Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cooperative societies – Spain

Academic literature on the topic 'Cooperative societies – Spain'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Contents

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Cooperative societies – Spain.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Cooperative societies – Spain"

1

Dueñas Herrero, Laurentino Javier, and Riccardo Tonelli. "Difficulties relating to companies incorporated as cooperative societies in Italy and Spain." Revue de droit comparé du travail et de la sécurité sociale, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rdctss.4693.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Sulhan, Ahmad. "Islam Kontemporer: Antara Reformasi Dan Revolusi Peradaban." Ulumuna 12, no. 1 (November 5, 2017): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v12i1.395.

Full text
Abstract:
The 19th and 20th centuries were periods for main transformation in Muslim history: periods of degradation and conquest, independence and revolution, renaissance and reform. Toward the 19th century, world power moved from Muslim world to Europe. It was remarked by emerging power of British, France, Spain, Russia, Netherlands, Italy and Portuguese. They dominated Muslim societies in Asia, Africa, and Middle East in economic, military, politic and ideological aspects. Muslim societies’ responses to Europe domination were diverse from rejection and confrontation to emigration and non-cooperative attitudes of traditional Muslim. They planned reform, reconstructed Islamic thinking and beliefs, reformed theology and Islamic law, and emphasized Muslim’s self-esteem significance, unity and solidarity in facing cultural threats and Europe colonialism. However, not few secular Muslims and reformers, were proud and greatly imitated Europe civilization and cultures. They did secularization that ended khalifah system in order to reconstruct Muslim societies.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Belda-Miquel, Sergio, Victoria Pellicer-Sifres, and Alejandra Boni. "Exploring the Contribution of Grassroots Innovations to Justice: Using the Capability Approach to Normatively Address Bottom-Up Sustainable Transitions Practices." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 30, 2020): 3617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093617.

Full text
Abstract:
There is growing interest in the potential of grassroots innovations for the transition towards more just and sustainable societies. Nevertheless, there is lack of clear normative discussion regarding these processes. The paper strives to propose and test a framework that enables an analysis of how and in which sense specific grassroots innovation processes may be contributing to the construction of more just societies. To this end, we connect elements of the multi-level perspective on sociotechnical transitions (frequently used in the analysis of grassroots innovations) with elements of the capability approach, which offers a multi-dimensional perspective to justice. The framework is used to address two purposively selected empirical cases in two key sectors in Spain: an energy cooperative and a food purchasing group. We draw on the information of 25 individual interviews with members of these two cases, on observation, and on secondary sources. Information was processed by means of a qualitative content analysis. We draw on predefined categories from the framework, which was refined during the analysis. The paper illustrates that grassroots innovations may be contributing to justice in several aspects: they expand capabilities in different dimensions, improve public reasoning processes, and create better structural conditions for human flourishing. Nevertheless, these processes are not free of tensions and contradictions.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Caballero, Rafael. "Castile—La Mancha: A once traditional and integrated cereal—sheep farming system under change." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 14, no. 4 (December 1999): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300008389.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractFarming systems are often complex elaborations of the human societies to which they belong, with many traditional and social implications. Untangling the main social and structural constraints may improve productivity without an increase in environmental costs. Integration of cereal and sheep farming throughout the Mediterranean basin has been traditional. Mutually beneficial relationships between the sheep industry and cereal farming, and the vital role of forage legumes in meeting the modest needs of sheep for nitrogen, are stressed. This agropastoral system, however, is endangered in central Spain mainly because the pastoralist (sheep owner) is land-less, while the cultivator (land owner) has little interest in enforcing the law; fees for grazing rights are very low. Farmers, particularly young farmers, reject the current sheep operation because of the harsh working conditions. Restructuring of the grazing system would require a new policy scenario that would link European Union farm subsidies to structural reforms and would stress cooperative behavior.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

CURRY, JOHN, HAN DONKER, and RICHARD KREHBIEL. "DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS IN ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES: THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 14, no. 01 (March 2009): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946709001119.

Full text
Abstract:
This study examines the historical development of corporate governance structures in First Nations communities in British Columbia, where development corporations are employed to assist privately-owned and community-owned entrepreneurial enterprises. First Nations entrepreneurial activity functions in an environment where business must market to a global economy while preserving traditional values, beliefs and other cultural elements. A brief history of First Nations and their enterprise development efforts is presented. Empirical research findings describe the close relationship between local community and corporate goals and identify conflicts of interest between political leaders and management of development corporations. The evidence demonstrates entrepreneurial success and economic development of First Nations communities rely on an independent decision-making process within business development corporations. An alternative business model is developed utilizing the empirical research, social enterprise literature and the unique regional cooperative model of the Mondragon region of Spain. The new model respects the land base and other environmental and social values while providing a framework for economic success. Exploration of this unique enterprise-to-region development model, which incorporates consideration for the natural environment and social and cultural values, offers lessons to other societies and regions that will assist in the movement toward an economic system based on concepts of sustainability.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Martini, Sergio, and Mariano Torcal. "Trust across political conflicts: Evidence from a survey experiment in divided societies." Party Politics 25, no. 2 (December 29, 2016): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068816685933.

Full text
Abstract:
The implications of intergroup political conflicts for social cooperation are still an understudied topic. We report on two online survey experiments in which we implement multiple trust games to assess the impact of different political conflicts on trust behaviour in two national samples in Spain and Portugal. The results suggest that citizens’ social trust is heavily affected by partisanship, favouring in-group party members over out-group party identifiers. This finding is robust in both countries, although the partisanship overall effect seems to be stronger in Spain, which has a more polarized party system. Moreover, the effect involves all parties despite their size and ideology. However, trust among different partisans mirrors interparty positioning. A second study for the Spanish case shows that the partisanship treatment is the one affecting trust the most, followed by the ideological and regional conflicts, which are usually considered long-standing divides with a greater impact in European democracies.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

PAQUETTE, GABRIEL B. "State-Civil Society Cooperation and Conflict in the Spanish Empire: The Intellectual and Political Activities of the Ultramarine Consulados and Economic Societies, c. 1780–1810." Journal of Latin American Studies 39, no. 2 (May 2007): 263–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x07002386.

Full text
Abstract:
This article analyses the intellectual and political activities of the newly-created consulados and Economic Societies in Spanish America between 1780 and 1810. It argues that these institutions decisively shaped both the formulation and implementation of metropolitan policy. Colonial elites used the consulados and Economic Societies as a vehicle to pursue licensed privilege and moderate, incremental reform in the context of a revivified, socio-economically stable Old Regime. They embraced the Bourbon reforms and used them to their advantage. Judging from consulado documents, the prevailing relationship between civil society and the state in Spanish America, at least until the late 1790s, was amicable and mutually supportive. After that time, mainly due to the disruption of Atlantic commerce, close co-operation gave way to conflict, but always within the framework of a cohesive empire. Drawing on archives in Argentina, Chile, Cuba and Spain, this essay traces the coalescence of numerous local intelligentsias that collaborated, to varying degrees, in the renovation of imperial governance and, simultaneously, incubated a robust public sphere in the nascent polities which gradually emerged after the collapse of Spanish royal authority in 1808.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Torrijos-Castrillejo, David. "Proclaiming the Divine Logos to the Man of the Future." Studia Nauk Teologicznych PAN, no. 16 (December 2, 2021): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/snt.12456.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper studies the cooperation of theology in the new evangelization in societies of ancient Christian tradition which are suffering an advanced process of secularization. It begins with Spain, where a recent debate on the influence of Christian intellectuals on social life suggests the ineffectiveness of ecclesiastical resources in transmitting the rich Catholic doctrinal heritage. Then the author deals with the idiosyncrasy of contemporary man, which lies near the one of the immediate future’s man: an uprooted subject who does not believe that life has any meaning, is deeply marked by emotivism and attaches little significance to truth. The theology of tomorrow cannot feed this emotivism but must be proactive in its own way. The proclamation of the Gospel is not different from the exposition of the Church’s doctrine. To detach evangelization from the teaching of Christian doctrine cannot help the encounter with Christ. In order to succeed in transmitting this doctrine by making it suggestive, theologians should work together with experts in communication.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Saigí-Rubió, Francesc, Hans Eguia, Albert Espelt, Salvador Macip, and Marina Bosque-Prous. "Hesitation about coronavirus vaccines in healthcare professionals and general population in Spain." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): e0277899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277899.

Full text
Abstract:
Background This study attempts to provide a picture of the hesitancy to vaccination against COVID-19 in Spain during the 2021 spring-autumn vaccination campaign, both in the general population and in healthcare professionals. Methods The participants were recruited using social media such as Facebook and Twitter, in addition to the cooperation of health personnel contacted with the collaboration of medical scientific societies. A cross-sectional study was carried out that included the response of an online questionnaire. The data were collected from April 30 to September 26, 2021. To assess the different associations between variables to be measured, we fit Poisson regression models with robust variance. Results Responses were obtained from 3,850 adults from the general population group and 502 health professionals. Of the overall sample, 48.6% of participants from the general population were vaccinated against COVID-19, whereas in the healthcare professionals, 94.8% were vaccinated. The prevalence of general population vaccination increased with age, and was higher in women than men. Most participants did not show a preference for any vaccine itself. However, the prevalence of people vaccinated with their preferred vaccine was higher for the ones vaccinated with Pfizer’s vaccine. 6.5% of the general population reported being reticent to be vaccinated. People from younger age groups, people with lower educational levels and those who were not from a risk group showed greater reluctance to be vaccinated. No gender differences in reluctancy were found. Conclusions Health professionals were significantly less likely to refuse vaccination even though they had more doubts about the safety and efficacy of vaccines. On the other hand, younger people, those with a lower level of education and those who were not from a risk group were the most hesitant.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Yashchuk, Sergiy. "Forming of Students’ Professional Legal Competency: Foreign Experience." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2016-0034.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThe article deals with analysis of future social workers’ training in the context of forming students’ professional legal competency in higher education institutions of European Union (EU), the USA and Ukraine. Based on the study of scientific and reference sources the peculiarities of the educational process in the most popular higher education institutions, particularly, in EU, offering Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Social Work have been defined: in France there is no distinct differentiation between social workers and social pedagogues; these professions successfully combine functions of education and assistance; future social workers are trained in centers and universities that follow instructions of French National Academy for Youth Protection and Juvenile Justice; at German universities social work curricula are based on threefold study load of future specialists: world societies and social development, social problems and human rights violation, international rights in social work; are interdisciplinary and can be realized in cooperation with other European universities; at British universities teachers have great practical experience in social work; student body is cosmopolitan, i.e. a mixture of mature and young students from different ethnic groups and nationalities; curricula also provide for a large volume of practical learning in working conditions corresponding to national requirements; in Spain future specialists are trained for three appropriate segments of labour market, namely, law, social work expert and Master in Social Work (such specializations as social mediation, leisure time activities, professional adaptation).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cooperative societies – Spain"

1

OBIETA, Antonio. "Application of cooperative principles to a business organization : the Mondragon case." Doctoral thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5663.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic "Cooperative societies – Spain"

1

King, Whyte Kathleen, ed. Making Mondragon: The growth and dynamics of the worker cooperative complex. 2nd ed. Ithaca, N.Y: ILR Press, 1991.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Madrid (Spain : Region). Consejo Económico y Social. Informe 4/01 sobre el proyecto de Decreto por el que se crea el Consejo de Promoción de la Economía Social de la Comunidad de Madrid. Madrid]: Consejo Económico y Social, Comunidad de Madrid, 2001.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Pleasure, power, and technology: Some tales of gender, engineering, and the cooperative workplace. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Hacker, Sally. Pleasure, power and technology: Some tales of gender, engineering, and the cooperative workplace. London: Routledge, 1992.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Hacker, Sally. Pleasure, power, and technology: Some tales of gender, engineering, and the cooperative workplace. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Desarrollo y significado del proceso estatizador en la experiencia colectivista catalana, 1936-1939. Mostoles, Madrid: Nossa y Jara, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

The myth of Mondragón: Cooperatives, politics, and working-class life in a Basque town. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Europe, United States Congress Commission on Security and Cooperation in. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session : Vienna followup meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe by Ambassador Warren Zimmermann, September 11, 1986. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session : Vienna followup meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe by Ambassador Warren Zimmermann, September 11, 1986. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Europe, United States Congress Commission on Security and Cooperation in. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundredth Congress, first session. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Cooperative societies – Spain"

1

Bakar, Osman. "Enhancing Dialogue Between Religious Traditions." In Pathways to Contemporary Islam. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462987593_ch09.

Full text
Abstract:
This chapter provides an overview of Islam’s historical experiences in interreligious dialogue through highlights of its ‘golden ages’ in this particular domain of multicultural societal living within its civilization. It examines these golden ages in interreligious dialogue in three notable geo-cultural and historical settings—Muslim-ruled Spain, Chinese Islam in Ming-ruled China, and Indian Islam under Mughal rule—following an introductory discussion of Muslim exemplary treatment of non-Muslims during the rule of the first four Caliphs succeeding the Prophet Muhammad. On the basis of this discussion the author concludes that it is generally the case that interreligious dialogue and cooperation presents itself as a necessary contributory factor of the Golden Age of all religiously pluralistic societies, especially of Islamic civilization.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Castells, Manuel. "Global Networks and Local Societies: Cities in the Information Age." In Globalization, Globalism, Environments, and Environmentalism. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199264520.003.0010.

Full text
Abstract:
Cities are a major source of intellectual creativity and political engagement. We have not finished, and we will never finish, understanding the transformation of cities and the impact of this transformation on society and culture at large. The focus for this chapter is what I would call the great twenty-first century urban paradox—an urban world without cities. Let me try to explain first, and then go into the details of the analysis. I would say that cities have been throughout history sources of cultural creativity, technological innovation, material progress and political democratization. By bringing together people of multicultural origins and by establishing communication channels and systems of cooperation, cities have induced synergy from diversity, dynamic stability from competition, order from chaos. However, with the coming of the information age cities as specific social systems seem to be challenged by the related processes of globalization and informationalization. New communication technologies appear to supersede the functional need for spatial proximity as the basis for economic efficiency and personal interaction. The emergence of a global economy and of global communication systems subdue the local to the global, blurring social meaning and hampering political control traditionally exercised from and by localities. Flows seem to overwhelm places as human interaction increasingly relies on electronic communication networks. Therefore, cities as specific forms of social organization and cultural expression, materially rooted in spatially concentrated human settlements, could be made obsolete in the new technological environment. Yet, the paradox is that with the coming of the techno-economic system, urbanization— simply understood as spatial concentration—is in fact accelerated. We are reaching a predominantly urban world, which before 2005 will include for the first time in history at least 50 per cent of the planet’s population in cities. Core activities and a growing proportion of people are and will be concentrated in multimillion metropolitan regions. This pattern of social–spatial evolution could lead to what I call urbanization without cities. As, on the one hand, people concentrate in spatial settlements, at the same time suburban sprawl defuses people and activities in a very wide metropolitan span.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Kattel, Rainer, and Ines Mergel. "Estonia’s Digital Transformation." In Great Policy Successes, 143–60. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843719.003.0008.

Full text
Abstract:
Estonia’s transition to free-market capitalism and liberal democracy is marked by three distinct features: economic success, digital transformation of its public sector, and a rapid increase and persistence of social inequality in Estonia. Indeed, Estonia has become one of the most unequal societies in Europe. Economic success and increasing social inequality can be explained as different sides of the same coin: a neoliberal policy mix opened markets and allowed globalization to play out its drama on a domestic stage, creating winners and losers. Yet Estonia has been highly successful in its digital agenda. Particularly interesting is how the country’s public sector led the digital transformation within this highly neoliberal policy landscape. While within economic policy, Estonia did indeed follow the famed invisible hand in rapidly liberalizing markets, in ICT, Estonia seems to have followed an entirely different principle of policymaking. In this domain, policy has followed the principle of the hiding hand, coined by Albert Hirschman: policy-makers sometimes take on tasks they think they can solve without realizing all the challenges and risks involved— and this may result in unexpected learning and creativity. The success of Estonia’s e-government has much to do with the principle of the hiding hand: naïvety and optimism propelled initial ‘crazy ideas’ in the early 1990s to become ingrained in ICT policy, enabling the creation of multiple highly cooperative and overlapping networks that span public–private boundaries.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Sander, Nikola, and Guy J. Abel. "The Future of International Migration." In World Population & Human Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813422.003.0011.

Full text
Abstract:
Migration is a key means by which human beings act to preserve or enhance their well-being. Since Homo sapiens first emerged in Africa about 200,000 years ago, geographic mobility has been a prominent strategy for human adaptation and improvement (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994). In modern societies, people most commonly migrate to further their economic position or to join family members who migrated before them (Massey et al., 1993). Yet, many others move, both temporarily and permanently, with the more explicit purpose of reducing social, economic, political, or environmental vulnerability (Bardsley and Hugo, 2010; Hunter, 2005; Lundquist and Massey, 2005). All of these forms of human mobility frequently span international borders, oftentimes despite substantial barriers to transborder movement. Estimates of migration flows are the expression of these heterogeneous motivations. As the drivers of migration also vary conspicuously across nations (Clark et al., 2004; Massey and Sana, 2003) and evolve over time within countries (Lindstrom and Ramírez, 2010; Massey, 1990; Massey et al., 1994), they are particularly difficult to forecast. As we show in this chapter, even developing a homogeneous series of baseline estimates at a global level is very complex (Abel, 2013a), further complicating forecasting efforts. Reliable baseline estimates are hard to obtain, for instance, given differences in the definitions across countries of what is an international migrant (Kupiszewska and Nowok, 2008) and owing to the presence of sizable irregular or unauthorized flows in some nations (e.g. Passel et al., 2009). Notwithstanding these difficulties, international migration has increasingly become, and will remain, a crucial component of the population dynamics of many sending and receiving nations. While only 2 per cent of the world’s population lives outside of their country of birth, this figure is above 10 per cent for nationals of countries like Mexico and El Salvador. Foreign-born shares are also substantial relative to the population of many migrant-receiving countries, with levels above 10 per cent (in some cases well above) in North America, most of Western Europe and Oceania, and parts of South East Asia. At the extreme, this share has reached levels of 60–80 per cent in some age groups in the oil-producing nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Cooperative societies – Spain"

1

Carabal-Montagud, María Ángeles, Virginia Santamarina Campos, María Del Val Segarra Oña, and María Blanca De Miguel-Molina. "Desarrollo de la competencia tecnológica en el marco STEAM para la docencia universitaria: experiencia en el Museu de Belles Arts de València." In IN-RED 2020: VI Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inred2020.2020.11971.

Full text
Abstract:
STEAM is an innovative teaching-learning process based on Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Maths competences. Accordingly with this new approach, a team of Fine Arts and Management professors are currently leading an innovative project based on "Applying STEAM Strategies in the Social Sciences and Arts Areas”. The objective is to establish links between the different STEAM competences -science, technology, engineering, art and mathematics- as a common element in classrooms, enhancing technological training. This new approach motivates students and connects teaching to present society’s needs. In this paper we present an analysis of a teaching experience outside the classroom, developed at the Museu de Belles Arts in Valencia (Spain). In this activity, several tools that use technology with which the students are familiar are used, in which is called “BYOD” (Bring Your Own Device). In this case we analyze the use of the photography as a teaching tool. Some of the characteristics of the activity include free time and different spaces at the museum, DIY -Do it Yourself-, cooperative teamwork, peer learning, integration of theory into practice, flexible thinking and analytical skills. The activity looks to motivate them through gamification. After data collection, debriefing is used for integrating results.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Scientific Committee, EAAE-ARCC-IC. "EAAE-ARCC International Conference & 2nd VIBRArch: The architect and the city. Vol. 2." In EAAE-ARCC International Conference & 2nd VIBRArch. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/eaae-arcc-ic.2020.13832.

Full text
Abstract:
Contemporary thinking regarding architecture is nowadays rather dispersed. But most authors totally agree in the characteristics of the modern subject who inhabits it. This subject is rational, employs several logics and language resources, has articulated complex societies and organizational structures and has created cities to meet and grow. This anthropological relation between architecture and city has gone through different stages in recent times. In the first half of the twentieth century, cities took the initiative by means of their experts as a direct extension of a society which was questioning many aspects of obedience. However, the second half of the twentieth century was marked by a more acquiescent temper, with profitability and productivity in the foreground. As a result, their remarkable growing often has blurred them, habitational products are not connected with social subjects and development initiative is taken by productive sectors. Facing this situation, architecture has recently made a move and has retaken the initiative leaded by a third revisionist generation which employs different cultural variables such as alterity, applied sociology or social activism. Debates on sustainability, landscape, environment, new documentary frameworks and mapping processes, have set the place for new reflections on: limits, borders, traces, surroundings-city interaction, compact or diffuse cities, and many more. Along with such a themed view new topics such as revisiting the rural, have emerged. This third way has collaterally connected with new parameters derived from committed activism such as cooperation, development, third world, urban overcrowdings, residual fabrics, refugee camps, and others which have incorporated new material and strategic discourses on recycling, crowdfunding or low-cost. The profusion of divisions of the problem has characterized a time of fragmented tests, with a noticeable loss of general perspective and where the architects’ responsibility about the cities has again broken through but in a fairly hesitant and slow way. Against this background, a fourth and contemporary and critical generation is characterized by the cohesion of speeches, positions and approaches. With an inclusive, transversal and revisionist nature, incorporates and revisits concepts such as feminism, gender, childhood, shelter, migration, wealth, transversality, glocality, interculturality, multiculturality and many more. Hence, we nowadays face the challenge of refounding the concept of city for the future generations, subjected to the duality of the inherited city and its expansion, to the duality of what is consigned and what is missing. The 2020 edition of the EAAE-ARCC International Conference to be held in Valencia, Spain, along with the 2nd edition of the Valencia International Biennial of Research in Architecture will welcome keynote speakers and papers that explore the future of cities and the regained leading role that architects should have in its design.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Cooperative societies – Spain' for particular source types:
Journal articles Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography