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Journal articles on the topic 'Cooling solutions'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Zobler, Markus, and Eike Mantwill. "Cooling Solutions for Laser Applications." Laser Technik Journal 15, no. 3 (June 2018): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/latj.201800020.

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2

Tian, S., T. Takken, V. Mahaney, C. Marroquin, M. Schultz, M. Hoffmeyer, Y. Yao, K. Oconnell, A. Yuksel, and P. Coteus. "Summit and Sierra supercomputer cooling solutions." IBM Journal of Research and Development 64, no. 3/4 (May 1, 2020): 5:1–5:12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2019.2958902.

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3

Stern, Jonathan, Drummond Fielding, Claude-André Faucher-Giguère, and Eliot Quataert. "Cooling flow solutions for the circumgalactic medium." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488, no. 2 (July 11, 2019): 2549–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1859.

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ABSTRACT In several models of galaxy formation feedback occurs in cycles or mainly at high redshift. At times and in regions where feedback heating is ineffective, hot gas in the galaxy halo is expected to form a cooling flow, where the gas advects inward on a cooling timescale. Cooling flow solutions can thus be used as a benchmark for observations and simulations to constrain the timing and extent of feedback heating. Using analytic calculations and idealized 3D hydrodynamic simulations, we show that for a given halo mass and cooling function, steady-state cooling flows form a single-parameter family of solutions, while initially hydrostatic gaseous haloes converge on one of these solutions within a cooling time. The solution is thus fully determined once either the mass inflow rate ${\dot{M}}$ or the total halo gas mass are known. In the Milky Way halo, a cooling flow with ${\dot{M}}$ equal to the star formation rate predicts a ratio of the cooling time to the free-fall time of ∼10, similar to some feedback-regulated models. This solution also correctly predicts observed $\rm{O\,{\small VII}}$ and $\rm{O\,{\small VIII}}$ absorption columns, and the gas density profile implied by $\rm{O\,{\small VII}}$ and $\rm{O\,{\small VIII}}$ emission. These results suggest ongoing heating by feedback may be negligible in the inner Milky-Way halo. Extending similar solutions out to the cooling radius however underpredicts observed $\rm{O\,{\small VI}}$ columns around the Milky-Way and around other low-redshift star-forming galaxies. This can be reconciled with the successes of the cooling flow model with either a mechanism which preferentially heats the $\rm{O\,{\small VI}}$-bearing outer halo, or alternatively if $\rm{O\,{\small VI}}$ traces cool photoionized gas beyond the accretion shock. We also demonstrate that the entropy profiles of some of the most relaxed clusters are reasonably well described by a cooling flow solution.
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4

Lieberman, Ya L., S. V. Lukinskikh, and D. M. Musina. "IMPROVED REMOVAL FROM THE CUTTING AREA WHEN TURNING WITH AN INTERNAL AIR-COOLED CUTTER." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 302 (May 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.2022.05.pp.003-009.

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The article studies the influence of design solutions on heat sink when turning with a cutter with internal air-cooling. A cutter design with increased heat sink has been developed. This design allows to significantly expanding the scope of use of cutters with internal air-cooling instead of traditional cutters with coolant.
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5

Leylek, J. H., and R. D. Zerkle. "Discrete-Jet Film Cooling: A Comparison of Computational Results With Experiments." Journal of Turbomachinery 116, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929422.

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Large-scale computational analyses have been conducted and results compared with experiments to understand coolant jet and crossflow interaction in discrete-jet film cooling. Detailed three-dimensional elliptic Navier–Stokes solutions, with high-order turbuence modeling, are presented for film cooling using a new model enabling simultaneous solution of fully coupled flow in plenum, film-hole, and cross-stream regions. Computations are carried out for the following range of film cooling parameters typically found in gas turbine airfoil applications: single row of jets with a film-hole length-to-diameter ratio of 1.75 and 3.5; blowing ratio from 0.5 up to 2; coolant-to-crossflow density ratio of 2; streamwise injection angle of 35 deg; and pitch-to-diameter ratio of 3. Comparison of computational solutions with experimental data give good agreement. Moreover, the current results complement experiments and support previous interpretations of measured data and flow visualization. The results also explain important aspects of film cooling, such as the development of complex flow within the film-hole in addition to the well-known counterrotating vortex structure in the cross-stream.
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6

Grosu, Vicentiu, Chris Lindgren, Tamas Vejsz, Ya-Chi Chen, and Avijit Bhunia. "Thermal Management Solutions for Network File Server Used in Avionics Applications." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 000419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-wa24.

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In the modern era of commercial aviation there is an increasing need for establishing on-aircraft networks that interconnect legacy avionics systems for the purpose of data collection, health monitoring, and software management. At the heart of these networks are flightworthy file servers that perform similar functions to servers used in ground-based IT infrastructures. However, the size, weight, and power constraints for airborne servers are significantly more challenging than the constraints placed on groundbased equipment. As a result, the critical goals in the development of aircraft network systems are reducing the size and weight, maximizing the performance and reliability, and reducing cost. One of the main challenges includes dissipating high power in small packages within a confined space. This makes thermal management a critical component of the overall LRU (Line-Replaceable Unit) design. In addition, passive cooling systems are often required in place of internal fans in order to improve long-term reliability of the system. This presents another set of challenges, such as optimizing the airflow provided by the aircraft in the electronics compartment. This paper will present some of the critical elements of thermal management such as heat sinking, component placement, thermal interface materials, thermal vias, thermal links, heat spreader, packaging approaches and cooling strategies. The design and optimization of this system are based on analytical solutions, conjugated heat transfer and experimental results. Thermal management solutions must enable reliable operation under various environmental conditions: ground operation, flight operation, high operating temperature and loss of cooling air. Each environmental condition has different parameters for coolant airflow rate, effect of the surroundings, and ambient and coolant air temperature. Cooling airflow analyses were performed using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). We have identified multiple approaches to remove heat from the critical components through optimization of the components and subsystems. These same approaches also serve to increase the system's performance and reliability.
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7

Danilov, V. V., V. A. Smirnov, and V. B. Shilov. "Laser cooling of solutions of complex molecules." Journal of Optical Technology 71, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.71.000123.

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8

Pokhodyaev, S. B., Yu I. Anoshkin, N. G. Pimenkova, and Yu S. Pokhodyaeva. "New design solutions for hybrid cooling towers." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 44, no. 4 (July 2008): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-008-0047-9.

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9

Garcia, Raycon Roberto Freitas, Ana Carina Nogueira Vasconcelos, Jayme Aparecido Povh, Eneder Rosana Oberst, Lidiane Raquel Eloy, and Danilo Pedro Streit Junior. "Different extenders solutions for tambaqui semen cooling." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 51, no. 6 (June 2016): 780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000600011.

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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of extenders solutions in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) semen cooling at 6°C. The treatments consisted of semen dilutions with three extenders - BTS, HBSS, and ACP-104 -, and a control with undiluted semen. Cooled semen was evaluated by 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. There were differences for the duration of motility and fertilization rates among the semen dilutions. Motility duration proved a highly variable evaluation after 72 hours. Dilution testing can be performed by the three products, and cooling storage for 72 hours is most effective with BTS extender.
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10

El-Masri, M. A. "On Thermodynamics of Gas-Turbine Cycles: Part 2—A Model for Expansion in Cooled Turbines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 108, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239862.

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While raising turbine inlet temperature improves the efficiency of the gas-turbine cycle, the increasing turbine-cooling losses become a limiting factor. Detailed prediction of those losses is a complex process, thought to be possible only for specific designs and operating conditions. A general, albeit approximate, model is presented to quantify those cooling losses for different types of cooling technologies. It is based upon representing the turbine as an expansion path with continuous, rather than discrete, work extraction. This enables closed-form solutions to be found for the states along the expansion path as well as turbine work output. The formulation shows the key factor in determining the cooling losses is the parameter scaling the ratio of heat to work fluxes loading the machine surfaces. Solutions are given for three cases: internal air-cooling, transpiration air cooling, and internal liquid cooling. The first and second cases represent lower and upper bounds respectively for the performance of film-cooled machines. Irreversibilities arising from flow-path friction, heat transfer, cooling air throttling, and mixing of coolant and mainstream are quantified and compared. Sample calculations for the performance of open and combined cycles with cooled turbines are presented. The dependence and sensitivity of the results to the various loss mechanisms and assumptions is shown. Results in this paper pertain to Brayton-cycle gas turbines with the three types of cooling mentioned. Reheat gas turbines are more sensitive to cooling losses due to the larger number of high-temperature stages. Those are considered in Part 3.
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11

Goruganthu, Rama R. "Thermal Solutions for Device Analysis of Integrated Circuits." EDFA Technical Articles 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2004-4.p012.

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Abstract This article discusses the generation of heat that occurs in ICs during failure analysis and examines the effectiveness of various die cooling techniques including heat spreading films, spray cooling, and liquid and air jet impingement.
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12

Karankevich, E. G., Z. I. Kuvaeva, L. V. Kulbitskaya, and A. S. Popov. "Effect of crystallization conditions on modafinil substance polymorphism." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 58, no. 4 (November 28, 2022): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2022-58-4-360-368.

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The effect of the crystallization conditions of modafinil from its methanol solutions on the polymorphic state of the resulting substance was studied using the X-ray powder diffraction method. It is shown that changes in the cooling rate and the concentration of saturated solutions have an effect on obtaining samples of the modafinil substance with differences in diffractometric characteristics. Moreover, the cooling rate practically does not affect the yield of the crystalline product, which depends on the degree of saturation of crystallization solutions. It was found that the I polymorphic form of modafinil can be obtained from modafinil solutions with a concentration in the range of 0.34–0.44 M with slow cooling of solutions, mainly with a temperature gradient of 5–10 °C/hour to a temperature of 5 ± 2 °C. An increase in the cooling rate of saturated solutions and their concentration >0.44 M leads to the production of mixed polymorphic forms of modafinil crystals.
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13

GORSHENIN, Andrey S., Yulia I. RAKHIMOVA, and Natalya P. KRASNOVA. "STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMIZING THE FACTORS OF THE HEAT EXCHANGE MODEL OF ALUMINUM INGOTS IN THE COOLING CHAMBER." Urban construction and architecture 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.01.19.

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Casting in a cooled mold is the main way to produce aluminum semi-finished products - round ingots. Continuous casting leads to the formation of a heterogeneous structure. Its elimination occurs during heat treatment - homogenization annealing followed by cooling in the chamber. To study the heat exchange between aluminum ingots and cooling coolant in the chamber, a mathematical model was developed. She showed that the cooling time of ingots in the chamber depends on structural and operational factors. This paper is devoted to the optimization of the design factors of the mathematical model of heat transfer in the cooling chamber of aluminum ingots. The questions of optimization criteria are considered, the objective function with restrictions on the set of feasible solutions of the function is defined.
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14

Patel, Saurabh, and Jatin Patel. "Next generation air conditioner for sustainable cooling solutions." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1146, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1146/1/012017.

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15

Seiler, Matthias, Annett Kühn, Felix Ziegler, and Xinming Wang. "Sustainable Cooling Strategies Using New Chemical System Solutions." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52, no. 47 (November 13, 2013): 16519–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie401297u.

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16

Tolstousov, A. V., and O. A. Bannykh. "Cooling capacity of aqueous solutions of sulfite liquor." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 31, no. 9 (September 1989): 683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00717488.

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17

Pashinin, Pavel P., V. N. Semin, and A. T. Sukhodol'skiĭ. "Stratified solutions for cooling of flashlamp-pumped lasers." Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 18, no. 4 (April 30, 1988): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1988v018n04abeh012101.

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18

Morris, D., G. H. Harding, M. P. Cox, and D. Lunt. "Cooling solutions for high heat load optics (abstract)." Review of Scientific Instruments 67, no. 9 (September 1996): 3354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146933.

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19

Shakhrai, S. G., N. V. Nemchinova, V. V. Kondrat’ev, V. V. Mazurenko, and E. L. Shcheglov. "Engineering Solutions for Cooling Aluminum Electrolyzer Exhaust Gases." Metallurgist 60, no. 9-10 (January 2017): 973–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-017-0394-z.

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20

Le Masson, Stéphane, David Nörtershäuser, Denise Mondieig, and Hasna Louahlia-Gualous. "Towards passive cooling solutions for mobile access network." annals of telecommunications - annales des télécommunications 67, no. 3-4 (January 7, 2012): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12243-011-0283-6.

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21

Price, A. M., S. E. Webber, and J. G. Widdicombe. "Osmolality affects ion and water fluxes and secretion in the ferret trachea." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 2788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.6.2788.

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Nonisosmolar solutions were placed in the lumen of the ferret trachea in vitro in an organ bath. Hyposmolar (150 mmol/kg) solutions progressively increased in osmolarity over 1 h. Increases in luminal concentration of impermeant blue dextran occurred only after 5 min, suggesting that the initial changes were due to ion rather than water fluxes. With hyperosmolar solutions the osmolarity decreased over 1 h with no change in blue dextran concentration, indicating that ion but not water fluxes were taking place. Cooling the preparation to 4 degrees C greatly reduced the osmolaity changes with hyperosmolar solutions and halved those with hyposmolar solutions, suggesting that active ion transport was involved. Hyposmolar (75–150 mmol/kg) and hyperosmolar (450–900 mmol/kg) solutions both increased albumin output into the lumen, but the response was prevented by cooling the trachea to 4 degrees C. Hyposmolar and hyperosmolar solutions both increased the output of lysozyme from glandular serous cells into the lumen. The response to hyposmolar solutions was stronger. Cooling the trachea abolished the lysozyme response to hyperosmolar solutions. Thus hypo- and hyperosmolar solutions promote ion transport in directions to restore isosmolarity. Both nonisosmolar solutions promote albumin movement by active transport across the mucosa and lysozyme secretion from submucosal glands, responses inhibited by tracheal cooling and therefore dependent on metabolically active processes.
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22

Kim, S. J., and D. Kim. "Forced Convection in Microstructures for Electronic Equipment Cooling." Journal of Heat Transfer 121, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826027.

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This paper reports analytical solutions for both velocity and temperature profiles in Microchannel heat sinks by modeling the Microchannel heat sink as a fluid-saturated porous medium. The analytical solutions are obtained based on the modified Darcy model for fluid flow and the two-equation model for heat transfer. To validate the porous medium model and the analytical solutions based on that model, the closed-form solution for the velocity distribution in the fully-developed channel flow and the numerical solutions for the conjugate heat transfer problem, comprising the solid fin and the fluid, are also obtained. The analytical solutions based on the porous medium model are shown to predict the volume-averaged velocity and temperature distributions quite well. Using the analytical solutions, the aspect ratio and the effective thermal conductivity ratio are identified as variables of engineering importance and their effects on fluid flow and heat transfer are studied. As either one of these variables increases, the fluid temperature is shown to approach the solid temperature. Finally, the expression for the total thermal resistance, derived from the analytical solutions and the geometry of the microchannel heat sink for which the thermal resistance of the heat sink is minimal, is obtained.
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23

Wan Mohd. Arif Aziz Japar, Nor Azwadi Che Sidik, R. Saidur, Natrah Kamaruzaman, Yutaka Asako, Siti Nurul Akmal Yusof, and Mohd Nizam Lani. "Hybrid Microchannel Heat Sink with Sustainable Cooling Solutions: Experimental Analysis." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 89, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/aram.89.1.16.

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Miniaturization and utilization of low-dimensional structures of recent electronic devices have witnessed some new micro cooling methods which can fulfil the cooling demand for the electronic devices. Microchannel heat sink (MCHS) is one of the micro cooling method which appears as a promising method that can provide high heat transfer rate due to small hydraulic diameter. Furthermore, microchannel heat sink is easy to be fabricated compare to other micro cooling device. Due to fast development in electronic industry, hybrid microchannel heat sink with optimal design has received a great deal of attention in order to provide sustainable cooling solutions. However, most of the studies of hybrid microchannel heat sink only provided the numerical analysis without any validation of the proposed design experimentally. This is very important since it also will determine whether the proposed hybrid microchannel heat sink can be fabricated or not. Therefore, the aim of this article is to validate the numerical model of hybrid microchannel heat sink (TC-RR-SC MCHS) experimentally. The validation result showed that the maximum discrepancy between both simulation and experimental analyses for Nusselt number and friction factor were 15.8% and 17.4%, respectively, which is less than 20%.
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24

Serdyuk, Marina, Dmitrij Stepanenko, Svitlana Baiberova, Nonna Gaprindashvili, and Alina Kulik. "THE STUDY OF METHODS OF PRELIMINARY COOLING OF FRUITS." EUREKA: Life Sciences 3 (May 31, 2016): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2016.00148.

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The studies were aimed at scientific grounding of expedience of combination of preliminary cooling of apples, pears and plums and their processing by antioxidant compositions before the long storage and also at establishing of the optimal regimes and methods of this technological operation. The objects of studies were apple, pear and plums fruits of the different pomological species. As a result of studies was offered the combined method that provides preliminary cooling of apple fruits firstly by hydro-cooling in solutions of antioxidant compositions during 1 hour to the temperature in fruit center 8,5 °С, then additional cooling in AOC solutions during 1,5 hours to the temperature in fruit center 9 °С, additional cooling in chamber of intensive cooling during 50 minutes to the temperature in fruit center 1°С. For plum: hydro-cooling in AOC solutions during 40 minutes to the temperature in fruit center 9 °С, additional cooling in chamber of intensive cooling during 30 minutes to the temperature in fruit center 1°С. The use of such method of preliminary cooling provides the fast decrease of intensity of breath and thermal flux of fruits and essentially decreases the lost of their mass. It favors the prolongation of term of storage of fruit raw material with maximal preservation of quality and biological value. The received data and their scientific grounding give a possibility to recommend producers to use the offered method of preliminary cooling in production conditions
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25

Hosseini, Ebrahim. "Effects of Various Injection Holes with/without Opening Angles of Film Cooling on Blades of Gas Turbine: A CFD Approach." Trends in Sciences 18, no. 22 (October 31, 2021): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2021.452.

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The combustor exit temperature is steadily rising to improve the overall efficiency of the gas turbine. As a result, film cooling, the most important and necessary cooling technology, must be developed further to satisfy this demanding requirement. The film cooling performance on the NACA 0012 gas turbine blade is numerically evaluated in this research using 6 different injection holes with and without opening angles. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software Ansys Fluent v16 is used to conduct 2-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) flow and heat transfer analyses. The flow is assumed to be steady, turbulent, and incompressible. To obtain solutions, the incompressible RANS equations are solved using the finite-volume technique. The simulation results indicate that the SST k-ω turbulence model is appropriate for simulating flow characteristics and evaluating film cooling efficiency over the blade. Furthermore, the opening angle has a beneficial impact on the upper blade surface's cooling performance. The injection hole with an opening angle of 15º and a height of D (injection hole diameter) achieves the maximum value of cooling efficiency. The coolant injected from the hole provides greater cooling coverage for the entire blade in this configuration, increasing cooling effectiveness. HIGHLIGHTS The influence of various geometries of injection holes on the effectiveness of film cooling was investigated The low opening angle has a greater impact on film cooling than the other opening angles The injection hole with an opening angle eliminates the recirculation region after the coolant exits GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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26

Bass, Mark, and Rolf R. de Swardt. "Laboratory Heat Transfer Experiments on a 155mm Compound Gun Tube With Full Length Integral Mid-Wall Cooling Channels." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 128, no. 2 (January 17, 2006): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2179434.

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A 155 mm compound gun barrel with full-length integral mid-wall cooling channels was manufactured and connected to a purpose built heat exchanger. Laboratory testing of this system was carried out using electrical heating jackets applied to the outer surface of the barrel and an internal electrical chamber heater to heat the barrel as uniformly as possible along its length. A series of tests were then carried out consisting of first heating the barrel to a uniform temperature of approximately 80°C followed by switching on the heat exchanger and monitoring the rate at which the barrel cooled. The purpose of these tests was to determine the optimum cooling characteristics of the system by studying the effect of different coolant flow rates combined with one or both radiators functioning and also the effect of using different cooling fluid solutions. Having derived the optimum flow rate and coolant solution combination a further cooling test was carried out with the heat exchanger configured to these optimum values and with the barrel heaters operating at maximum capacity. Finally a natural cooling test was undertaken where the barrel was uniformly heated to 160°C, the heating jackets removed and the barrel left to cool overnight. The results from these tests prove that natural cooling is dramatically slower than forced mid-wall cooling.
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27

Yan, Zhibin, Mingliang Jin, Zhengguang Li, Guofu Zhou, and Lingling Shui. "Droplet-Based Microfluidic Thermal Management Methods for High Performance Electronic Devices." Micromachines 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10020089.

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Advanced thermal management methods have been the key issues for the rapid development of the electronic industry following Moore’s law. Droplet-based microfluidic cooling technologies are considered as promising solutions to conquer the major challenges of high heat flux removal and nonuniform temperature distribution in confined spaces for high performance electronic devices. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art droplet-based microfluidic cooling methods in the literature, including the basic theory of electrocapillarity, cooling applications of continuous electrowetting (CEW), electrowetting (EW) and electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD), and jumping droplet microfluidic liquid handling methods. The droplet-based microfluidic cooling methods have shown an attractive capability of microscale liquid manipulation and a relatively high heat flux removal for hot spots. Recommendations are made for further research to develop advanced liquid coolant materials and the optimization of system operation parameters.
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28

Franzén, Ida, Linnéa Nedar, and Maria Andersson. "Environmental Comparison of Energy Solutions for Heating and Cooling." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 10, 2019): 7051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247051.

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Humanity faces several environmental challenges today. The planet has limited resources, and it is necessary to use these resources effectively. This paper examines the environmental impact of three energy solutions for the heating and cooling of buildings. The solutions are conventional district heating and cooling, a smart energy solution for heating and cooling (ectogrid™), and geothermal energy. The ectogrid™ balances energy flows with higher and lower temperatures to reduce the need for supplied energy. The three solutions have been studied for Medicon Village, which is a district in the city of Lund in Sweden. The study shows that the energy use for the conventional system is 12,250 MWh for one year, and emissions are 590 tons of CO2 equivalents. With ectogrid™, the energy use is reduced by 61%, and the emissions are reduced by 12%, compared to the conventional system. With geothermal energy, the energy use is reduced by 70%, and the emissions by 20%. An analysis is also made in a European context, with heating based on natural gas and cooling based on air conditioners. The study shows that the environmental impact would decrease considerably by replacing the carbon dioxide intensive solution with ectogrid™ or geothermal energy.
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29

Kobasko, Nikolai Mykola. "Intense Quench Process in Slow Agitated Water Salt and Polymer Solutions." European Journal of Applied Physics 3, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2021.3.3.76.

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In the paper it is shown that quenching in slow agitated water salt solution of optimal concentration and in low concentration of inverse solubility polymers is intensive quenching creating maximal temperature gradients at the beginning of cooling. The evidence to support such idea were collected by analyzing quenching process in liquid media where any film boiling process was completely absent. In this case, surface temperature at the beginning of cooling drops closely to saturations temperature of a liquid within the interval 1–2 seconds, independently on nature of water solution, and then during transient nucleate boiling process maintains at the level of boiling point of a liquid which is often called self–regulated thermal process. The computer modeling of such cooling processes provided Kondrat’ev numbered Kn which are strongly linear function of time. At the beginning of cooling Kondrat’ev number is almost equal to 1 while average Kondrat’ev number Kn≥0.8. According to US Patent, intensive quenching starts when Kn=0.8. Based on achieved results, it is possible to perform intensive quenching in slow agitated of low concentration water salt and polymer solutions, usually initiated by hydrodynamic emitters. Along with liquid agitation, emitters generate resonance wave effect which destroys film boiling processes making cooling very uniform and intensive. The proposed IQ process works perfectly when martensite starts temperature Ms>Ts. If saturation temperature Ts≥Ms, intensive austempering process via cold liquids can be successfully performed to replace slow cooling of molten salts and alkalis by intensive quenching in liquid media.
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30

KENNY, THOMAS W., KENNETH E. GOODSON, JUAN G. SANTIAGO, EVELYN WANG, JAE-MO KOO, LINAN JIANG, ERIC POP, et al. "ADVANCED COOLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR MICROPROCESSORS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 16, no. 01 (March 2006): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156406003655.

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Recent trends in processor power for the next generation devices point clearly to significant increase in processor heat dissipation over the coming years. In the desktop system design space, the tendency has been to minimize system enclosure size while maximizing performance, which in turn leads to high power densities in future generation systems. The current thermal solutions used today consist of advanced heat sink designs and heat pipe designs with forced air cooling to cool high power processors. However, these techniques are already reaching their limits to handle high heat flux, and there is a strong need for development of more efficient cooling systems which are scalable to handle the high heat flux generated by the future products. To meet this challenge, there has been research in academia and in industry to explore alternative methods for extracting heat from high-density power sources in electronic systems. This talk will discuss the issues surrounding device cooling, from the transistor level to the system level, and describe system-level solutions being developed for desktop computer applications developed in our group at Stanford University.
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Frazzica, Andrea, Régis Decorme, Marco Calderoni, Alessandra Cuneo, Zuzana Taťáková, Rossano Scoccia, Uli Jakob, et al. "Renewable Heating and Cooling Solutions for Buildings and Industry." Proceedings 65, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020065016.

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This workshop brought together a selection of H2020 EU-funded projects involving experts from the biomass, geothermal, solar thermal, and heat pump sectors to discuss a common strategy for increasing the use of renewable energy technologies for heating and cooling for buildings and industry.
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32

Walsh, E., P. Walsh, J. Punch, and R. Grimes. "Acoustic Emissions From Active Cooling Solutions for Portable Devices." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 32, no. 4 (December 2009): 776–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcapt.2009.2027605.

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33

Hall III, Carsie A., and Calvin Mackie. "Semi-analytic solutions for freezing induced by evaporative cooling." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44, no. 6 (March 2001): 1161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(00)00154-x.

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34

Shu, Wang, and Lu Wenda. "Theoretical and Experimental Solutions of Cooling‐Tower‐Soil system." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 116, no. 4 (April 1990): 862–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1990)116:4(862).

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35

Yu, Victor L. "Cooling towers and legionellosis: A conundrum with proposed solutions." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 211, no. 3-4 (July 2008): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.02.003.

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36

Chereches, Nelu-Cristian, Monica Chereches, Livia Miron, and Sebastian Hudisteanu. "Numerical Study of Cooling Solutions Inside a Power Transformer." Energy Procedia 112 (March 2017): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1103.

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37

Hosseini, E. "Film cooling modeling of a gas turbine blade by considering different injection holes with and without opening angles through CFD." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 15, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 7637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.15.1.2021.02.0602.

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One way to achieve high performance in the gas turbine is to increase the inlet temperature of the turbine. Different cooling techniques have been carried out in order to protect the turbine blades which have been exposed to such high temperatures. Film cooling as an essential cooling method needs to be enhanced to meet the challenging demand. The purpose of the present research is to analyze the film cooling performance over a NACA 0012 gas turbine blade using six different injection holes with and without opening angles, separately through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). 2D Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are implemented to consider the heat transfer and flow characteristics by using CFD code Ansys Fluent v16. The flow is considered as steady, turbulent, and incompressible. The RANS equation is solved with the finite-volume method for obtaining solutions. The simulation results revealed that the k-ω SST turbulence model is suitable for simulating the flow characteristics and analyzing the performance of film cooling over the blade. Also, the opening angle has a significant effect on increasing the cooling efficiency for the upper blade surface. The highest value of cooling efficiency is obtained by the injection hole with an opening angle of 15° and height of D. In this configuration, the coolant injected from hole provides better cooling coverage for the entire blade which increases the cooling effectiveness.
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Mjallal, Ibrahim, Hussein Farhat, Mohammad Hammoud, Samer Ali, Ali AL Shaer, and Ali Assi. "Cooling Performance of Heat Sinks Used in Electronic Devices." MATEC Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817102003.

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Existing passive cooling solutions limit the short-term thermal output of systems, thereby either limiting instantaneous performance or requiring active cooling solutions. As the temperature of the electronic devices increases, their failure rate increases. That’s why electrical devices should be cooled. Conventional electronic cooling systems usually consist of a metal heat sink coupled to a fan. This paper compares the heat distribution on a heat sink relative to different heat fluxes produced by electronic chips. The benefit of adding a fan is also investigated when high levels of heat generation are expected.
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Szymura, Teresa, and Wojciech Adamczyk. "Corrosion processes in cooling towers." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 3 (September 11, 2013): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2036.

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Corrosion testing was performed on structural steel of a cooling tower in the environment of cooling water containing ammonium sulfates and ammonium chloride. The test were performed using gravimetric and electrochemical methods with the application of a potentiostat. The analyses clearly showed that the corrosion rate is higher in solutions that contain ammonium sulfate and that the S235JRG2 steel exhibits higher corrosion resistance in this environment.
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40

Kozak, S. S., M. V. Zabolotnykh, E. S. Baranovich, and A. A. Salikhov. "On the issue of obtaining safe poultry products in veterinary and sanitary terms." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012042.

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Abstract The release of good-quality and safe poultry products depends on the sanitary condition, compliance with preventive measures and the development of technologies aimed at improving the safety of the products. Microbiological studies and meat quality indicators were determined using standard methods. A method of cooling in 0.01% solutions of HIT AseptoDes has been developed to control the contamination of the cooling medium and prevent microbial contamination of the surface of poultry carcasses. It has been shown that to reduce microbial contamination and decontamination of the surface of carcasses from Salmonella, 0.02% solutions of the agent can be used with a cooling time of 25 minutes and 0.01% solutions with a cooling time of 35–40 minutes. The quality indicators of meat of carcasses chilled with solutions of the studied product, in comparison with carcasses chilled in ice water, do not differ significantly, with the exception of the acquisition of the surface of the carcasses of a paler color. It was found that after 6 hours of storage, the presence of a residual amount of peracetic acid in washes from carcasses was not detected.
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41

Dutta, Alankar, Prateek Sharma, and Dylan Nelson. "Cooling flows around cold clouds in the circumgalactic medium: steady-state models and comparison with TNG50." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 510, no. 3 (December 16, 2021): 3561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3653.

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ABSTRACT Cold, non-self-gravitating clumps occur in various astrophysical systems, ranging from the interstellar and circumgalactic medium (CGM), to active galactic nucleus outflows and solar coronal loops. Cold gas has diverse origins such as turbulent mixing or precipitation from hotter phases. We obtain the analytical solution for a steady pressure-driven 1D cooling flow around cold, local overdensities, irrespective of their origin. Our solutions describe the slow and steady radiative cooling-driven gas inflow in the saturated regime of non-linear thermal instability in clouds, sheets, and filaments. Such a cooling flow develops when the gas around small clumps undergoes radiative cooling. These small-scale, cold ‘seeds’ are embedded in a large volume-filling hot CGM maintained by feedback. We use a simple two-fluid treatment to include magnetic fields as an additional polytropic fluid. To test the limits of applicability of these analytical solutions, we compare with the gas structure found in and around small-scale cold clouds in the CGM of massive haloes in the TNG50 cosmological magnetohydrodynamic simulation from the IllustrisTNG suite. Despite qualitative resemblance of the gas structure, we find deviations from steady-state profiles generated by our model. Complex geometries and turbulence all add complexity beyond our analytical solutions. We derive an exact relation between the mass cooling rate ($\dot{\rm M}_{\rm cool}$) and the radiative cooling rate ($\dot{\rm E}_{\rm cool}$) for a steady cooling flow. A comparison with the TNG50 clouds shows that this cooling flow relation only applies in a narrow temperature range around $\rm \sim 10^{4.5}$ K where the isobaric cooling time is the shortest. In general, turbulence and mixing, instead of radiative cooling, may dominate the transition of gas between different temperature phases.
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Fisher, Timothy S., F. A. Zell, Kamal K. Sikka, and Kenneth E. Torrance. "Efficient Heat Transfer Approximation for the Chip-on-Substrate Problem." Journal of Electronic Packaging 118, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792163.

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An analytically based approximate solution is presented for the thermal resistance of an axisymmetric heat source mounted on a conductive substrate with bottom- and top-side convective cooling of the substrate. The approximation closely matches an exact solution for bottom-side convective cooling and reference finite element solutions for top-side and both-side cooling over broad ranges of substrate thickness (10−4 ≤ t* ≤ 104 and 10−2 ≤ t* ≤ 102), substrate outer radius (1 ≤ b* ≤ 100) and convective Blot numbers (10-4 to 102). With bottom-side cooling, a minimum in the thermal resistance can occur over a wide range of substrate thicknesses. The approximate solution possesses simplicity and ease of computation as compared to exact or computational solutions for many microelectronic applications.
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Wan Mohd. Arif Aziz Japar, Nor Azwadi Che Sidik, R. Saidur, Natrah Kamaruzaman, Yutaka Asako, Siti Nurul Akmal Yusof, and Mohd Nizam Lani. "Hybrid Microchannel Heat Sink with Sustainable Cooling Solutions: Numerical Model Validation." CFD Letters 14, no. 4 (May 6, 2022): 91–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.14.4.91117.

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Miniaturization and utilization of low-dimensional structures of recent electronic devices have witnessed some new micro cooling methods which can fulfil the cooling demand for the electronic devices. Microchannel heat sink (MCHS) is one of the micro cooling method which appears as a promising method that can provide high heat transfer rate due to small hydraulic diameter. Furthermore, microchannel heat sink is easy to be fabricated compare to other micro cooling device. Due to fast development in electronic industry, hybrid microchannel heat sink with optimal design has received a great deal of attention in order to provide sustainable cooling solutions. However, most of the studies of hybrid microchannel heat sink only provided the numerical analysis without any validation of the proposed design experimentally. This is very important since it also will determine whether the proposed hybrid microchannel heat sink can be fabricated or not. Therefore, the aim of this article is to validate the numerical model of hybrid microchannel heat sink (TC-RR-SC MCHS) experimentally. The validation result showed that the maximum discrepancy between both simulation and experimental analyses for Nusselt number and friction factor were 15.8% and 17.4%, respectively, which is less than 20%. The different number of microchannels between the simulated TC-RR-SC MCHS and fabricated TC-RR-SC MCHS is one of the factors that contribute to the data discrepancy. Furthermore, the poor finishing during the fabrication process also another factor because the burrs and debris at the top and bottom surface of microchannels affect the convective heat transfer area and the flow area of fluid.
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44

Ortega, Abraham, and J. Juan Rosales. "Newton’s law of cooling with fractional conformable derivative." Revista Mexicana de Física 64, no. 2 (March 14, 2018): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.64.172.

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The fractional conformable derivative and its properties have been introduced recently. Using this derivative we obtain a new class of smooth solutions for the Newton’s law of cooling in terms of a stretched exponential function depending on the fractional order parameter 0 < γ ≤ 1. In addition, the convection coefficient of fractional order k(γ) can be calculated easily. Also, it is shown, that in the particular case γ = 1 these solutions become the ordi- nary ones.
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45

Jacob, Robin H., and David L. Hopkins. "Techniques to reduce the temperature of beef muscle early in the post mortem period – a review." Animal Production Science 54, no. 4 (2014): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12338.

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A review of the literature was conducted on the effects of high temperature and low pH (HTLP) on meat quality, with a focus on interventions that increase the rate of cooling post slaughter. HTLP can potentially change meat tenderness, water-holding capacity and colour due primarily to protein denaturation during the first 5 h post mortem. Deep muscles in large carcasses are susceptible to HTLP when cooled conventionally. Ante mortem and post mortem solutions that increase the rate of carcass cooling are discussed. Ante mortem solutions include access to feed and water, showering with water and provision of shade. Post mortem solutions included vascular flushing, hot fat trimming, opening seams, hot boning, spray chilling, blast chilling, immersion cooling, and very fast chilling. Accelerating rigor with electrical stimulation before HTLP remains controversial. Combinations of different techniques, that suit the specific requirements of a particular processing plant, is the likely best solution to HTLP, but further development of commercial solutions is suggested.
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46

MARIN, Florin-Bogdan, and Mihaela MARIN. "CFD Modeling of Aerodynamic Car Brake Cooling System." Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 44, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.4.08.

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The objective of this experimental research is to identify solutions for an optimal cooling of the disks. The aerothermal brake cooling calculation is used to determine how the brake cooling process evolves. The techniques for simulating the dynamics of the CFD fluid allow us to simulate the cooling of the brakes in air current and then to compare the results obtained in the wind tunnel.
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47

Sudo, Roberto T., Gisele Zapata, and Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz. "Studies of the halothane-cooling contractures of skeletal muscle." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 697–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-115.

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The characteristics of transient contractures elicited by rapid cooling of frog or mouse muscles perfused in vitro with solutions equilibrated with 0.5–2.0% halothane are reviewed. The data indicate that these halothane-cooling contractures are dose dependent and reproducible, and their amplitude is larger in muscles containing predominantly slow-twitch type fibers, such as the mouse soleus, than in muscles in which fast-twitch fibers predominate, such as the mouse extensor digitorum longus. The halothane-cooling contractures are potentiated in muscles exposed to succinylcholine. The effects of Ca2+-free solutions, of the local anesthetics procaine, procainamide, and lidocaine, and of the muscle relaxant dantrolene on the halothane-cooling contractures are consistent with the proposal that the halothane-cooling contractures result from synergistic effects of halothane and low temperature on Ca sequestration by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Preliminary results from skinned rabbit muscle fibers support this proposal. The halothane concentrations required for the halothane-cooling contractures of isolated frog or mouse muscles are comparable with those observed in serum of patients during general anesthesia. Accordingly, fascicles dissected from muscle biopsies of patients under halothane anesthesia for programmed surgery develop large contractures when rapidly cooled. The amplitude of these halothane-cooling contractures declined with the time of perfusion of the muscle fascicles in vitro with halothane-free physiological solutions. It is suggested that the halothane-cooling contractures could be used as a simple experimental model for the investigation of the effects of halothane on Ca homeostasis and contractility in skeletal muscle and for study of drugs of potential use in the management of the contractures associated with the halothane-induced malignant hyperthermia syndrome. It is shown that salicylates, but not indomethacin or mefenamic acid, inhibit the halothane-cooling contractures.
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Titova, Tamila, Rasul Akhtyamov, and Elina Nasyrova. "Technical solutions for prevention thermal pollution of ponds within urbolandscape." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 3-4 (January 19, 2017): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2016-3-4-60-66.

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Objective: The development and scientific substantiation of technical solutions for prevention thermal pollution of cooling pond of power facilities. Methods: Patent study, methods of system analysis. Results: Found that cooling ponds in which discharged heated water from electric power facilities, leading to thermal pollution. In connection with which the waters become unfit for housing and communal services, namely drinking and domestic water supply and recreational water use. The existing technical solution for preventing thermal pollution of water bodies have a number of drawbacks, namely low reliability due to the complexity and bulkiness of the structure; limited functionality due to not fully using the heat medium and long cold water. On the basis of the patent study of existing methods of reducing thermal pollution, the developed heat exchanger heated waters of power objects (patent RU № 134621). Designed heat exchanger characterized by enhanced functionality available ways to prevent thermal pollution due to the use of thermal energy of the heated waters of power plants for heating of cold water and correspondingly cooling the heated waters. Practical importance: The proposed by authors technical solution allows utilizing the heat energy of the heated waters of power facilities before discharge into cooling ponds. Thus, the heat exchanger prevents thermal pollution of the reservoir and consequently provides a desired level of water quality for water supply and supplies the consumers with warm water, i. e., contributes to several tasks of housing and communal services.
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Papis-Frączek, Karolina, and Krzysztof Sornek. "A Review on Heat Extraction Devices for CPVT Systems with Active Liquid Cooling." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 6123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176123.

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Numerous numerical and experimental studies have been conducted regarding the Concentrated Photovoltaic Thermal (CPVT) system because of its significant potential for efficient conversion of solar energy. The overall efficiency of the CPVT system is strongly dependent on the device, which extracts excess heat from photovoltaic cells. The most efficient cooling technology involves active cooling, which means that heat is collected from the PV cell via the forced flow of heat transfer fluid. This research paper provides an extensive discussion on devices dedicated to active-cooling CPVT systems, taking into account the latest solutions. First, a short introduction regarding CPVT systems and their main components is presented. The second part of this study presents state-of-the-art solutions in the field of heat extraction devices for the active cooling of photovoltaic cells. The available solutions are classified into two main groups depending on the scale of internal channels: macro- and micro-. Each geometry of the heat receiver is juxtaposed with the corresponding concentrating element, photovoltaic cell, concentration ratio, heat transfer fluid, and operating parameters of the specified system. In addition, this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various devices for heat extraction and provides a comparative study of these devices. Finally, a set of recommendations for CPVT cooling devices is provided.
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Grosu, Vicentiu, Chris Lindgren, and Tamas Vejsz. "Thermal Management Solutions for enhanced Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit in Avionics Applications." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2015, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 000517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2015-wp64.

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According to the Federal Aviation Administration, the commercial airline industry should expect to see the number of passengers traveling per year to grow from its current level of 750 million to nearly 1 billion by 2030. To meet this demand, airlines are placing orders for thousands of new aircraft over the next decade and beyond. With this increase in airline traffic, newer aircraft systems will generate an ever increasing amount of data per flight, data that allows airlines to further enhance their flight operations, flight safety, and reliability. For commercial avionics, the migration of the data acquisition and reporting functions from the traditional interface environments to newer, faster, and more network-centric architectures is creating a new generation of “smart” aircraft. Teledyne Controls' enhanced Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit is an integral part of a new generation of aircraft and combines the functions of Mandatory Data Acquisition and Recording with a sophisticated Aircraft Conditioning Monitoring System that the aircraft operator uses to monitor the performance and reliability of each aircraft in its fleet. Some of the critical goals in the development of the Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit are reducing the size and weight over previous generations, while maximizing performance and reducing cost. All of these opposing requirements make the design and fabrication very challenging. One such challenge includes dissipating high power in a confined space, and this makes thermal management a critical component of the overall LRU (line-replaceable unit) design. In addition, to increase the reliability over the lifespan of the unit, passive cooling systems are often required in place of internal fans. This presents another set of challenges, such as optimizing the airflow provided by the aircraft in the electronics bay compartment. This paper will present some of the critical elements in thermal management such as heat sinks, components placement, thermal interface materials, thermal vias, thermal links, packaging approaches and cooling strategy. The design and optimization of the system are based on analytical solutions, conjugated heat transfer and experimental results. The LRU should safely operate under various environmental conditions: ground operation, flight operation, high operating temperature and loss of cooling air where each environmental condition has different parameters for coolant airflow rate, effect of the surroundings, and ambient and coolant air temperature. Draw-Through and Blow-Through cooling analysis were performed using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The thermal analysis problems solved are conjugated heat transfer for laminar flow with radiation in steady-state or transient regimes. Multiple approaches were identified to remove heat from the critical components through optimization of the components and subsystems. These same approaches can also be used to increase the system's performance and reliability.
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