Journal articles on the topic 'Cooling energy need'
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1
Jurík, Dušan, and Ivan Chmúrny. "Influence of Facade Colour on Yearly Energy Need." Advanced Materials Research 855 (December 2013): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.855.57.
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Energy prices are constantly rising and that ́s why people are always looking for new ways to reduce energy costs. The main trend is to eliminate heat losses to the maximum extent. The demands for more sophisticated outer insulation for building still envelope (roofs, floors, walls, doors, and windows) are growing. Increased demands are evident also in the standards used in this area. Buildings with nearly zero energy (nZEB) become not only a vision but reality. Several ways for reduction of the energy needs are offered. The application of various colour adjustments of the building facade is one of the options. The impact of colour on the demand for heating and cooling at different thermal insulation capability is analyzed from the thermo - technical point of view. However, the question is whether it is possible to influence the annual costs for heating and cooling through the selection of facade colour (respectively through the absorption of solar radiation). We can say that today's architecture tries to use the structure of the building as some kind of thermal radiation (or rather solar energy) accumulator. In such a way we can characterize the majority of the structural designs for energy low cost buildings, where the main aim of such a solution is to reduce the energy need for heating and cooling.
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Chmúrny, Ivan. "Influence of External Surface Resistance and Thermal Insulation Level on Energy Need for Cooling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.445.
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The value of the external surface resistance on the outside of the structure in the summer season affects the energy need for cooling buildings. The paper analyzes the convection and radiation in the external environment for the current climate conditions of Slovakia in terms of their impact on the value of the external surface resistance to heat transfer in the months when it is expected cooling of buildings. Analysis of the external surface resistance to heat transfer on the outside of the structure for the monthly method of calculating the energy need for heating and cooling.
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Chiesa, Giacomo, Andrea Acquaviva, Mario Grosso, Lorenzo Bottaccioli, Maurizio Floridia, Edoardo Pristeri, and Edoardo Sanna. "Parametric Optimization of Window-to-Wall Ratio for Passive Buildings Adopting A Scripting Methodology to Dynamic-Energy Simulation." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 3078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113078.
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Counterbalancing climate change is one of the biggest challenges for engineers around the world. One of the areas in which optimization techniques can be used to reduce energy needs, and with that the pollution derived from its production, is building design. With this study of a generic office located both in a northern country and in a temperate/Mediterranean site, we want to introduce a coding approach to dynamic energy simulation, able to suggest, from the early-design phases when the main building forms are defined, optimal configurations considering the energy needs for heating, cooling and lighting. Generally, early-design considerations of energy need reduction focus on the winter season only, in line with the current regulations; nevertheless a more holistic approach is needed to include other high consumption voices, e.g., for space cooling and lighting. The main considered design parameter is the WWR (window-to-wall ratio), even if further variables are considered in a set of parallel analyses (level of insulation, orientation, activation of low-cooling strategies including shading devices and ventilative cooling). Finally, the effect of different levels of occupancy was included in the analysis to regress results and compare the WWR with corresponding heating and cooling needs. This approach is adapted to Passivhaus design optimization, working on energy need minimisation acting on envelope design choices. The results demonstrate that it is essential to include, from the early-design configurations, a larger set of variables in order to optimize the expected energy needs on the basis of different aspects (cooling, heating, lighting, design choices). Coding is performed using Python scripting, while dynamic energy simulations are based on EnergyPlus.
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Charani Shandiz, Saeid, Alice Denarie, Gabriele Cassetti, Marco Calderoni, Antoine Frein, and Mario Motta. "A Simplified Methodology for Existing Tertiary Buildings’ Cooling Energy Need Estimation at District Level: A Feasibility Study of a District Cooling System in Marrakech." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050944.
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In district energy systems planning, the calculation of energy needs is a crucial step in making the investment profitable. Although several computational approaches exist for estimating the thermal energy need of individual buildings, this is challenging at the district level due to the amount of data needed, the diversity of building types, and the uncertainty of connections. The aim of this paper is to present a simplified measurement-based methodology for estimating the cooling energy needs at the district level, which can be employed in the preliminary sizing and design of a district cooling network. The methodology proposed is suitable for tertiary buildings and is based on building electricity bills as historical data to calculate the yearly cooling demand. Then, the developed method is applied to a real case study: the feasibility analysis of a sustainable district cooling network for a hotel district in the city of Marrakech. The designed system foresees a 23-MWcold district cooling network that is 4 km long, supplying 26 GWh of cooling to the tourist area. The results show that the proposed methodology for cooling demand estimation is coherent with the other existing methods in the literature.
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Huttunen, Jari, Olli Salmela, Topi Volkov, and Eva Pongrácz. "Reducing the Cooling Energy Consumption of Telecom Sites by Liquid Cooling." Proceedings 58, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wef-06908.
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The use of mobile data has increased and will continue to increase in the future, because more data is moving to wireless networks such as 5G. Cooling energy need is also expected to increase in indoor telecom rooms, and can be as high as the equipment’s own power consumption. The world’s first liquid Base Transceiver Station (BTS) was adopted into commercial use in 2018, in Helsinki, Finland. Conventional air-cooled BTS hardware was converted into liquid-cooled BTS equipment. Heat from the BTS was pumped out of the site room, and thus ventilation or air conditioning was not needed for the heat load from the BTS. Heat stored in the liquid was released into the ventilation duct of the building, still providing annual cooling energy savings of 70%, when compared to air cooling. In the future, 80% of the total dissipated energy, 13450 kWh/a in total, can potentially be used for heating purposes. In terms of CO2 emissions, adapting liquid cooling showed an 80% reduction potential when compared to air cooling.
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Paroutoglou, Evdoxia, Alireza Afshari, Niels Chr Bergsøe, Peter Fojan, and Göran Hultmark. "A PCM based cooling system for office buildings: a state of the art review." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101026.
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Cooling of air in buildings has a significant effect on thermal comfort and, consequently, productivity of office occupants. This study presents a state of the art review of energy efficient cooling systems that will provide occupants in buildings with satisfying thermal comfort. Using high-temperature cooling systems combined with renewable energy sources increases the energy efficiency in buildings. Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) using Phase Change Materials (PCM) is a renewable energy source implemented in space cooling applications due to its high energy storage density. Since the share of commercial buildings in need of cooling is increasing, there is a need for developing new technical solutions in order to reduce the energy use without compromising thermal comfort. To this end, a proposed ventilation system, preliminarily analyzed in this paper, is expected to reduce further the energy use. The ventilation system is composed of an air handling unit, a 2-pipe active chilled beam system, and a cooling system including a LHTES using PCM. Few researchers have investigated chilled water air-conditioning systems that integrate a LHTES using PCM. In this review, function characteristics, possibilities and limitations of existing systems are discussed.
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Burd, S. W., and T. W. Simon. "Turbulence Spectra and Length Scales Measured in Film Coolant Flows Emerging From Discrete Holes." Journal of Turbomachinery 121, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2841350.
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To date, very little attention has been devoted to the scales and turbulence energy spectra of coolant exiting from film cooling holes. Length-scale documentation and spectral measurements have primarily been concerned with the free-stream flow with which the coolant interacts. Documentation of scales and energy decomposition of the coolant flow leads to more complete understanding of this important flow and the mechanisms by which it disperses and mixes with the free stream. CFD modeling of the emerging flow can use these data as verification that flow computations are accurate. To address this need, spectral measurements were taken with single-sensor, hot-wire anemometry at the exit plane of film cooling holes. Energy spectral distributions and length scales calculated from these distributions are presented for film cooling holes of different lengths and for coolant supply plenums of different geometries. Measurements are presented on the hole streamwise centerline at the center of the hole, one-half diameter upstream of center, and one-half diameter downstream of center. The data highlight some fundamental differences in energy content, dominant frequencies, and scales with changes in the hole and plenum geometries. Coolant flowing through long holes exhibits smoothly distributed spectra as might be anticipated in fully developed tube flows. Spectra from short-hole flows, however, show dominant frequencies.
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Hightower, Mike. "Energy Meets Water." Mechanical Engineering 133, no. 07 (July 1, 2011): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2011-jul-2.
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This article discusses the need for new technologies to address emerging energy and water challenges. The demand for both energy and water is expected to grow with growth in global economy and population. Therefore, there is a need to minimize future conflicts between energy and water development and to foster more reliable and sustainable use of these two very important natural resources. Several renewable energy technologies and alternative cooling approaches for thermoelectric power plants exist that could reduce water consumption for electric power generation. Improving dry, hybrid, and other alternative cooling technologies and carbon sequestration approaches could help lower future water consumption and reduce the water footprint of power plants. Likewise, research to address the issues that are limiting the implementation of low-water-use renewable energy technologies could accelerate their use, reducing both water consumption and carbon emissions. Any major scale-up of alternative transportation fuels must consider approaches that use less fresh water than current methods, and must improve water use efficiency in mining, processing, and refining future fuel resources.
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Papatsounis, Adamantios G., Pantelis N. Botsaris, and Stefanos Katsavounis. "Thermal/Cooling Energy on Local Energy Communities: A Critical Review." Energies 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031117.
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One of the most crucial factors for energy transition and the incorporation of renewable energy sources into the existing energy map is citizen engagement. Local energy communities (LECs), which are cooperative-based coalitions aimed at reducing the carbon footprint of the residential building sector, have received increasing attention in the past decade. This is because residential buildings account for almost half of the total energy consumed worldwide. A resounding 75% of it is used for thermal energy consumption, heating and cooling, cooking and bathing. However, the main focus of the literature worldwide is explicitly on electrical LECs, despite the fact that the significant increase in natural gas and oil prices, creates instability in the heating and cooling prices. The scope of this study is to provide an overview of the research field regarding Thermal LECs, using both a thorough literature review as well as bibliometric analysis (VOSviewer software), in order to validate the findings of the review. The results indicate a collective scarcity of literature in the field of thermal/cooling energy communities, despite their proven value to the energy transition. A significant lack of directives, research background and state initiatives in the context of LECs incorporating thermal/cooling energy production, storage and distribution systems, was also observed. Case studies and the applications of such systems are scarce in the available literature, while published studies need further feasibility assessments.
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Kelliher, Warren C., and W. Gene Maddox. "X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Alloy and Stainless Steels Using a Mercuric Iodide Detector*." Advances in X-ray Analysis 31 (1987): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800022278.
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Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has been used extensively for some time now to do accurate and rapid analysis of a variety of samples. Most XRF Systems today use cryogenically cooled Si(Li) detectors to obtain the resolution needed for analysis of samples containing several elements. The need for the cryogenic coolant results in these XRP systems being rather large and not readily adaptable to portable devices. Detectors that require no cooling, or at least require only cooling obtainable by electrical weans, offer a definite advantage over cryogenically cooled detectors for use in portable devices. Mercuric iodide (HgI2) detectors are one type of such room-temperature detectors. The major disadvantage of any room-temperature detector has been the poor eneygy resolution associated with them.
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Abdollah, Mohammad Abdollah Fadel, Rossano Scoccia, Giulia Filippini, and Mario Motta. "Cooling Energy Use Reduction in Residential Buildings in Egypt Accounting for Global Warming Effects." Climate 9, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9030045.
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Residential and commercial buildings are responsible for almost 50% of the total electricity consumption in Egypt. This percentage is expected to increase due to the global warming effect. This work deals with the cooling energy use reduction strategies for residential buildings compatible with the Egyptian market accounting for the global warming effects. A study in the Egyptian market was done to explore the best available technologies in the Egyptian market. A series of dynamic simulations were executed in each city to optimize the building envelope using the best available technologies to reduce the cooling needs. Financial, energetic and environmental factors were taken into consideration, and comparative analysis was done to assess the best alternatives. The double wall with air gap and insulation on the outside was found to be the best alternative in all the cities. Moreover, simple measures to further reduce the cooling energy need were explored, such as the usage of more efficient lighting and night ventilation. This work led to an average reduction of 40% in the cooling energy needs and CO2 emissions across the three cities, with a maximum discounted payback period down to 6.3 years. Future weather files adapted to climate change were generated, and the selected passive strategies were tested to assess the validity of such strategies in the future. The cooling energy needs are expected to increase by 39%, while the peak cooling loads are also expected to increase by 23% by 2080, rendering the current installed HVAC systems undersized.
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JUN, LU, DING HAO, ZHANG HONG, and GAO DIAN CE. "COOLING FLOOR AC SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 01n03 (January 30, 2005): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205028931.
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The present HVAC equipments for the residential buildings in the Hot-summer-and-Cold-winter climate region are still at a high energy consuming level. So that the high efficiency HVAC system is an urgently need for achieving the preset government energy saving goal. With its advantage of highly sanitary, highly comfortable and uniform of temperature field, the hot-water resource floor radiation heating system has been widely accepted. This paper has put forward a new way in air-conditioning, which combines the fresh-air supply unit and such floor radiation system for the dehumidification and cooling in summer or heating in winter. By analyze its advantages and limitations, we found that this so called Cooling/ Heating Floor AC System can improve the IAQ of residential building while keep high efficiency quality. We also recommend a methodology for the HVAC system designing, which will ensure the reduction of energy cost of users.
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I. Deshko, V., and I. Yu. Bilous. "Mathematical Models for Determination of Specific Energy Need for Heating and Cooling of the Administrative Building." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.3 (September 15, 2018): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19826.
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According to the building energy balance, most of the resources are spent on maintaining a comfortable indoor microclimate. To estimate the energy resources rational use and to determine building energy efficiency, specific indicators are used per unit area and/or volume.In this paper, a comparative analysis of various approaches to determination of energy need for heating and cooling that have been used or are introduced in Ukraine and the peculiarities of different climatic data application is carried out. The differences in application of considered methods are established. The analysis of various averaging time intervals (monthly, daily average and hourly) for climatic parameters change in dynamic models during the heating period application influence on heating and cooling load change is carried out. Specific energy need has been established according to different methods and a comparison with the current normative values in Ukraine has been made.
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Gendelis, Staņislavs, Jevgēnijs Teličko, Andris Jakovičs, and Indulis Bukans. "Radiant capillary heat exchangers – power calculation for optimal heating and cooling." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2423, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2423/1/012011.
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Abstract The issue of switching to renewable energy sources becomes very actual and it is important not only to change the energy source, but also the reduce the final energy needs by improving the energy efficiency of buildings and usage of efficient heating systems. Heat pumps as the most popular renewable energy source are widely used, but their energy efficiency is depending on temperature of the supplied energy carrier. The most efficient are radiant capillary heat exchangers with a large surface area and a low temperature, which typically does not exceed 30°C. Another advantage of radiant capillary heat exchangers is the possibility to operate them in both - heating and cooling modes. Unlike the underfloor heating solution, where the role of thermal convection is very important, the built-in radiant capillary heat exchanger systems provide the energy mainly due to thermal radiation. This study explores two modelling approaches for determination of required power and corresponding area of radiant capillary heat exchangers to be installed in a room to provide heating and cooling: simplified approach, which allows to create the heat balance with a minimum amount of input data and a precise standard-based approach. Calculations were made for three different rooms with variable glazing area and spatial orientation using both approaches. Analysis of the calculation results shows the limits of the simplified method, which overestimates heating need and underestimates cooling need, and the main reason for such differences is simplification of room orientation and subsequent solar heat gains. As the calculated cooling power is less than heating power, therefore the heating estimation is sufficient to estimate the amount of radiant capillary heat exchangers in small/medium rooms for providing both heating and cooling in the climatic conditions of Riga. The use of complex, comprehensive modelling approaches is necessary for rooms with large glazed areas, where the simplified method gives incorrect estimations.
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Liavitskaya, Tatsiana, and Sergey Vyazovkin. "All You Need to Know about the Kinetics of Thermally Stimulated Reactions Occurring on Cooling." Molecules 24, no. 10 (May 18, 2019): 1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101918.
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In this tutorial overview article the authors share their original experience in studying the kinetics of thermally stimulated reactions under the conditions of continuous cooling. It is stressed that the kinetics measured on heating is similar to that measured on cooling only for single-step reactions. For multi-step reactions the respective kinetics can differ dramatically. The application of an isoconversional method to thermogravimetry (TGA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data allows one to recognize multi-step kinetics in the form of the activation energy that varies with conversion. Authors’ argument is supported by theoretical considerations as well as by experimental examples that include the reactions of thermal decomposition and crosslinking polymerization (curing). The observed differences in the kinetics measured on heating and cooling ultimately manifest themselves in the Arrhenius plots of the opposite curvatures, which means that the heating kinetics cannot be used to predict the kinetics on cooling. The article provides important background knowledge necessary for conducting successful kinetic studies on cooling. It includes a practical advice on optimizing the parameters of cooling experiments as well as on proper usage of kinetic methods for analysis of obtained data.
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Zambito, Andrea, Giovanni Pernigotto, Simon Pezzutto, and Andrea Gasparella. "Parametric Urban-Scale Analysis of Space Cooling Energy Needs and Potential Photovoltaic Integration in Residential Districts in South-West Europe." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 6521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116521.
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The energy needs for space cooling are becoming a significant share of the energy balance of different Member States of the European Union, in particular the Mediterranean countries. This trend has been observed and monitored by the European Union, which has started a number of initiatives to promote the reduction in the energy demand for space cooling and have it satisfied by renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic electrical energy. Nevertheless, even if the potential of those solutions has been widely investigated at the single-building level, this scale of analysis seems not fully adequate to support the definition of the energy policies addressed towards the renovation of the current cities into smart ones, with a large share of their energy demand satisfied with renewable energy. In this framework, this research aims to investigate the topic of building energy performance for space cooling services by adopting an urban-scale approach. In detail, a parametric simulation plan was run with CitySim in order to assess the impact of different quantities, i.e., climate conditions, districts’ and buildings’ geometry features, and the thermal quality of the building envelope, on the overall cooling energy need for districts and the specific building energy performance. Furthermore, the advantages of the integration of photovoltaic systems to supply power to the cooling system were analyzed, identifying the district configurations with the highest potential. For instance, in Athens, the share of space cooling demand satisfied by PV in high-rise nZEB configurations ranges between 64% (Building Density = 0.25) and 87% (Building Density = 1), while in the low-rise nZEB configurations it ranges between 81% (Building Density = 0.25) and 75% (Building Density = 1).
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Wang, Jin, Ke Tian, Kai Zhang, Jakov Baleta, and Bengt Sunden. "Effect of spherical blockage configurations on film cooling." Thermal Science 22, no. 5 (2018): 1933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci171229257w.
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With increasing inlet temperature of gas turbines, turbine blades need to be effectively protected by using cooling technologies. However, the deposition from the fuel impurities and dust particles in the air is often found inside film holes, which results in partial hole blockage. In this paper, the deposition geometry is simplified as a rectangular channel, and the effect of three blockage ratios is investigated by using the computational fluid dynamics. In addition, water droplets are also released from the coolant inlet to provide a comparison of the results with and without mist injection. It is found that the lateral film cooling effectiveness is reduced with increasing blockage ratio. For all the cases with the blowing ratio 0.6, 1% mist injection provides an improvement of the cooling performance by approximately 10%.
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Li, Qi Fen, Tao Li, Wei Dong Sun, Zhi Tian Zhou, Cui Cui Pan, and Li Feng Zhao. "Installation Design and Energy Conservation Analysis of Floor Radiant Cooling/Heating System with Solar Energy." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 2146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2146.
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How to reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning, to use new energy such as solar appropriately, and to achieve energy savings, are the problems must be treated in HVAC industry. Because of the high energy consumption of traditional air-conditioning and the need for reduction of emission, an air conditioning system (utilizing solar dehumidifying applied to heating/cooling radiant floor) is designed and installed in this paper. At the same time, as an example, the energy saving potential of system is analyzed. This type of heating/cooling radiant floor system is worth promoted if solve the dehumidification properly. By separating to deal with heat and moisture can reduce the energy-cost of traditional air-conditioning, and to achieve purposes of primary energy saving.
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Chen, Tzu-Chia, Rustam Rashidov, Mark Treve, Ahmed B. Mahdi, Ali Thaeer Hammid, Abduladheem Turki Jalil, and Ali Shamel. "Cooling, heating and power system." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 18 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctac122.
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Abstract Systems of cogeneration of cooling, heating and electric power with renewable energy sources are a very suitable solution for the independency of fossil fuels and reducing the emission of environmental pollutants. In this research, an internal combustion engine with a boiler and a linear parabolic concentrating collector has been used to realize the production of electrical and thermal energy. That the internal combustion engine is responsible for the production of electric power, which is responsible for the thermal energy by the concentrated linear collector with the boiler and the heat exchanger. Due to the need for thermal energy at different times, a thermal storage tank has been used in such a way that the thermal energy produced by the solar collector and boiler is stored in the tank to supply the load at the required times. The results show that the total cost of final products for one day of the hottest month of summer in the proposed thermal power plant with fossil fuel will be $69.3 and $63.5, respectively, and for 1 day of the coldest month of winter, the total cost of producing final products in the proposed and fossil system will be $31.6 and $28.5, respectively.
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Hyvärinen, Otto, Antti Mäkelä, Matti Kämäräinen, and Hilppa Gregow. "Long-range forecasts for the energy market – a case study." Advances in Science and Research 14 (April 24, 2017): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-14-89-2017.
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Abstract. We examined the feasibility of long-range forecasts of temperature for needs of the energy sector in Helsinki, Finland. The work was done jointly by Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) and Helen Ltd, the main Helsinki metropolitan area energy provider, and especially provider of district heating and cooling. Because temperatures govern the need of heating and cooling and, therefore, the energy demand, better long-range forecasts of temperature would be highly useful for Helen Ltd. Heating degree day (HDD) is a parameter that indicates the demand of energy to heat a building. We examined the forecasted monthly HDD values for Helsinki using UK Met Office seasonal forecasts with the lead time up to two months. The long-range forecasts of monthly HDD showed some skill in Helsinki in winter 2015–2016, especially if the very cold January is excluded.
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Zhang, Yi, and Dong Ming Guo. "Effect of Cold Energy Storage of Multi-Wells Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage in Sanhejian Coal Mine." Advanced Materials Research 382 (November 2011): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.276.
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In practical work, implementation of the technology of aquifer thermal energy storage(ATES) is divided into energy storage phase and energy utilization phase. Sufficient cold/warm water is stored in energy storage phase, and the stored cold/warm water is consumed in energy utilization phase, so as to achieve the purpose of cooling or heating. In this paper, taking Sanhejian Coal Mine as an example, we analyze the effect of cold energy storage in multi-wells by analyzing the volume change of cold water body within different temperature ranges in different periods. Through the analysis of volume change of cold water body, it can prove in the cooling process, all of the 2-5°C cold water body is consumed, and then the 5-10°C cold water body is consumed. The volume of 10-15°C cold water body is stable, because with the consumption of colder water, part of low temperature water body changes into high temperature water body, adding the 10-15°C cold water body in aquifers. And in condition 1, there are almost the same volume of 2-5°C, 2-10°C and 2-15 °C cold water in the four cold energy storage wells.The running of 1-1’ wells, 2-2’ wells, 3-3’ wells and 4-4’ wells by sequence, all of the 2-5°C cold water body is consumed, and the 5-10°C cold water body is the mainly cold water body for cooling, and the consumption of 10-15°C cold water body is small. It proves that the cooling wells normally run, and the cold water body for cooling is sufficient, which can meet the need of cooling.
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Heslop, Simon, Baran Yildiz, Mike Roberts, Dong Chen, Tim Lau, Shayan Naderi, Anna Bruce, Iain MacGill, and Renate Egan. "A Novel Temperature-Independent Model for Estimating the Cooling Energy in Residential Homes for Pre-Cooling and Solar Pre-Cooling." Energies 15, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 9257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239257.
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Australia’s electricity networks are experiencing low demand during the day due to excessive residential solar export and high demand during the evening on days of extreme temperature due to high air conditioning use. Pre-cooling and solar pre-cooling are demand-side management strategies with the potential to address both these issues. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive studies into the potential of pre-cooling and solar pre-cooling due to a lack of data. In Australia, however, extensive datasets of household energy measurements, including consumption and generation from rooftop solar, obtained through retailer-owned smart meters and household-owned third-party monitoring devices, are now becoming available. However, models presented in the literature which could be used to simulate the cooling energy in residential homes are temperature-based, requiring indoor temperature as an input. Temperature-based models are, therefore, precluded from being able to use these newly available and extensive energy-based datasets, and there is a need for the development of new energy-based simulation tools. To address this gap, a novel data-driven model to estimate the cooling energy in residential homes is proposed. The model is temperature-independent, requiring only energy-based datasets for input. The proposed model was derived by an analysis comparing the internal free-running and air conditioned temperature data and the air conditioning data for template residential homes generated by AccuRate, a building energy simulation tool. The model is comprised of four linear equations, where their respective slope intercepts represent a thermal efficiency metric of a thermal zone in the template residential home. The model can be used to estimate the difference between the internal free-running, and air conditioned temperature, which is equivalent to the cooling energy in the thermal zone. Error testing of the model compared the difference between the estimated and AccuRate air conditioned temperature and gave average CV-RMSE and MAE values of 22% and 0.3 °C, respectively. The significance of the model is that the slope intercepts for a template home can be applied to an actual residential home with equivalent thermal efficiency, and a pre-cooling or solar pre-cooling analysis is undertaken using the model in combination with the home’s energy-based dataset. The model is, therefore, able to utilise the newly available extensive energy-based datasets for comprehensive studies on pre-cooling and solar pre-cooling of residential homes.
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Chambers, Jonathan, Mercedes Rittman-Frank, and Martin Patel. "Presentation of new geospatial datasets for renewable thermal energy systems modelling in Switzerland." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012003.
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Abstract Decarbonising heating and cooling energy buildings means going beyond individual buildings to geospatial analysis of regions and the country. This creates a need for higher resolution geospatial datasets to perform energy systems modelling. In this work we present open heating and cooling demand geospatial raster dataset produced as part of the FEEB&D research project. We discuss challenges in the production and sharing of such datasets and discuss future work towards more comprehensive databases for thermal energy modelling.
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Zhang, Yi, Dong Ming Guo, and Li Meng. "Energy Consumption Analysis of Level Circulating Cooling System in Sanhejian Deep Coal Mine." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.516.
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With the deep mining in coal mine, heat damage is one of the technical issues need to be solved. HEMS cooling system in Sanhejian Coal Mine is a process system for high-temperature heat damage controlling in deep coal mine, in which cool energy extracted to reduce work face’s ambient temperature to achieve heat damage controlling. Part of the cool energy is from the level circulating of cooling water in -700 level main raodway, the other is from the mine water. We analyze the energy consumption of every subsystem during operation of the HEMS system, which could provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance on more efficiently running of cooling system deep in the future.
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Veršić, Zoran, Marin Binički, and Mateja Nosil Mešić. "Passive Night Cooling Potential in Office Buildings in Continental and Mediterranean Climate Zone in Croatia." Buildings 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081207.
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The envelope is one of the most important driving factors in the energy efficiency of buildings. Typical for office and commercial buildings, curtain wall facades allow solar heat gains to be used during the winter but can lead to difficulties in reducing the cooling load during summer. The cooling load is dominant in most building types in the temperate maritime climate, while in the temperate continental climate, it is dominant mainly in office and commercial buildings. The goal of this research was to determine the potential of night passive cooling in an office building model in the most populated urban areas in Croatia-Zagreb and Split, which are located in two different climate zones. Suitable to the climate on-site, an appropriate building envelope and various types of passive and mechanical ventilation systems were selected for each location and case. Additional factors included and analysed were climate conditions, heat gains, the heat accumulation of the building, night ventilation through openings, unwanted air infiltration, and cooling loads. Through a detailed description of the model, passive cooling potential calculations, and Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, the results showed a potential of up to 43.5% savings in the cooling energy need for the temperate continental climate and 32.2% in the temperate marine climate. It was found from the analysis that night ventilation is expected to cool down the building enough to delay a need for cooling by several hours and improve fresh air requirements, thus saving power for cooling, and effectively reducing the need for air conditioning.
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van Schijndel, Patrick. "Trends in domestic energy use reduction and private renewable energy production." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020201009.
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Domestic energy use can be directly influenced by personal choices. These choices include the selection of equipment (efficiency), mode of equipment use, consumer behaviour but also by self-production of electricity, space heating and/or cooling. Intelligent meters showing the actual use of electricity give insight in domestic energy use and is crucial in decreasing domestic energy use. However, households need better access to knowledge and experiences of experts to understand the potential choices to decrease their use of energy. Housing and equipment ‘labelling’ can give some support with these choices, but need to be more uniform and clear. Households controlling their own usage of energy and home production of electricity can make substantial savings on their energy bills. The paper describes experiences in practical situations using long term scientific and professional experiences.
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Ramamohan Reddy, K., N. Siddhik, A. Jyothirmayi, and K. Kalyan Kumar. "Analysis of Microgrid System with Photovoltaic Array." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2089, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2089/1/012068.
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Abstract As the modern power system is advancing, new challenges are coming in to picture. The micro-grid concept along with renewable energy PV systems is emerging as a key factor for the long-term doable solution for future energy sector requirements. Micro-grid can have distributed energy resources like PV panels, wind turbines, Geothermal Tidal energy & power generators that produce power. Controlling and protection are the main problems that need to be handled in microgrid operation. Microgrids need to provide multiple end user needs simultaneously. For example, electricity generation, heating and cooling. This paper accords with the analysis of a Microgrid system connected with a PhotoVoltaic array.
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Ragavendiran, R., and P. Amirthalinagm. "Design and CFD Analysis of Electric Car Battery Cooling System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1720–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41601.
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Abstract: Electric cars are initially developed as an alternative option for existing gas powered car. It also shows good results in both performance and energy utilization. Usage of electric cars are encouraged due to its effect over global warming as there is no emission of harmful gases like CO, CO2, NOX. The electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using energy stored in rechargeable batteries. This idea was coined in later 18th century. But it was initiated in 20th century to roll on roads. Even though we use battery as the energy source, we need a cooling system. It isnecessary to ensure the proper dissipation of heat which is emitted from the battery while transmission. Here we discuss about the cooling system of battery in an electric car. We use three different liquids to analyze its effectiveness. Those fluids are Glycol, Fluorinert FC72 and NOVEC7200 (Ethoxy nonaflurobutane). We have designed and drawn the model using CATIA V5 software and analyzed using ANSYS FLUENT software. Then analyzed best Coolant for the battery coolingsystem.
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BĂJENESCU, Titu-Marius. "Miniaturisation of Electronic Components and the Problem of Device Overheating." Electrotehnica, Electronica, Automatica 69, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46904/eea.21.69.2.1108006.
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With the ever-increasing rate of data generation and communication, as well as the constant push to reduce the size and costs of industrial converter systems, the power density of electronics has risen. Consequently, cooling, with its enormous energy and water consumption, has an increasingly large environmental impact, and new technologies are needed to extract the heat in a more sustainable way-that is, requiring less water and energy. Embedding liquid cooling directly inside the chip is a promising approach for more efficient thermal management. However, the electronics and cooling are treated separately, leaving the full energy-saving potential of embedded cooling untapped. By removing the need for large external heat sinks, this approach should enable the realization of very compact power converters integrated on a single chip.
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Eggimann, Sven, Robin Mutschler, Kristina Orehounig, and Massimo Fiorentini. "Climate change shifts the trade-of between lower cooling and higher heating demand from daylight saving time in office buildings." Environmental Research Letters 18, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 024001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acb0e3.
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Abstract The original intention of daylight saving time (DST) was to save energy required for artificial lighting. This one-hour shift in working hours, however, also impacts the current and future heating and cooling demand of buildings, which is yet to be thoroughly investigated. Here, daylight saving time-induced heating and cooling demand of archetype offices across the United States are simulated for 15 cities for different representative concentration pathway (RCP) climate trajectories. DST reduces cooling more than it increases heating. Maximum savings of up to 5.9% for cooling and 4.4% increase in heating were simulated under current climatic conditions, noting that cooling dominates the buildings’ demand during the DST period. Climate change increases future cooling demand, but does not significantly affect the combined (heating and cooling) potential of reducing energy demand when DST is introduced. However, the relative reduction (i.e. decrease in the percentage of total cooling demand) is smaller when considering climate change. The impact of DST on cooling and heating energy demand depends on the geographical location, which determines the amount and temporal pattern of cooling and heating demand. For the considered case studies, introducing DST with climate change generally resulted in overall combined savings with a maximum saving of 3% for Port Angeles, assuming an RCP 4.5 scenario. Policies that shift working hours need to be evaluated considering their impact on building energy demand and it is necessary to establish whether saving cooling or saving heating energy demand can achieve higher CO2 emission reductions.
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Franzén, Ida, Linnéa Nedar, and Maria Andersson. "Environmental Comparison of Energy Solutions for Heating and Cooling." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 10, 2019): 7051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247051.
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Humanity faces several environmental challenges today. The planet has limited resources, and it is necessary to use these resources effectively. This paper examines the environmental impact of three energy solutions for the heating and cooling of buildings. The solutions are conventional district heating and cooling, a smart energy solution for heating and cooling (ectogrid™), and geothermal energy. The ectogrid™ balances energy flows with higher and lower temperatures to reduce the need for supplied energy. The three solutions have been studied for Medicon Village, which is a district in the city of Lund in Sweden. The study shows that the energy use for the conventional system is 12,250 MWh for one year, and emissions are 590 tons of CO2 equivalents. With ectogrid™, the energy use is reduced by 61%, and the emissions are reduced by 12%, compared to the conventional system. With geothermal energy, the energy use is reduced by 70%, and the emissions by 20%. An analysis is also made in a European context, with heating based on natural gas and cooling based on air conditioners. The study shows that the environmental impact would decrease considerably by replacing the carbon dioxide intensive solution with ectogrid™ or geothermal energy.
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Hunt, Julian David, Behnam Zakeri, Andreas Nascimento, Bruno Garnier, Márcio Giannini Pereira, Rodrigo Augusto Bellezoni, Natália de Assis Brasil Weber, Paulo Smith Schneider, Pedro Paulo Bezerra Machado, and Dorel Soares Ramos. "High velocity seawater air-conditioning with thermal energy storage and its operation with intermittent renewable energies." Energy Efficiency 13, no. 8 (October 17, 2020): 1825–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-020-09905-0.
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Abstract The rapid increase in cooling demand for air-conditioning worldwide brings the need for more efficient cooling solutions based on renewable energy. Seawater air-conditioning (SWAC) can provide base-load cooling services in coastal areas utilizing deep cold seawater. This technology is suggested for inter-tropical regions where demand for cooling is high throughout the year, and it has been implemented in islands with short distances from the coast and the deep sea. This paper proposes adjustments to the conventional design of SWAC plants to reduce implementation risks and costs. The approach is named high velocity SWAC and consists of increasing the excavation depth of the seawater pump station up to 20 m below the sea level, compared to 2 to 5 m in conventional SWAC projects. This allows a twofold increase in the speed of inlet pipeline seawater and cooling load of the plant. The cooling load can be expanded twofold with only 55% capital cost and 83% project costs, compared with the costs of a new system. In addition, this article shows that high velocity SWAC plants with thermal energy storage will have an important role supporting the dissemination of intermittent renewable sources of energy in regions where SWAC is a viable cooling alternative.
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Kosonen, Risto, and Jani Penttinen. "The effect of free cooling and demand-based ventilation on energy consumption of self-regulating and traditional chilled beam systems in cold climate." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 2 (February 2017): 256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16683236.
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This paper presents the energy-saving potential of free cooling and demand-based ventilation with chilled beam system. In the analysis, four beam concepts were considered: standard, self-regulating, free cooling and demand-based ventilation chilled beam systems. The self-regulating chilled beam system utilizes high temperature water for cooling and there is no need for regulation valve. The inlet water temperature is close to room air temperature (20–22℃) and the room air temperature is allowed to vary between 21 and 25℃. The free cooling for the inlet water is provided by the preheat coil of the air handling unit. The introduction of demand-based ventilation further increases the energy efficiency. Energy consumption of the robust self-regulating system is slightly higher than with traditional chilled beam system: self-regulating system keeps the room air temperature lower than with traditional beam system. With free cooling, it is possible to save about 15% of the delivered energy compared with the standard beam system. With the occupancy rate of 60%, energy consumption is reduced by 36% with demand-based ventilation, respectively. When both free cooling and demand-based ventilation are used with 60% occupancy rate, the energy consumption is 44% lower than with the traditional beam system.
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Ismaen, Rabah, Tarek Y. ElMekkawy, Shaligram Pokharel, Adel Elomri, and Mohammed Al-Salem. "Solar Technology and District Cooling System in a Hot Climate Regions: Optimal Configuration and Technology Selection." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 5, 2022): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072657.
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With the increasing need for cooling and the concerns for pollution due to fossil fuel-based energy use, renewable energy is considered an add-on to cooling technologies. The climatic condition in the Middle East, analyzed in this paper, provides the potential to integrate solar energy with the cooling system. Due to the availability of various solar energy and cooling technologies, multiple configurations of solar-cooling systems can be considered to satisfy the cooling demand. The research presented in this paper aims to assess and compare these configurations by considering the energy prices and the installation area. The proposed model is formulated in Mixed-Integer Linear Programming and optimizes the holistic system design and operation. The economic, renewable energy use, and environmental performances of the optimal solution for each configuration are analyzed and compared to the base grid-DCS configuration. Results show that the electricity tariff and the available installation area impact the economic competitiveness of the solar energy integration. When electricity tariff is subsided (low), the conventional grid-based DCS is the most competitive. The PV-DCS configuration is economically competitive among the solar assisted cooling systems, and it can contribute to reducing the environmental impact by 58.3%. The PVT-DCS configuration has the lowest operation cost and the highest environmental performance by decreasing the global warming potential by 89.5%. The T-DCS configuration becomes economically competitive only at high electricity tariffs.
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Thiele, Gregor, Theresa Johanni, David Sommer, and Jörg Krüger. "Decomposition of a Cooling Plant for Energy Efficiency Optimization Using OptTopo." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 8387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228387.
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The operation of industrial supply technology is a broad field for optimization. Industrial cooling plants are often (a) composed of several components, (b) linked using network technology, (c) physically interconnected, and (d) complex regarding the effect of set-points and operating points in every entity. This leads to the possibility of overall optimization. An example containing a cooling tower, water circulations, and chillers entails a non-linear optimization problem with five dimensions. The decomposition of such a system allows the modeling of separate subsystems which can be structured according to the physical topology. An established method for energy performance indicators (EnPI) helps to formulate an optimization problem in a coherent way. The novel optimization algorithm OptTopo strives for efficient set-points by traversing a graph representation of the overall system. The advantages are (a) the ability to combine models of several types (e.g., neural networks and polynomials) and (b) an constant runtime independent from the number of operation points requested because new optimization needs just to be performed in case of plant model changes. An experimental implementation of the algorithm is validated using a simscape simulation. For a batch of five requests, OptTopo needs 61 min while the solvers Cobyla, SDPEN, and COUENNE need 0.3 min, 1.4 min, and 3.1 min, respectively. OptTopo achieves an efficiency improvement similar to that of established solvers. This paper demonstrates the general feasibility of the concept and fortifies further improvements to reduce computing time.
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Chmúrny, Ivan. "Ultra Thin Glass Membranes for Advanced Glazing of nZEB." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.470.
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Analysis explains and demonstrates how double, triple and possible quadruple glazing affected energy need for heating and cooling of model office building. The analysis covers the heating and cooling season. The question arises whether to aim at increasing the number of glass panes, or at improving the properties of existing glazing.
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Murano, Giovanni, Ilaria Ballarini, Domenico Dirutigliano, Elisa Primo, and Vincenzo Corrado. "The significant imbalance of nZEB energy need for heating and cooling in Italian climatic zones." Energy Procedia 126 (September 2017): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.150.
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Goel, Swati, and R. Manikandan. "Validating the performance of the HVAC system for commercial buildings." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.8 (March 19, 2018): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.8.10491.
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Commercial Buildings consumes a large amount of world’s energy. Energy components comprises of Lighting, Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, water heating etc. To make the building energy efficient, we need to maintain, monitor and apply thermal optimization. Numerous researchers over the world are chipping away at vitality demonstrating and control with a specific end goal to create techniques which will bring about general decrease of vitality utilization. This paper presentstheworkflow of the energy modelling HVAC (heating, ventilation and cooling)systemwhich proved to be the complete solution for low energy buildings.Also the estimation of the thermal load which helps in validation of architectural design for energy efficient buildings.
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Csáky, Imre. "Analysis of Daily Energy Demand for Cooling in Buildings with Different Comfort Categories—Case Study." Energies 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 4694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154694.
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Climate change has a potential impact on the number of hot and torrid days in the summer period. Due to the occupants’ comfort needs, and because of the high heat loads during the summer period, in several European countries, the energy used for air conditioning in buildings increased. With multiple environmental monitoring systems (Testo Saveris) in two similar offices, having west and east orientation of glazing, 1920 data (internal air, mean radiant temperature) related to operative temperature were collected in order to show the differences between heat loads of rooms with similar geometry in the same building. Data were measured in a 15 min interval. The diffuse and direct solar radiation had been determined for the horizontal and vertical surfaces, using the measured hourly global radiation (Debrecen, Hungary) data for the analyzed days (summer, hot, and torrid days). The local climatic results were compared with other climatic days used in different national standards. The daily energy need for cooling for different building comfort categories was also determined in the case of the representative days. The maximum daily energy need for cooling can be even 2.3 times higher for east orientation in comparison to the west orientation of the facades.
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Abaranji, Sujatha, Karthik Panchabikesan, and Velraj Ramalingam. "Experimental Investigation of a Direct Evaporative Cooling System for Year-Round Thermal Management with Solar-Assisted Dryer." International Journal of Photoenergy 2020 (December 18, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6698904.
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Building cooling is achieved by the extensive use of air conditioners. These mechanically driven devices provide thermal comfort by deteriorating the environment with increased energy consumption. To alleviate environmental degradation, the need for energy-efficient and eco-friendly systems for building cooling becomes essential. Evaporative cooling, a typical passive cooling technique, could meet the energy demand and global climatic issues. In conventional direct evaporative cooling, the sensible cooling of air is achieved by continuous water circulation over the cooling pad. Despite its simple operation, the problem of the pad material and water stagnation in the sump limits its usage. Moreover, the continuous pump operation increases the electrical energy consumption. In the present work, a porous material is used as the water storage medium eliminating the pump and sump. An experimental investigation is performed on the developed setup, and experiments are conducted for three different RH conditions (low, medium, and high) to assess the porous material’s ability as a cooling medium. Cooling capacity, effectiveness, and water evaporation rate are determined to evaluate the direct evaporative cooling system’s performance. The material that replaces the pump and sump is vermicompost due to its excellent water retention characteristics. There is no necessity to change material each time. However, the vermicompost is regenerated at the end of the experiment using a solar dryer. The passing of hot air over the vermicompost also avoids mould spores’ transmission, if any, present through the air. The results show that vermicompost produces an average temperature drop of 9.5°C during low RH conditions. Besides, vermicompost helps with the energy savings of 21.7% by eliminating the pump. Hence, vermicompost could be an alternate energy-efficient material to replace the pad-pump-sump of the conventional evaporative cooling system. Further, if this direct evaporative cooling system is integrated with solar-assisted drying of vermicompost, it is possible to provide a clean and sustainable indoor environment. This system could pave the way for year-round thermal management of building cooling applications with environmental safety.
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Treshcheva, Milana, Dmitry Treshchev, Irina Anikina, and Sergei Skulkin. "The potential for reducing TPP water consumption through the use of heat pumps." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 11001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914011001.
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Largest part of consumed water resources in Russian Federation is related to energy sector; accordingly, we need to develop measures to ensure their rational use. This paper analyzes the potential for reducing water consumption of thermal power plants by applying heat pumps in the condenser cooling system of a steam turbine plant. The calculations were performed for two CCGT-450 power units with three main options for technical water supply systems. The greatest environmental and economic effects are provided by the use of heat pumps at TPPs with a once-through water supply system. Utilization of all low-grade heat of the condenser cooling system of a steam turbine plant is irrational due to an increase in energy consumption for TPP own needs. With a further growth of tax rates for water intake from surface water bodies, positive effect of application of heat pumps in the condenser cooling system of a steam turbine plant will increase by an order of magnitude.
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Mohamadkhani, Mohamadjavad. "Radiative cooling surfaces: principles, performance evaluation and applications." Future Technology 2, no. 3 (August 15, 2023): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.55670/fpll.futech.2.3.4.
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With the crisis of greenhouse gases resulting in global warming, radiative cooling can assuage the need to keep cool without any adverse footprints. Radiative cooling is a heat transfer phenomenon in which entities dissipate heat directly into deep space without any effort or requiring input energy. It has been a well-known worldwide phenomenon for nocturnal heat transfer to dissipate heat into deep space. In recent years, however, its potential for cooling during the day leads to be considered as a possible method to mitigate the energy shortage, and it also can benefit the entire world's environment. Radiative cooling materials have leaped with the rapid advancement of nanotechnology. In this review paper, radiative cooling is comprehensively represented with regard to the principle of radiative cooling, energy balance, optimization, and various applications. In the first section, the basic principle of heat transfer mechanisms, which engage simultaneously in radiative cooling surface (RCS), are considered and elaborated. Then various approaches were surveyed to improve the performance of radiative cooling surfaces to outline possible pathways of its development in terms of cooling performance and commercial application. And finally, the application of RCS is discussed to explain the benefits of employing them. This review also makes it possible to researchers to develop the RCS for further upgrade, and the prospect of this subject reviews the major features in summary for further future studies.
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Jani, D. B., M. Mishra, and P. K. Sahoo. "A Critical Review on Solid Desiccant-Based Hybrid Cooling Systems." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 25, no. 03 (September 2017): 1730002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132517300026.
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The present review provides scientific and technical support on how solid desiccant-based hybrid cooling can be a supplement to the commonly used vapor compression-based traditional air-conditioning systems to provide the indoor thermal comfort to the occupants. The existing design of standalone vapor compression system needs to be modified by integrating it with the solid desiccant-based dehumidification system to achieve better performance and economic feasibility by handling humidity and temperature separately especially in case of hot humid conditions. The present study is undertaken by considering variety of aspects including background and need for alternative cooling systems, system configuration as well as operational modes and current status of desiccant-based hybrid cooling technology. The review work also indicates that the technology of desiccant-based hybrid cooling has a great potential to provide thermal comfort especially in hot humid climate at the expense of lower energy consumption as compared to traditional cooling systems.
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Prozuments, Aleksejs, Arturs Brahmanis, Armands Mucenieks, Vladislavs Jacnevs, and Deniss Zajecs. "Preliminary Study of Various Cross-Sectional Metal Sheet Shapes in Adiabatic Evaporative Cooling Pads." Energies 15, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 3875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15113875.
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As the cooling requirement and the energy prices are increasing rapidly across the world, the need to develop highly efficient cooling equipment is rising as well. Adiabatic cooling employs evaporation to pre-cool the air flowing through a closed-loop coil. This study examines various adiabatic evaporative cooling pads in terms of their pre-cooling potential and advantages over currently available technological solutions through isolating three cross-sectional metal cooling pad shapes (W, Z and Z1). The results of the study suggest that the correlation between Δt↓ and RH↑ is somewhat close in all three cases; however, a slightly higher temperature drop is observed when using a W-shaped metal sheet. Pressure drop variability was negligible under current cooling pad configurations and experimental boundary conditions. Further studies focusing on measurement continuity, longevity and boundary conditions’ variability are recommended.
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Rabczak, Sławomir, and Krzysztof Nowak. "Possibilities of Adapting a Free-Cooling System in an Existing Commercial Building." Energies 15, no. 9 (May 4, 2022): 3350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093350.
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Increasingly, the exploitation of buildings involves the need for comprehensive management of all systems operating within it, their continuous monitoring, both for the safety of users and to mainly optimize the operating parameters of systems that are largely dependent on each other, interact with each other. This is mainly associated with the need for the most energy-efficient management of energy consumption, which has the largest share of operating costs. The main cost for the facilities is the cooling aspect, which is significant, and for this reason, it is necessary to analyze the possibility of its minimization. One of the possible systems to consider in order to reduce the consumption of cooling energy in the facility is the application of free-cooling technology, which is based on the use of the natural cooling capacity of the outside air for cooling rooms with high heat gains. The application of the free cooling system for facilities with a relatively stable cooling load, with significant heat gains from equipment is justified due to the possibility of maintaining low room temperatures, below the comfort value for people, for a long period of time. The problem arises when a large proportion of the heat gains are from people. In such a situation, cooling of rooms is possible but requires a large amount of ventilation air, which is already a serious limitation on the one hand because of the existing air conditioning equipment, lack of possibility to increase the ventilation air stream; on the other hand, the low heat capacity of the air itself, compared to, e.g., water systems used for cooling of the facility or multisplit systems. These limitations put a question mark over the possibility of adapting the technology of free cooling for the existing facilities, where the majority of heat gains come from people. It is not possible in such objects to lower the room temperature below the limit values for the sake of thermal comfort, which in itself limits the possibilities of using air as a natural cooling agent in such objects. Based on the measurement data obtained from the object, it was decided to check the possibilities of applying free-cooling technology in a large shopping facility and obtaining an answer as to what extent it is possible to reduce the power of cooling units with the application of free-cooling exchangers.
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Millers, Renars, Aleksandrs Korjakins, and Arturs Lesinskis. "Thermally Activated Concrete Slabs with Integrated PCM Materials." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101080.
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As building codes are pushing towards higher energy efficiency and the arrival of nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) requirements for all new buildings are just around the corner the need for alternative, high efficiency heating and cooling solutions for nZEB’s is greater than ever. Also as experience with renewable energy sources has proven the energy demand and energy generation rarely overlaps and it does not allow to fully utilise some renewable energy sources. This is a simulation study that focuses on integrated cooling and energy storage system utilising phase-change materials (PCM). Several types of thermally activated slabs with different PCM thicknesses were simulated in order to find the most optimal PCM thickness with melting point temperature that can support passive cooling methods based on adiabatic cooling principles. Two calculation tools were used for the study – IDA ICE 4.8 and U-NORM 2012-2 to calculate the properties of the slabs and potential of application in well insulated residential building in Baltic climate. The results showed that the optimal thickness for thermally activated PCM layer (large flat containers) range from 25 mm to 90 mm, and for layers with no thermal activation – 180 mm and more. Moreover the results show that apart from energy storage the thermally activated panel can increase thermal comfort conditions.
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Wang, Peng, Xingqi Luo, Senlin Chen, Qingsen Cai, and Jinling Lu. "Energy Saving Application of Variable Speed Auxiliary Pump Plus Hydro Turbine in Circulating Cooling Water System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2029, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2029/1/012070.
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Abstract The circulating cooling water system (CCWS) is a common industrial auxiliary system, and water pumps need to consume much energy to transport cooling water to distributed heat exchangers. Previous studies show that a pump network configuration with constant speed auxiliary pump plus hydro turbine (CSAP-T) plays a significant role in energy conservation. However, given the fluctuations in the production load and cooling water supply temperature, the flow demand of heat exchangers for cooling water varies. Under different working conditions, the CSAP-T scheme cannot supply the minimum cooling water flow required by all heat exchangers at the same time, thereby wasting energy. Therefore, this paper proposes a new fluid machinery network configuration called variable speed auxiliary pump plus hydro turbine (VSAP-T) and establishes a mathematical model of the total output power of the fluid machinery network in CCWS to minimize network energy consumption. To illustrate the effectiveness of the VSAP-T scheme, a real system is used as the research object, and both CSAP-T and VSAP-T schemes are used to optimize the system. When the working conditions are changed, the total output power of the system fluid machinery network can be conserved by 30% to 50%.
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Shankar, R., and T. Srinivas. "Investigation on aqua-ammonia based solar cooling cogeneration plant." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 27, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-04-2015-0062.
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Purpose – The proposed solar thermal cooling cogeneration cycle is well suited for industrial as well as domestic needs and it eliminates need of electricity for refrigeration system. The purpose of this paper is to integrate power and cooling to minimize the energy usage. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed plant has double turbine with superheater and reheater to extract more energy, operating on single generator. The saturated refrigerant from the exit of the generator is used to run the primary turbine and the exit mass of refrigerant is split into 50:50 cooling to power ratio. Findings – It produces additional power of 24 kW at absorber concentration of 0.42 and turbine inlet concentration of 0.95, with separator temperature of 145°C and atmosphere temperature of 30°C. Research limitations/implications – The proposed cooling cogeneration cycle is possible to run on all the refrigerant working fluid mixture and it overcomes the problem of Goswami cycle which is not possible to run in hot climatic countries. Originality/value – The cycle can operate individually as refrigeration cycle, power cycle and both and it will run all climatic conditions.
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Rahman, Noor Muhammad Abd, Lim Chin Haw, and Ahmad Fazlizan. "A Literature Review of Naturally Ventilated Public Hospital Wards in Tropical Climate Countries for Thermal Comfort and Energy Saving Improvements." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020435.
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The tropical climate with its high average temperatures throughout the year affects the thermal comfort of buildings, especially for naturally ventilated spaces. The government’s move to turn hospitals into green buildings is seen in line with the global commitment to conserve the environment and the country’s current policy of supporting sustainable development. To achieve this goal, energy efficiency and thermal comfort need to be given priority in the focus on hospital planning and implementation for a better quality of the indoor environment. This literature review has led to the need to improve thermal comfort in natural ventilated wards in government hospitals. Some wards are built without air conditioning to save on construction costs, reduce utility costs through low energy consumption, as well as the need for infection control and airborne infections. However, current climate change requires a special study of thermal comfort in wards that use natural ventilation. An innovative solution is proposed to solve the problem statement identified in the reviewed literature through the application of solar PV/T systems and heat pumps. This hybrid system re-uses the heat energy (cogeneration) generated from solar PV panels to be cooled by heat pumps and is then pumped into the ward for cooling purposes. The proposed system has the potential to improve thermal comfort in natural ventilation wards and increase efficiency of the solar PV system for optimal electricity generation as well as improve the overall energy performance of buildings through low-energy cooling systems. It is not only solving the thermal comfort issue but also avoid the use of extra energy for cooling by optimizing the renewable energy.
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Borodinecs, Anatolijs, Kristina Lebedeva, Aleksejs Prozuments, Arturs Brahmanis, Aldis Grekis, Deniss Zajecs, Artis Zekunde, and Nikolai Vatin. "Feasibility of Reducing Electricity Consumption of Air Conditioning Equipment by Condenser Direct Evaporative Cooling Technology. Example of Case Study in Dubai." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091205.
Full textAbstract:
The use of air conditioning technology is accompanied by an increase in electricity consumption, which is linked to an intensification of fossil fuel extraction. This in turn calls for developing cooling solutions of higher energy efficiency. The aim of this study is to examine energy consumption reduction of direct evaporative cooling technology for generating cool air in hot-dry climate regions. At the initial stage, already-installed air cooling equipment with a direct evaporative cooling system was studied for the creation of two regression models of electricity consumption representing the “on” and “off” sequences. Water consumption for system operation was taken into consideration. In the following stage, inlet water temperature dependence for pre-cooling purposes for the direct evaporative cooling system was studied. A mathematical model was developed and the subsequent calculations suggested that there is no need to pre-cool water before it enters the system and therefore consume additional energy. Practical application of this study is evaluated based on the case study in Dubai. The results of this study present significant energy saving potential for system operations of the direct evaporative cooling system of approximately 122 MWh per year. The return on investment for the equipment with direct evaporative cooling in case of an office building in Dubai featuring a hot desert climate is around 4.2 years. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential advantage of air cooling equipment with direct evaporative cooling technology compared to cooling equipment without this technology. The results provide the expediency of conducting further research in this area, in particular with regards to analyzing various materials for the adiabatic precooling pads, as well as the possibility of using a newly developed metal precooling pad.