l-1. Para mais, registou-se um atraso na eclosão de ovos produzidos por adultos criados em culturas densas (500-2500 cop l-1), bem como ovos incubados a densidades elevadas (1.000.000 eggs l-1). Apesar dos efeitos negativos da densidade na sobrevivência, produção de ovos e sucesso de eclosão, a magnitude destes efeitos não compromete a produção a altas densidades. Pesquisas futuras deverão focar-se no melhoramento de sistemas de produção e metodologia de armazenamento de ovos, bem como nos processos que controlam a diapausa, já que a capacidade de produzir copépodes calanóides em larga escala representaria um avanço significativo no cultivo larvar de espécies marinhas.
Nutrition is a key element in marine larviculture and the use of copepods as live feed for marine fish larvae has been shown to have several advantages over traditional live preys. Acartia tonsa is a calanoid copepod with high culture potential, although culture stocking density remains a bottleneck to its future commercial production. Considering this, the present study took an integrated approach to provide further insight on the effects of A. tonsa stocking density on growth, egg production and hatching success. Increased stocking densities (6000 cop l-1) were shown to have no unfavorable effect on copepod growth and development. Nevertheless copepod mortality significantly increased with density, from ≤2.5 % d-1 at densities of ≤1000 cop l-1 to 3.5-4.0 % d-1 at 3000-6000 cop l-1. Individual egg production rate also decreased at higher stocking densities, with an egg production of 28.4±1.43 eggs female-1 d-1 at 100 cop l-1 and of 7.13±0.61 eggs female-1 d-1 at 2500 cop l-1. Delayed hatching was observed for eggs produced by adults grown in dense cultures (500-2500 cop l-1) and for eggs incubated at increased hatching densities (1.000.000 eggs l-1). In spite of the negative effect of stocking density on survival, egg production and hatching success, the magnitude of these effects does not compromise the profitable use of high density cultures. Future research should focus on the improvement of production systems and egg storage, as well as investigating the processes controlling egg diapause, since the ability to rear calanoid copepod species at large scale would present a major advancement in larviculture of marine fish species.
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Højgaard, Jacob Kring, and 亞克柏. "Size of Copepods – Their Relevance and Use in Fish Larvae Culture." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8ac98d.
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博士國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋生物研究所
107
Since the early 90´s, the world’s fisheries have stagnated and today, around half of all fish comes from aquaculture. The aquaculture industry is the fastest growing food sector, but the industry has difficulties with domesticating many fish species. One of the main limitations is the initial diet for the fish larvae. Fish larvae are visual predators, and for many species, live feed is a necessity. Copepods have been found to be an ideal live feed, because of a high nutritional quality compared to the predominantly used live feeds; rotifers and Artemia. Further, fish larvae shows a preference for copepods compared to when offered rotifers and Artemia. Difficulties in production of copepods have, so far, limited their usage in larval fish production. The growth of fish larvae is dependent on the energy content of its prey. The energy content of a copepod increase with its size, and a fish larva should therefore be offered the maximum size that it can effectively capture. This thesis investigated in four studies the relevance of copepod size for fish larvae culture. How effectively a fish larva could capture various sizes of copepods, and which copepod sizes that was optimal for a fish larva through its ontogenetic development. Further, it was investigated how to produce set sizes of copepods and how to implement it in a larval fish production. This has been assessed by behavioural, physiological and ecological studies of copepods and fish larvae in Denmark and Taiwan. A copepod life cycle consists of a number of development stages, where the morphology and motility change significantly, which might affect the ability of a fish to detect the copepod. Adult copepods and the initial live stage of copepods, nauplii, were offered to juvenile false particular clown fish. The clownfish reaction distance to nauplii was significantly shorter than to adult copepods. This was compensated by the clownfish by reacting to the nauplii in a large arc, which resulted in an equivalent attack rate. When the prey is perceived and the fish advance towards the prey, it needs to remain stealthy in its approach to avoid detection by the prey. The capture efficiency and approach kinematics for the initial life stages of turbot larva were investigated when offered various sizes of copepods. The ability of the turbot larvae to capture small nauplii did not change significantly through their development, but the ability to capture large nauplii increased with the development of the fish larvae. The capture success of the larvae was found to be dependent on their approach, where the speed was the controlling factor. The fish larvae used the same approach speed for all sizes of copepods, but changed the approach speed depended on the age of the larva. This indicates that fish larvae employ a specific approach kinematic dependent on their age, and the prey size should therefore correlate with its approach capabilities. An efficient use of an appropriate copepod size requires a high production of copepods of those specific sizes. The typical production form for copepods in Taiwan is extensive large open ponds, where the common copepod species is the egg-carrying copepod Pseudodiaptomus annandalei. The harvest of copepods from these ponds is often limited by a low density of copepods. To test if they are density limited, adult P. annandalei were stocked in the laboratory at increasing densities. The number of ovigerous copepods was used as a proxy for nauplii production. The rate of ovigerous copepods decreased when the stocking density reached the densities typically observed in Taiwanese copepod ponds. The current harvest techniques in Taiwanese ponds only permit the harvest of adult copepods. A user friendly protocol was developed on how to produce distinct size fractions of nauplii from adult copepods without separating each size fraction of nauplii mechanically. Four narrow size fractions of nauplii were produced with significantly different size, fatty acid content and escape performances. Each size group was starved for 48 hours to test if each size group would maintain its distinct size by starvation. Minor growth was observed under the starvation, and they maintained their distinct size groups. However, the fatty acid content and escape performance was highly reduced. To solve the bottleneck of producing fish larvae for on-growth, the correct size of live prey through the ontogenetic development of the fish larva is essential for a further growth of the aquaculture industry. There is no doubt that copepods, as the initial live feed, are the answer to production of new fish species.
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Lin, Qing-Long, and 林清龍. "Studies on the parasitic Caligids (Copepoda : Caligidae) of Cultured Marine Fish in Taiwan." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08078551437105685213.
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Huang, Su-Chen, and 黃素珍. "Study on the cultural conditions of copepoda and the effects of probiotics（Bacillus subtilis & Lactobacillus plantarum） on Acartia southwelli." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47818375370759779094.
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碩士國立嘉義大學
水產生物學系碩士班
93
Acartia southwelli is a kind of copepod which has cultivate potentiality as live food for marine fish larvae in aquaculture. The aim of the present paper was to study on the effects of salinity and temperature and food types on the growth and production of A. southwelli., and the effects of two kinds of probiotics （Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum） on the production of A. southwelli also be performed. The objects of application of probiotics wish to improve the production of A. southwelli and be able to inhibit the amount of the pathogen Vibrio spp. in the culture media of A. southwelli. The results showed that the optimum production of A. southwelli with salinities at 15ppt and temperature at 27 ℃ and fed with Isochrysis galbana. Two strain probiotics do not improve the production of A. southwelli. No further improvement on the production of A. southwelli was also observed when A. southwelli were fed with both of probiotics strains at the same time. However, the amount of Vibrio spp. in the culture media of A. southwelli was particularly inhibited by the probiotic Bacillus subtilis when only B. subtilis used.
Books on the topic "Copepod culture"
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Hogans, W. E. Infection dynamics of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) cultured in marine waters of the Lower Bay of Fundy. St. Andrews, N.B: Biological Station, 1995.
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Risse, Guenter B. Domains of Contagion and Confinement. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039843.003.0002.
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This chapter maps out the sites of contagion and confinement in nineteenth-century California. Each epidemic outbreak offers a unique blend of environmental circumstances, biological agencies, and cultural contexts that shape not only public opinion but also medical beliefs and measures. To counteract the nefarious effects of contagion, past societies developed several responses, all of which were geared toward detaining people already displaying signs of sickness and temporarily holding those suspected of potential exposure to the identified scourge. Thus the chapter considers how the public coped with contagion and the “miasma” of disease primarily by isolating the disease via scapegoating, quarantining—among others.
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Marsden, George M. The Soul of the American University Revisited. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190073312.001.0001.
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The Soul of the American University Revisited traces the role of Protestantism in shaping American higher education from the founding of Harvard in the 1630s to the present. It offers a critical analysis of the changing ways in which Protestantism intersected with collegiate life, intellectual inquiry, and broader cultural developments. In accounts that have been edited and somewhat abridged for this second edition, it looks at pace-setting colleges and universities as they coped with modern society, post-Darwinian science, new secular philosophies, and increasing diversity in American life. Until the mid-twentieth century most leading American schools remained nominally Protestant, but their Protestantism was typically of a liberal variety that emphasized the broad ethical ideals of the Western and Judeo-Christian heritage. After the attacks in the 1960s on the “WASP” privilege, the vestiges of that establishment in higher education were soon largely dismantled. By the late twentieth century exclusive secular viewpoints were often considered the normative standard in higher education. Originally published in 1994 as The Soul of the American University, this new edition carries the story into the twenty-first-century culture. In the disarray and diversity of the intellectual life of this arguably “postsecular” age there is increasing room in the academy for varieties of intellectually responsible religious viewpoints. Indeed, as a concluding chapter recounts, more traditionalist Christian scholars and institutions, Protestant as well as Catholic, have developed substantially in recent decades.
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Cressy, David. England's Islands in a Sea of Troubles. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856603.001.0001.
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This book deals with the peculiarities, privileges, and anomalies of England’s offshore communities, and their relationship to the central state from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Drawing on a wide range of manuscripts and printed sources, it shows how the Channel Islands, the Isles of Scilly, the Isle of Wight, the Isle of Man, Anglesey, and lesser island communities maintained distinctive cultural patterns and constitutional legacies, alongside deep involvement in the affairs of the nation. As outliers of English power, the islands were coveted by England’s enemies, yet often neglected by English regimes. They were smugglers’ haunts, pirate havens, and locales of shipwreck, as well as places of religious and political infighting. Differences of language, heritage, distance, and maritime isolation made them difficult to govern. In England’s civil war, they were divided and contested, some serving as refuges for defeated cavaliers, and suffering siege and conquest. Regimes from Charles I to James II used these islands to hold political prisoners, and Charles I himself experienced a year of confinement on the Isle of Wight. Examination of how governments handled difficulties and distractions at the insular margins, and how islanders coped with the centralizing demands of the state, sheds light on the dynamics and application of power across the early modern period. Taking their measure entails an innovative engagement with legal, social, political, constitutional, religious, military, maritime, and economic history.
Book chapters on the topic "Copepod culture"
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Kaviyarasan, M., and P. Santhanam. "A Technique on the Culture and Preservation of Marine Copepod Eggs." In Basic and Applied Zooplankton Biology, 197–208. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7953-5_6.
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Santhanam, P., S. Ananth, S. Dinesh Kumar, R. Sasirekha, C. Premkumar, S. Jeyanthi, and A. Shenbaga Devi. "An Intensive Culture Techniques of Marine Copepod Oithona rigida (Dioithona rigida) Giesbrecht." In Basic and Applied Zooplankton Biology, 367–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7953-5_17.
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Breteler, W. C. M. Klein, and N. Schogt. "Development of Acartia clausi (Copepoda, Calanoida) cultured at different conditions of temperature and food." In Ecology and Morphology of Copepods, 469–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1347-4_59.
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Perumal, Santhanam, S. Ananth, R. Nandakumar, T. Jayalakshmi, M. Kaviyarasan, and Perumal Pachiappan. "Intensive Indoor and Outdoor Pilot-Scale Culture of Marine Copepods." In Advances in Marine and Brackishwater Aquaculture, 33–42. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2271-2_4.
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Jothiraj, K., and P. Santhanam. "Optimisation of the Culture Conditions of Nannocalanus minor (Copepoda: Calanoida)." In Basic and Applied Zooplankton Biology, 225–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7953-5_8.
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Ananth, S., and P. Santhanam. "Intensive Culture, Biochemical Composition Analysis, and Use of Zooplankton Tisbe sp. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) as an Alternative Live Feed for Shrimp Larviculture." In Basic and Applied Zooplankton Biology, 329–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7953-5_15.
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Meyer Jepsen, Per, Kristian Syberg, Guillaume Drillet, and Benni Winding Hansen. "Planktonic Crustacean Culture—Live Planktonic Crustaceans as Live Feed for Finfish and Shrimps in Aquaculture." In Fisheries and Aquaculture, 342–66. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865627.003.0014.
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The cultivation of planktonic crustaceans as live feed is of paramount importance for the aquaculture and aquarium industries. The use of live cladocerans as feed for freshwater fish is limited to the aquarium industry, whereas Artemia and copepods are used to feed edible marine fish larvae with small mouth gape. Live feed production is expensive and time consuming; therefore, it is only used for fish that cannot be fed an inert diet directly, and only until they are ready for weaning to an inert diet. High-quality planktonic crustacean cultures are furthermore used to conduct environmental risk assessments for hazardous chemicals. Cladocerans are widely used for ecotoxicology testing, but Artemia and copepods are emerging as new model species. The present chapter reviews the culturing procedures of these important planktonic crustaceans: Artemia, cladocerans, and copepods. It discusses their use as live feed and as test organisms for environmental risk assessments. The culturing procedures are categorized into three complexity levels: Extensive, semi-extensive, and intensive. In general, the pros for Artemia and cladocerans are that they are easier to culture than copepods. Copepods are often more difficult in term of culture requirements and feeding. Nevertheless, copepods have the advantage of being in either freshwater or saline water, whereas cladocerans are limited to freshwater and Artemia to seawater. Artemia cysts and copepod eggs have a well-defined protocol for storage and distribution to aquaculture end users. Cladocerans, however, have the potential for the ephippia stage, although this is not well developed. For toxicological testing, three species are used: Artemia franciscana, Daphnia magna, and Acartia tonsa, with Artemia and A. tonsa in seawater testing, D. magna in freshwater testing. The chapter concludes with a comparative analysis of these organisms from use and culturing capability and demonstrates that there are strong similarities and challenges across these taxa.
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Cutts, Christopher J. "Culture of Harpacticoid Copepods: Potential as Live Feed for Rearing Marine Fish." In Advances in Marine Biology, 295–316. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2881(03)44005-4.
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Zaleha, Kassim, and Ibrahim Busr. "Culture of Harpacticoid Copepods: Understanding the Reproduction and Effect of Environmental Factors." In Aquaculture. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/28373.
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"Burbot: Ecology, Management, and Culture." In Burbot: Ecology, Management, and Culture, edited by Ryan Hardy, Vaughn L. Paragamian, and Matthew D. Neufeld. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569988.ch5.
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Abstract.—We examined the relative abundance of zooplankton populations and burbot <em>Lota lota </em>in six oligotrophic lakes and one river in British Columbia, Canada and the Kootenai River, Idaho, USA. Burbot were primarily sampled November through March, whereas zooplankton were sampled in May to coincide with larval burbot early growth. The highest zooplankton densities in the 2003 and 2004 sampling were in the Columbia, Moyie, and Trout lakes, while Columbia, Kootenay, and Moyie lakes were the highest in biomass. In the 2-year sample period, the highest densities of zooplankton identified in these lakes ranged from 68 to 400/L and biomass ranged from 154 to 1,350/µg/L × 10<sup>3</sup>. Taxonomic breakdown of zooplankton taxa shows that the majority of biomass of Crustacia species sampled was from the subclass Copepoda. When Cladoceran species were present in the sample, however, they made up the majority of the sample in both density and biomass. In all the water bodies sampled, rotifers made up the majority of the proportion of total density (60–92% of the total sample). Most water bodies exhibited rotifer: crustacean densities of approximately 1:1–2:1; the Kootenai River had rotifer:crustacean densities of 12:1 for both years sampled. During the sample period (1993– 2005), burbot were captured in each of the water bodies with known or sampled burbot populations. The highest catch per unit effort (CPUE) recorded was found in the Goat River with as high as 12.3 fish/net d. The Kootenai River had the lowest CPUE of burbot at 0.006 fish/net d. We conclude that trends in zooplankton percent composition may exist in these lakes and suggest that managers of burbot culture closely examine these proportions when choosing a location for extensive rearing in order to maximize survival of larvae through critical early life stages.
Reports on the topic "Copepod culture"
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Rabalais, Lauren, Jennifer Laird, Alan Kennedy, John Farrar, Guilherme Lotufo, and James Biedenbach. Acute Toxicity Testing and Culture Methods for Calanoid Copepods in Water Column (Elutriate) Toxicity Evaluations. Environmental Laboratory (U.S.), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/27968.
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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research. Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices. Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed. Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data. Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.