Journal articles: 'Cooling mechanism'

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Youhua Jia, Youhua Jia, Biao Zhong Biao Zhong, and Jianping Yin Jianping Yin. "Mechanism of refrigeration cycle on laser cooling of solids." Chinese Optics Letters 10, no. 3 (2012): 031401–31404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.031401.

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Chen, Ziyu, Kexin Hu, Yinbo Mao, Xinrong Su, and Xin Yuan. "Interaction Mechanism and Loss Analysis of Mixing between Film Cooling Jet and Passage Vortex." Entropy 24, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24010015.

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The interaction between the film-cooling jet and vortex structures in the turbine passage plays an important role in the endwall cooling design. In this study, a simplified topology of a blunt body with a half-cylinder is introduced to simulate the formation of the leading-edge horseshoe vortex, where similarity compared with that in the turbine cascade is satisfied. The shaped cooling hole is located in the passage. With this specially designed model, the interaction mechanism between the cooling jet and the passage vortex can therefore be separated from the crossflow and the pressure gradient, which also affect the cooling jet. The loss-analysis method based on the entropy generation rate is introduced, which locates where losses of the cooling capacity occur and reveals the underlying mechanism during the mixing process. Results show that the cooling performance is sensitive to the hole location. The injection/passage vortex interaction can help enhance the coolant lateral coverage, thus improving the cooling performance when the hole is located at the downwash region. The coolant is able to conserve its structure in that, during the interaction process, the kidney vortex with the positive rotating direction can survive with the negative-rotating passage vortex, and the mixture is suppressed. However, the larger-scale passage vortex eats the negative leg of the kidney vortices when the cooling hole is at the upwash region. As a result, the coolant is fully entrained into the main flow. Changes in the blowing ratio alter the overall cooling effectiveness but have a negligible effect on the interaction mechanism. The optimum blowing ratio increases when the hole is located at the downwash region.

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Zhang, Wei, Shuai Zhou, Zhuang Wu, Guangchao Li, and Zhihai Kou. "Film Cooling Mechanism of Combined Hole and Saw-tooth Slot." International Journal of Turbo & Jet-Engines 36, no. 4 (November 18, 2019): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2016-0081.

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Abstract Film cooling performance of one row of cylindrical holes integrated with saw-tooth slots was numerically studied at blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0 1.5 and 2.0 respectively. The saw-tooth slot concept combines the advantages both of easy machining for the slot and of the high film cooling effectiveness caused by the anti-vortex induced by the shaped hole. The film holes have an inclination angles of 30°, length to diameter ratio of 4 and pitch to diameter ratio of 3. The corner angles of the saw-tooth are 60°, 90°, 120°, 150° and 180° respectively. The 180° corner angle corresponds to a standard transverse slot. The emphasis of this other is on the influence of the corner angles of the saw-tooth on film cooling effectiveness. The flow field and thermal field were obtained to explain the mechanism of film cooling performance improvement by the saw-tooth slot. The results show that the numerical data agrees with the experimental values for the cylindrical holes. Relatively small corner angles generate uniform local film cooling effectiveness and high spanwise averaged film cooling effectiveness due to the coolant ejected from the hole smoothly flowing into the slot. The effect of corner angles strongly depends on blowing ratios. The increase of x/D decreases the differences of film cooling effectiveness between various corner angles. At low blowing ratios, an anti-vortex can be found with the spanwise angle of 60° and 120°. At high blowing ratios, an anti-vortex can be found with the spanwise angle of 60°.

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Yang, Haiwei, Xue Liu, Yuyang Bian, and Ge Wang. "Numerical Investigation on the Mechanism of Transpiration Cooling for Porous Struts Based on Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium Model." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 13, 2022): 2091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062091.

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Struts as an important structure in the combustion chamber of hypersonic flight vehicles to inject fuel into main flow face a severe thermal environment. Transpiration cooling is considered as a potential method to provide a thermal protection for struts. This paper presents a numerical investigation on transpiration cooling for a strut based on Darcy–Forchheimer model and the local thermal non-equilibrium model and analyzes the mechanism of transpiration cooling. A coolant film and a velocity boundary layer are formed on the strut surface and the shock wave is pushed away from the strut, which can effectively reduce the heat load exerted on the strut. The temperature difference between coolant and solid matrix inside the porous strut is analyzed, a phenomenon is found that the fluid temperature is higher than solid temperature at the leading edge inside the porous strut. As flowing in the porous medium, the coolant absorbs heat from solid matrix, and the fluid temperature is higher than solid temperature at the stagnation point of the strut. The influence of coolant mass flow rate and various coolants on transpiration cooling is studied. As mass flow rate increases, the cooling efficiency becomes higher and the temperature difference between fluid and solid in the porous medium is smaller. The coolant with a lower density and a higher specific heat will form a thicker film on the strut surface and absorbs more heat from solid matrix, which brings a better cooling effect for strut.

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Rego, Luis G. C., and George Kirczenow. "Electrostatic mechanism for cooling semiconductor heterostructures." Applied Physics Letters 75, no. 15 (October 11, 1999): 2262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124984.

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Радченко, Роман Миколайович, Богдан Сергійович Портной, Сергій Анатолійович Кантор, Веніамін Сергійович Ткаченко, and Анатолій Анатолійович Зубарєв. "ОТРИМАННЯ І ВИКОРИСТАННЯ КОНДЕНСАТУ ПРИ ОХОЛОДЖЕННІ ПОВІТРЯ НА ВХОДІ ЕНЕРГОУСТАНОВКИ ТА ПРОБЛЕМА СЕПАРАЦІЇ КРАПЕЛЬНОЇ ВОЛОГИ З АЕРОЗОЛЬНОЇ СУМІШІ В ГРАДИРНЯХ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 5 (November 8, 2018): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2018.5.04.

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The processes of heat-humidity treatment (cooling with dehumidification) of air in a two-stage air cooling system at the inlet of a gas turbine unit applying a combined type heat-energized refrigeration mechanism, which consists of an absorption lithium-bromide high-temperature refrigeration mechanism to approximately 15 °C and a refrigerant ejector low-temperature refrigeration mechanism to 10 °С and below, which transform the heat of exhaust gases from gas turbine unit to the cold with the production of condensate in air cooling system as a by-product of air cooling has been analyzed. The analysis was carried out for the climatic conditions of the south of Ukraine. The heat removal from the condensers and the absorber of the heat-energized refrigeration mechanism are carried out with open wet cooling towers. Based on the distribution of the heat load on the steps of the two-stage air cooling system and the heat coefficients of the heat-energized refrigeration mechanisms, the project load on the cooling towers was determined and their number was selected. Based on the results of modeling of the operation of the air cooling system at the inlet of the gas turbine unit, were obtained data from the current and total amount of condensate that falls in the air cooling system during the condensation of water vapor, which is always contained in moist air, as well as the amount of water needed to feed an open cooling tower. In this case, only water losses due to mechanical removal (without taking into account its evaporation in cooling towers) were considered, which poses the problem of separation of droplet moisture from the aerosol mixture. As a result of comparing the amount of water needed to feed the cooling towers, on the one hand, and the amount of condensate obtained in the process of air cooling at the inlet of the gas turbine unit, on the other hand, was demonstrated that it is possible to partially satisfy the necessary water needs for cooling towers. A scheme of two-stage air cooling system at the inlet of a gas turbine unit with absorption lithium-bromide and refrigerant ejector refrigeration mechanism and wet cooling towers is proposed, to discharge heat from heat-energized refrigeration mechanisms, to produce condensate as a by-product of air cooling, and apply it to feed cooling towers

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Mustafa, Seham MD, and Olav Thulesius. "Cooling is a potent vasodilator of deep vessels in the rat." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 79, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y01-073.

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The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of cooling on smooth muscle tone of the pulmonary artery and aorta and to clarify the basic mechanism of these responses. We recorded isometric tension in smooth muscle strips of rat pulmonary artery and aorta in organ baths during stepwise cooling. Cooling responses were tested before and after the addition of various standard agents that interfere with known neurogenic (autonomic blockers, tetrodotoxin) and myogenic mechanisms (calcium channel blockers) of relaxation. We also examined the hypothesis of the presence of a cooling-released substance. Stepwise cooling (37°C to 4°C) of aortic smooth muscle induced reproducible graded relaxations that were inversely proportional to temperature. Cooling-induced relaxation was not dependent on a neural mechanism nor the release of neurotransmitters or a cooling-released substance such as NO or CO. Cooling of pulmonary arterial and aortic smooth muscle preparations induced a graded myogenic relaxation inversely proportional to the cooling temperature. The mechanism is not dependent on local nervous or known mediators but related to a direct physico-chemical effect of cooling.Key words: cooling, vasodilatation, pulmonary artery, aorta.

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Shangguan, Yanqin, and Fei Cao. "An LBM-Based Investigation on the Mixing Mechanism of Double Rows Film Cooling with the Combination of Forward and Backward Jets." Energies 15, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 4848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134848.

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Film cooling has been widely applied to the highly efficient thermal protection of gas turbines. By using the simplified thermal lattice Boltzmann method (STLBM), a series of large-scale simulations of film cooling are performed to dig up the mixing mechanism of double rows film cooling with the combination of forward and backward jets at the first attempt. The combination of an upstream row with forward jet and a downstream row with backward jet is considered. The Reynolds number is 4000. The blowing ratio of the upstream coolant jet is fixed as BR1=0.5. For the downstream coolant jet (BR2), five values ranging from 0.2–0.8 are considered. The inclination angles of forward jet and backward jet are 35° and 145°, respectively. The numerical results reveal that the performance of film cooling is greatly improved by backward downstream jet due to the suppression of counterrotating vortex pair (CVP). Moreover, the flow structure is changed with the blowing ratio of backward jet. An anti-CVP having the opposite rotational direction to CVP appears as the blowing ratio of backward jet is large. The special flow structure weakens the adverse effect of CVP and transports much coolant jet to the cooled wall. Correspondingly, the time-averaged film cooling effectiveness is increased and the fluctuation of film cooling effectiveness is decreased. All of these indicate that a backward downstream jet with a large blowing ratio improves film cooling performance. The results obtained in this work help to the optimization of film cooling scheme, which also benefit the promotion and application of STLBM in gas turbine engineering.

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9

Kilic, Mustafa. "A numerical analysis of transpiration cooling as an air cooling mechanism." Heat and Mass Transfer 54, no. 12 (May 31, 2018): 3647–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-018-2391-6.

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10

Zuo, Jingying, Silong Zhang, Jiang Qin, Wen Bao, Cui Naigang, and Xiaoyong Liu. "Interaction mechanism between shock waves and supersonic film cooling with cracking reaction." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 234, no. 3 (December 6, 2019): 908–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410019892178.

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In order to understand the interaction mechanism between shock waves and supersonic film cooling with cracking reaction, supersonic film cooling using gaseous hydrocarbon fuel as coolant in terms of cracking reaction of the coolant, with and without shock waves interaction, is investigated numerically. Theoretically, cracking reaction may be accelerated by the shock wave interaction, which may enhance the mixing of the coolant and absorb heat, which will lead to contradictory effects on supersonic film cooling. However, it turns out that, with shock waves interaction, cracking reaction only absorbs more heat but barely has any effect on the mixing either locally or further downstream due to the momentum change caused by the reaction is extremely small and the energy change plays the dominate role. It is worth mentioning that oblique shock wave causes energy accumulation in the shock wave interaction region, which deteriorates supersonic film cooling. However, with the cracking reaction considered, the negative effect brings by the oblique shock wave is weakened by the cracking reaction due to the increment of chemical heat absorption caused by the energy change. It is found that the absolute temperature in the shock wave interaction and the relative temperature increment caused by the shock wave interaction to be the decisive factors of the chemical heat absorption increment, especially for high absolute temperature or relative temperature increments, and the effect of the local reactant concentration plays the dominant role. Furthermore, the extent of weakened chemical reaction on the negative effect due to the oblique shock wave depends not only on the chemical heat absorption but also on the local absolute temperature.

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Filakovsky, Filip, and Ivan Virgala. "ANYLSIS OF PIPE MECHANISM LOCOMOTION." TECHNICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES, no. 4(18) (2019): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2019-4(18)-36-42.

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Urgency of the research. Inspection tasks are frequently and very important from the view of safety. From this reason the topic is very actual. Target setting. The aim of the study is to investigate new kind of pipe mechanism based on differential frictions of bristles. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. There are many mechanisms for inspection of narrow or hard-to-reach areas. Many of them are based on wheels or tank belt. This research investigates bristle-based pipe mechanism. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Nowadays, the SMA materials or different kind of memory materials are always in the focus of researchers. The research objective is to develop and experimental test the new kind of mechanism based on SMA as well as steel spring mechanism. The statement of basic materials. The locomotion divided into two phases is introduced. Based on this locomotion the mathematical model was derived. Assuming mathematical model was developed control system for experimental pipe mechanism. Conclusions. The results of the experiments shows problems with cooling phase due to its long time consumption. For cooling was used external device. The cooling phase significantly decrease average velocity of pipe mechanism. The advantage of this kind of mechanism is simple control and utilization for the pipe with small diameters.

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12

Радченко, Андрій Миколайович, Євген Іванович Трушляков, Сергій Анатолійович Кантор, and Богдан Сергійович Портной. "ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ РАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ТЕПЛОВОГО НАВАНТАЖЕННЯ ГРАДИРЕНЬ ВІДВЕДЕННЯ ТЕПЛОТИ У ПРОЦЕСАХ КОНДИЦІЮВАННЯ ПОВІТРЯ НА ВХОДІ ЕНЕРГОУСТАНОВОК." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 5 (November 8, 2018): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2018.5.03.

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The air conditioning processes (heat-humidity treatment) at the inlet of energy units by heat-energized refrigeration mechanisms with heat removal cooling towers of the cooling system are studied on the example of a gas turbine unit. Two-stage air cooling is considered applying a two-stage combined type heat-energized refrigeration mechanism, which applies the exhaust gas heat of a gas turbine unit and which includes absorption lithium-bromide and refrigerant ejector refrigeration mechanism as steps to convert waste heat into cold. Based on the results of modeling the operation of the cooling complex of a gas turbine unit, data was obtained on current heat loads on heat-energized refrigeration mechanisms and cooling towers in accordance with the climatic conditions of operation with different distribution of project heat loads on the air cooling stages and, accordingly, on the transformation of waste heat into cold. Due to the fact that the heat load on the cooling towers depends on the efficiency of transformation of waste heat into cold (heat coefficients) by absorption lithium-bromide and refrigerant ejector refrigeration mechanisms, a rational distribution of the project heat loads to the absorption and ejector stages of a combined type heat-energized refrigeration mechanisms that provides reduce heat load on cooling towers. It is demonstrated that due to this approach to determining the rational heat load on the cooling towers of the cooling system, which consists of calculation the redistribution of heat load between the absorption lithium-bromide and refrigerant ejector cooling stages with different efficiency and transformation of waste heat (different heat coefficients) in accordance with current climate conditions, is possible to minimize the number of cooling with a corresponding reduction in capital expenditures on the air conditioning system at the inlet of gas turbine unit

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Zhou, Chuang, Nanjia Yu, Shuwen Wang, Shutao Han, Haojie Gong, Guobiao Cai, and Jue Wang. "The Influence of Thrust Chamber Structure Parameters on Regenerative Cooling Effect with Hydrogen Peroxide as Coolant in Liquid Rocket Engines." Aerospace 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10010065.

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Liquid rocket engines with hydrogen peroxide and kerosene have the advantages of high density specific impulse, high reliability, and no ignition system. At present, the cooling problem of hydrogen peroxide engines, especially with regenerative cooling, has been little explored. In this study, a realizable k-epsilon turbulence model, discrete phase model, eddy dissipation concept model, and 10-step 10-component reaction mechanism of kerosene with oxygen are used. The increased rib height of the regenerative cooling channel causes the inner wall temperature of the engine increases, the average temperature of the coolant outlet decreases slightly, and the coolant pressure decreases. The overall wall temperature decreases as the rib width of the regenerative cooling channel increases. However, in the nozzle throat area, the wall temperature increases, the average coolant outlet temperature decreases, and the coolant pressure drop increases. A decrease in the inner wall thickness of the regenerative cooling channel results in a significant decrease in the wall temperature and a small increase in the average coolant outlet temperature. These findings contribute to the further development of the engine with hydrogen peroxide and can guide the design of its regenerative cooling process.

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Caputa, Michał. "Selective brain cooling: a multiple regulatory mechanism." Journal of Thermal Biology 29, no. 7-8 (October 2004): 691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2004.08.079.

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Sengupta, Arup K., and Dennis Clifford. "Chromate ion exchange mechanism for cooling water." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals 25, no. 2 (May 1986): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i100022a012.

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Chanelière, Thierry, Jean-Louis Meunier, Robin Kaiser, Christian Miniatura, and David Wilkowski. "Extra-heating mechanism in Doppler cooling experiments." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 22, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.22.001819.

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Putz, Matthias, Martin Dix, Mike Neubert, and Torsten Schmidt. "Mechanism of Cutting Elastomers with Cryogenic Cooling." CIRP Annals 65, no. 1 (2016): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.04.075.

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Zhang, Junhong, Zhexuan Xu, Jiewei Lin, Zefeng Lin, Jingchao Wang, and Tianshu Xu. "Thermal Characteristics Investigation of the Internal Combustion Engine Cooling-Combustion System Using Thermal Boundary Dynamic Coupling Method and Experimental Verification." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 2127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082127.

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The engine cooling system must be able to match up with the stable operating conditions so as to guarantee the engine performance. On the working cycle level, however, the dynamic thermo-state of engines has not been considered in the cooling strategy. Besides, the frequent over-cooling boiling inside the gallery changes the cooling capacity constantly. It is necessary to study the coupling effect caused by the interaction of cooling flow and in-cylinder combustion so as to provide details of the dynamic control of cooling systems. To this end, this study develops a coupled modeling scheme of the cooling process considering the interaction of combustion and coolant flow. The global reaction mechanism is used for the combustion process and the multiphase flow method is employed to simulate the coolant flow considering the wall boiling and the interphase forces. The two sub-models exchange information of in-cylinder temperature, heat transfer coefficient, and wall temperature to achieve the coupled computation. The proposed modeling process is verified through the measured diesel engine power, in-cylinder pressure, and fire surface temperature of cylinder head. Then the effects of different cooling conditions on the cyclic engine performances are analyzed and discussed.

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Li, Xianchang, and Ting Wang. "Simulation of Film Cooling Enhancement With Mist Injection." Journal of Heat Transfer 128, no. 6 (December 9, 2005): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2171695.

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Cooling of gas turbine hot-section components, such as combustor liners, combustor transition pieces, and turbine vanes (nozzles) and blades (buckets), is a critical task for improving the life and reliability of them. Conventional cooling techniques using air-film cooling, impingement jet cooling, and turbulators have significantly contributed to cooling enhancements in the past. However, the increased net benefits that can be continuously harnessed by using these conventional cooling techniques seem to be incremental and are about to approach their limit. Therefore, new cooling techniques are essential for surpassing these current limits. This paper investigates the potential of film-cooling enhancement by injecting mist into the coolant. The computational results show that a small amount of injection (2% of the coolant flow rate) can enhance the adiabatic cooling effectiveness about 30–50%. The cooling enhancement takes place more strongly in the downstream region, where the single-phase film cooling becomes less powerful. Three different holes are used in this study including a two-dimensional (2D) slot, a round hole, and a fan-shaped diffusion hole. A comprehensive study is performed on the effect of flue gas temperature, blowing angle, blowing ratio, mist injection rate, and droplet size on the cooling effectiveness with 2D cases. Analysis on droplet history (trajectory and size) is undertaken to interpret the mechanism of droplet dynamics.

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Li, Bin, Ke Qing Xiong, Yi Sun, and Bing Qi. "Safety P-Cycle Protection Mechanism for Smart Power Device." Advanced Materials Research 804 (September 2013): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.804.228.

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Power converter with full closed loop water cooling system, works not only use water cooling characteristics of high efficiency, but also the electricity, and reducing the volume to prevent contamination. In this paper, we proposed a novel p-cycle safety protection approach that can provide rapid cycling radiating, and can restore the status of power device. For power cabinet composition, IGBT power modules and reactors is primarary radiating components, in which IGBT power modules that used for water cooling solution is modeled as the cooled automobile engine cooling system using cycling design principle. Besides, machine side and the network side of the power module is installed in separate cabinet to improve the tightness of the entire cabinet, in order to resist sandstorms.

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Li, Jun Guo, Hong Wei Lu, and Yu Zhu Zhang. "Cooling Mechanism of the Steel Slag Droplet Granulated by Gas Quenching Method." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.870.

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After gas quenching and granulated, the molten steel slag changed into droplets. The cooling and solidification process of the droplets have been analyzed and calculated in this paper. It was suggested that there were three phases such as liquid cooling phase, nucleation and recalescence phase, and solid cooling phase. During the cooling process, there were two heat transfer modes such as convection and radiation from droplets surface to environment. On the other hand, there was a great amount of latent heat released during nucleation and solidification process. The physical model of droplets cooling has been established on the basis of heat transfer theory. And then the mathematic model with nonlinear ordinary differential equations could be extracted, which could be solved through fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The declining law of droplets temperature along with the cooling time could be drawn by Matlab software. It takes 249ms, 83ms and 185ms for liquid cooling, nucleation and recalescence and solid cooling phase, respectively. In conclusion, it takes about 332ms to solidify entirely for the droplets, and 517ms to be cooled from 1723 to 1073K.

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Nie, Tao, and Wei Qiang Liu. "Numerical Study on Coupled Heat Transfer of Thrust Chamber with Raised Structure." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.107.

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By the use of the map of the thermal resistance among volume cells, we establish a coupled heat transfer model of the hot gas, chamber wall and coolant. A reduced one-dimensional model was employed for the coolant flow and heat transfer, and three dimensional heat transfer model was used to calculate the coupling heat transfer through the wall, considering heat transfer at circumferential direction, axial direction and radial direction. Based on the study the mechanism of the cooling structure heat transfer, the computing model was employed and achieved the rule of heat flux and temperature of gas wall. Simultaneously, influence of different cooling structure was performed. The results indicated that the cooling structure with raised structure could better reduce the temperature of the chamber wall.

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Mikane, Takeshi, Junichi Araki, Kunihisa Kohno, Yasunori Nakayama, Shunsuke Suzuki, Juichiro Shimizu, Hiromi Matsubara, Masahisa Hirakawa, Miyako Takaki, and Hiroyuki Suga. "Mechanism of constant contractile efficiency under cooling inotropy of myocardium: simulation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 273, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): H2891—H2898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.6.h2891.

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We have reported that, in canine hearts, cardiac cooling to 29°C enhanced left ventricular contractility but changed neither the contractile efficiency of cross-bridge (CB) cycling nor the excitation-contraction coupling energy. The mechanism of this intriguing energetics remained unknown. To get insights into this mechanism, we simulated myocardial cooling mechanoenergetics using basic Ca2+and CB kinetics. We assumed that both adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase)-dependent sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+uptake and CB detachment decelerated with cooling. We also assumed that all the ATPase-independent SR Ca2+release, Ca2+binding to and dissociation from troponin, and CB attachment remained unchanged. The simulated cooling shifted the CB force-free Ca2+concentration curve to a lower Ca2+concentration, increasing the Ca2+responsiveness of CB force generation, and increased the maximum Ca2+-activated force. The simulation most importantly showed that these cooling effects combined led to a constant contractile efficiency when Ca2+uptake and CB detachment rate constants changed appropriately. This result seems to account for our experimentally observed constant contractile efficiency under cooling inotropy.

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YUE, Guoqiang. "Study on Film Cooling Mechanism of Vortex Reconstruction Induced by Swirling Coolant Flow." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55, no. 4 (2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2019.04.181.

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Trevino, C., E. Luna, F. Mendez, and F. J. Higuera. "Natural Convective Conjugate Cooling Mechanism in Vertical Fins." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 17, no. 3 (July 2003): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.6781.

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Romet, T. T. "Mechanism of afterdrop after cold water immersion." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.4.1535.

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It was hypothesized that if afterdrop is a purely conductive phenomenon, the afterdrop during rewarming should proceed initially at a rate equal to the rate of cooling. Eight male subjects were cooled on three occasions in 22 degrees C water and rewarmed once by each of three procedures: spontaneous shivering, inhalation of heated (45 degrees C) and humidified air, and immersion up to the neck in 40 degrees C water. Deep body temperature was recorded at three sites: esophagus, auditory canal, and rectum. During spontaneous and inhalation rewarming, there were no significant differences between the cooling (final 30 min) and afterdrop (initial 10 min) rates as calculated for each deep body temperature site, thus supporting the hypothesis. During rapid rewarming, the afterdrop rate was significantly greater than during the preceding cooling, suggesting a convective component contributing to the increased rate of fall. The rapid reversal of the afterdrop also indicates that a convective component contributes to the rewarming process as well.

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NAKAOKA, YASUO, TOHRU KUROTANI, and HIROKAZU ITOH. "Ionic Mechanism of Thermoreception in Paramecium." Journal of Experimental Biology 127, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.127.1.95.

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The localization of thermoreceptors in Paramecium, and the ionic basis of thermoreception, was investigated in posterior and anterior fragments of cells. Transverse section of the animals was used to obtain these fragments, which sealed up and swam actively. In the anterior fragment, an increase in the frequency of directional changes in swimming and depolarization of the membrane was produced by cooling below the temperature of the culture. In the posterior fragment, these effects were produced by wanning above culture temperature. Reversal potentials of these effects were found by injection of constant current to change membrane potential. In the anterior fragment, the reversal potential of the response to cooling was more negative than the resting potential and was potassium-dependent (52 mV/log[K+]o). In the posterior fragment, the reversal potential of the warming response was above resting potential and was primarily calcium-dependent (28 mV/log[Ca2+]o). It is concluded that cooling results in changes in the frequency of directional changes in swimming of Paramecium by causing a transient change in the membrane conductance for potassium, whereas warming produces its effects by a transient change in calcium conductance.

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Deutschländer, Sven, Patrick Dillmann, Georg Maret, and Peter Keim. "Kibble–Zurek mechanism in colloidal monolayers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 22 (April 20, 2015): 6925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500763112.

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The Kibble–Zurek mechanism describes the evolution of topological defect structures like domain walls, strings, and monopoles when a system is driven through a second-order phase transition. The model is used on very different scales like the Higgs field in the early universe or quantum fluids in condensed matter systems. A defect structure naturally arises during cooling if separated regions are too far apart to communicate (e.g., about their orientation or phase) due to finite signal velocity. This lack of causality results in separated domains with different (degenerated) locally broken symmetry. Within this picture, we investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics in a condensed matter analog, a 2D ensemble of colloidal particles. In equilibrium, it obeys the so-called Kosterlitz–Thouless–Halperin–Nelson–Young (KTHNY) melting scenario with continuous (second order-like) phase transitions. The ensemble is exposed to a set of finite cooling rates covering roughly three orders of magnitude. Along this process, we analyze the defect and domain structure quantitatively via video microscopy and determine the scaling of the corresponding length scales as a function of the cooling rate. We indeed observe the scaling predicted by the Kibble–Zurek mechanism for the KTHNY universality class.

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Huang, K. David, and Nguyen Anh Tuan. "C306 LOW COOLING ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF ROOM WITH REGIONAL AIR CONDITIONING MECHANISM(Heat Pump-2)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.3 (2009): _3–167_—_3–172_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.3._3-167_.

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Xia, Mingzhu, and Chunyu Chen. "Probing the Inhibitory Mechanism of Calcite Precipitation by Organic Phosphonates in Industrial Water Cooling System." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 6, no. 4 (2015): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2015.v6.607.

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Gong, Jianying, Tieyu Gao, Junxiong Zeng, Jianqiang Hou, and Zhen Li. "Effect of Actual Gas Turbine Operating Conditions on Mist/Steam Cooling Performance in a Ribbed Passage." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 26, 2019): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12102015.

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This study numerically examines the effect of actual gas turbine operating conditions on heat transfer characteristics in a ribbed passage with mist/steam cooling. A 60° ribbed passage with aspect ratio of 1/1 was investigated at Reynolds number of 300,000, and steam cooling was used to provide a contrast. Three main factors were considered: coolant temperature, operating pressure, and wall heat flux density. The heat transfer enhancement mechanism of mist/steam cooling was explored, and the results showed that the heat transfer performance of mist/steam cooling was superior to steam cooling. When the coolant temperature varied from 300 to 500 °C, the average Nusselt number of mist/steam cooling decreased by 26.6%, and the heat transfer enhancement ratio dropped from 15% to 10%. As operating pressure increased, the heat transfer performance factor of mist/steam firstly increased and then decreased. At an operating pressure of 1.5 MPa, the heat transfer achieved its optimal performance, and the heat transfer enhancement ratio achieved its maximum value of 15.9%. Larger wall heat flux density provided less heat transfer enhancement. When the heat flux density increased from 100,000 to 300,000 W·m−2, the average Nusselt number of mist/steam cooling decreased by 13.8%, while the heat transfer enhancement ratio decreased from 25.3% to 12.6%.

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Chen, Y., and H. M. Wang. "Growth morphologies and mechanisms of non-equilibrium solidified MC carbide." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0043.

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Growth morphologies and mechanisms of the carbide of group IVB and VB elements (MC carbide), a typical faceted crystal, were studied with an estimated cooling rate from 102 to 105 K/s. Results showed that although the growth morphologies of the MC carbide vary remarkably with solidification cooling rate, the solid/liquid interface is always atomically smooth, and the growth mechanisms are always lateral growth. The growth mechanism transition from lateral to continuous growth mode, which was predicted by the classic crystal growth theory, was not observed for the TiC type MC carbide within the estimated cooling rate range of 102–105 K/s.

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Irwan, Y. M., A. R. Amelia, M. Irwanto, W. Z. Leow, Z. Syafiqah, and I. Safwati. "Influences of Hybrid Cooling Mechanism through PV System under Solar Simulator Testing." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v6.i3.pp213-220.

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An increasing efficiency of the solar system can be improved by using hybrid cooling mechanism. This paper presents the impact of hybrid cooling mechanism on PV panel under indoor testing with varying solar intensity. Thus, the fabrication of a solar simulator for indoor testing reacts as the space solar radiation is described. The performance of PV panel which attached to a hybrid cooling mechanism compared with PV panel without cooling mechanism under variation of average solar radiation. Experimental tests were carried out for various average solar radiations by varying the number of lamps and/or the lamp-to-area distance. Without altering the spectral distribution, the characteristic of current-voltage of PV panel was analysed under average solar radiation which varied from 202 W/m2 to 1003 W/m2. As the result, the PV panel with hybrid cooling system explored to generate more power output with decreasing in PV panel temperature. About 15.79 % increment of power output generated by PV panel with cooling at maximum average solar radiation. Furthermore, the PV panel temperature also can be decreased about 10.28 % respectively. The combination of DC fan and water pump as cooling mechanism plays an important role in generating efficient power output from PV panel.

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Liu, Mingzheng, Changhe Li, Yanbin Zhang, Qinglong An, Min Yang, Teng Gao, Cong Mao, et al. "Cryogenic minimum quantity lubrication machining: from mechanism to application." Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 4 (December 2021): 649–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11465-021-0654-2.

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AbstractCutting fluid plays a cooling-lubrication role in the cutting of metal materials. However, the substantial usage of cutting fluid in traditional flood machining seriously pollutes the environment and threatens the health of workers. Environmental machining technologies, such as dry cutting, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), and cryogenic cooling technology, have been used as substitute for flood machining. However, the insufficient cooling capacity of MQL with normal-temperature compressed gas and the lack of lubricating performance of cryogenic cooling technology limit their industrial application. The technical bottleneck of mechanical—thermal damage of difficult-to-cut materials in aerospace and other fields can be solved by combining cryogenic medium and MQL. The latest progress of cryogenic minimum quantity lubrication (CMQL) technology is reviewed in this paper, and the key scientific issues in the research achievements of CMQL are clarified. First, the application forms and process characteristics of CMQL devices in turning, milling, and grinding are systematically summarized from traditional settings to innovative design. Second, the cooling-lubrication mechanism of CMQL and its influence mechanism on material hardness, cutting force, tool wear, and workpiece surface quality in cutting are extensively revealed. The effects of CMQL are systematically analyzed based on its mechanism and application form. Results show that the application effect of CMQL is better than that of cryogenic technology or MQL alone. Finally, the prospect, which provides basis and support for engineering application and development of CMQL technology, is introduced considering the limitations of CMQL.

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Ibrahim, Thamir K., Mohammed K. Mohammed, Omar I. Awad, Rizalman Mamat, and M. Kh Abdolbaqi. "Thermal and Economic Analysis of Gas Turbine Using Inlet Air Cooling System." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822501020.

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A basic goal of operation management is to successfully complete the life cycle of power systems, with optimum output against minimal input. This document intends calculating both, the performance and the life cycle cost of a gas turbine fitted with an inlet air cooling mechanism. Correspondingly, both a thermodynamic and an economic model are drawn up, to present options towards computing the cooling loads and the life cycle costs. The primary observations indicate that around 120MWh of power is derived from gas turbine power plants incorporating the cooling mechanism, compared to 96.6 MWh for units without the mechanism, while the life cycle cost is lower for units incorporating the cooling process. This indicates benefits in having the mechanism incorporated in the architecture of a gas turbine.

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Sulamet-Ariobimo, Rianti Dewi, Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono, and Bambang Suharno. "Cooling Rate Analysis of Thin Wall Ductile Iron Using Microstructure Examination and Computer Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.845.

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Cooling rate plays an important role in thin wall ductile iron solidification, due to their thickness. Casting simulation is use as a tool to estimate the cooling rate. In the other hand, every microstructure has its own cooling rate. This paper explores the similarity of solidification mechanism between simulation and graphite characteristics. Three types of casting design simulated and produced. Solidification mechanism is analyzed based on cooling rate sequence and trend line matching. Temperature gradient and thermocouple function represent simulation while graphite characteristic represent experiment. The result shows that similarity in solidification mechanism is not found between simulation with experiment due to lack of parameters in both sides.

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He, Jin Liang, Feng Chao Luo, Jun Hu, and Yuan Hua Lin. "Effect of Cooling Rate on the Properties of the Grain Boundary of CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ Ceramic." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.300.

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The cooling rate effect on the grain boundaries of the CaCu3Ti4¬O12 ceramic was investigated in this research. The resistance at the grain boundaries is found to be reduced as the cooling rate rises. The activation energies at the grain boundaries do not change with the cooling rate, suggesting that the conduction mechanism keeps the same in different cooling conditions. There is no significant difference in the permittivity of the samples. The dielectric loss can be lowered by using a smaller cooling rate. These results give clues to comprehend the conductive mechanism of the CCTO ceramic. The variation of the cooling rate may affect the re-oxidation process and cause the changes in electric properties.

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Shangguan, Yanqin, Xian Wang, Fei Cao, and Yandan Zhu. "High-resolution simulation of film cooling with blowing ratio and inclination angle effects based on hybrid thermal lattice Boltzmann method." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci210424286s.

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A series of high-resolution simulations on film cooling with varying blowing ratios and inclination angles are carried out by using in-house code based on hybrid thermal lattice Boltzmann method. Three blowing ratios ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 and four inclination angles from 15? to 60? are chosen for the simulations. The evolutionary mechanism of coherent structure in three domains of film-covering region is studied from the view of space and time. Besides, the influencing mechanism of blowing ratio and inclination angle on flow and heat-transfer features of film cooling is uncovered. Results show that hairpin vortex, hairpin packet and quasi-stream-wise vortex appearing in rotating domain play a key role in heat-transfer process of film cooling. The strong ejection, sweep and vortex rotation resulted from these vortices enhance the convective heat transfer. It is also found that the size of coherent structure varies significantly with blowing ratio and its integral form shows a strong dependence on inclination angle. Moreover, inclination angle of coolant jet has a significant impact on turbulence fluctuation intensity. The influence of blowing ratio on the attachment of coolant film and film-cooling performance is more obvious than that of inclination angle. It is believed that all of these are related closely to the variation of stream-wise and wall-normal jet velocity in the case of various blowing ratios and inclination angles.

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Wang, Xue-qiang, Guo Yuan, Jin-hua Zhao, and Guo-dong Wang. "Microstructure and Strengthening/Toughening Mechanisms of Heavy Gauge Pipeline Steel Processed by Ultrafast Cooling." Metals 10, no. 10 (October 3, 2020): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10101323.

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Heavy gauge pipeline steels experience a low qualification in drop-weight-tear test properties because of the low cooling capability of conventional thermomechanical controlled processing. To solve this problem, a new-generation thermomechanical-controlled processing technology based on ultrafast cooling was applied to prepare heavy gauge pipeline steels. The microstructure, strengthening and toughening mechanisms of 25.4 mm X70 and 22 mm X80 pipeline steels that were processed by ultrafast cooling were studied. The microstructures of the 25.4 mm X70 and 22 mm X80 pipeline steels consisted of bainitic ferrite, M-A island and acicular ferrite with a large fraction above 85%. The grain size and high-angle grain boundary fraction of X70 pipeline steel were 2.7 μm and 43%, respectively, whereas those of the X80 pipeline steel were 2.4 μm and 45%, respectively. The strengthening and toughening mechanisms were studied for the ultrafast cooling method. The main strengthening mechanism for 25.4 mm X70 pipeline steel was solution and grain-refining strengthening and precipitation strengthening with contributions of ~456 MPa and ~90.5 MPa, respectively. In the 22 mm X80 pipeline steel, the main strengthening mechanism was the solution and grain-refining strengthening, and dislocation strengthening with contributions of ~475 MPa and ~109.8 MPa, respectively.

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Bai, Linchao, and Chao Zhang. "Flow Mechanism of Cooling Effectiveness Improvement for the Cylindrical Film Cooling Hole with Contoured Craters." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 473 (February 26, 2019): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/473/1/012033.

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Lu, Chunping, Jianyu Li, and Dongli Tan. "Analysis on the Influence Mechanism of Cooling Water on Turbocharger and Optimum Coolant Mass Flow Rate Intelligent Prediction." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (January 27, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6674311.

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Due to the high speed and high temperature of engine exhaust, the turbocharger bears very high heat load. The heat dissipation of turbocharger is an important factor to determine the service life and performance of turbocharger. In this paper, a mathematical model of the fluid-structure interaction heat transfer of the water-cooled bearing body of turbocharger was established and the cooling performance of a 1.8 L gasoline engine turbocharger was analyzed. The effects of cooling water inlet flow, engine exhaust temperature, cooling water inlet temperature, and wall roughness of cooling water chamber on the cooling performance of important parts of the bearing body were analyzed by the numerical simulation method. In addition, the cooling water flow required by bearing body with a different structure under different working conditions was studied based on the orthogonal test method. The predicted result shows a good agreement with the experiment result, which could provide a reference for relevant production design and cooling strategy. In the range larger than the thickness of laminar flow bottom layer of the cooling water chamber wall, the increase of wall roughness height can enhance the heat transfer between the fluid and the solid.

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Amelia, A. R., Y. M. Irwan, M. Irwanto, W. Z. Leow, N. Gomesh, I. Safwati, and M. A. M. Anuar. "Cooling on Photovoltaic Panel Using Forced Air Convection Induced by DC Fan." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i2.9118.

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Photovoltaic (PV) panel is the heart of solar system generally has a low energy conversion efficiency available in the market. PV panel temperature control is the main key to keeping the PV panel operate efficiently. This paper presented the great influenced of the cooling system in reduced PV panel temperature. A cooling system has been developed based on forced convection induced by DC fan as cooling mechanism. DC fan was attached at the back side of PV panel will extract the heat energy distributed and cool down the PV panel. The working operation of DC fan controlled by PIC18F4550 microcontroller which depending on the average value of PV panel temperature. Experiments were performed with and without cooling mechanism attached at the backside PV panel. The whole PV system was subsequently evaluated in outdoor weather conditions. As a result, it is concluded that there is an optimum number of DC fans required as cooling mechanism in producing efficient electrical output from a PV panel. The study clearly shows how cooling mechanism improves the performance of PV panel at the hot climatic weather. In short, the reduction of PV panel temperature is very important to keep its performance operated efficiently.

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Amelia, A. R., Y. M. Irwan, M. Irwanto, W. Z. Leow, N. Gomesh, I. Safwati, and M. A. M. Anuar. "Cooling on Photovoltaic Panel Using Forced Air Convection Induced by DC Fan." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i2.pp526-534.

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Photovoltaic (PV) panel is the heart of solar system generally has a low energy conversion efficiency available in the market. PV panel temperature control is the main key to keeping the PV panel operate efficiently. This paper presented the great influenced of the cooling system in reduced PV panel temperature. A cooling system has been developed based on forced convection induced by DC fan as cooling mechanism. DC fan was attached at the back side of PV panel will extract the heat energy distributed and cool down the PV panel. The working operation of DC fan controlled by PIC18F4550 microcontroller which depending on the average value of PV panel temperature. Experiments were performed with and without cooling mechanism attached at the backside PV panel. The whole PV system was subsequently evaluated in outdoor weather conditions. As a result, it is concluded that there is an optimum number of DC fans required as cooling mechanism in producing efficient electrical output from a PV panel. The study clearly shows how cooling mechanism improves the performance of PV panel at the hot climatic weather. In short, the reduction of PV panel temperature is very important to keep its performance operated efficiently.

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Yang, Xu, Yusheng Wu, Laishi Li, Yuzheng Wang, and Mingchun Li. "Crystallization mechanism of ammonium aluminum sulfate during cooling process." Journal of Crystal Growth 560-561 (April 2021): 126064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2021.126064.

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Wang Yaqing, 王亚青, 刘明侯 Liu Minghou, 刘东 Liu Dong, 王璐 Wang Lu, and 郭红 Guo Hong. "Heat transfer mechanism and influencing factors in spray cooling." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 23, no. 9 (2011): 2277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20112309.2277.

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Contreras, I., C. Trevino, and F. J. Higuera. "Transient Natural Convective Conjugate Cooling Mechanism in Vertical Fins." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 20, no. 3 (July 2006): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.15031.

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Sivaperuman Kalairaj, Manivannan, Hritwick Banerjee, Chwee Ming Lim, Po-Yen Chen, and Hongliang Ren. "Hydrogel-matrix encapsulated Nitinol actuation with self-cooling mechanism." RSC Advances 9, no. 59 (2019): 34244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05360c.

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Gao, L., F. Cao, Z. Chen, J. Xu, T. Wang, Z. Cao, and T. Li. "Mechanism of alloy microstructure globularisation during cooling slope process." Materials Research Innovations 18, no. 6 (December 6, 2013): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1433075x13y.0000000166.

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Nakamura, Kazuhiro, and Shaun F. Morrison. "Preoptic mechanism for cold-defensive responses to skin cooling." Journal of Physiology 586, no. 10 (May 15, 2008): 2611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2008.152686.

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Dogonkin, E. B., and G. G. Zegrya. "New mechanism of current-induced cooling of quantum systems." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 74, no. 6 (September 2001): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1421406.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cooling mechanism'

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