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Luo, Jianqiang, Yiqing Zou, Siqi Bu, and Ulas Karaagac. "Converter-Driven Stability Analysis of Power Systems Integrated with Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 4290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144290.
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Renewable energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaics (PVs) have been increasingly integrated into the power system through power electronic converters in recent years. However, power electronic converter-driven stability has issues under specific circumstances, for instance, modal resonances might deteriorate the dynamic performance of the power systems or even threaten the overall stability. In this work, the integration impact of a hybrid renewable energy source (HRES) system on modal interaction and converter-driven stability was investigated in an IEEE 16-machine 68-bus power system. In this paper, firstly, an HRES system is introduced, which consists of full converter-based wind power generation (FCWG) and full converter-based photovoltaic generation (FCPV). The equivalent dynamic models of FCWG and FCPV are then established, followed by linearized state-space modeling. On this basis, converter-driven stability analysis was performed to reveal the modal resonance mechanisms between different renewable energy sources (RESs) and weak grids in the interconnected power systems and the multi-modal interaction phenomenon. Additionally, time-domain simulations were conducted to verify the effectiveness of dynamic models and support the converter-driven stability analysis results. To avoid detrimental modal resonances, a multi-modal and multi-parametric optimization strategy is further proposed by retuning the controller parameters of the multi-RESs in the HRES system. The overall results demonstrate the modal interaction effect between the external AC power system and the HRES system and its various impacts on converter-driven stability.
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Quester, Matthias, Fisnik Loku, Otmane El Azzati, Leonel Noris, Yongtao Yang, and Albert Moser. "Investigating the Converter-Driven Stability of an Offshore HVDC System." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082341.
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Offshore wind farms are increasingly built in the North Sea and the number of HVDC systems transmitting the wind power to shore increases as well. To connect offshore wind farms to adjacent AC transmission systems, onshore and offshore modular multilevel converters transform the transmitted power from AC to DC and vice versa. Additionally, modern wind farms mainly use wind turbines connected to the offshore point of common coupling via voltage source converters. However, converters and their control systems can cause unwanted interactions, referred to as converter-driven stability problems. The resulting instabilities can be predicted by applying an impedance-based analysis in the frequency domain. Considering that the converter models and system data are often confidential and cannot be exchanged in real systems, this paper proposes an enhanced impedance measurement method suitable for black-box applications to investigate the interactions. A frequency response analysis identifies coupling currents depending on the control system. The currents are subsequently added to the impedance models to achieve higher accuracy. The proposed method is applied to assess an offshore HVDC system’s converter-driven stability, using impedance measurements of laboratory converters and a wind turbine converter controller replica. The results show that the onshore modular multilevel converter interacts with AC grids of moderate short-circuit ratios. However, no interactions are identified between the offshore converter and the connected wind farm.
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Yellisetti, Viswaja, and Albert Moser. "Complexity Reduction for Converter-Driven Stability Analysis in Transmission Systems." Electronics 14, no. 1 (December 26, 2024): 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14010055.
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The high penetration of power electronic converters with complex control systems is changing the power system dynamics, introducing new challenges such as converter-driven stability incidents. Traditional stability analysis methods, suitable for classical problems like voltage, frequency, and rotor angle stability in large systems, are insufficient for addressing the fast control dynamics of converters, which involve electromagnetic phenomena. These phenomena require detailed converter and network modeling, which can be performed in both the frequency and time domains, enabling the respective stability analyses to be carried out. However, frequency domain methods, based on small-signal impedances linearized at a single operating point, inherently ignore time domain phenomena like switching events and nonlinear behaviors. In contrast, time domain electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations are effective for analyzing converter-driven stability but are computationally intensive when applied to large transmission systems with numerous use cases. Therefore, to reduce the simulation complexity in EMT tools, a complexity reduction procedure is proposed in this paper. Leveraging the advantages of the frequency domain, such as faster simulation times and information on wideband frequency characteristics of the system, this procedure utilizes the small-signal impedances and introduces a method for network reduction. The procedure also uses the frequency domain stability analysis method to screen for critical network use cases. Primarily, this procedure is a frequency domain toolchain encompassing frequency domain stability analysis and frequency domain network reduction. The result of the toolchain is a reduced network size and reduced network use cases that can be used for EMT simulations. The procedure is applied to an IEEE 39 bus system, where converter-driven stability is evaluated for two use cases. Furthermore, the network reduction method is tested on a critical use case, demonstrating reductions in network size and computation times without compromising the quality of stability analysis results.
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Kong, Le, Yaosuo Xue, Liang Qiao, and Fei Wang. "Review of Small-Signal Converter-Driven Stability Issues in Power Systems." IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy 9 (2022): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oajpe.2021.3137468.
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Luo, Jianqiang, Fei Teng, Siqi Bu, Zhongda Chu, Ning Tong, Anbo Meng, Ling Yang, and Xiaolin Wang. "Converter-driven stability constrained unit commitment considering dynamic interactions of wind generation." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 144 (January 2023): 108614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108614.
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Yao, Yao, Fidegnon Fassinou, and Tingshu Hu. "Stability and Robust Regulation of Battery-Driven Boost Converter With Simple Feedback." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 26, no. 9 (September 2011): 2614–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2011.2112781.
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Saridaki, Georgia, Alexandros G. Paspatis, Panos Kotsampopoulos, and Nikos Hatziargyriou. "An investigation of factors affecting Fast-Interaction Converter-driven stability in Microgrids." Electric Power Systems Research 223 (October 2023): 109610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109610.
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Jeevajothi, R., and D. Devaraj. "Voltage stability enhancement using an adaptive hysteresis controlled variable speed wind turbine driven EESG with MPPT." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 2 (June 23, 2014): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i2a2669.
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This paper investigates the enhancement in voltage stability achieved while connecting a variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) driven electrically excited synchronous generator (EESG) into power systems. The wind energy conversion system (WECS) uses an AC-DC-AC converter system with an uncontrolled rectifier, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controlled dc-dc boost converter and adaptive hysteresis controlled voltage source converter (VSC). The MPPT controller senses the rectified voltage (VDC) and traces the maximum power point to effectively maximize the output power. With MPPT and adaptive hysteresis band current control in VSC, the DC link voltage is maintained constant under variable wind speeds and transient grid currents.The effectiveness of the proposed WECS in enhancing voltage stability is analysed on a standard IEEE 5 bus system, which includes examining the voltage magnitude, voltage collapse and reactive power injected by the systems. Simulation results show that the proposed WECS has the potential to improve the long-term voltage stability of the grid by injecting reactive power. The performance of this scheme is compared with a fixed speed squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG), a variable speed doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and a variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG).
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Quan, Xuli, Xinchun Lin, Yun Zheng, and Yong Kang. "Transient Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected Converter Driven by Imbalance Power under Non-Severe Remote Voltage Sag." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 21, 2021): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061737.
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In the transient process of the grid-connected converter (GCC), the existing research mainly focuses on the impact of the control loops. Little attention is paid to the transient stability issues driven by the imbalance between the input power and output power of GCC. This paper shows that the transient stability issues will still exist even if ignoring the dynamics of phase-locked loop (PLL) and current loop. In this paper, the models of the AC grid and the GCC are built under the assumption that the dynamics of the PLL and current loop are ignored. Then, by analyzing the transient process of GCC under non-severe remote voltage sag, the effects of the imbalance power on the transient stability of GCC are discussed. Moreover, for the GCC to operate stably after the transient process, there should be a maximum input power limit (MIPL) for GCC, and the imbalance power equation is applied in this paper to determine the transient stability of GCC. Furthermore, the effects of the current limitation on the transient stability of the GCC are also discussed. Finally, the theoretical analysis has been verified by means of simulations.
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Chouya, Ahmed. "Adaptive Sliding Mode Control with Chattering Elimination for Buck Converter Driven DC Motor." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS 22 (February 24, 2023): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23202.2023.22.3.
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The Adaptive Sliding Mode Control (ASMC) that combines a robust proportional derivative control law for use in Buck converter driven DC motor is presented in this paper. Based on the LYAPUNOV theory, the proportional derivative control law is designed to eliminate the chattering action of the control signal. The simplicity of the proposed scheme facilitates its implementation and the overall control scheme guarantees the global asymptotic stability in the LYAPUNOV sense if all the signals involved are uniformly bounded. Simulation studies have shown that the proposed controller shows superior tracking performance.
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Ding, Xinrui, Mingqi Chen, Caiman Yan, Huaxing Guo, Changkun Shao, and Binhai Yu. "Enhancing Thermal Stability of Laser-Driven Phosphor Converter by Utilizing Copper Powder Sintering Framework/Paraffin." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 69, no. 2 (February 2022): 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2021.3136803.
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Benhalima, Seghir, Rezkallah Miloud, and Ambrish Chandra. "Real-Time Implementation of Robust Control Strategies Based on Sliding Mode Control for Standalone Microgrids Supplying Non-Linear Loads." Energies 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 2590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102590.
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In this paper enhanced control strategies for standalone microgrids based on solar photovoltaic systems (SVPAs) and diesel engine driven fixed speed synchronous generators, are presented. Single-phase d-q theory-based sliding mode controller for voltage source converter voltage source converter (VSC) is employed to mitigate harmonics, balance diesel generator (DG) current, and to inject the generated power by SVPA into local grid. To achieve fast dynamic response with zero steady-state error during transition, sliding mode controller for inner control loop is employed. To achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT) from SVPA without using any MPPT method, a DC-DC buck boost converter supported by battery storage system is controlled using a new control strategy based on sliding mode control with boundary layer. In addition, modeling and detailed stability analysis are performed. The performance of the developed control strategies, are validate by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink and in real-time using hardware prototype.
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Aatabe, Mohamed, Fatima El Guezar, Hassane Bouzahir, and Alessandro N. Vargas. "Constrained stochastic control of positive Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems with Markov jumps and its application to a DC-DC boost converter." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 16 (August 21, 2020): 3234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331220947553.
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This paper presents a stabilization control for positive, Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems subject to Markov jump parameters. In the continuous-time formulation, the approach guarantees mean-square stability with constraints on the control—the main condition hinges upon linear matrix inequalities. The proposed method’s usefulness is illustrated by a practical-oriented example, which was designed to control the output voltage of a DC-DC boost converter subject to both voltage and load variations driven by a Markov chain.
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Zhang, Wei, Shizhen Li, Yanjun Liu, Detang Li, and Qin He. "Optimal Control for Hydraulic Cylinder Tracking Displacement of Wave Energy Experimental Platform." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 2876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112876.
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The wave energy converter captures the wave power by buoy’s heaving motion, transfers it by hydraulic system, and converts it into the electric power by generator. The hydraulic conversion system plays an important role that can realize the effective regulation of the output power. In order to develop the working characteristics of the hydraulic transmission system, a new wave energy experimental platform was devised. The platform adopts the matching design mode of the driving oil cylinder and the driven oil cylinder. The active hydraulic cylinder and the clump weight can simulate the movement of the oscillating float under certain sea conditions, and the driven oil cylinder realizes the conversion and the output of wave energy. In order to improve the operation accuracy of the active hydraulic cylinder, the control strategy of the active hydraulic cylinder was studied. An adaptive sliding mode control strategy based on the back-stepping method was proposed to overcome the influence of the parameter uncertainty in state equation. The adaptive law was designed by Lyapunov criterion to ensure the stability and the convergence of the closed-loop system. The proposed control strategy was verified and compared with proportional integral derivative control strategy through the concrete experiment, which shows the rapidity and the stability of it. The hydraulic transmission system of wave energy converter was developed; at the same time, the characteristics of hydraulic regulation under different working conditions were summarized through experiments. The results of the research could be the guidance for the power control design.
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Chub, Andrii, Oleksandr Husev, and Dmitri Vinnikov. "Simulation Study of Nonlinear PI-Controller with Quasi-Z-Source Derived Push-Pull Converter." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2013-0018.
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Abstract This paper is focused on the control issues of the quasi-Z-source derived push-pull converter with integrated magnetic elements. The proposed converter is intended for applications that require a high gain of the input voltage and galvanic isolation, i.e. power conditioning systems for renewable energy sources, such as variable speed wind turbines with direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generators. Magnitude and frequency of the output voltage of such turbines are variable due to intermittent nature of the wind power. Despite number of advantages converter has complicated dynamic behavior. Simulations showed change of stability margin depending on current operation point of the wind turbine and output load. Closed loop control system should provide fast response and stable operation in the wide range of wind speeds. Simulations showed that the conventional PI-controller with saturation cannot satisfy those requirements. Nonlinear PI-controller was derived by adding adjustment block to the conventional PI-controller. Adjustment block is drastically changing proportional and integral gains of the controller according to sign of the output voltage error. Proposed controller is compared with conventional one by means of simulation in PSIM. Simulation results prove that proposed nonlinear control system has improved regulator performance.
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Thin, Aye Myat, and Nang Saw Yuzana Kyaing. "Performance Analysis of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Using Vector Control Technique." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i5.pp929-938.
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There are many solar power and wind stations installed in the power system for environmental and economic reasons. In fact, wind energy is inexpensive and the safetest among all sources of renewable energy, it has been recognized that variable speed wind turbine based on the doubly fed induction generator. It is the most effective with less cost and high power yield. This paper has chosen doubly fed induction generator for a comprehensive study of modelling, performance and analysing. DFIG wind turbine has to operate below and above synchronous speed which requires smooth transition mode change for reliable operation to be controlled to provide stability for the power system. Hence its performance depends on the generator itself and the converter operation and control system. This paper presents completed mathematical model of DFIG with its AC/DC/AC converter driven by DC machine. The rotor is considered fed by a voltage source converter whereas the stator is connected to the grid directly. The capacity of the wind power generation is 1.5MW. The voltage rating and frequency for this system are 575V, 50Hz .This paper show detailed model of DFIG.
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Manohar Reddy, Ram, Shaik Hussain Vali, Phanindra Thota, and Kamaraju V. Kamaraju. "Modelling And Analysis Of Pvsc Type Buck Buck-Boost Dc-Dc Converter." International Conference on Information Science and Technology Innovation (ICoSTEC) 1, no. 1 (February 26, 2022): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35842/icostec.v1i1.23.
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In the era of modern industrial development, power electronics equipment has been developed aggressively and brought dc system again in power utilization to use clean energy resources like solar array, fuel cell, wind generator, etc. Since the past decade, power electronics equipment has become very popular; hence, the switch-mode converter requirement is increasing rapidly day by day in applications like communication power supply, space crafts, hybrid electric vehicles, micro-grid and nano-grids. Among the various available configurations of converters, Multi-Input DC/DC converters became more and more popular in power electronics field, especially, for provide interface of various renewable energy sources and deliver regulated power to several loads. In this article, a PVSC type Buck Buck-Boost Dual-Input DC- DC Converter (DIDC) is designed and modelled for DC grid application. The proposed converter is driven with two renewable energy sources PV cell and a battery having different amplitudes which can able to deliver the power from source to load individually or simultaneously. DIDC tropology is simply configured with two passive elements L, C, diodes D1 D2 and switches S1 , S2. The Dual-Input DC-DC Converter suitability is validated by carrying out simulations in different modes of operation. The de-centralized PID controller is designed for voltage and current loop controller to ensure the DC output voltage of 48 V, load current of 4.8 A and power of 230W. The Stability of the closed-loop converter is also verified under all possible source and load disturbance conditions. The simulations and analysis of the proposed converter are carried out using MATLAB and PSIM software.
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Yurish, Sergey Y. "Advanced Analog-to-Digital Conversion Using Voltage-to-Frequency Converters for Remote Sensors." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.623.
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This paper presents an advanced analog-to-digital conversion technique based on a voltage-to-frequency-to-digital conversion that is suitable for remote sensors, telemetry applications and multichannel data acquisition systems. A voltage-to-frequency conversion part can be based, for example, on high performance, charge-balance voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC), where monostable is replaced by a bistable, driven by an external clock, or other existing high performance VFCs. The frequency-to-digital converter “bottleneck” problem in such promised ADC scheme was solved due to proposed advanced method of the dependent count for frequency-to-digital conversion. This ADC technique lets receive many advantages such as high accuracy, relatively low power consumption, low cost solution, wide dynamic range, great stability and faster conversion time in comparison with existing VFC-based techniques. The conversion rate (6.25 µs to 6.25 ms) in such ADC scheme is programmable, non-redundant, shorter than for pulse counting technique and comparable with successive-approximation and Σ- ADC.
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Mirmohammad, Marzie, and Sahar Pirooz Azad. "Control and Stability of Grid-Forming Inverters: A Comprehensive Review." Energies 17, no. 13 (June 28, 2024): 3186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17133186.
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The large integration of inverter-based resources will significantly alter grid dynamics, leading to pronounced stability challenges due to fundamental disparities between inverter-based and traditional energy systems. While grid-following inverters (GFLIs) dominate current inverter configurations, their increased penetration into the grid can result in major stability issues. In contrast, grid-forming inverters (GFMIs) excel over GFLIs by offering features like standalone operation, frequency support, and adaptability in weak grid scenarios. GFMIs, unlike GFLIs, control the AC voltage and frequency at the common coupling point, impacting the inverter dynamic response to grid disturbances and overall stability. Despite the existing literature highlighting differences between GFLIs and GFMIs and their control strategies, a comprehensive review of GFMIs’ stability and the effects of their control schemes on grid stability is lacking. This paper provides an in-depth evaluation of GFMIs’ stability, considering various control schemes and their dynamics. It also explores different types of power system stability, introduces new stability concepts that correspond to power grids with integrated inverters, i.e., resonance and converter-driven stability, and reviews small-signal and transient stability analyses, which are the main two types of GFMI stability studied in the literature. The paper further assesses existing studies on GFMI stability, pinpointing research gaps for future investigations.
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Su, Xianlong, and Jinming Gao. "Research on Low-Voltage Ride-Through and Intelligent Optimization Control of Wind Turbines Based on Hybrid Power Prediction Models." Electronics 13, no. 24 (December 11, 2024): 4886. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13244886.
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This paper proposes a dual-loop back-to-back converter coordination control scheme with a DC-side voltage as the primary control target, along with a CROW unloading control strategy for low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability enhancement. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system topology and control strategy are verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulations. Furthermore, a hybrid short-term wind power prediction model based on data-driven and deep learning techniques (CEEMDAN-CNN-Transformer-XGBoost) is introduced in the wind turbine control system. The coordination control strategy seamlessly integrates wind power prediction, pitch angle adjustment, and the control system, embodying a predictive-driven intelligent optimization control approach. This method significantly improves prediction accuracy and stability, theoretically reduces unnecessary pitch angle adjustments, lowers mechanical stress, and enhances system adaptability in complex operating conditions. The research findings provide a valuable theoretical foundation and technical reference for the intelligent and efficient operation of wind power generation systems.
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Demoulias, Charis S., Kyriaki-Nefeli D. Malamaki, Spyros Gkavanoudis, Juan Manuel Mauricio, Georgios C. Kryonidis, Konstantinos O. Oureilidis, Eleftherios O. Kontis, and Jose Luis Martinez Ramos. "Ancillary Services Offered by Distributed Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Grid Level: An Attempt at Proper Definition and Quantification." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 7106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207106.
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The gradual displacement of synchronous generators driven by conventional power plants, due to the increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRES) in distribution grids, is creating a shortage of crucial ancillary services (AS) which are vital for the frequency and voltage stability of the grid. These AS, and some new ones, could now be offered by the DRES, particularly those that are converter interfaced, in a coordinated way in order to preserve the grid stability and resilience. Although recent standards and grid codes specify that the DRES exhibit some system support functions, there are no specifications on how to measure and quantify (M & Q) them both at DRES level and in aggregated form. The M & Q of AS is crucial, since it would allow the AS to be treated as tradable AS in the current and future AS markets. This paper attempts to define a number of AS that can be offered by converter-interfaced DRES and suggests methods for their M & Q. The new AS addressed are: (1) inertial response; (2) primary frequency response; (3) active power smoothing (ramp-rate limitation); (4) exchange of reactive power for voltage regulation; (5) fault-ride-through (FRT) and contribution to fault clearing; (6) voltage harmonic mitigation. Additionally, a rough estimation of the additional investment and operational cost, as well as the financial benefits associated with each AS is provided in order to form the basis for the development of business models around each AS in the near future.
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Sabo, Aliyu, Bashir Yunus Kolapo, Theophilus Ebuka Odoh, Musa Dyari, Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab, and Veerapandiyan Veerasamy. "Solar, Wind and Their Hybridization Integration for Multi-Machine Power System Oscillation Controllers Optimization: A Review." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010024.
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Massive growth in global electrical energy demand has necessitated a genuine exploration and integration of solar and wind energy into the electrical power mix. This incorporation goes a long way in improving the cumulative generated power capacity of the power system. However, wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) are intermittent in nature, making the provisioning of a good maximum power tracking (MPPT) scheme necessary. Furthermore, the integration is characterized by synchronization challenges and introduces various modes of power system oscillations as it is converter-driven. This greatly affects the overall stability of the integrated power mix. Consequently, various technological models have been designed to address these challenges ranging from MPPT schemes, phase-lock loop (PLL), virtual synchronous generator (VSG), power system stabilizers (PSS), flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), coordinated control and artificial intelligence (AI). In this work, a multi-machine power system model is reviewed for integration stability studies. Various technical solutions associated with the integration are also reviewed. MPPT, PLL, VSG, PSS, FACTS, coordinated control, and various optimization technique schemes used for damping controller design are discussed.
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Zhou, Sihan, Liang Qin, Hui Sun, Bo Peng, Jiangjun Ruan, Jing Wang, Xu Tang, Xiaole Wang, and Kaipei Liu. "TransFNN: A Novel Overtemperature Prediction Method for HVDC Converter Valves Based on an Improved Transformer and the F-NN Algorithm." Sensors 23, no. 8 (April 19, 2023): 4110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23084110.
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Appropriate cooling of the converter valve in a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system is highly significant for the safety, stability, and economical operation of a power grid. The proper adjustment of cooling measures is based on the accurate perception of the valve’s future overtemperature state, which is characterized by the valve’s cooling water temperature. However, very few previous studies have focused on this need, and the existing Transformer model, which excels in time-series predictions, cannot be directly applied to forecast the valve overtemperature state. In this study, we modified the Transformer and present a hybrid Transformer–FCM–NN (TransFNN) model to predict the future overtemperature state of the converter valve. The TransFNN model decouples the forecast process into two stages: (i) The modified Transformer is used to obtain the future values of the independent parameters; (ii) the relation between the valve cooling water temperature and the six independent operating parameters is fit, and the output of the Transformer is used to calculate the future values of the cooling water temperature. The results of the quantitative experiments showed that the proposed TransFNN model outperformed other models with which it was compared; with TransFNN being applied to predict the overtemperature state of the converter valves, the forecast accuracy was 91.81%, which was improved by 6.85% compared with that of the original Transformer model. Our work provides a novel approach to predicting the valve overtemperature state and acts as a data-driven tool for operation and maintenance personnel to use to adjust valve cooling measures punctually, effectively, and economically.
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Valipour, Khalil, and Reza Najafi. "Performance Evaluation of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Using Combined Vector Control and Direct Power Control Method." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v3.i1.pp49-58.
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<p>This paper presents the performance evaluation of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Using Combined Vector Control and Direct Power Control Method. Combined vector and direct power control (CVDPC) is used for the rotor side converter (RSC) of double-fed induction generators (DFIGs). The control system is according a direct current control by selecting suitable voltage vectors from a switching table. Actually, the proposed CVDPC encompass the benefits of vector control (VC) and direct power control (DPC) in a compact control system. Its benefits compare with VC contains rapid dynamic response, Stability against the machine parameters Changes, less computation, and naive implementation. On the other hand, it has benefits compared with DPC, contains less harmonic distortion and lower power ripple. This technique is to improve the dynamic performance of the DFIG driven by the wind-energy conversion system.</p>
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Arévalo, Paul, Danny Ochoa-Correa, and Edisson Villa-Ávila. "Towards Energy Efficiency: Innovations in High-Frequency Converters for Renewable Energy Systems and Electric Vehicles." Vehicles 7, no. 1 (December 30, 2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7010001.
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This study reviews advancements in high-frequency converters for renewable energy systems and electric vehicles, emphasizing their role in enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability. Using the PRISMA 2020 methodology, 73 high-quality studies from 2014 to 2024 were synthesized to evaluate innovative designs, advanced materials, control strategies, and future opportunities. Key findings reveal significant progress in converter topologies, such as dual active bridge and LLC resonant designs, which enhance efficiency and scalability through soft-switching. Wide-bandgap semiconductors, including silicon carbide and gallium nitride, have driven improvements in power density, thermal management, and compactness. Advanced control strategies, including adaptive and AI-driven methods, enhance stability and efficiency in microgrids and vehicle-to-grid systems. Applications in photovoltaic and wind energy systems demonstrate the converters’ impact on improving energy conversion and system reliability. Future opportunities focus on hybrid and multifunctional designs that integrate renewable energy, storage, and electric mobility with intelligent control technologies like digital twins and AI. These innovations highlight the transformative potential of high-frequency converters in addressing global energy challenges driving sustainable energy and transportation solutions. This review offers critical insights into current advancements and pathways for further research and development in this field.
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Hernández-Guzmán, Victor Manuel, Ramón Silva-Ortigoza, and Magdalena Marciano-Melchor. "Position Control of a Maglev System Fed by a DC/DC Buck Power Electronic Converter." Complexity 2020 (May 31, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8236060.
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In this paper, we solve the problem of position regulation in a magnetic levitation system that is fed by a DC/DC Buck power electronic converter as a power amplifier. We present a formal asymptotic stability proof. Although this result is local, the merit of our proposal relies on the fact that this is the first time that such a control problem is solved for a magnetic levitation system, a nonlinear electromechanical plant. In this respect, we stress that most works in the literature on control of electromechanical systems actuated by power electronic converters are devoted to control brushed DC motors which are well known to have a linear model. Furthermore, despite the plant that we control in the present paper is complex, our control law is simple. It is composed by four nested loops driven by one sliding mode controller, two proportional-integral controllers, and a nonlinear proportional-integral-derivative position controller. Each one of these loops is devoted to control each one of the subsystems that compose the plant: electric current through the converter inductor, voltage at the converter capacitor, electric current through the electromagnet, and position of the ball. Thus, our proposal is consistent with the simple and intuitive idea of controlling each subsystem of the plant in order to render robust the control scheme. We stress that such a solution is complicated to derive using other control approaches such as differential flatness or backstepping. In this respect, our proposal relies on a novel passivity-based approach which, by exploiting the natural energy exchange between the mechanical and electrical dynamics, renders possible the design of a control scheme with the above cited features.
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Mohammed, A. A. "Performance of Control Dynamics of Wind Turbine Based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator under Different Modes of Speed Operation." Conference Papers in Engineering 2013 (August 1, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/125801.
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There are many solar power and wind stations installed in the power system for environmental and economic reasons. In fact, wind energy is inexpensive and the safest among all sources of renewable energy, it has been recognized that variable speed wind turbine based on the doubly fed induction generator is the most effective with less cost and high power yield. Therefore, this paper has chosen doubly fed induction generator for a comprehensive study of modeling, analyzing, and control. DFIG in wind turbine has to operate below and above the synchronous speed, which requires smooth transition mode change for reliable operation, specially, close to synchronous speed where the DFIGWT instability starts to appear. Furthermore, its output electric power has to be controlled to provide stability for the power system; hence its performance depends on the generator itself and the converter operation and control system. This paper presents completed mathematical model of DFIG with its AC/DC/AC converter driven by DC machine. A new vector control technique is designed and modeled, which allows to evaluate the dynamic performance of the controller under (below, above, and through synchronous speed). The simulation results demonstrate the accuracy and high performance of the new control system of DFIG for wind turbine, which provides smooth transition mode without using any extra circuit.
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Wang, Yanping, Xiaogang Sun, Jianting Zhao, Kunli Zhou, Yunfeng Lu, Jifeng Qu, Pengcheng Hu, and Qing He. "Differential Sampling of AC Waveforms Based on a Commercial Digital-to-Analog Converter for Reference." Sensors 24, no. 7 (March 30, 2024): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24072228.
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This paper introduces an innovative differential sampling technique for calibrating AC waveforms, leveraging a commercially available 16-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) as the reference standard. The novelty of this approach lies in its enhanced stability over traditional direct sampling methods, especially as the frequency of the AC waveform increases. Notably, this technique provides a cost-effective sampler alternative to the differential sampling methods that rely on a programmable Josephson voltage standard (PJVS). A critical aspect of this methodology is the precise measurement of the DAC’s output voltage, for which a static measurement strategy is adopted to utilize the exceptional linearity and transfer accuracy of the Keysight 3458A (Santa Rosa, CA, USA) in its standard DCV mode. The differential sampling method has demonstrated good accuracy, achieving a near 1 µV/V agreement with a pulse-driven AC Josephson voltage standard (ACJVS) across a 40 Hz to 200 Hz frequency range. The method attained an expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 1 part in 106 while measuring a 0.707107 VRMS sine wave at 50 Hz, showcasing its efficacy in precise AC waveform calibration.
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Saadi, Ramzi, Mohamed Yacine Hammoudi, Okba Salah, Khaled Laadjal, and Antonio J. Marques Cardoso. "A Two-Degree-of-Freedom PID Integral Super-Twisting Controller Based on Atom Search Optimizer Applied to DC-DC Interleaved Converters for Fuel Cell Applications." Electronics 12, no. 19 (October 1, 2023): 4113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194113.
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This paper focuses on the real-time implementation of an optimal high-performance control applied to an interleaved nonisolated DC/DC converter designed for fuel cell applications. Three-phase interleaved boost converters are utilized to minimize input current undulation, increase efficiency, and provide a high output voltage in order to ensure the performance of the FC stack. The proposed control strategy contains an outer loop that generates the reference current based on a two-degree-of-freedom PID controller. This controller provides a robust setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection, which improves the system’s response and efficiency. A fast inner regulation loop based on a super-twisting integral sliding mode (STISM) algorithm is developed to achieve a fixed converter output voltage, equitable phase current sharing, and fast regulation against load disturbances in failure operation. The STISM algorithm exhibits a rapid convergence property of the sliding mode and effectively avoids the chattering phenomena frequently observed in conventional sliding modes. The proposed controller’s gains are determined using the atom search optimization algorithm, which ensures exceptional reliability and a high degree of robustness and stability of the controllers under a variety of operational conditions. This method is inspired from the behavior of atoms and their electrons during the excitation process leading to a one-of-a-kind optimization technique which contributes to the controller’s reliability. Using Matlab-Simulink simulation tools, the efficacy and performance of the designed control have first been evaluated and assessed and compared with other optimization algorithms, and then with a dual loop based on a PID controller. Then, they have been verified by real-time hardware implementation on a 1.2 KW prototype FC converter driven by the dSPACE-1104 card under a variety of tests. The suggested approach offers impressive experimental results in dynamic and steady states.
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Liu, Weiming, Tingting Zheng, Ziwen Liu, Zhihua Fan, Yilong Kang, Da Wang, Mingming Zhang, and Shihong Miao. "Active and Reactive Power Compensation Control Strategy for VSC-HVDC Systems under Unbalanced Grid Conditions." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 3140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113140.
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This paper presents a power compensation strategy to suppress the double frequency power ripples of Voltage source converter high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) systems under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. The mathematical control equations of the double frequency ripple power of VSC under unbalanced operating conditions are firstly derived and established, where the dynamic behaviors of the double frequency ripples in active and reactive power are regarded as being driven by current-relevant components and voltage-relevant components, respectively. Based on the equations, a power compensation control strategy of VSC-HVDC is proposed via the passivity-based control with disturbance observer to suppress both the current-relevant and voltage-relevant components in the power ripples. With this control strategy, the double frequency ripples in active and reactive power are suppressed simultaneously and system performance is significantly enhanced with the implementation of the disturbance observer in the passivity-based control. Theoretical stability analysis and simulation cases show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed strategy.
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Zhou, Sihan, Liang Qin, Yong Yang, Zheng Wei, Jialong Wang, Jing Wang, Jiangjun Ruan, Xu Tang, Xiaole Wang, and Kaipei Liu. "A Novel Ensemble Fault Diagnosis Model for Main Circulation Pumps of Converter Valves in VSC-HVDC Transmission Systems." Sensors 23, no. 11 (May 25, 2023): 5082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115082.
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The intelligent fault diagnosis of main circulation pumps is crucial for ensuring their safe and stable operation. However, limited research has been conducted on this topic, and applying existing fault diagnosis methods designed for other equipment may not yield optimal results when directly used for main circulation pump fault diagnosis. To address this issue, we propose a novel ensemble fault diagnosis model for the main circulation pumps of converter valves in voltage source converter-based high voltage direct current transmission (VSG-HVDC) systems. The proposed model employs a set of base learners already able to achieve satisfying fault diagnosis performance and a weighting model based on deep reinforcement learning that synthesizes the outputs of these base learners and assigns different weights to obtain the final fault diagnosis results. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms alternative approaches, achieving an accuracy of 95.00% and an F1 score of 90.48%. Compared to the widely used long and short-term memory artificial neural network (LSTM), the proposed model exhibits improvements of 4.06% in accuracy and 7.85% in F1 score. Furthermore, it surpasses the latest existing ensemble model based on the improved sparrow algorithm, with enhancements of 1.56% in accuracy and 2.91% in F1 score. This work presents a data-driven tool with high accuracy for the fault diagnosis of main circulation pumps, which plays a critical role in maintaining the operational stability of VSG-HVDC systems and satisfying the unmanned requirements of offshore flexible platform cooling systems.
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Agrawal, Amit, Ashish Shrivastava, and Kartick C. Jana. "A Universal Input, Single-Stage AC–DC LED Driver for an Auditorium Light." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 02 (November 12, 2018): 1950024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619500245.
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Analysis, design and simulation of 126[Formula: see text]W power supply with better power quality are presented in the proposed work to run an auditorium light emitting diode (LED) light operating at universal AC input mains (90–270[Formula: see text]V). A single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) topology is designed and driven in continuous conduction mode (CCM) with advance feedback system to maintain constant voltage at output. A proportional integral (PI) controller is also proposed to make the system stable, and stability analysis is discussed in detail with the help of transfer function derived from the state space model. Bode, Nyquist and Polar plots are clearly drawn using the MATLAB tool to claim the system stability. For justification of mathematical analysis, a simulation of the proposed LED driver is also performed in MATLAB–Simulink using sim-power toolbox. The simulation results show the improved value of power quality indices like power factor (PF), total harmonic distortion (THD) and crest factor (CF) with constant rating of 84[Formula: see text]V, 1.5[Formula: see text]A at output. Improved PF and reduced THD are under the limit of international standards like IEC-61000-3-2 Class C requirement.
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Janney, J., D. Lyngh, and E. B. Iverson. "Design of the cryogenic moderator system for the second target station." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1301, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012076.
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Abstract The Second Target Station (STS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory will be a 700 kW pulsed spallation neutron source designed to provide the world’s highest brightness cold neutron beams. In order to produce the required neutron performance, two compact liquid hydrogen moderators are located adjacent to the tungsten spallation target and must be supplied with less than 20 K hydrogen and a para hydrogen fraction of 99.8% or greater. The Cryogenic Moderator System (CMS) will consist of a single hydrogen loop feeding the two moderators in series cooled by a helium refrigerator with a cooling capacity of 2.5 kW at 17 K. The hydrogen loop consists of a hydrogen circulator, hydrogen helium heat exchanger, ortho-para converter, accumulator, transfer lines and heater. The design of the hydrogen loop is based on the CMS design of the First Target Station at the Spallation Neutron Source and some of the component designs may be reused. General hydrogen temperature control is provided by controlling the flowrate of helium to the heat exchanger. The hydrogen loop will have a constant flowrate of 0.5 L/s and remove a nuclear heat load of about 850 W from the two moderators, which is deposited both directly in the hydrogen and the adjacent hydrogen containing structures. Because the nuclear heat load is accelerator driven, the hydrogen system must remain stable when the heat load is removed instantaneously during beam trips. System stability is maintained passively with the accumulator and actively with the heater. Ionizing radiation which interacts with the liquid hydrogen drives backconversion of the hydrogen from parahydrogen to orthohydrogen. The STS moderator performance is very sensitive to small fractions of orthohydrogen requiring an ortho-para converter to maintain the hydrogen supplied to the moderators at near equilibrium parahydrogen concentration. STS CMS is in the early stage of preliminary design and current focus is evaluating component sizing and system stability during beam transients.
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Han, Bang Cheng, Dan He, Fang Zheng Guo, Yu Wang, and Bing Nan Huang. "The FPGA-Based Phase-Locked Loop Speed Control System of BLDCM for Magnetically Suspended Control Moment Gyroscope." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 1249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.1249.
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A phase-locked loop (PLL) control system based on field programmable gates array (FPGA) is proposed through analyzing the model of three-phase unipolar-driven BLDCM (brushless direct current motor) to enhance the reliability and accurate steady-state speed for magnetically suspended control moment gyroscope (MSCMG). The numerical operation module, PLL module and current-loop control module are designed based on FPGA using very-high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL) to realize the control law of the digital system. The pulse width modulation (PWM) generating module for Buck converter, the commutation signal generating module for the inverter and ADC module are designed for driving the motor and sampling the current signal. The PLL is analyzed and optimized in the paper and all the modules are verified using the software of ModelSim and the experiments. The simulation and experiment results on BLDCM of MSCMG show that the stability of the motor velocity can reach 0.01% and 0.02% respectively by the PLL technology based on FPGA, which is difficult to be obtained by conventional proportion integral different (PID) speed control.
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Ramadoni Syahputra, Imam Robandi, and Mochamad Ashari. "Model DFIG Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Angin Sebagai Suatu Unit Pembangkit Tersebar." Jurnal Intake : Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Teknik dan Terapan 8, no. 2 (October 27, 2017): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.48056/jintake.v8i2.25.
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In this paper, we present the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) model in a wind turbine system as a unit of the distributed generator. The wind turbine driven by doubly-fed induction machine is a part of the distributed generation which feeds ac power to the distribution network. The system is modeled and simulated in the Matlab Simulink environment in such a way that it can be suited for modeling of all types of induction generator configurations. The model makes use of rotor reference frame using a dynamic vector approach for machine model. The fuzzy logic controller is applied to the rotor side converter for active power control and voltage regulation of wind turbine. Wind turbine and its control unit are described in details. All power system components and the fuzzy controller are simulated in Matlab Simulink software. For studying the performance of the controller, different abnormal conditions are applied even the worst case. Simulation results prove the excellent performance of the fuzzy controller unit as improving power quality and stability of the wind turbine.
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Syahputra, Ramadoni, Imam Robandi, and Mochamad Ashari. "Model DFIG Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Angin Sebagai Suatu Unit Pembangkit Tersebar." Jurnal Intake : Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Teknik dan Terapan 8, no. 2 (October 10, 2017): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32492/jintake.v8i2.691.
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In this paper, we present the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) model in a wind turbine system as a unit of the distributed generator. The wind turbine driven by doubly-fed induction machine is a part of the distributed generation which feeds ac power to the distribution network. The system is modeled and simulated in the Matlab Simulink environment in such a way that it can be suited for modeling of all types of induction generator configurations. The model makes use of rotor reference frame using a dynamic vector approach for machine model. The fuzzy logic controller is applied to the rotor side converter for active power control and voltage regulation of wind turbine. Wind turbine and its control unit are described in details. All power system components and the fuzzy controller are simulated in Matlab Simulink software. For studying the performance of the controller, different abnormal conditions are applied even the worst case. Simulation results prove the excellent performance of the fuzzy controller unit as improving power quality and stability of the wind turbine.
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Xu, Kai, Youguang Guo, Gang Lei, and Jianguo Zhu. "A Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System Technologies." Energies 16, no. 18 (September 7, 2023): 6462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16186462.
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The operation of the electricity network has grown more complex due to the increased adoption of renewable energy resources, such as wind and solar power. Using energy storage technology can improve the stability and quality of the power grid. One such technology is flywheel energy storage systems (FESSs). Compared with other energy storage systems, FESSs offer numerous advantages, including a long lifespan, exceptional efficiency, high power density, and minimal environmental impact. This article comprehensively reviews the key components of FESSs, including flywheel rotors, motor types, bearing support technologies, and power electronic converter technologies. It also presents the diverse applications of FESSs in different scenarios. The progress of state-of-the-art research is discussed, emphasizing the use of artificial intelligence methods such as machine learning, digital twins, and data-driven techniques for system simulation, fault prediction, and life-assessment research. The article also addresses the challenges related to current research and the application of FESSs. It concludes by summarizing future directions and trends in FESS research, offering valuable information for further advancement and improvement in this field.
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Ferdous, Fouzia, and A. B. M. Harun Ur Rashid. "Design of a high performance AC-DC LED driver based on SEPIC topology." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i2.pp870-885.
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Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are current driven devices. So, it is essential to maintain the stability of LED voltage and current. Variation of temperature may cause of instabilities and bifurcations in the LED driver. Driving LEDs from an offline power source faces design challenges like it have to maintain low harmonics in input current, to achieve high power factor, high efficiency and to maintain constant LED current and to ensure long lifetime. This paper proposes the technique of harmonics reduction by using parametric optimization of Single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) based LED driver. Without optimization of SEPIC parameters input energy will not be properly transferred to the load and this un-transferred energy will be transmitted to the source. Consequently, the quality of input current will be hampered i.e. harmonics will contaminate the input current. Focussing this, the paper has presented the design of a non-isolated integrated-stage single-switch constant current LED driver operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) in SEPIC incorporating the design of control circuit with soft start mechanism. This LED driver has achieved a good efficiency (90.6%) and high-power factor (0.98) with reduced harmonics (3.35%). System stability has been determined and simulation studies are performed to confirm the validity of the LED driver circuit. A laboratory prototype is built.
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Tan, Qiang, Cuimei Bo, Jun Li, Yiqing Wang, Xiaorong Wang, and Shubo Jiang. "Glucose Analyzer Based on Self-made Biosensor for High-performance Glucose Detection." MATEC Web of Conferences 327 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032701003.
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The concentration analyzer with high precision and wide range is the core device for monitoring the fermentation process. In this work, we designed and proposed a lowcost three-electrode glucose analyzer based on a self-made screen-printed enzyme biosensor chip, which has a Prussian blue (PB) nanocubic structure and leads to high sensitivity of 117.31 μAmM-1cm-2. The hardware design of the glucose analyzer can be divided into five critical parts, including digital, signal treatment system, power supply, motor-driven and the host computer. The signal treatment system is used to collect, convert and amplify the weak current signal generated by the biosensor. The digital circuit of the central processing unit of the analyzer is designed using the STM32F407ZET6. Besides, an external analog-to-digital converter is used to achieve high precision A/D conversion. The stability of the potentiostat is ensured by designing the precision power supply, hardware filtering, and algorithm filtering. The experimental results show that the glucose analyzer has a wide linear detection range from 1g/L to 120g/L and the coefficient of variation at 1g/L is 0.038, which exhibits excellent performance in stability and detection accuracy. The analyzer can be applied in the future for in-situ measurement of glucose concentration for its wide-range and high-precision detection capabilities.
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Ghidewon-Abay, Sengal, and Ali Mehrizi-Sani. "Control of a Three-Phase Grid-Connected Voltage-Sourced Converter Using Long Short-Term Memory Networks." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010453.
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With the rise of inverter-based resources (IBRs) within the power system, the control of grid-connected converters (GCCs) has become pertinent due to the fact they interface IBRs to the grid. The conventional method of control for a GCC such as the voltage-sourced converter (VSC) is through a decoupled control loop in the synchronous reference frame. However, this model-based control method is sensitive to parameter changes causing deterioration in controller performance. Data-driven approaches such as machine learning can be utilized to design controllers that are capable of operating GCCs in various system conditions. This work explores a deep learning-based control method for a three-phase grid-connected VSC, specifically utilizing a long short-term memory (LSTM) network for robust control. Simulations of a conventional controlled VSC are conducted using Simulink to collect data for training the LSTM-based controller. The LSTM model is built and trained using the Keras and TensorFlow libraries in Python and tested in Simulink. The performance of the LSTM-based controller is evaluated under different case studies and compared to the conventional method of control. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by outperforming the conventional controller and maintaining stability under different system parameter changes.
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Peter, Geno, Albert Alexander Stonier, Dishore Shunmugham Vanaja, Fitrahsya Justin, Ramya Kuppusamy, and Yuvaraja Teekaraman. "Battery Cell Balancing of V2G-Equipped Microgrid in the Presence of Energy Storage Aggregator." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2023 (November 9, 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7990690.
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High electricity consumption in Sarawak’s cities is a concern, driven by residential, industrial, and commercial users. Greater demand for electrical energy requires more electrical resources, affecting grid stability. To prevent blackouts and enhance grid resilience, electric vehicles can serve as distributed energy storage in microgrids. The biggest problem facing energy storage is that not all batteries within energy storage are the same. Every battery cell in the battery pack has a different rate of self-discharge, capacity, internal resistance, and aging, even though they have the same chemical and physical characteristics. These variations lead to power imbalances in energy storage. Therefore, to address this issue, a unique voltage equalization method using a modular flyback converter is presented. Its core objective is to correct voltage imbalances among batteries. The proposed method is modelled using MATLAB, and the performance of the system has been evaluated. Furthermore, the developed model is implemented in a microgrid and tested for two different cases (with and without energy storage for electric cars). From the simulation outcomes, it has been verified that the developed cell balancing technique performs well in equalizing the voltage of cells than the conventional methods.
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Mendoza-Becker, Rodrigo, Juan Carlos Travieso-Torres, and Matías Díaz. "Adaptive Control of M3C-Based Variable Speed Drive for Multiple Permanent-Magnet-Synchronous-Motor-Driven Centrifugal Pumps." Machines 11, no. 9 (September 2, 2023): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11090884.
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There has been growing interest in using permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) for pumping applications to improve energy efficiency. One promising approach for powering these motors in variable speed applications is using an M3C due to its inherent fault tolerance capability. However, M3C converters require a more complex control system than simpler converters. For instance, a basic M3C control system for power transmission requires seventeen PI controllers, whose fixed adjustment depends on the M3C’s dynamical model parameters’ value knowledge, needing initial extensive and time-consuming testing to obtain it. As an alternative, we propose an adaptive M3C control system for variable speed drives powering multiple PMSM-driven centrifugal pumps that reduces the number of controllers to six. Furthermore, the proposal does not require initial knowledge of the converter, motor, or load parameters, making it more practical and versatile. The proposal introduces an ad hoc hybrid passivity-based model reference adaptive controller in cascade with a passivity-based control. It was validated through theoretical stability proof and comparative simulation results with a basic control system under normal and fault operations. As a result, the proposal effectively follows the required rotor speed while enhancing performance by decreasing the current consumption and recovering from a 10% input phase imbalance, a cell short circuit, an open cell, and parameters changes of the motor–pump set.
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Katkout, Abdiddaim, Tamou Nasser, and Ahmed Essadki. "Novel Predictive Control for the IPMSM Fed by the 3L-SNPC Inverter for EVAs: Modified Lyapunov Function, Computational Efficiency, and Delay Compensation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 27, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2515107.
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This paper proposes a novel predictive strategy based on a model predictive control (MPC) for the interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) driven by a three-level simplified neutral-point clamped inverter (3L-SNPC) for electric vehicle applications (EVAs). Based on the prediction of the future behavior of the controlled variables, a predefined multiobjective cost function incorporates the control objectives which are evaluated for every sampling period to generate the optimal switching state applied directly to the inverter without the modulation stage. The control objectives in this paper are tracking current capacity, neutral-point voltage balancing, common-mode voltage control, and switching frequency reduction. The principal concepts of the novel scheme are summarized as follows: first, the delay compensation based on the long horizon of prediction is adopted by a multilevel power converter structure. Second, based on the modified Lyapunov candidate function, both stability and recursive feasibility are ensured of the proposed predictive scheme. Third, the practicability of the real-time implementation is improved by the proposed “static voltage vector” (SVV) and “single state variation” (SSV) principles. Finally, the proposed concepts are implemented in the novel predictive control formulation as additional constraints without compromising the complexity and the good performances of the predictive controller. Therefore, only the switching states that guarantee the stability and the reduction of calculation burden criteria are considered in the evaluation of cost function. The proposed predictive scheme based on the “SVV” principle has demonstrated superior performance in simulation compared with the proposed scheme with the “SSV” principle. The computational burden and switching frequency rates are reduced by 35% and 56.22%, respectively.
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VOZNIAK, Oleksandr, Serhii TIKHONENKO, Volodymyr TYKHONOV, and Artem KOSAKOVSKYI. "OPTIMIZATION OF A DIGITAL CURRENT CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AN ELECTRIC DRIVE WITH A THYRISTOR CONVERTER." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 3 (126) (December 24, 2024): 86–92. https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2024-3-10.
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The article is dedicated to optimizing the digital current control loop of a thyristor converter-driven electric drive, essential for ensuring stable, precise, and reliable operation of electric drives in automated and industrial systems. The primary goal of this research is to develop and enhance the digital current regulator (DCR), which enables the drive system to achieve desired performance, including rapid and stable response to current changes without excessive overshoot or oscillations. Optimization of the current loop improves energy efficiency, enhances dynamic properties, and increases resistance to external disturbances, all of which are critical for modern electric drive systems. The introduction discusses key aspects of digital current loop optimization, specifically dynamic characteristics such as time delays, sampling rate, and bandwidth, which significantly impact the efficiency of digital controllers. Special attention is given to the tuning of proportional-integral (PI) controller parameters, allowing quick and stable response to current changes. The developed model allows preliminary simulation of the current loop’s performance, providing an opportunity to test different configurations before actual implementation. To improve the accuracy and stability of the system, filtering methods are proposed to reduce the impact of high-frequency noise, ensuring the system’s precision and robustness against external interference. Optimization criteria are introduced, including minimizing the integral square error (ISE) and reducing energy consumption, which significantly decreases system losses and increases the energy efficiency of electric drives. In developing the optimized control loop, the following assumptions are considered: 1) the thyristor converter (TC) operates in continuous current mode, 2) the current loop dynamics are studied within a narrow range of TC phase angle changes, and 3) a discrete dynamic TC model is used with averaging of electromotive force (EMF) over the conduction interval. Optimizing the digital current loop addresses several critical tasks, including enhancing control accuracy, reducing overshoot and oscillations, and improving the system’s dynamic response, allowing for reduced delays and a faster reaction to load changes. The optimization results of the digital current regulator (DCR) show reduced energy consumption and significant improvements in control accuracy. The high-speed performance of the digital current loop enables fast transient processes within a single sampling interval of the thyristor converter, which is crucial for systems requiring rapid regulation. Additionally, the digital control loop provides flexibility in control, as it allows for system adjustments to different operating conditions through a software-based approach. The study’s final results demonstrate the potential of digital current loops in modern electric drives. With advances in microprocessor technology, digital regulators enable more complex control algorithms, including adaptive and predictive strategies, which further enhance system efficiency. These approaches are especially relevant for industrial electric drives that require high precision and response speed, making digital current loops a promising solution for contemporary automated control systems.
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Ndlela, Nomihla Wandile, and Innocent Ewean Davidson. "Network Coordination between High-Voltage DC and High-Voltage AC Transmission Systems Using Flexible AC Transmission System Controllers." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 7402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197402.
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The strategic intent of the African Union is to develop a “Smart Integrated African Electric Power Super Grid” driven by modern tools and advances in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) engineering and flexible alternating current technology systems (FACTS), which is central in supporting Africa’s sustained economic growth and development. The southern African region, including South Africa, is beset by the critical challenges of perennial load-shedding, which impedes economic growth and aggravates unemployment. This has led to the insecurity of electricity supplies and degraded the quality of life. The parallel operation of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) and flexible AC technology systems (FACTS) controllers is gaining traction as system conditions become more complex, such as weak power networks which requires increased stability requirements, resulting in load-shedding and power outages. These adversely affect business productivity and adversely affect GDP and economic growth. Thus, the application of innovative technologies such as HVDC links can stabilize weak power systems. It is established that HVDC delivery systems reduce losses in long transmission lines transporting bulk power compared with high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission lines for power wheeling. This paper evaluates the parallel operation of the Cahora Bassa 1414 km bipolar HVDC link and a weak parallel 400/330 kV alternating current (AC) link. It demonstrates the use of FACTS controllers to enhance the technical performance of an existing network, such as voltage control, and technical loss reduction. It combines an HVDC line commutated converter (LCC) and HVAC transmission lines, in hybrid notation to increase the voltage stability of the system by controlling the reactive power with a Static Var Compensator (SVC). These modern tools can increase the transmission power controllability and stability of the power network. In this study, HVDC–LCC was used with a setpoint of 1000 MW in conjunction with the 850 MVAr SVC. The results show that the technical losses were reduced by 0.24% from 84.32 MW to 60.32 MW as Apollo 275 kV SVC was utilized for voltage control. The network analysis was performed using DIgSILENT PowerFactory software that is manufactured by DIgSILENT GmbH at Gomaringen, Germany
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Al-Saloli, Abdullah Abdurrahman, and Faris E. Alfaris. "Current Compensation for Faulted Grid-Connected PV Arrays Using a Modified Voltage-Fed Quasi-Z-Source Inverter." Electronics 13, no. 21 (November 2, 2024): 4312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214312.
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Large-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems are being widely deployed to meet global environmental goals and renewable energy targets. Advances in PV technology have driven investment in the electric sector. However, as the size of PV arrays grows, more obstacles and challenges emerge. The primary obstacles are the occurrence of direct current (DC) faults and shading in a large array of PV panels, where any malfunction in a single panel can have a detrimental impact on the overall output power of the entire series-connected PV string and therefore the PV array. Due to the abrupt and frequent fluctuations in power, beside the low-PV systems’ moment of inertia, various technical problems may arise at the point of common coupling (PCC) of grid-connected PV generations, such as frequency and voltage stability, power efficiency, voltage sag, harmonic distortion, and other power quality factors. The majority of the suggested solutions were deficient in several crucial transient operating features and cost feasibility; therefore, this paper introduces a novel power electronic DC–DC converter that seeks to mitigate these effects by compensating for the decrease in current on the DC side of the system. The suggested solution was derived from the dual-source voltage-fed quasi-Z-source inverter (VF-qZSI), where the PV generation power can be supported by an energy storage element. This paper also presents the system architecture and the corresponding power switching control. The feasibility of the proposed method is investigated with real field data and the PSCAD simulation platform during all possible weather conditions and array faults. The results demonstrate the feasibility and capability of the proposed scheme, which contributes in suppressing the peak of the transient power-to-time variation (dP/dt) by 72% and reducing its normalized root-mean-square error by about 38%, with an AC current total harmonic distortion (THD) of only 1.04%.
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Yu, Wenwei, Daisuke Nishikawa, Yasuhiro Ishikawa, Hiroshi Yokoi, and Yukinori Kakazu. "Multifunctional Electrical Prosthetic Hand -Development of Tendon-driven Mechanism and Controller." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 14, no. 6 (December 20, 2002): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2002.p0557.
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The purpose of this research was to develop a tendondriven electrical prosthetic hand, which is characterized by its mechanical torque-velocity converter and a mechanism that can assist proximal joint torque by distal actuators. To cope with time-delay and nonlinear properties of the prosthetic hand, a controller based on a Jordan network, recurrent neural network models, is proposed. The results of experiments on the stability of the controller are confirmed when tracking static wire tensions. Finally, the next prototype of prosthetic hand based on these methods is introduced.
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Rajesh, V., Dr D. Srinivas, P. Srinivasa Rao, and Ganji Swathi. "ENHANCING POWER QUALITY IN DC SYSTEMS WITH UPFC-BASED MULTILEVEL CASCADE CONVERTER." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 10, no. 2 (September 10, 2019): 1968–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.61841/turcomat.v10i2.14567.
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Mixture Although renewable energy is a good substitute for conventional energy, connecting it to the grid can provide new difficulties. Similarly, for wind turbines to keep the grid stable and reliable, they need to provide high-quality electricity. To reduce the harmful environmental effects of conventional energy generation, more wind turbines are being connected to the electrical grid. Understanding how disturbances impact the quality of the energy is important in order to connect a wind turbine to the grid. The voltage and frequency must be as stable as feasible. This stability may be obtained using FACTS devices. Inverters that are either voltage-source or current-source have been used recently to reduce oscillation in the power supply. Moreover, several of them are used to improve the transient and dynamic stability of wind power generating systems (WPGS). When a wind turbine is linked to the grid, it produces electrical switching behaviour, voltage sag and swell, flashing and harmonic emissions, and active and reactive energy. A three-phase grid-linked wind-driven induction generator's reactive power need may be adjusted in a number of methods, such as by applying instantaneous pq theory and UPQC to adjust for harmonics produced by a non-linear load connected to the PCC. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to simulate the FACTS Device UPQC control mechanism in order to improve power quality.
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Reddy, M. Madhusudhan, V. Nirmala Devi, and A. Rajababu. "UPFC Based Multilevel Cascade Converter for Power Quality Improvement in Dc System." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 2643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.61841/turcomat.v11i3.14440.
Full textAbstract:
Mixture Although renewable energy is a good substitute for conventional energy, connecting it to the grid can provide new difficulties. Similarly, for wind turbines to keep the grid stable and reliable, they need to produce high-quality power. To reduce the harmful environmental effects of conventional energy generation, more wind turbines are being connected to the electrical grid. Understanding how disturbances affect the quality of the energy is important in order to connect a wind turbine to the grid. The voltage and frequency must be as stable as feasible. This stability can be obtained with FACTS devices. Inverters that are either voltage-source or current-source have been used recently to reduce oscillation in the power supply. Moreover, several of them are used to improve the transient and dynamic stability of wind power generating systems (WPGS). When a wind turbine is linked to the grid, it produces electrical switching behavior, voltage sag and swell, flashing and harmonic emissions, and active and reactive energy. A three-phase grid-linked wind-driven induction generator's reactive power requirement can be adjusted in a number of methods, such as by applying instantaneous pq theory and UPQC to adjust for harmonics produced by a non-linear load connected to the PCC. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to simulate the FACTS Device UPQC control mechanism in order to improve power quality.
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Aghmadi, Ahmed, Ola Ali, S. M. Sajjad Hossain Rafin, Rawan A. Taha, Ahmed M. Ibrahim, and Osama A. Mohammed. "Hardware Implementation of Hybrid Data Driven-PI Control Scheme for Resilient Operation of Standalone DC Microgrid." Batteries 10, no. 9 (August 23, 2024): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries10090297.
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The control of energy storage systems (ESSs) within autonomous microgrids (MGs) is critical for ensuring stable and efficient operation, especially when incorporating renewable energy resources (RESs) such as photovoltaic (PV) systems. This paper addresses managing a standalone DC microgrid that combines PV generation and a battery energy storage system (BESS). We propose a hybrid control strategy that combines a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) with Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers to improve the performance of the bidirectional converter that connects the BESS to the microgrid. The RNN processes the voltage error and derivative into a reference current, which a PI controller refines to determine the best duty cycle for the converter’s switches. This hybrid control scheme provides superior adaptability and performance in various load conditions, including pulsed power load (PPL) demands. Simulation results show that the proposed control method exceeds traditional PI-PI control algorithms, particularly in improving the transient stability of the DC bus voltage and optimizing BESS performance. We conducted extensive hardware experiments to verify the robustness and effectiveness of the developed control algorithm. The experimental results confirmed the superior performance of the hybrid RNN-PI control scheme, demonstrating its ability to maintain system stability and efficiency across a wide range of real-world scenarios. This experimental validation reflects the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in improving microgrid operations.