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Journal articles on the topic 'Coolies'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Hu-DeHart, Evelyn. "Opium and Social Control: Coolies on the Plantations of Peru and Cuba." Journal of Chinese Overseas 1, no. 2 (2005): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325405788639210.

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AbstractThe place of opium in the history of the Chinese diaspora in Latin America and the Caribbean has received scant attention. This article is a preliminary attempt to look into this history, based on fragmentary evidence available. From 1847 to l874, as many as 225,000 Chinese indentured or contract laborers (coolies), almost all men, were sent to Cuba, still a Spanish colony, and newly independent Peru. Both the human trade itself, as well as work and life on the plantations, closely resembled slavery; indeed, the coolies in Cuba worked alongside African slaves. Opium was part of the coolie trade from its inception, distributed in the holding pens in South China ports, on the long, arduous voyages across the Pacific or Atlantic, as well as on the plantations. Cuban and Peruvian planters permitted, even encouraged, the sale, barter and consumption of opium by their coolies, in effect creating a mechanism of social control by alternately distributing and withholding this very addictive substance to desperate men. But this cynical use of opium might also have backfired on them, as sustained and massive ingestion lowered productivity, caused premature death (often by suicide), and resulted in high absenteeism.

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2

Kirschner, Paul. "The Rancorous Coolies in ‘Typhoon’." Notes and Queries 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gjl099.

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3

Wicaksono, Bayu. "Migrasi Orang Jawa ke Asahan pada Masa Kolonial." MUKADIMAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sejarah, dan Ilmu-ilmu Sosial 5, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/mkd.v5i1.3439.

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This article aims to reconstruct the history of Javanese migration to Asahan during the Dutch colonial period. The migration of Javanese to Asahan was the impact of the labor demand in the massive plantation industry sector on the East Coast of Sumatra. This study uses historical research methods using primary and secondary sources. The rapid development of plantations in Asahan made entrepreneurs bring in Javanese to sustain the company. To fulfill the needs of Javanese coolies, an agency was formed that has a special task of bringing in workers from Java Island. The life of the coolies is built with various facilities such as hospitals, cleanliness, housing, public kitchens, schools, and many others. Plantation entrepreneurs issue special monetary policies that aim to narrow the space for coolies by printing “kebon money” which only applies to plantations. The Javanese who migrated to Asahan were not able to achieve the hope of living a more decent life than their hometowns in their hometowns, they were instead caught in the trap of capitalists whose labor was exploited as coolies in remote areas of the plantation.

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4

Knight, G. Roger. "Coolie or Worker? Crossing the Lines in Colonial Java, 1780–1942." Itinerario 23, no. 1 (March 1999): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511530000543x.

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In the historical context of colonial Indonesia, Coolie as a way of designating labour has been associated primarily with indentured, migrant, plantation workers in the so-called Outer Islands, principally Sumatra, where coolies from Java and southern China were the mainstay of the workforce on the island's tobacco, rubber and palm oil ‘estates’ from the 1880s through to the end of the colonial era more than half a century later.

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5

Dzüvichü, Lipokmar. "Empire on their Backs: Coolies in the Eastern Borderlands of the British Raj." International Review of Social History 59, S22 (July 3, 2014): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859014000170.

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AbstractIn the nineteenth century, colonial officials relied heavily on coercion to recruit “coolie” labour for “public works” and to provide various support services in the North-East Frontier of British India. “Treaties” with defeated chiefs and the subsequent population enumeration and taxation were strongly oriented to the mobilization of labour for road building and porterage. Forced labour provided the colonial officials with a steady supply of coolies to work on the roads as well as carriers for military expeditions. In mobilizing labour resources, however, colonial officials had to create and draw upon native agents such as the headmen and interpreters who came to play a crucial role in the colonial order of things. Focusing on the Naga Hills, this article will examine the efforts of the colonial state to secure a large circulating labour force, the forms of labour relations that emerged from the need to build colonial infrastructure and the demand for coolies in military expeditions, the response of the hill people to labour conscription and its impact on the hill “tribes”.

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6

Harahap, Apriani. "ORANG INDIA DI PERKEBUNAN TEMBAKAU DELI: NARASI FOTO, 1872-1900." Jasmerah: Journal of Education and Historical Studies 1, no. 2 (September 20, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jasmerah.v1i2.14548.

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This article aims to look at the realities of Indian life in Deli tobacco plantations throughout 1872-1900. By using a research method that combines the historical study of East Sumatra plantation communities with the study of Indian coolies photos in the area taken from the Digital Collections Leiden University Libraries website, the reality of Indian coolies' life has never been written by Indonesian historians. The daily reality of Indians captured in photographs is the everyday side of working in Deli tobacco plantations. Differentiation of work, appearance, and settlement based on race is a picture of their lives while living on plantations. While working on plantations, Indian coolies earned an inadequate wage and had to bear the tremendous burden of life. Through photo narration, it can be understood how the reality of daily life of Indians in East Sumatra, which is currently a marginalized group in Indonesian history textbooks.

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7

Charbit, Yves. "Les « Coolies de l'Empire » dans la Caraïbe." Revue européenne des migrations internationales 2, no. 3 (1986): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/remi.1986.1114.

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8

NORMAN, ELIZABETH. "White Coolies: Australian Nurses Behind Enemy Lines." Nursing History Review 6, no. 1 (January 1998): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.6.1.159.

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9

Guerassimoff, Éric. "Des coolies chinois pour Madagascar (1895-1902)." Revue d'histoire contemporaine de l'Afrique, no. 3 (October 5, 2022): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51185/journals/rhca.2022.0308.

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Les travaux historiques consacrés à l’implantation chinoise à Madagascar éclairent assez peu l’arrivée des Chinois recrutés pour bâtir les infrastructures de la colonisation entre 1896 et 1902, car ceux-ci n’ont joué pratiquement aucun rôle dans la formation de la communauté chinoise de la Grande Île. L’organisation de ces convois présente néanmoins un intérêt de premier plan pour l’historien qui s’efforce de saisir les modalités des circulations de main-d’oeuvre à l’intérieur de l’Empire français, ainsi que les interactions avec les autres empires qu’elles ont suscitées. En dépit de sa brièveté, cet épisode offre la possibilité d’une étude des divers acteurs des circulations impériales – publics et privés, métropolitains, coloniaux et asiatiques –, des intermédiaires et des réseaux de sociabilité à l’oeuvre, ainsi que des conditions, supports et moyens permettant le déclenchement, le maintien ou le rejet de ces migrations de main-d’oeuvre.

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10

Narváez, Benjamin N. "Abolition, Chinese Indentured Labor, and the State: Cuba, Peru, and the United States during the Mid Nineteenth Century." Americas 76, no. 1 (January 2019): 5–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2018.43.

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Abolition forced planters in the post-Civil War US South to consider new sources and forms of labor. Some looked to Spanish America for answers. Cuba had long played a prominent role in the American imagination because of its proximity, geostrategic location, and potential as a slave state prior to the Civil War. Even as the United States embraced abolition and Cuba maintained slavery, the island presented Southern planters with potential labor solutions. Cuban elites had been using male Chinese indentured workers (“coolies” or colonos asiáticos) to supplement slave labor and delay the rise of free labor since 1847. Planters in coastal Peru similarly embraced Chinese indentured labor in 1849 as abolition neared. Before the Civil War, Southerners generally had noted these developments with anxiety, fearing that coolies were morally corrupt and detrimental to slavery. However, for many, these concerns receded once legal slavery ended. Planters wanted cheap exploitable labor, which coolies appeared to offer. Thus, during Reconstruction, Southern elites, especially in Louisiana, attempted to use Chinese indentured workers to minimize changes in labor relations.

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11

Gowricharn, Ruben. "Book Review: Ashutosh Kumar, Coolies of the Empire: Indentured Indians in the Sugar Colonies, 1830–1920." Indian Economic & Social History Review 56, no. 1 (January 2019): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464618820139.

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12

Kettleborough, C. F., D. G. Waugaman, and M. Johnson. "The Thermal Performance of the Cross-Flow Three-Dimensional Flat Plate Indirect Evaporative Cooler." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905939.

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Evaporative coolers consist of two main types: (a) the direct evaporative cooler in which water mixes with the air to be cooled; and (b) the indirect evaporative cooler in which water is sprayed into alternate passages cooling the secondary airflow, which in turns cools the primary flow which then passes to the building to be cooled. A three-dimensional numerical evaluation of the indirect cooler is given. Energy and mass balance equations are derived for the primary and secondary flows and the effectiveness is calculated for different variable inlet velocities and compared with experimental values.

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13

Udasmoro, Wening, Setiadi Setiadi, and Aprillia Firmonasari. "Between Memory and Trajectory: Gendered Literary Narratives of Javanese Diaspora in New Caledonia." International Journal of Interreligious and Intercultural Studies 5, no. 1 (June 2, 2022): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32795/ijiis.vol5.iss1.2022.2851.

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The purpose of this research is to explore the memory and the trajectory of the Javanese diaspora on the novels written by two female authors of Javanese descent in New Caledonia using a gender perspective. The Javanese diaspora in New Caledonia is a community that has left their homeland (Java) to start a new life in their destination land (New Caledonia) since 1896. They are descendants of the contract coolies (laborers) sent by the Dutch colonial government who controlled the Dutch Indies, including Java, at the request of French colonial government. The delivery of contract coolies was based on an agreement called the “Koeli Ordonatie” which had become a legal regulation and was implemented since the 1880s. It was a regulation signed by the Governor-General of the Netherlands Number 138 whose purpose was to fid unskilled laborers willing to work in the Dutch colonies, especially in the plantations and mining. The coolies, especially from Java, were mostly used as manual laborers in various parts of Dutch colonies, such as in Suriname. Seeing that this Dutch policy brought positive results for the exploitation of natural resources in the Dutch colonies, the French colonial government asked the help from the Dutch colonial government to recruit the laborers to be sent to French colonial region, New Caledonia.

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14

Torabully, Khal. "Esclaves et coolies : pour un rapprochement des mémoires." Africultures 67, no. 2 (2006): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/afcul.067.0101.

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15

Perera, Suvendrini. "Unmaking the present, remaking memory: Sri Lankan stories and a politics of coexistence." Race & Class 41, no. 1-2 (July 1999): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396899041001-219.

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Hatton was a tea-town. People did not choose to live in Hatton, they were posted there, and left it as quickly as they decently could. Except, that is, for the coolies, who lived and perished among the tea-bushes and nourished them with their remains when they were dead. Even the one proper road that ran through Hatton entered it with a rush and… left it precipitately. On either side of the road were bunched the lodgings of the artisans… and on its tributary stood the houses of the professionals. Behind and beyond them rose row upon row of interminable tea-bushes reaching upto the skyline… And somewhere in between, in a break in the bushes… huddled the dark, dank line-rooms of the coolies.1

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16

SHARMA, JAYEETA. "‘Lazy’ Natives, Coolie Labour, and the Assam Tea Industry." Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 6 (December 23, 2008): 1287–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x08003831.

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AbstractThis paper considers the creation of a ‘coolie’ work-force for the Assam tea industry and the local dimensions of tea plantation enterprise. While the industry has flourished through its use of migrant labour and export markets for tea, it has retained important connections with the locality. The Assam tea industry was a predominantly colonial enterprise manned by white British planters. It allowed participation, albeit in subordinate and dependent roles, by local peasants and gentry, though mainly based on the labour of migrant ‘coolies’ recruited on indentured contracts. The prominence of ‘imported’ coolie workers has obscured the significance of various local groups as well as the tea industry's importance in the local ‘imagination’. Despite the gradual development of nationalist antagonism towards the white ‘Planters' Raj’, tea enterprise retained a hallowed place for the Assamese middle classes, as tea workers continued as a racialized labouring class.

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17

Yun, Lisa, and Ricardo Rene Laremont. "Chinese Coolies and African Slaves in Cuba, 1847-74." Journal of Asian American Studies 4, no. 2 (2001): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jaas.2001.0022.

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18

Atkinson, Evelyn. "Slaves, Coolies, and Shareholders: Corporations Claim the Fourteenth Amendment." Journal of the Civil War Era 10, no. 1 (2020): 54–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwe.2020.0003.

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19

Derpich Gallo, Wilma. "El Perú hace 100 años: trabajo y migraciones." Secuencia, no. 01 (January 1, 1985): 077. http://dx.doi.org/10.18234/secuencia.v0i01.91.

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<p>Analisis de la emigracion europea y asiatica a Perú en el siglo XIX, para cubrir carencias de mano de obra en agricultura o industria costera. Los coolies chinos y su condición de emigrantes forzados.</p>

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20

Muhammad Ovais, Shiraz Shaikh, and Athar Hussain Memon. "Frequency and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders in high risk occupation workers in Urban, Karachi." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 72, no. 12 (November 15, 2022): 2463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.5200.

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Objective: To determine the frequency and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders in high-risk occupation workers in an urban setting. Method: The analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Karachi from July to December 2020, and comprised office workers, operation theatre technicians and coolies. The presence of musculoskeletal disorders was assessed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire to determine factors associated with moderate to severe condition. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 300 male subjects, 100(33.3%) each were office workers, operation theatre technicians and coolies. The overall mean age was 33.25±6.8 years (range: 18-50 years). The overall prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was 179(59.7%). Besides, 117(65.4%) patients with musculoskeletal disorders had intermediate stage of the disease. The lower back and neck were the most common site of trouble involved in preceding 12 months 111(43.6%) each. Conclusion: Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was found to be a common problem affecting high-risk occupational workers. Key Words: High-risk occupations, Musculoskeletal disorders.

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21

Liu, Haiming. "Ancestors in the Americas: Coolies, Sailors, Settlers by Loni Ding." Amerasia Journal 26, no. 3 (January 2000): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/amer.26.3.dmt7252655378791.

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22

Gandini, Jean-Jacques, and Alain Roux. "Le Shanghai ouvrier des annees 30. Coolies, gangsters et syndicalistes." Le Mouvement social, no. 173 (October 1995): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3779603.

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23

Speedy, Karin. "Who were the Reunion ‘Coolies’ of 19th-century New Caledonia?" Journal of Pacific History 44, no. 2 (September 2009): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223340903142090.

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24

Ette, Ottmar. "Khal Torabully. “Coolies” and corals, or living in transarchipelagic worlds." Journal of the African Literature Association 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21674736.2017.1335948.

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25

Anderson, Clare. "Convicts and Coolies: Rethinking Indentured Labour in the Nineteenth Century." Slavery & Abolition 30, no. 1 (February 25, 2009): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440390802673856.

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26

Hickman, Valerie Reed. "Clarissa and the Coolies' Wives: Mrs. Dalloway Figuring Transnational Feminism." MFS Modern Fiction Studies 60, no. 1 (2014): 52–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2014.0001.

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27

Warren, Jim. "The Spiral of Failure: Suicide among the Singapore Rickshaw Coolies." Asian Journal of Social Science 13, no. 1 (1985): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/080382485x00147.

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28

Tran, Frances. "Time Traveling with Care: On Female Coolies and Archival Speculations." American Quarterly 70, no. 2 (2018): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aq.2018.0014.

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29

A. Ananyev. "The Chinese Diaspora in the US: From Coolies to Lobbyists." International Affairs 68, no. 006 (December 31, 2022): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/iaf.81817772.

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30

Sharpe, Jenny. "Life, Labor, and a Coolie Picturesque in Jamaica." Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 26, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07990537-9901583.

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Although the signs of Indo-Jamaican and Afro-Jamaican cohabitation are present in a late-nineteenth-century photographic archive, the visual power of an imperial picturesque obscures the evidence that exists in plain view. The illusion of self-contained villages of imported Indian workers that photographs create is informed by even as it reinforces a colonial order of racial segregation. By identifying the photographic traces of Indians’ indentureship, this essay introduces time and motion into still photography that reduces Indian lives to single ethnographic instances. It also deploys dougla—the name for people of mixed Indian and African descent who exist as a “flaw” in the British colonial hierarchy of race—as a critical lens for exposing photographic flaws that rupture the smooth surface of the picturesque in ethnographic tableaux of “coolies” and Orientalizing portraits of “coolie belles.”

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31

Wong, Nicholas Y. H. "Inter-imperial, Ecological Interpretations of the “Five Coolies” Myth in Penang and Medan." Prism 19, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/25783491-9966667.

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Abstract This article proposes resource extraction politics as a lens to analyze the relationship between Malaysian Chinese (or Mahua) literature and the global literary economy. Rather than ascribe Mahua literature to its present national boundaries and diasporic communities, the article locates its formation in inter-imperial nodes of trafficked labor and art production, as well as a global system of colonial plantations. The article revisits Zeng Huading's 曾華丁 (1906–1942) short story (1928) and Ba Ren's 巴人 (1901–1972) historical drama (1949) about the myth of five Chinese coolies and their execution in 1871 for murdering a Dutch foreman in a Deli tobacco plantation in East Sumatra. The Anglo-Dutch migration corridor, or the cross-straits coolie trade between the two imperial jurisdictions of Penang (Straits Settlements) and Medan (East Sumatra), now part of Malaysia and Indonesia respectively, was one Nanyang connection, but these writers have been discussed separately within Mahua and Yinhua 印華 (Indonesian Chinese) contexts. Ba Ren, in particular, is studied as a leftist writer who contributed artistically to the Indonesian and Chinese revolutions in the 1940s and 1950s. Here, the article rethinks Ba Ren's legacy within a Mahua corpus, and Zeng Huading's fiction within a cross-straits history of labor. This ecological reading of their works also highlights their critique of Mahua's peripheralization within a world economy and global literature.

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32

Hu-Dehart, Evelyn. "Coolies, Shopkeepers, Pioneers: The Chinese of Mexico and Peru (1849–1930)." Amerasia Journal 15, no. 2 (January 1989): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/amer.15.2.b2r425125446h835.

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33

Major, Andrea. "‘Hill Coolies’: Indian Indentured Labour and the Colonial Imagination, 1836–38." South Asian Studies 33, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2017.1300374.

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34

Perry, Elizabeth J. "Le Shanghai Ouvrier des Annees Trente: Coolies, Gangsters et Syndicalistes.Alain Roux." Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 33 (January 1995): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2950125.

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35

사려. "A Study of ‘Hainandiu’ Immigrants in Dalian： Dock Coolies，1905-1937." Journal of North-east Asian Cultures 1, no. 39 (June 2014): 229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17949/jneac.1.39.201406.013.

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36

Carter, Marina, and Hubert Gerbeau. "Covert Slaves and Coveted Coolies in the Early 19th Century Mascareignes." Slavery & Abolition 9, no. 3 (December 1988): 194–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440398808574969.

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37

Jung, Moon-Ho. "Outlawing "Coolies": Race, Nation, and Empire in the Age of Emancipation." American Quarterly 57, no. 3 (2005): 677–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aq.2005.0047.

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38

Basu, Raj Sekhar. "Colonialism and Race: Blocking Indian Immigration in New Zealand, Early Twentieth Century." Studies in People's History 9, no. 2 (October 13, 2022): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23484489221120097.

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The article essentially deals with the legal tangles which stood in the way of Indian immigration to New Zealand in the early years of the twentieth century. The fear of intrusion of ‘Hindoo coolies’ led to the introduction of exclusionary laws by New Zealand. These primarily sought to preserve the element of ‘whiteness’ in the colonial settlement. The politicians of the Labour Party were equally active as the rest in campaigning for preserving both the race and the empire. There were lengthy discussions in the New Zealand Parliament over the civilising mission of the ‘white man’. Apprehensions arising out of the ‘coolie’ migration from Fiji and the other South West Pacific islands along with the transnational movement of a peripatetic Indian labour force were possibly the main reasons behind the drafting of racist legislation. The compulsory requirement of passing of an English language test practically closed the gates for Indian immigration in the first half of the twentieth century.

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39

Gagey, Jean-Paul. "Des coolies pour le Tsar. La construction du Transmandchourien, xixe-xxe siècle." Bulletin de l'Institut Pierre Renouvin N° 45, no. 1 (2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/bipr1.045.0055.

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40

Chang, Gordon H. "Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation." Agricultural History 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-82.2.251.

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41

Wade, Michael G., and Moon-Ho Jung. "Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation." Journal of Southern History 73, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27649619.

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42

Hahamovitch, C. "Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation." Journal of American History 94, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25094861.

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43

Sinha, Neha. "Coolies of the empire: indentured Indians in the sugar colonies, 1830–1920." Diaspora Studies 12, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09739572.2019.1635777.

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44

Aarim-Heriot, N. "Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation." Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-2007-009.

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45

Liam Byrne. "Coolies or Comrades? Labor Socialism and the Contradictions of Internationalism, 1909–22." Labour History, no. 113 (2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5263/labourhistory.113.0157.

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46

Botsman, Daniel V. "Freedom without Slavery? “Coolies,” Prostitutes, and Outcastes in Meiji Japan's “Emancipation Moment”." American Historical Review 116, no. 5 (December 2011): 1323–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.5.1323.

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47

Roopnarine, Lomarsh. "Coolies of the Empire: Indentured Indians in the Sugar Colonies, 1830–1920." Labor History 60, no. 5 (August 4, 2019): 590–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2019.1651686.

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48

Tyrrell, Ian, and Moon-Hu Jung. "Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation." Labour History, no. 93 (2007): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516255.

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49

Metcalf, Thomas R. "‘Hard hands and sound healthy bodies’: Recruiting ‘coolies’ for natal, 1860–1911." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 30, no. 3 (September 2002): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086530208583147.

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Hu-DeHart, Evelyn. "Opium and Social Control: Coolies on the Plantations of Peru and Cuba." Journal of Chinese Overseas 1, no. 2 (2005): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jco.2007.0018.

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