Journal articles on the topic 'Convertible vehicles'

ABSTRAKKeberadaan kendaraan listrik dapat dijadikan solusi atas permasalahan pencemaran lingkungan akibat gas karbon oleh kendaraan konvensional. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis minat masyarakat mengenai kendaraan konversi yang sedang gencar digalakkan pemerintah. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan penyebaran kuisoner secara daring. Data hasil kuesioner berupa informasi tentang karakteristik responden serta alasan responden untuk berminat atau tidak berminat menggunakan kendaraan konversi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji chi-square test of independence untuk mengetahui karakteristik responden yang berminat melakukan konversi kendaraan. Analisis alasan minat responden dilakukan dengan statistik deskriptif frekuensi yang disajikan dalam bentuk persentase. Hasil analisis menunjukkan karakteristik intensitas penggunaan kendaraan dan pengetahuan terhadap kendaraan konversi berpengaruh terhadap minat masyarakat dalam melakukan konversi kendaraan. Alasan paling tinggi responden berminat melakukan konversi kendaraan adalah ramah lingkungan. Hasil kajian ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan sosialisasi mengajak masyarakat untuk beralih ke kendaraan konversi. ABSTRACTThe existence of electric vehicles can be used as a solution to the problem of environmental pollution due to carbon dioxide emissions from conventional vehicles. This study aims to analyze public interest in conversion vehicles that are being intensively promoted by the government. The method used is a quantitative method of distributing questionnaires online. Data from the questionnaire results in information about the characteristics of the respondents and their reasons for being interested or not in using a convertible. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test of independence to determine the characteristics of respondents who are interested in converting vehicles. An analysis of the reasons for the respondents' interest was carried out using descriptive statistics of the frequency presented in the form of percentages. The results of the analysis show that the characteristics of the intensity of vehicle use and knowledge of convertible vehicles have an effect on people's interest in converting vehicles. The most common reason respondents are interested in converting vehicles is that they are environmentally friendly. The results of this study can be used as material for outreach inviting people to switch to convertible vehicles.

A mechanical vibration-induced, electric energy harvesting method is discussed with applications to vibration analyses of systems of vehicles, motorboats, trains, machines and bridges, etc.. The research has evolved from the analysis of International Roughness Index (IRI), which studies roughness of road-surface as longitudinal vibrational motions in a vehicle measured with a quarter-car simulation (QCS) or Global Positioning System (GPS) with sensors such as gyro sensor and magnetometer sensor. The electric energy-convertible vibrations with information of roughness of road surface are extracted by way of an mechanoelectric energy conversion, and an energy harvesting technology suitable for the system of vehicles is discussed. The mechanical vibration-induced electric current is also suitable for IRI information measurement as well as a measure for ride quality of vehicles.

This paper opens with an historical overview of efforts to develop micro-, mini-, and organic aerial vehicles (MAVs and OAVs) in the 1990’s. Although conceived during WWII, coleopters would not see serial production for 60 years. The paper continues with programmatic aspects of hovering coleopter development of the 1990’s and describes the technical motivations behind in-flight conversion from hover-mode to missile-mode flight and the record-setting XQ-138 family of convertible coleopters. As the first commercially successful family of such aircraft, the XQ-138 was taken from initial concept through configuration design, detailed design, patenting, prototyping, proof-of-concept, production, flight testing, qualification, and eventually high rate production, all with private funding. The paper lists basic engineering drivers, covers fundamental sizing methods, presents weight fraction data, and describes flight test procedures, locations, conditions, and results. High-speed flight test data show the stock aircraft achieving speeds in excess of 164 mph (263 kph) with endurances in excess of an hour at that speed with a special dash-optimized version reaching 288 mph (463 kph) for a few minutes. Videos from flight testing and live-fire exercises are shown at Redstone Arsenal, Eglin Air Force Base, and Fort Benning test ranges under extreme conditions. The paper concludes with an assessment of civil and military variants for a variety of military missions and commercial uses.

Abstract The paper begins with a summary of the performance characteristics of the most important classes of adaptive aerostructures which are relevant for UAVs and the materials which drive them. The paper describes several classes of UAVs that take advantage of the various kinds of adaptive aerostructures technologies. These technologies are shown to be suitable for very small and even hard-launched UAVs, hovering, high speed, low speed and convertible UAVs (i.e. UAVs that can transition between helicopter and aircraft/missile flight modes). The first class of UAVs presented highlights newly invented post-buckled precompressed (PBP) actuators which are particularly well suited to enhancing convertible coleopters or ‘ultra-high performance UAVs.’ These UAVs are capable of hovering for extended periods of time as a helicopter in gusty, windy, dusty, real tactical environments, then popping up, converting and dashing out like a missile at several hundred knots. The paper shows photos (i.e. no computer simulations) of convertible coleopter launches from armoured vehicles, a battle-damage assessment exercise and a live fire sequence with 40mm munitions. The paper concludes with a description of the visual signature suppression (VSS) system which was employed on a 2m UAV. The VSS system was shown to suppress the visual cross section to below 1·8cm2 which is the threshold for human aircraft observation. Accordingly, VSS equipped aircraft are said to ‘disappear’ in mid flight.

ABSTRACT“Urban air vehicles” have been hailed as the next revolution in aviation. Prototypes of various sizes have been flown to demonstrate basic flight (hover and climb), but in most cases there is no demonstration of full flight capability, for example conversion from vertical to level flight (conversion corridor). There are proposals for vehicles in a wide range of scales: from drones specifically designed to deliver goods, to full size vehicles for manned transportation. Most of the concepts proposed include full electric propulsion, multiple (often convertible) rotors (ducted or un-ducted, counter-rotating), and widespread use of composite materials. Start-up companies are seeking funding with high-profile demonstrations in front of the media, but many unresolved technical problems are not been solved. Large aerospace companies have joined the fray. These initiatives are fuelling expectations that achieving the next milestone is within easy reach. This paper aims to fill some gaps in understanding and curb optimism. It takes a holistic view in order to establish a scientific basis for design, manufacturing, operations.

A passive twist control is considered as an adaptive way to maximize the overall efficiency of a proprotor developed for convertible Micro Air Vehicles (MAV). In this paper, adaptation of the proprotor geometry in accordance to flight configurations is achieved by induced twist generated by the inherent structural coupling effect in anisotropic composite material and centrifugal force emanating from the tip load. Beam Finite Element Model based on Rotating Timoshenko Theory is used to predict structural loads, while Blade Element Momentum Theory is employed to predict the aerodynamic performance of adaptive proprotor as applied on Micro Air Vehicles (MAV). The iterative process of combination of aerodynamic model and structural model is used to compute the steady-state deformation of the flexible laminated proprotor blade due aerodynamic loads. Finally, the optimal design of lamina blade material is carried out to investigate the potential of flexible blade in the proprotorperformance enhancement.

The article presents the results of work involved with developing a full-scale simulator for research into determining the structure and parameters of the control system for unmanned aerial copter-type vehicles with a powerplant comprising electric motors with fixed-pitch propellers. The features of the engineering implementation of the simulator, taking into account the prospects for its development in terms of greater maneuverability (pitch, roll and yaw), are presented. The implemented principle of the Simulink integration – a model of the control object, a controller based on the Arduino platform, a gyroscope-accelerometer to organize feedbacks for the purpose of forming algorithms of the automatic and positional (manual) pitch angle control, manual motor revs control is described. The analysis of the full-scale simulation results in terms of the quality of transients and power costs for various settings of the PID-regulator, which provides generating a signal of electric motor revolutions, is presented. It is concluded that it is feasible to create and use an experimental base to justify the use of adaptive control algorithms for unmanned aerial copter-type vehicles with elements of artificial intelligence to ensure the required flying characteristics in a wide range of properties of control objects.

AbstractThe three annual 2¼% interest coupons of the Winterthur Insurance convertible bond (face value Chf 4 700) will only be paid out if during their corresponding observation periods no major storm or hail storm on one single day damages at least 6 000 motor vehicles insured with Winterthur Insurance. Data for events, where storm or hail damaged more than 1 000 insured vehicles, are available for the last ten years. Using a constant-parameter model, the estimated discounted value of the three Wincat coupons together is Chf 263.29. A conservative evaluation, which accounts for the standard deviation of the estimate, gives a coupon value of Chf 238.25. However, fitting models which admit a trend or a change-point, leads to substantially higher knock-out probabilities of the coupons. The estimated discounted values of the coupons can drop below the above conservative value; a conservative evaluation as above leads to substantially lower values. Hence, already the model uncertainty is higher than the standard deviations of the used estimators. This shows the dominance of the model risk. Consistency, dispersion, robustness and sensitivity of the models are analysed by a simulation study.

Optimization algorithms have a wide range of applications in symmetry problems, such as graphs, networks, and pattern recognition. In this paper, a dynamic periodic multi-depot multi-trip vehicle routing model for scheduling test samples is constructed, which considers the differences in testing unit price and testing capacity of various agencies and introduces a cross-depot collaborative transport method. Both the cost and the testing time are minimized by determining the optimal sampling routes and testing agencies, subjecting to the constraints of vehicle capacity, number of vehicles, and delivery time. To solve the model, a knowledge-guided multi-objective shuffled frog leaping algorithm (KMOSFLA) is proposed. KMOSFLA adopts a convertible encoding mechanism to realize the diversified search in different search spaces. Three novel strategies are designed: the population initialization with historical information reuse, the leaping rule based on the greedy crossover and genetic recombination, and the objective-driven enhanced search. Systematic experimental studies are implemented. First, feasibility analyses of the model are carried out, where effectiveness of the cross-depot collaborative transport is validated and sensitivity analyses on two parameters (vehicle capacity and proportion of the third-party testing agencies) are performed. Then, the proposed algorithm KMOSFLA is compared with five state-of-the-art algorithms. Experimental results indicate that KMOSFLA can provide a set of non-dominated schedules with lower cost and shorter testing time in each scheduling period, which provides a reference for the dispatcher to make a final decision.

The conversion efficiency of solar energy and the capacity of energy storage batteries limit the development of low-altitude solar-powered aircrafts in the face of challenging meteorological phenomena in the lower atmosphere. In this paper, the energy planning problem of solar-power convertible unmanned aerial vehicles (SCUAVs) is studied, and a degressive state-of-charge (SOC) trajectory planning method with energy management strategy (EMS) is proposed. The SOC trajectory planning strategy is divided into four stages driven by three modes, which achieves the energy cycle of SCUAV’s long-endurance cruise and multiple hovers without the need to fully charge the battery SOC. The EMS is applied to control the output of solar cell/battery and power distribution for each stage according to three modes. A prediction model based on wavelet transform (WT), long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) is proposed for the weather forecast in the low altitude, where solar irradiance is used for the prediction of solar input power, and the wind and its inflow direction take into account the multi-mode power prediction. Numerical and simulation results indicate that the effectiveness of the proposed SOC trajectory planning method has a positive impact on low-altitude solar-powered aircrafts.

This paper considers the development of an active vibration regulation (AVR) system on a convertible car equipped with a hydraulic actuation system. Experimental modal analysis is used to identify a model from the measured dynamic response of the car body and the hydraulic actuators. Two different methods are used to design the AVR system in the presence of process and measurement uncertainties, namely optimal feedback regulation and proportional-integralderivative (PID) compensation. With the aim of reducing the amplitude of the first eigenmode of the system considered, the AVR algorithms are digitally implemented and real-time experiments involving a hydro-pulse four poster rig are conducted. The results from these are evaluated and it is shown that the AVR systems achieve a significant vibration reduction in the first eigenmode, which is important for passenger comfort.

Augmented Reality (AR) can be used as a new technology in organizing virtual and paperless exhibitions to make the products on display more attractive and updated regularly. This can happen because AR is a technology that integrates the virtual and real worlds. AR has been widely used as a medium to assist in providing information in real-time in an interesting, interactive, and educational way. This journal explains the development of AR media and its feasibility as an international promotional media in introducing the E-Mobility Ecosystem. The E-Mobility Ecosystem is a PENTA-branded convertible electric car, one of PNJ's superior technologies. The Hannover Messe'23 exhibition with the theme "Making Indonesia 4.0" requires products to be displayed in digital form (paperless). Thus, an application is needed to support digital promotion. This research aims to develop a Marker-Based AR application as one of the promotional media for E-Mobility Ecosystem products, which consist of charging stations, electric vehicles, and the Center Of Otomo-tive. The output of this research is an application that can show E-Mobility Ecosystem products by displaying a 3D Model when the mobile camera is directed at a card given an Object marker. This research method uses the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC). This research has been successfully developed and distributed. This is evidenced by user assessment using a Likert scale with a success rate of 87.8% strongly agree.

In January 1997, Winterthur Insurance, together with Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB), issued the first listed CAT bond. The annual “WINCAT0 coupons of this three-year convertible bond are knocked out if any single storm event damages more than 6,000 vehicles insured by Winterthur Insurance in Switzerland.This was a completely new way of securing insurance risks. The main intention was to test the Swiss capital market for such products and to make investors acquainted with them. Thereby Winterthur, together with CSFB, set new standards in product transparency, fairness of pricing and investor education by making the historical data available via internet and by publishing a special brochure (CSFB (1997)), where the pricing and the mathematical modelling are described in detail. This is also a prerequisite to enable a scientific discussion on pricing aspects of such new financial products. The developers of the bond are therefore grateful to Mr. Schmock for this valuable scientific contribution which can be seen as a thorough and profound statistical analysis on the knock-out probability for the purpose of quantifying the model uncertainty.In Section 2 we briefly summarize the whole pricing of the bond at the issue date and show that there were several risk premium elements in this pricing where the conservative estimation of the knock-out probability was just one of them. In Section 3 we consider the modelling of low frequency risks from a practitioner's standpoint and formulate some requirements from practice. In Section 4 we make some further comments on the modelling of the Wincat data. Section 5 is a short summary.

Converter kits are equipment used to translate fuel oil (CNG) into gas fuel (CNG) in convertible vehicles. The use of a converter kit with CNG liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) will be used to optimize engine performance while driving, but its use is not yet known among the public because it is not affordable and there is no transition from fuel to consumed gas. Therefore, it is necessary to design a simple converter kit, affordable by the community, and can be supported on two different fuels. This study redesigned the manual converter kit with a research focus on aluminum gas mixer components with variations in the number of intake mixers (1, 2, and 3) and added mixing zones in the mixer area, using 110 cc single cylinder motorized engine with carburetor fuel system with a variation of 1500-9000 rpm. Engine performance testing is done using a chassis dynamometer. The use of LPG fuel in various types of input mixers is able to increase torque and power on the engine. Engine performance test data shows that the best torque value on the use of LPG materials in input mixer 1, 2, and 3 holes respectively are 17.44 Nm, 16.77 Nm and 11.71 Nm, while for gasoline fuel is 16 Meanwhile, the value of power in the use of LPG fuel with the input of mixer 1, 2 and 3 holes is capable of producing maximum power respectively 7.1 Hp, 7.4 Hp and 7.3 Hp, while for gasoline fuel at 7.7 Hp. The use of LPG fuel with the number of 1 hole mixer input is the best variation compared to gasoline fuel and the number of mixer inputs in the other variations.

A traditional spinal orthosis in conjunction with a hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis (HKAFO) improves posture in persons with paraplegia during standing and walking. It also limits the wearer's range of motion when worn during other activities, such as vehicle transfer or sitting and reaching for objects. In order to regain full torso flexibility the user would need to remove the spinal orthosis which can be arduous and time consuming. A Convertible Spinal Orthosis (CSO) that allows the user to switch between Locked rigid torso support and Unlocked free motion has been designed, fabricated and tested. It shows promise for increasing functionality, wear time and subject comfort. Analysis of movement has been performed with an able-bodied and a paraplegic subject wearing a rigid spinal orthosis, the CSO in both states, and without any bracing. Configuration state had the most impact on lateral bending. Mean values for the paraplegic subject of 27°, 38°, 48°, and 48° and for the able-bodied subject of 22°, 26°, 48°, and 45° were found for lateral bending of the upper torso relative to the thighs in theRigid,Locked,Unlocked, andNo-Bracestates, respectively.

Abstract Due to the increasing usage of oil-powered vehicles, the transportation industry is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. Electric vehicles can be a potential solution to the climate change problem because the greenhouse gas emissions produced by electric vehicles are significantly lower than those produced by vehicles with fossil view resources. On the other hand, cost of ownership electric vehicles is highly priced for the middle and lower classes. Therefore, the conversion of conventional vehicles to electric vehicles is growing popularity in the community. As a result, the Indonesian Government, through the Ministry of Transportation, has issued several regulations to control conversion operations so that they can give the benefits they should. Compared to traditional ICE vehicles of the same motorcycle type, Yamaha N-Max-type convertibles can save up to 7.7 times the energy expenses and emit 4 times fewer greenhouse gas emissions; consequently, conversion vehicles can be an alternate solution.

Child Restraint Systems (CRS; car seats) are designed to prevent injuries in motor vehicle collisions. CRS misuse and installation errors are common and may seriously reduce or nullify safety benefits. Poorly designed labels and instructions contribute to CRS misuse, and CRS manufacturers are not held to an evidence-based label design standard. This paper describes a user-centered design (UCD) and evaluation process for infant/child convertible (rear-facing/forward-facing) CRS installation labels. The labels focused on two primary tasks: installing a CRS into a vehicle and securing a child into the CRS. The label design concepts were based on literature identifying primary areas for CRS misuse, Human Factors and UCD principles, product warning and label design standards, and current Canadian and US motor vehicle safety standards. A follow-up study will evaluate the reduction of CRS installation errors based on the hypothesized enhanced label usability and effectiveness.

Convertible unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) combines advantages of convenient autonomous launch/recovery and efficient long range cruise performance. Successful design of this new type of aircraft relies heavily on good understanding of powered lift generated through propeller-wing interactions, where the velocity distribution within propeller slipstream is critical to estimate aerodynamic forces during hover condition. The present research studied a propeller-wing combination with a plain flap. A 5-hole probe measurement system was built to construct three-dimensional (3D) velocity field at a survey plane after wing trailing edge. The study has found that significant deformation of propeller slipstream was present in the form of opposite transverse displacement on extrados and intrados. The deformation could be enhanced by flap deflections. Velocity differences caused by the slipstream deformation could imply local variation of lift distribution compared to predictions from conventional assumptions of cylindrical slipstream. An analytical method was developed to reasonably estimate the position of deformed slipstream centreline. The research underlined that the mutual aspect of propeller-wing interaction could be critical for low-speed aerodynamic design.

Land transport is an unavoidable experience for most livestock, yet there is limited research comparing animal welfare under different conditions. We video recorded sheep responses during short (2 h) commercial road transport journeys. Using Qualitative Behavioural Assessment, observers (blinded to the treatments) scored the behavioural expression of sheep and reached significant consensus in their scoring patterns (p < 0.001). There were also significant effects of vehicle crate design (sheep transported in a ‘standard’ crate were more calm/relaxed than those transported in a ‘convertible’ crate), deck position (sheep on upper decks were more curious/alert than those on lower decks), and sheep breed (fat-tail sheep were more agitated/distressed than merino sheep) on observer scores. We only found marginal differences for sheep originating from feedlot or saleyard. Significant effects of vehicle driver (included as a random factor in all but one of our analyses) suggest driving patterns contributed to demeanour of the sheep. Finally, the fourteen drivers who participated in the study were asked their opinions on livestock transport; none of the factors we tested were identified by drivers as important for sheep welfare during transport. This study supports the use of qualitative measures in transport and revealed differences that could inform truck design.

The conference material consists of designing a convertiplane-type unmanned aerial vehicle and optimization of its main parameters in the context of observation of strategic objects, the selection, manufacture or purchase of components for the designed convertiplane, as well as the determination of the very low probability that the aircraft will be detected by visual, acoustic and radar detection means. Also, the structural emplacement and layout of the elements that make up the aircraft have been studied, the purpose of each element selected during the design, the impact on the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft and its location were technically justified.

Abstract When buying durable goods, consumers must forecast how much utility they will derive from future consumption, including consumption in different states of the world. This can be complicated for consumers because making intertemporal evaluations may expose them to a variety of psychological biases such as present bias, projection bias, and salience effects. We investigate whether consumers are affected by such intertemporal biases when they purchase automobiles. Using data for more than 40 million vehicle transactions, we explore the impact of weather on purchasing decisions. We find that the choice to purchase a convertible or a four-wheel-drive is highly dependent on the weather at the time of purchase in a way that is inconsistent with classical utility theory. We consider a range of rational explanations for the empirical effects we find, but none can explain fully the effects we estimate. We then discuss and explore projection bias and salience as two primary psychological mechanisms that are consistent with our results.

This research focuses on a novel convertible unmanned aerial vehicle (CUAV) featuring four rotors with tilting capabilities combined with a tapered form. This paper studies the transition motion between multirotor and fixed-wing modes based on the mechanical and aerodynamics design as well as the control strategy. The proposed CUAV involves information about design, manufacturing, operation, modeling, control strategy, and real-time experiments. The CUAV design considers a fixed-wing with tiltrotors and provides the maneuverability to perform take-off, hover flight, cruise flight, and landing, having the characteristics of a helicopter in hover flight and an aircraft in horizontal flight. The manufacturing is based on additive manufacturing, which facilitates the creation of a lattice structure within the wing. The modeling is obtained using the Newton–Euler equations, and the control strategy is a PID controller based on a geometric approach on SE(3). Finally, the real-time experiments validate the proposed design for the complete regime of flight, and the research meticulously evaluates the feasibility of the prototype and its potential to significantly enhance the mission versatility.

Automobile industry is under the transformational innovations. The module and part makers of the internal combustion engine and related parts are disrupted by the electric vehicles. Tesla is the leading innovator in this sector. An investor asked Prof. Christensen whether Tesla is a disruptive innovation. The answer was strictly “No!” The contradiction of the reality and the theoretical claim brings the idea of anomalies in theory. For sure, Tesla has the ‘Disruptiveness’ in a sense, but the rigorous judgement is contradictory. It is an opportunity to expand the innovation theory. This study is an ad-hoc expansion of disruptive innovation theory with four transformational innovation types: Avalanche Innovation, foundation innovation, disruptive innovation. and authentic innovation/ entrepreneurship. Here, two innovation axis are suggested to explain the process of transformation and authenticity of entrepreneurs leading innovation. The re-examination of Tesla innovation from Christensen’s theoretical perspective and categorize it as a new type of innovation. It is ad-hoc expansion named as avalanche innovation. There are several downward innovations with adaptive course of actions that brings avalanche of Innovation to the SMEs in automobile industries. The convertive innovation of Hyundai-Kia motors and the barricade innovation of the parts and module companies are discussed. Based on the case based theory building research, more development of responsive strategy to avalanche innovation for the survival of the incumbents. Research agendas are discussed for the future research possibilities.

RESUMENVivimos en una etapa post-industrial en la que el capital físico y la fábrica han dado paso a la información y el saber como moneda de cambio. Pero la información y el conocimiento, lideradas por la inclusión de las TICs, se hacen insuficientes en un tercer estadio de la vida del educando; la educación superior, ya que no permiten realizar una relación directa y real entre la vida académica y la vida laboral que se busca emprender en la finalización de esta etapa, que aumenta en carreras y ciclos superiores no tecnológicos. Es necesario un nuevo concepto; la intelección, o administrar y adaptar esa información y conocimiento recogidas en las anteriores etapas educativas para convertirlo en un punto de arranque para una verdadera formación en la nueva Sociedad en la que vivimos, definida por los medios audiovisuales y digitales.ABSTRACTWe live in a post -industrial phase in which physical capital and the factory has given way to the information and knowledge as a bargaining chip. But information and knowledge, led by the inclusion of ICTs become insufficient in a third stage of the life of the learner ; higher education, not allowing for a direct and real relationship between academic life and working life is sought to undertake in the completion of this stage, which increases in non-technological careers. A new concept is needed; intellection, or manage and adapt that information and knowledge contained in the earlier stages of education to make it a starting point for a real training in the new society in which we live, defined by the audiovisual and digital media.

Iniciada en 1995, los 101 km en 24 h de Ronda se ha consolidado como una de las más emblemáticas y singulares ultra maratones del territorio español. En este trabajo focalizamos la atención en los relatos emitidos en torno a la prueba, interrogándonos sobre los motivos, valores y sensaciones expresadas por participantes, público y organizadores, a fin de entender las claves de su éxito y la filosofía que la envuelve. A partir de los datos producidos a través del trabajo de campo etnográfico, la experiencia práctica en esta carrera y la información documental, se reflexiona sobre las implicaciones y consecuencias de dos importantes mensajes emblemáticos empleados como consigna del evento, que marcan momentos históricos diferentes: de <<La Legión contra la droga>> del ayer al <<Todos con la Patria>> de hoy. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos se hace entendible cómo un acontecimiento así, a través del aparato simbólico que lo envuelve y los intereses económicos, sociales y políticos que genera, sobrepasa la esfera de lo estrictamente deportivo para convertirse en un poderoso vehículo de identidad individual y colectiva que alimenta un peculiar imaginario ideológico. Abstract. Started in 1995, the 101 km in 24 h of Ronda have established as one of the most emblematic and unique ultra-marathons in Spain. In this work we focus our attention on the stories issued around the race, asking about the motives, values ​​and sensations expressed by participants, public and organizers, in order to understand the keys to their success and the philosophy that surrounds it. Based on the data produced through ethnographic field work, the practical experience in this race and documentary information, we reflect on the implications and consequences of two important emblematic messages used as slogan of the event, which mark different historical moments: from <<The Legion (army) against drugs>> of yesterday to <<Everyone with the Homeland>> of today. According to the results obtained, it becomes understandable how such an event, through the symbolic apparatus that surrounds it, and the economic, social and political interests that it generates, goes beyond the strictly sports sphere to become a powerful vehicle of individual and collective identity which it feeds a peculiar ideological imaginary.

Remittances are the dominant factor in the contemporary economy of El Salvador, which is enjoying a new comparative advantage in the international economic system—the export of cheap labor to the Global North and particularly the United States. The Salvadoran economy is part of a transnational economic space, but this space is perverse: Although the poor are nominally receiving more money, remittances cause them to be caught in a vicious cycle of economic instability. At the same time, the elites are able to access remittances indirectly by becoming a Keynesian oligarchy—an oligarchy that extracts wealth by controlling the demand structure of the economy instead of production. Remittances represent bread and butter for the poor and a vehicle for transnationalization for the rich, and this leads to a new stasis of elite rule: remittances provoke the rescaling of social conflicts in favor of elites. Transnationalism in this regard must be interpreted as an elite strategy for suppressing the bargaining power of the subaltern class. In this transnational remittances economy, opportunities for the subaltern class and migrants to participate directly in reshaping this economic space are limited or nonexistent. As a consequence, they must rely on translocal moral economies linking migrants with their families at home, where they are still able to impose some control. Meanwhile, elites foster transnationalism by dismantling these very modes of control. In this sense, remittances are the silver bullet for facilitating neoliberalism in the Global South. In El Salvador, they produce ultrastability for the oligarchy and chaos for the poor. Las remesas son el factor dominante en la economía contemporánea de El Salvador, que goza de una nueva ventaja comparativa en el sistema económico internacional en la exportación de mano de obra barata al Norte Global y particularmente a los Estados Unidos. La economía salvadoreña es parte de un espacio económico transnacional, pero este espacio es perverso: aunque los pobres reciben nominalmente más dinero, las remesas hacen que se encuentren atrapados en un círculo vicioso de inestabilidad económica. Al mismo tiempo, las élites pueden acceder a las remesas indirectamente al convertirse en una oligarquía keynesiana— una oligarquía que extrae riqueza controlando la estructura de la demanda de la economía en lugar de la producción. Las remesas representan el pan de cada día para los pobres y un vehículo para la transnacionalización de los ricos, y esto lleva a una nueva estasis del gobierno de la élites: las remesas provocan la reescalada de los conflictos sociales a favor de las élites. El transnacionalismo a este respecto debe interpretarse como una estrategia de élites para suprimir el poder de negociación de la clase subalterna. En esta economía transnacional de remesas, las oportunidades para que la clase subalterna y los migrantes participen directamente en la remodelación de este espacio económico son limitadas o inexistentes. Como consecuencia, deben contar con las economías morales translocales que vinculan a los migrantes con sus familias en El Salvador, donde aún es posible imponer cierto control. Mientras tanto, las élites fomentan el transnacionalismo desmantelando estos mismos modos de control. En este sentido, las remesas son la bala de plata para facilitar el neoliberalismo en el Sur Global. En El Salvador, producen ultra estabilidad para la oligarquía y caos para los pobres.

Convertible electric motorbikes are the outcome of transforming motorbikes that run on fossil fuels into electric ones. The purpose of this conversion is to promote the growing adoption of electric vehicles, prolong the lifespan of motor vehicle products, and mitigate carbon emissions in the transportation sector. Hence, the objective of this study is to ascertain and evaluate the market position of the convertible electric motorbike industry through the utilisation of Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) and Business Model Canvas (BMC) analysis. The collection of primary data involved conducting interviews and utilising brainstorming approaches with professionals from electric vehicle manufacturers and academia. Nine business strategy models for convertible electric motorbikes were derived from the investigation using the BMC technique. According to the examination of the Internal Factor examination Summary (IFAS) and External Factor Analysis Summary (EFAS) matrices, a growth strategy has been selected. This approach indicates that the business possesses strengths and opportunities. Therefore, it requires policies that promote rapid expansion through comprehensive, integrated, and diversified methods. Recommendations for further research include exploring company strategies that use a circular and sustainable approach.

This study aims to clarify the flow characteristics and wake structure of convertible vehicles. Numerical simulations are performed to obtain a preliminary visualization, and the potential vortical motion characteristics are investigated by examining the Q-criterion across multiple cross-sections. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results validate the reasonableness of our numerical model. The predominant wake topology of a two-seat convertible is obtained in terms of the location, shape, and spin direction of the vortices. We observe a "nook" vortex that is triggered by the flow acceleration induced by the pressure gradient near the windshield step, provoking undesirable aeroacoustic noise and degrading the cabin comfort. Complicated A-pillar vortex dynamics are revealed, with small vortices that are shed into the cabin and impinge the seats, eventually forming a long tail structure above the back of the vehicle. Moreover, periodic fluctuations of the windshield vortex are induced by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, significant impacting the streamwise wake. Ultimately, the combined motion characteristics of the A-pillar and windshield vortices exert undesirable effects on the aeroacoustic noise and drag, suggesting fundamental mechanisms for achieving optimal energy-saving and acoustic convertibles in the future. Based on the wake topology and the vortical generating mechanism, approaches are proposed to reduce the drag and aeroacoustic noise by impeding the flow over the door into the cabin and modifying the shape of windshield step, and lengthening the windshield in stream direction.

Road friction coefficients are highly effective for advanced vehicle control technologies, although the estimation at four individual tires has not been practically used for ordinary vehicles. This study describes the essential relation between the tire forces and the aligning torque that can be rearranged as an estimation equation for the grip margin. The grip margin is readily convertible into the friction coefficient. The brush model is reanalyzed, beginning from the conventional simple physical model, and intrinsic expressions are derived. The grip margin, which is defined as the residual tire force normalized by the radius of friction circle, was estimated using three components of the tire forces and the aligning torque. A simple cubic equation is obtained as a grip margin equation for an isotropic brush model. Previous studies assumed an anisotropic brush model and obtained an imperfect quintic equation. In the present study, a new term is added to the algebraic equation, which was shown to be consistent with the isotropic model. The solutions to the equations are approximated by Chebyshev polynomials. The estimation methods are tested by numerical simulations using CarSim, which is a popular vehicle simulation software application. The estimated friction coefficients agree well with the values that are set during each run of the simulations, especially for the cases of smaller grip margins and lower friction conditions.

PurposeThis paper aims to provide a mathematical modeling and design of H-infinity controller for an autonomous vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) Quad Tiltrotor hybrid unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The variation in the aerodynamics and model dynamics of these aerial vehicles due to its tilting rotors are the key issues and challenges, which attracts the attention of many researchers. They carry parametric uncertainties (such as non-linear friction force, backlash, etc.), which drives the designed controller based on the nominal model to instability or performance degradation. The controller needs to take these factors into consideration and still give good stability and performance. Hence, a robust H-infinity controller is proposed that can handle these uncertainties.Design/methodology/approachA unique VTOL Quad Tiltrotor hybrid UAV, which operates in three flight modes, is mathematically modeled using Newton–Euler equations of motion. The contribution of the model is its ability to combine high-speed level flight, VTOL and transition between these two phases. The transition involves the tilting of the proprotors from 90° to 0° and vice-versa in 15° intervals. A robust H-infinity control strategy is proposed, evaluated and analyzed through simulation to control the flight dynamics for different modes of operation.FindingsThe main contribution of this research is the mathematical modeling of three flight modes (vertical takeoff–forward, transition–cruise-back, transition-vertical landing) of operation by controlling the revolutions per minute and tilt angles, which are independent of each other. An autonomous flight control system using a robust H-infinity controller to stabilize the mode of transition is designed for the Quad Tiltrotor UAV in the presence of uncertainties, noise and disturbances using MATLAB/SIMULINK. This paper focused on improving the disturbance rejection properties of the proposed UAV by designing a robust H-infinity controller for position and orientation trajectory regulation in the presence of uncertainty. The simulation results show that the Tiltrotor achieves transition successfully with disturbances, noise and uncertainties being present.Originality/valueA novel VTOL Quad Tiltrotor UAV mathematical model is developed with a special tilting rotor mechanism, which combines both aircraft and helicopter flight modes with the transition taking place in between phases using robust H-infinity controller for attitude, altitude and trajectory regulation in the presence of uncertainty.

The authors discuss a recent judgment passed by the Amsterdam Court of Appeal on the deductibility of interest expenses incurred by a Dutch acquisition vehicle in respect of a convertible shareholder loan. The case relates to the acquisition of a Dutch clothing chain by a French private equity firm. The Court of Appeal considered the interest expenses to be non-deductible under the abuse of law concept.

This article is about clothing inventions, material participation, and acts of citizenship. I explore how pioneering Victorian women at the turn of the last century inventively responded via clothing to restrictions to their (physical and ideological) freedom of movement. While the bicycle is typically celebrated as a primary vehicle of women’s emancipation at that time, I argue that inventive forms of clothing, such as convertible cycling skirts, also helped women make claims to rights and privileges otherwise legally denied to their sex. I ask: Do clothing inventions create possibilities to act differently? Can they be thought of as wearable technology, and in what ways do they (and their invention) enact political concerns? Might convertible cycling skirts be considered “acts of citizenship?” Throughout, I mobilize concepts of multiplicity, in-betweenness, and ambiguity to make a case for the relevance of clothing research for science and technology studies.

This paper presents an overall scheme of a long-endurance small solar-powered convertible unmanned aerial vehicle (CUAV) that operates tilt-rotor for multiple hover tasks. First, a solar/battery hybrid energy strategy was proposed to comprehensively meet the requirements of CUAVs with long endurance and multiple hovers. The particular ability of the solar-powered fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), pure battery-powered CUAV, and the proposed long-endurance solar-powered CUAV with multiple cruises and hovers were comparatively analyzed from an energy standpoint. Second, a suitable conceptual design method and process for small solar-powered CUAV was given, and the robustness of the designed CUAV was using three performance metrics under nominal conditions. The approach was then applied to design a 6.5 kg CUAV, which was initially tested in flight. Finally, the performance and application potential of the designed CUAV was evaluated with operating conditions, mission requirements, energy input, and perpetual flight capability.

This project revolves around the buckle of a seat belt, mainly push end release button type, where a feature was created to make it into an auto release seat belt through designing the mechanism within the buckle. The aim of the project is to design the mechanism part of a convertible end button release seat belt buckle, to simulate the designed mechanism part of the convertible auto release seat belt for vehicle cars and to analyze the designed mechanism regarding the effectiveness when installed. 3 different models of solenoid-triggered-parts were designed where Model 1 has no support on its side, presence of fillet and smallest surface area for the base. As for Model 2 and 3, there were no fillet used, presence of support of the side and Model 2 has larger surface area for the base, but Model 3 has the largest amongst the three models. The parameter of this project was the material used when running the simulation which is Polyphenylene Ether (PPE). Through the simulation results, a final model was designed consists of features such as, having support on the side, largest surface area for the base and presence of fillet as these features has shown the best results through the simulation. As for the conclusion, the study managed to achieve all of the objectives which are, the auto release mechanism was designed and simulated successfully using SolidWorks, and it was simulated through simulation within the software.

Fundamental advancements in aircraft design over the past 50 years have enabled a range of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) air vehicle configurations and have significantly enhanced aircraft performance, safety, and reliability. This summary paper chronicles the evolution of rotorcraft design from 1974 to 2024. It is segregated into three key pillars of aircraft design preceded by an aircraft design overview. The three pillars are processes and tools, technology, and air vehicle configuration. The first pillar, on design processes and tools, describes advancements in technology, methodologies, and computational capabilities such as the transition from design solely by wind tunnel testing, physical models, and hand calculations to computer-aided design/synthesis and simulation in a model-based engineering digital-twin environment. The second pillar, on technology, focuses on advances in disciplinary technologies and how they have been incorporated into aircraft design. Technologies discussed include composite materials; rotor systems; propulsion systems, ranging from advancements in turbine engines to all- and more-electric propulsion technologies utilizing various energy storage systems to convertible engines; fly-by-wire systems; avionics and cockpit architectures, including digital displays, navigation aids, and communication equipment; and autonomous and semiautonomous systems. The third pillar, on air vehicle configuration, focuses on platform architectures. Major architectures discussed are high-speed VTOLs such as the thrust-vectored aircraft, tiltrotors, lift/thrust compounded helicopters, and all- and more-electric aircraft.

Fast changing irradiation on vehicle integrated photovoltaic (VIPV) modules may impose demanding requirements for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to ensure high energy conversion efficiency. In this work we present the results of simulations regarding the output and efficiency of an exemplary VIPV module under real life irradiation conditions as measured with high time resolution. We used resistive as well as voltage source load as two idealised models of the MPPT. Our simulations showed that, in most cases, tracking with a resistive load at 1 Hz preserves above 90 %rel of the convertible energy determined by the cell performances under given irradiance levels. With a voltage source load these values do not undercut 97 %rel at 0.1 Hz. We also found that partial shading across our exemplary series connected module can reduce the converted energy in the range of 5 to 10 %rel in relation to complete negligence of this effect.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A novel convertible unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with four tiltable rotors and a tandem-wing system has been developed. Considering the aerodynamic effect caused by the rotor-induced velocity, a mathematical model that contains the traditional free airstream analysis and rotor-induced effect analysis is proposed, from which the precise equilibrium point of the control inputs and states can be derived. Moreover, a control allocation algorithm is designed to provide the mapping relationship between traditional input variables and specific input variables of the UAV, so that the complicated mathematical model can be linearized for the design of model predictive control (MPC) system. In order to handle the control input constraints of the UAV system, an MPC system is applied for the trajectory tracking during the cruising phase. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model predictive control system has stability, accuracy without a random disturbance and quick response capabilities with a random disturbance during cruising trajectory tracking, which are in high demand for the quick UAV flight system.

Este artículo se pregunta por la población San Luis, construida en Santiago por el Consejo Superior de Habitaciones Obreras durante la primera mitad de la década del veinte. ¿Cuáles fueron las principales características de diseño arquitectónico y urbano de dichas casas y su entorno? ¿Cómo ese emprendimiento puede convertirse en un vehículo para comprender las representaciones de la institución respecto a la vivienda higiénica? ¿Cómo era el sector de la ciudaden que se insertó dicho conjunto? Estas tres preguntas apuntan a ser respondidas mediante un estudio de historia urbana que aborda prioritariamente dimensiones de la política y la arquitectura, indagando la trayectoria inicial de una población erigida por el Estado de Chile. ABSTRACT This article will question for the San Luis poblacion, built in Santiago by the Superior Council of Labor Rooms during the first half of the decade of the 1920s. What were the main characteristics of architectural and urban design of these houses and these environment? How that entrepreneurship can become a vehicle for understanding the representations of the institution with respect to the hygienic housing? What was the sector of the city that was inserted? These threequestions to be answered by a study of urban history that addresses priority dimensions of policy and architecture, to investigate the initial path of a poblacion built by the State of Chile.

Resumen:La industria de los cables de arneses automotrices en México se inició en los ochentas y actualmente es el principal producto de exportación maquilador, y el segundo después de los motores dentro de la industria. Desde sus orígenes como una industria de ensamble simple con algunas plantas, ha logrado convertirse en el principal conglomerado industrial en estados como el de Chihuahua. Productores, competidores, proveedores y empresas de servicios dan cuenta de un cambio sustantivo en este proceso de aglomeración. El volumen de empleo ha aumentado considerablemente, y empresas de auto partes como Delphi son actualmente la principal fuente de ocupación privada en México. Tan sólo en materia de arneses, cuenta con 40,000 empleados. La evolución de esta industria se refleja en el cambio de rol del producto y en el avance tecnológico. Se ha convertido en el sistema nervioso central del automóvil, y en la medida en que aumentan el contenido tecnológico de los vehículos y la producción de sistemas integrados y modulares, su papel es cada vez más relevante. El artículo concluye, sin embargo, con la observación de que en el largo plazo las empresas de ensamble de arneses pueden emigrar hacia otras regiones más baratas como China.Palabras clave: arneses, industria automotriz, conglomerado industrial, cables de arneses, tecnología automotriz, Delphi.Abstract:The auto wiring harness industry began in the 80s, and today it is the main maquiladora export product, and second after engines in this industry. From its beginnings as a simple assembly industry with some plants, it has t u rned into the main industrial conglomerate in states as Chihuahua. Producers, competitors, suppliers, and public utilities give account of a fundamental change in this conglomeration process. The employment turn over has increased substantially, and auto parts companies as Delphi are today the main source of private employment in Mexico. Only with regard to harnesses it has 40,000 employees. The evolution of this industry is reflected in a change of the role of the product and the techno logical advancement. It has turned into the automobile’s central nervous system, and as technological content of the vehicles and integrated systems production increase, its role is increasingly more relevant. This article concludes, however, that in the long term harness- assembling companies can emigrate to other regions with cheaper labor force as China.Palabras clave: harnesses, automotive industry, industrial conglomerate, wiring harness, automotive technology, Cluster, Delphi.

The story of Barbie is a tapestry woven with threads of cultural significance, societal shifts, and corporate narratives. It’s a tale that encapsulates the evolution of American post-war capitalism, mirroring the changing tides of social norms, aspirations, and identities. Barbie’s journey from Germany to Los Angeles, along the way becoming a global icon, is a testament to the power of Ruth Handler’s vision and Barbie’s marketing. Barbie embodies and reflects the rise of mass consumption and the early days of television advertising, where one doll could become a household name and shape the dreams of children worldwide. The controversies and criticisms surrounding Barbie – from promoting a ‘thin ideal’ to perpetuating gender and racial stereotypes – highlight the complexities of representation in popular culture. Yet, Barbie’s enduring message, “You can be anything”, continues to inspire and empower, even as it evolves to embrace a more inclusive and diverse portrayals of power, beauty, and potential. Barbie’s story is not just about a doll; it’s about the aspirations she represents, the societal changes she’s witnessed, and the ongoing conversation about her impact on gender roles, body image, and consumer culture. It’s a narrative that continues to unfold, as Barbie adapts to the times and remains a symbol of possibility. Barbie: A Popular Culture Icon “It is impossible to conceive of the toy industry as being anything other than dependent on a popular culture which shapes and structures the meanings carried by toys” (Fleming 40). The relationship between toys and popular culture is symbiotic. While popular culture influences the creation of toys, toys also contribute to the spread and longevity of cultural icons and narratives. Today, one of the most influential, popular, and contested toys of the twentieth century is Mattel’s Barbie doll. Her launch at the New York Toy Fair on 9 March 1959 by Mattel co-founder Ruth Handler was a game-changer in the toy industry. Her adult appearance, symbolised by her fashionable swimsuit and ponytail, was a bold move by Mattel. Despite the doubts from the toy industry which thought nobody would want to play with a doll that had breasts (Tamkin) and Mattel’s skepticism of its commercial success (Westenhouser 14), Barbie was a success, selling over 350,000 units in her first year, and she quickly became an iconic figure, paving the way for other male and female adult dolls. For the first time in mid-century America, Barbie meant children could play with a doll that looked like a woman, not a little girl or a baby. In a 1965 interview, Ruth Handler argued that American girls needed a doll with a “teen-age figure and a lot of glorious, imaginative, high-fashion clothes” (cited in Giacomin and Lubinski 3). In a 1993 interview, Handler said it was “important that Barbie allowed play situations that little girls could project themselves into … to imagine, pretend and to fantasize”. Hence Ruth Handler’s Barbie could be an “avatar for girls to project their dreams onto” (Southwell). Barbie hit the market with a “sassy ponytail, heavy eyeliner, a healthy dose of side-eye and a distinctly adult body” (Blackmore). Her arched eyebrows were matched with a coy sideways glance reflecting her sexual origins (Thong). Mattel did not reveal that Ruth Handler’s Barbie was inspired by a German novelty men’s toy, Bild Lilli, which Handler had purchased on a European holiday in 1955. Mattel fought several lawsuits and eventually secured the rights to Bild Lilli in 1964, which required the German maker of the Bild Lilli doll to not make her again. Barbie dolls, both blonde and brunette, changed little until 1967, when Mattel launch the ‘new’ Barbie doll which is the foundation for today’s Stereotypical Barbie. The same size as the original, thanks to Mattel engineer Jack Ryan she could twist and turn at the waist. Her facial features were softened, she had ‘real’ eyelashes’ and took on an ‘outdoor look’. The new 1967 version of Barbie originally retailed for US$3.00. Mattel, assuming consumers may not want to buy a new Barbie when they already had one, offered buyers the new Barbie at US$1.50 if they traded in their old 1950s Barbie. The television advertising campaign for the new Barbie featured Maureen McMormick (who would go on to play Marcia Brady in the TV series The Brady Bunch from 1969 to 1974). The original #1 Barbie today sells for over US$25,000 (Reinhard). The most expensive Barbie sold to date was a Stefano Canturi-designed Barbie that sold in 2010 for US$302,500 at Christies in New York (Clarendon). Barbie has been described as “the most successful doll in history”, “the most popular toy in history”, the “empress of fashion dolls” (Rogers 86), the “most famous doll in the world” (Ferorelli), the biggest-selling fashion doll in history (Green and Gellene), and is one if the world’s “most commercially successful toys” (Fleming 41). Barbie is both “idealistic and materialistic” and characterises an “American fantasy” (Tamkin). More so, she is a popular culture icon and “a unique indicator of women’s history” (Vander Bent). The inclusion of Barbie in America’s twentieth-century Time Capsule “cemented her status as a true American icon” (Ford), as did Andy Warhol when he iconised Barbie in his 1968 painting of her (Moore). During the 1950s and 1960s, Barbie’s name was licenced to over 100 companies; while a strategic move that expanded Barbie’s brand presence, it also provided Mattel with substantial royalty payments for decades. This approach helped solidify Barbie’s status as a cultural icon and enabled her to become a lucrative asset for Mattel (Rogers). Sixty-five years later, Barbie has 99% global brand awareness. In 2021, Mattel shipped more than 86 million Barbies globally, manufacturing 164 Barbies a minute (Tomkins). In 2022, Barbie generated gross sales of US$1.49 billion (Statista 2023). With this fiscal longevity and brand recognition, the success of the Barbie film is not surprising. The 2023 film, directed by Greta Gerwig and starring Australian Margot Robbie as Barbie and Canadian Ryan Gosling as Ken, as of March 2024 has a global box office revenue of US$1.45 billion, making it the 14th most successful movie of all time and the most successful movie directed by a woman (Statista 2024). Contested Barbie Despite her popularity, Barbie has been the subject of controversy. Original Barbie’s proportions have been criticised for promoting an unrealistic body image (Thong). Barbie’s appearance has received numerous critiques for “representing an unrealistic beauty standard through its former limited skin tone and hair combination” (Lopez). The original Barbie’s measurements, if scaled to life-size, would mean Barbie is unusually tall and has a slim figure, with a height of 5 feet 9 inches, a waist of just 18 inches, and hips of approximately 33 inches. Her bust would measure around 32 inches with an under-bust of 22 inches, and her shoulder width would be approximately 28 inches. Original Barbie’s legs, which are proportionally longer than an average human’s, would make up more than half her height (Thong). A 1996 Australian study scaled Barbie and Ken to adult sizes and compared this with the physical proportions of a range of women and men. They found that the likelihood of finding a man of comparable shape to Ken was 1 in 50. Barbie was more problematic. The chance of a woman being the same proportion as Barbie was 1 in 100,000 (Norton et al. 287). In 2011, The Huffington Post’s Galia Slayen built a life-sized Barbie based on Barbie’s body measurements for National Eating Disorder Awareness Week. Slayen concluded that “if Barbie was a real woman, she’d have to walk on all fours due to her proportions”. One report found that if Barbie’s measurements were those of a real woman her “bones would be so frail, it would be impossible for her to walk, and she would only have half a liver” (Golgowski). A 2006 study found that Barbie is a “possible cause” for young girls’ “body dissatisfaction”. In this study, 162 girls from age 5 to 8 were exposed to images of a thin doll (Barbie), a plus-size doll (US doll Emme, size 16), or no doll, and then completed assessments of body image. Girls exposed to Barbie reported “lower body esteem and greater desire for a thinner body shape than girls in the other exposure conditions”. The study concluded that “early exposure to dolls epitomizing an unrealistically thin body ideal may damage girls' body image, which would contribute to an increased risk of disordered eating and weight cycling” (Dittman and Halliwell 283). Another study in 2016 found that “exposure to Barbie” led to “higher thin-ideal internalization”, but found that Barbie had no “impact on body esteem or body dissatisfaction” (Rice et al. 142). In response to such criticism, Mattel slowly introduced a variety of Barbie dolls with more diverse body types, including tall, petite, and curvy models (Tamkin). These changes aim to reflect a broader range of beauty standards and promote a more positive body image. Barbie has always had to accommodate social norms. For this reason, Barbie always must have underpants, and has no nipples. One of the reasons why Ruth Handler’s husband Elliott (also a co-founder of Mattel) was initially against producing the Barbie doll was that she had breasts, reportedly saying mothers would not buy their daughters a doll with breasts (Gerber). Margot Robbie, on playing Barbie, told one news outlet that while Barbie is “sexualized”, she “should never be sexy” (Aguirre). Early prototypes of Barbie made in Japan in the 1950s sexualised her body, leaving her to look like a prostitute. In response, Mattel hired film make-up artist Bud Westmore to redo Barbie’s face and hair with a softer look. Mattel also removed the nipples from the prototypes (Gerber). Barbie’s body and fashion have always seemed to “replicate history and show what was what was happening at the time” (Mowbray), and they also reflect how the female body is continually surveilled. Feminists have had a long history of criticism of Barbie, particularly her projection of the thin ideal. At the 1970 New York Women’s Strike for Equality, feminists shouted “I am not a Barbie doll!” Such debates exemplify the role and impact of toys in shaping and reforming societal norms and expectations. Even the more recent debates regarding the 2023 Barbie film show that Barbie is still a “lightning rod for the messy, knotty contradictions of feminism, sexism, misogyny and body image” (Chappet). Decades of criticism about Barbie, her meaning and influence, have left some to ask “Is Barbie a feminist icon, or a doll which props up the patriarchy?” Of course, she’s both, because “like all real women, Barbie has always been expected to conform to impossible standards” (Chappet). Diversifying Barbie Over the decades Mattel has slowly changed Barbie’s body, including early versions of a black Barbie-like dolls in the 1960s and 1970s such as Francie, Christie, Julia, and Cara. However, it was not until 1980 that Mattel introduced the first black Barbie. African American fashion designer Kitty Black-Perkins, who worked for Mattel from 1971, was the principal designer for black Barbie, saying that “there was a need for the little Black girl to really have something she could play with that looked like her” (cited in Lafond). Black Barbie was marketed as She’s black! She’s beautiful! She’s dynamite! The following year, Asian Barbie was introduced. She was criticised for her nondescript country of origin and dressed in an “outfit that was a mishmash of Chinese, Korean and Japanese ethnic costumes” (Wong). More recently, the Asian Barbies were again criticised for portraying stereotypes, with a recent Asian Barbie dressed as a veterinarian caring for pandas, and Asian violinist Barbie with accompanying violin props, reflecting typical stereotypes of Asians in the US (Wong). In 2016, Mattel introduced a range of Barbie and Ken dolls with seven body types, including more curvy body shapes, 11 skin tones and 28 hairstyles (Siazon). In 2019, other Barbie body types appeared, with smaller busts, less defined waist, and more defined arms. The 2019 range also included Barbies with permanent physical disabilities, one using a wheelchair and one with a prosthetic leg (Siazon). Wheelchair Barbie comes with a wheelchair, and her body has 22 joints for body movement while sitting in the wheelchair. The Prosthetic Barbie comes with a prosthetic leg which can be removed, and was made in collaboration with Jordan Reeve, a 13-year-old disability activist born without a left forearm. In 2020, a No Hair Barbie and a Barbie with the skin condition vitiligo were introduced, and in 2022, Hearing Aid Barbie was also launched. In 2022 other changes were made to Barbie’s and Ken’s bodies, with bodies that became fuller figured and Kens with smaller chests and less masculine body shapes (Dolan). Down Syndrome Barbie was released in 2023, designed in collaboration with the US National Down Syndrome Society to ensure accurate representation. By 2024, Barbie dolls come in 35 skin tones, 97 hairstyles, and nine body types (Mattel 2024). Spanning hundreds of iterations, today the Barbie doll is no longer a homogenous, blond-haired, blue-eyed toy, but rather an evolving social phenomenon, adapting with the times and the markets Mattel expands into. With dolls of numerous ethnicities and body types, Barbie has also embraced inclusivity, catering to the plethora of different consumers across the world (Green and Gellene 1989). Career Barbie While not dismissing Barbie’s problematic place in feminist, gender and racial critiques, Barbie has always been a social influencer. Her early years were marked by a variety of makeovers and modernisations, as have recent changes to Barbie’s body, reflecting the changing social norms of the times. Stereotypical Barbie had her first major makeover in 1961, with her ponytail swapped for a short ‘Bubble Bob’ hairstyle inspired by Jackie Kennedy and Marilyn Monroe, reflecting women’s emerging social independence (Foreman). In the early 1970s, Barbie’s original demure face with averted eyes was replaced by a new one that “depicted confidence and a forward-facing gaze” (Vander Bent). Her “soft look” was a departure from the mature image of the original 1959 Barbie (Lafond). The ‘soft look’ on Malibu Barbie with her newly sculpted face featured an open smile for the first time, as well as sun-tanned, make-up free skin and sun-kissed blonde hair. The disappearance of Barbie’s coy, sideways glance and the introduction of forward-looking eyes was a development “welcomed by feminists” (Ford). Barbie’s early makeovers, along with her fashion and accessories, including her homes, cars, and pets, contributed to shaping her image as a fashionable and independent woman. Barbie’s various careers and roles have been used to promote ideas of female empowerment. From astronaut to presidential candidate, Barbie has broken barriers in traditionally male-dominated fields. However, the effectiveness of these efforts in promoting female empowerment is a topic of debate. The post-war period in America saw a significant shift in the pattern of living, with a move from urban areas to the suburbs. This was facilitated by a robust post-war economy, favourable government policies like the GI Bill, and increasing urbanisation. The GI Bill played a crucial role by providing low-interest home loans to veterans, making home ownership accessible to a large segment of the population. It was a significant transformation of the American lifestyle and shaped the country’s socio-economic landscape. It is in this context that Barbie’s first Dreamhouse was introduced in the early 1960s, with its mid-century modern décor, hi-fi stereo, and slim-line furniture. This was at a time when most American women could not get a mortgage. Barbie got her first car in 1962, a peach-colored Austin-Healey 3000 MKII convertible, followed short afterwards by a Porsche 911. She has also owned a pink Jaguar XJS, a pink Mustang, a red Ferrari, and a Corvette. Barbie’s car choices of luxurious convertibles spoke to Barbie’s social and economic success. In 1998, Barbie became a NASCAR driver and also signed up to race in a Ferrari in the Formula 1. Barbie’s ‘I Can Be Anything’ range from 2008 was designed to draw kids playing with the dolls toward ambitious careers; one of those careers was as a race car driver (Southwell). While Barbie’s first job as a baby-sitter was not as glamourous or well-paying as her most of her other over 250 careers, it does reflect the cultural landscape Barbie was living in in the 1960s. Babysitter Barbie (1963) featured Barbie wearing a long, pink-striped skirt with ‘babysitter’ emblasoned along the hem and thick-framed glasses. She came with a baby in a crib, a telephone, bottles of soda, and a book. The book was called How to Lose Weight and had only two words of advice, ‘Don’t Eat’. Even though there was a backlash to the extreme dieting advice, Mattel included the book in the 1965 Slumber Party Barbie. Barbie wore pink silk pajamas with a matching robe and came prepared for her sleepover with toiletries, a mirror, the controversial diet book, and a set of scales permanently set at 110 pounds (approx. 50kg), which caused further backlash (Ford). Barbie’s early careers were those either acceptable or accessible to women of the era, such as the Fashion Designer Barbie (1960), Flight Attendant Barbie (1961), and Nurse Barbie (1962). However, in 1965 Barbie went into space, two years after cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space, and four years before the American moon landing. Barbie’s career stagnated in the 1970s, and she spends the decade being sports Barbie, perhaps as a response to her unpopularity among vocal second wave feminists and reflecting the economic downturn of the era. America’s shift to the right in the 1980s saw in the introduction of the Yuppie, the young urban professional who lived in the city, had a high-powered career, and was consumption-driven. More women were entering the workforce than ever before. Barbie also entered the workforce, spending less time doing the passive leisure of her earlier self (Ford). It also signals the beginning of neoliberalism in America, and a shift to individualism and the rise of the free market ethos. In 1985, Day-to-Night Barbie was sold as the first CEO Barbie who “could go from running the boardroom in her pink power suit to a fun night out on the town”. For Mattel she “celebrated the workplace evolution of the era and showed girls they could have it all”. But despite Barbie’s early careers, the focus was on her "emphasized femininity”, meaning that while she was now a career woman, her appearance and demeanor did not reflect her job. Astronaut Barbie (1985) is a good example of Barbie’s ‘emphasised femininity’ in how career Barbies were designed and dressed. Astronaut Barbie is clearly reflecting the fashion and culture trends of the 1980s by going into space in a “shiny, hot pink spacesuit”, comes with a second space outfit, a shiny “peplum miniskirt worn over silver leggings and knee-high pink boots” (Bertschi), and her hair is too big to fit into the helmet. A dark-skinned US Astronaut Barbie was released in 1994, which coincided with the start of the Shuttle-Mir Program, a collaboration between the US and Russia which between 1994 and 1998 would see seven American astronauts spend almost 1,000 days living in orbit with Russian cosmonauts on the Mir space station. Throughout the 1990s, Barbie increasingly takes on careers more typically considered to be male careers. But again, her femininity in design, dressing and packaging takes precedence over her career. Police Officer Barbie (1993), for example, has no gun or handcuffs. Instead, she comes with a "glittery evening dress" to wear to the awards dance where she will get the "Best Police Officer Award for her courageous acts in the community”. Police Office Barbie is pictured on the box "lov[ing] to teach safety tips to children". Barbie thus “feminizes, even maternalises, law enforcement” (Rogers 14). In 1992, Teen Talk Barbie was released. She had a voice box programmed to speak four distinct phrases out of a possible 270. She sold for US$25, and Mattel produced 350,000, expecting its popularity. The phrases included ‘I Love Shopping’ and ‘Math class is tough’. The phrase ‘Math class is tough’ was seen by many as reinforcing harmful stereotypes about girls and math. The National Council of American Teachers of Maths objected, as did the American Association of University Women (NYT 1992). In response to criticisms of the gendered representations of Barbie’s careers, Mattel have more recently featured Barbie in science and technology fields including Paleontologist Barbie (1996 and 2012), Computer Engineer Barbie (2010), Robotics Engineer Barbie (2018), Astrophysicist Barbie (2019), Wildlife Conservationist Barbie, Entomologist Barbie (2019), and Polar Marine Biologist Barbie (all in collaboration with National Geographic), Robotics Engineer Barbie (2018), Zoologist Barbie (2021), and Renewable Energy Barbie (2022), which go some way to providing representations that at least encompass the ideal that ‘Girls Can Do Anything’. Barbie over her lifetime has also taken on swimming, track and field, and has been a gymnast. Barbie was an Olympic gold medallist in the 1970s, with Mattel releasing four Barbie Olympians between 1975 and 1976, arguably cashing in on the 1976 Montreal Olympics. Gold Medal Barbie Doll Skier was dressed in a red, white, and blue ski suit completed with her gold medal. Gold Medal Barbie Doll is an Olympic swimmer wearing a red, white, and blue tricot swimsuit, and again wears an Olympic gold medal around her neck. The doll was also produced as a Canadian Olympian wearing a red and white swimsuit. Gold Medal Barbie Skater looks like Barbie Malibu and is dressed in a long-sleeved, pleated dress in red, white, and blue. The outfit included white ice skates and her gold medal. Mattel also made a Gold Medal P.J. Gymnast Doll who vaulted and somersaulted in a leotard of red, white, and blue tricot. She had a warm-up jacket with white sleeves, red cuffs, white slippers, and a gold medal. Mattel, as part of a licencing agreement with the International Olympic Committee, produced a range of toys for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The collection of five Barbies represented the new sports added to the 2020 Olympics: baseball and softball, sport climbing, karate, skateboarding, and surfing. Each Barbie was dressed in a sport-specific uniform and had a gold medal. Barbie Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 Surfer, for example, was dressed in a pink wetsuit top, with an orange surfboard and a Tokyo 2020 jacket. For the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, Mattel released a new collection of Barbie dolls featuring among others a para-skiing Barbie who sits on adaptive skis and comes with a championship medal (Douglas). As part of Mattel’s 2023 Barbie Career of the Year doll, the Women in Sports Barbie range shows Barbie in leadership roles in the sports industry, as manager, coach, referee, and sport reporter. General Manager Barbie wears a blue-and-white pinstripe suit accessorised with her staff pass and a smartphone. Coach Barbie has a pink megaphone, playbook, and wears a two-piece pink jacket and athletic shorts. Referee Barbie wears a headset and has a whistle. Sports Reporter Barbie wears a purple, geometric-patterned dress and carries a pink tablet and microphone (Jones). Political Barbie Barbie has run for president in every election year since 1992. The first President Barbie came with an American-themed dress for an inaugural ball and a red suit for her duties in the Oval Office. In 2016, Barbie released an all-female presidential ticket campaign set with a president and vice-president doll. The 2000 President Barbie doll wore a blue pantsuit and featured a short bob cut, red lipstick pearl necklace, and a red gown to change into, “presumably for President Barbie’s inaugural ball” (Lafond). This followed the introduction of UNICEF Ambassador Barbie in 1989. She is packaged as a member of the United States Committee for UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund), which is mandated to provide humanitarian and development aid to children worldwide. Rather problematically, and again with a focus on her femininity rather than the importance of the organisation she represents, she wears a glittery white and blue full length ball gown with star patterning and a red sash. While some proceeds did go to the US Committee for UNICEF, the dressing and packaging featuring an American flag overshadows the career and its philanthropic message. The period signalled the end of the Cold War and was also the year the United States invaded Panama, resulting in a humanitarian disaster when US military forces attacked urban areas in order to overthrow the Noriega administration. Military Barbie Barbie has served in every US military branch (Sicard). Barbie joined the US army in 1989, wearing a female officer’s evening uniform, though with no sense of what she did. While it may be thought Barbie would increase female in interest in a military career, at the time more women were already enlisting that in any other period from the early 1970s to 2012 (Stillwell). Barbie rejoined the army for the 1990-1991 Gulf War, wearing a Desert Combat Uniform and the 101st Airborne "Screaming Eagle" patch, and serving as a medic. Barbie also joined the Air Force in 1990, three years before Jeannie Leavitt became the first female Air Force fighter pilot. Barbie wore a green flight suit and leather jacket, and gold-trimmed flight cap. She was a fighter pilot and in 1994, she joined the USAF aerial demonstration team, The Thunderbirds. Busy in the 1990s, she also enlisted in the US Navy wearing women's Navy whites. Marine Corps Barbie appeared in 1992, wearing service and conduct medals (Stillwell). All of Barbie’s uniforms were approved by the Pentagon (Military Women’s Memorial). The 2000 Paratrooper Barbie Special Edition was released with the packaging declaring “let’s make a support drop with first aid and food boxes”. She was dressed in undefined military attire which includes a helmet, dog tags, parachute, boots, and hairbrush. Barbie’s Influence In 2014, Barbie became a social media influencer with the launch of the @barbiestyle Instagram account, and in 2015, Barbie launched a vlog on YouTube to talk directly to girls about issues they face. The animated series features Barbie discussing a range of topics including depression, bullying, the health benefits of meditation, and how girls have a habit of apologising when they don’t have anything to be sorry about. The Official @Barbie YouTube channel has over eleven million global subscribers and 23 billion minutes of content watched, making Barbie the #1 girls’ brand on YouTube. Barbie apps average more than 7 million monthly active users and the Instagram count boasts over 2 million followers. The 2023 Barbie film really does attest to Barbie’s influence 70 years after her debut. Barbie, as this article has shown, is more than an influencer and more than a doll, if she ever really was only a doll. She is a popular culture icon, regardless of whether we love her or not. Barbie has sometimes been ahead of the game, and sometimes has been problematically represented, but she has always been influential. Her body, race, ability, careers, independence, and political aspirations have spoken different things to those who play with her. She is fiercely defended, strongly criticised, and shirks from neither. She is also liberating, empowering, straight, and queer. As the articles in this issue reflect, Barbie, it seems, really can be anything. Imagining and Interrogating Barbie in Popular Culture The feature article in this issue outlines how Australian Barbie fans in the 1960s expressed their creativity through the designing and making of their own wardrobes for the doll. Through examining articles from the Australian Women’s Weekly, Donna Lee Brien reveals this rich cultural engagement that was partly driven by thrift, and mostly by enjoyment. Eva Boesenberg examines the social and environmental effects of a plastic doll that is positioned as an ecological ambassador. While there is no doubt that climate change is one of our most pressing social issues, Boesenberg questions the motivations behind Barbie’s eco-crusade: is she an apt role-model to teach children the importance of environmental issues, or is this just a case of corporate greenwashing? Emma Caroll Hudson shifts the focus to entertainment, with an exploration of the marketing of the 2023 blockbuster film Barbie. Here she argues that the marketing campaign was highly successful, utilising a multi-faceted approach centred on fan participation. She highlights key components of the campaign to reveal valuable insights into how marketing can foster a cultural phenomenon. Revna Altiok’s article zooms in on the depiction of Ken in the 2023 film, revealing his characterisation to be that of a ‘manic pixie dream boy’ whose lack of identity propels him on a journey to self-discovery. This positioning, argues Altiok, pulls into focus social questions around gender dynamics and how progress can be truly achieved. Rachel Wang turns the spotlight to Asian identity within the Barbie world, revealing how from early iterations a vague ‘Oriental’ Barbie was accompanied by cultural stereotyping. Despite later, more nuanced interpretations of country-specific Asian dolls, problematic features remained embedded. This, Wang argues, positions Asian Barbies as the racial ‘other’. Kaela Joseph, Tanya Cook, and Alena Karkanias’s article examines how the 2023 Barbie film reflects different forms of fandom. Firstly, Joseph interrogates how the Kens’ patriarchal identity is expressed through acts of collective affirmational fandom. Here, individual fans legitimise their positions within the group by mastering and demonstrating their knowledge of popular culture phenomena. Joseph contrasts this with transformational fandom, which is based upon reimagining the source material to create new forms. The transformation of the titular character of the Barbie movie forms the basis of Eli S’s analysis. S examines how the metaphor of ‘unboxing’ the doll provides an avenue through which to understand Barbie’s metamorphosis from constrained doll to aware human as she journeys from the pink plastic Barbie Land to the Real World. Anna Temel turns her critical gaze to how the 2023 film attempts to reposition Barbie’s image away from gender stereotypes to a symbol of feminist empowerment. Director Greta Gerwig, Temel argues, critiques the ‘ideal woman’ and positions Barbie as a vehicle through which contemporary feminism and womanhood can be interrogated. Temel finds that this is not always successfully articulated in the depiction of Barbie in the film. The reading of the Barbie movie’s Barbie Land as an Asexual Utopia is the focus of Anna Maria Broussard’s article. Here Broussard draws the focus to the harmonious community of dolls who live without social expectations of sexuality. Barbie provides a popular culture reflection of the Asexual experience, expressed through Barbie’s rejection of a heteronormative relationship both in Barbie Land and the Real World. Completing this collection is Daisy McManaman’s article interrogating the multiple iterations of the doll’s embodied femininity. Incorporating an ethnographic study of the author’s relationship with the doll, McManaman uncovers that Barbie serves as a site of queer joy and a role model through which to enjoy and explore femininity and gender. These articles have been both intellectually stimulating to edit, and a joy. We hope you enjoy this collection that brings a new academic lens to the popular cultural phenomenon that is Barbie. References Aguirre, Abby. “Barbiemania! Margot Robbie Opens Up about the Movie Everyone’s Waiting For.” Vogue, 24 May 2023. 16 Mar. 2024 <https://www.vogue.com/article/margot-robbie-barbie-summer-cover-2023-interview>. Bertschi, Jenna. “Barbie: An Astronaut for the Ages.” Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, 18 Jul. 2023. 11 Mar. 2024 <https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/barbie-astronaut-ages>. Blackmore, Erin. “Barbie’s Secret Sister Was a German Novelty Doll.” History.com, 14 Jul. 2023. 11 mar. 2024 <https://www.history.com/news/barbie-inspiration-bild-lilli>. 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