Journal articles: 'Conversion of Human Signed Language'

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Willoughby, Louisa, Howard Manns, Shimako Iwasaki, and Meredith Bartlett. "Are you trying to be funny? Communicating humour in deafblind conversations." Discourse Studies 21, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 584–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445619846704.

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Humour is a prevalent feature in any form of human interaction, regardless of language modality. This article explores in detail how humour is negotiated in conversations among deafblind Australians who are fluent users of tactile Australian Sign Language (Auslan). Without access to the visual or auditory cues that are normally associated with humour (e.g. smiles, laughter, eye crinkles and ‘smile voice’), there is a risk that deafblind interactants will misconstrue humorous utterances as serious, or be unsure whether their conversation partner has got the joke. In this article, we explore how humorous utterances unfold in tactile signed interactions. Drawing on Conversation Analytic principles, we outline the ad hoc and more conventionalised signals deafblind signers use to signal amusement. Looking at humour in these conversations contributes to a greater understanding of how humour is conveyed across language modalities and further support for humour’s centrality to interactional solidarity.

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Rowe, Meredith L. "Gesture, speech, and sign. Lynn Messing and Ruth Campbell (Eds.). New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp. 227." Applied Psycholinguistics 22, no. 4 (December 2001): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716401224084.

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The study of gesture, especially its relationship to spoken and signed languages, has become a broadly studied topic for researchers from various fields, including neuropsychology, cognitive psychology, evolutionary psychology, human development, and communication disorders. One possible reason for the wide interest in gesture is its universality. People of all ages and cultures use gestures for various purposes. Young language-learning, hearing children often use gestures alone or in combination with speech to help express themselves to their interlocutors, for example, pointing to a desired object while saying “mine.” As a more striking example, deaf children in Nicaragua who had previously been unexposed to any conventional sign language, used gestures to develop home-sign systems that eventually developed into Nicaraguan Sign Language (Kegl, Senghas, & Coppola, 1999). On the other hand, gestures are often used in situations where the underlying purpose of the gesture is less clear. For example, people who are blind from birth are nonetheless found to gesture in conversation (Iverson & Goldin-Meadow, 1997), and adults gesture frequently, and often subconsciously, during conversations with one another. Despite their omnipresence, we know relatively little about gestures' origins, their relationship to language, and, in some instances, the purposes they serve.

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Corina, David P., and Heather Patterson Knapp. "Signed Language and Human Action Processing." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1145, no. 1 (December 2008): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1416.023.

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Robinson, Octavian. "Puppets, Jesters, Memes, and Benevolence Porn: The Spectacle of Access." Przegląd Kulturoznawczy, no. 3 (53) (December 14, 2022): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843860pk.22.024.16613.

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Signed language interpreters’proximity to significant political figures and entertainers invites the nondisabled gaze. The spotlight on interpreters in the media is a symptom of celebrity culture intersected with toxic benevolence. This paper considers media attention given interpreters as a site of tension surrounding attitudes toward access for disabled people. Signed language interpretation is provided for deaf people’s access. The presence of signed language interpreters in public spaces and their proximity to significant figures subjects signed languages to public consumption, which is then rendered into sources of entertainment for nonsigning people. The reduction of signed language interpreters to entertainment material signifies the value placed upon accessibility, creates hostile workspaces for signed language interpreters, and reinforces notions of signed languages as novelties. Such actions have adverse effects on signing deaf people’s linguistic human rights and their ability to participate as informed citizens in their respective communities. The media, its audiences, and some of the ways that interpreters have embraced such attention have actively co-produced signed language interpretation as a venue for ableism, linguistic chauvinism, and displacement.

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Wolfe, Rosalee, John C. McDonald, Thomas Hanke, Sarah Ebling, Davy Van Landuyt, Frankie Picron, Verena Krausneker, Eleni Efthimiou, Evita Fotinea, and Annelies Braffort. "Sign Language Avatars: A Question of Representation." Information 13, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13040206.

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Given the achievements in automatically translating text from one language to another, one would expect to see similar advancements in translating between signed and spoken languages. However, progress in this effort has lagged in comparison. Typically, machine translation consists of processing text from one language to produce text in another. Because signed languages have no generally-accepted written form, translating spoken to signed language requires the additional step of displaying the language visually as animation through the use of a three-dimensional (3D) virtual human commonly known as an avatar. Researchers have been grappling with this problem for over twenty years, and it is still an open question. With the goal of developing a deeper understanding of the challenges posed by this question, this article gives a summary overview of the unique aspects of signed languages, briefly surveys the technology underlying avatars and performs an in-depth analysis of the features in a textual representation for avatar display. It concludes with a comparison of these features and makes observations about future research directions.

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Gabarró-López, Sílvia, and Laurence Meurant. "Contrasting signed and spoken languages." Languages in Contrast 22, no. 2 (August 23, 2022): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.00024.gab.

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Abstract For years, the study of spoken languages, on the basis of written and then also oral productions, was the only way to investigate the human language capacity. As an introduction to this first volume of Languages in Contrast devoted to the comparison of spoken and signed languages, we propose to look at the reasons for the late emergence of the consideration of signed languages and multimodality in language studies. Next, the main stages of the history of sign language research are summarized. We highlight the benefits of studying cross-modal and multimodal data, as opposed to the isolated investigation of signed or spoken languages, and point out the remaining methodological obstacles to this approach. This contextualization prefaces the presentation of the outline of the volume.

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Corina, David. "Sign language and the brain: Apes, apraxia, and aphasia." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 4 (December 1996): 633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00043338.

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AbstractThe study of signed languages has inspired scientific' speculation regarding foundations of human language. Relationships between the acquisition of sign language in apes and man are discounted on logical grounds. Evidence from the differential hreakdown of sign language and manual pantomime places limits on the degree of overlap between language and nonlanguage motor systems. Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals neural areas of convergence and divergence underlying signed and spoken languages.

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Slobin, Dan Isaac. "Breaking the Molds: Signed Languages and the Nature of Human Language." Sign Language Studies 8, no. 2 (2008): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sls.2008.0004.

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Thompson, Robin L., David P. Vinson, Bencie Woll, and Gabriella Vigliocco. "The Road to Language Learning Is Iconic." Psychological Science 23, no. 12 (November 12, 2012): 1443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612459763.

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An arbitrary link between linguistic form and meaning is generally considered a universal feature of language. However, iconic (i.e., nonarbitrary) mappings between properties of meaning and features of linguistic form are also widely present across languages, especially signed languages. Although recent research has shown a role for sign iconicity in language processing, research on the role of iconicity in sign-language development has been mixed. In this article, we present clear evidence that iconicity plays a role in sign-language acquisition for both the comprehension and production of signs. Signed languages were taken as a starting point because they tend to encode a higher degree of iconic form-meaning mappings in their lexicons than spoken languages do, but our findings are more broadly applicable: Specifically, we hypothesize that iconicity is fundamental to all languages (signed and spoken) and that it serves to bridge the gap between linguistic form and human experience.

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Mcburney, Susan Lloyd. "William Stokoe and the discipline of sign language linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 28, no. 1-2 (September 7, 2001): 143–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.28.1.10mcb.

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Summary The first modern linguistic analysis of a signed language was published in 1960 – William Clarence Stokoe’s (1919–2000) Sign Language Structure. Although the initial impact of Stokoe’s monograph on linguistics and education was minimal, his work formed a solid base for what was to become a new field of research: American Sign Language (ASL) Linguistics. Together with the work of those that followed (in particular Ursula Bellugi and colleagues), Stokoe’s ground-breaking work on the structure of ASL has led to an acceptance of signed languages as autonomous linguistic systems that exhibit the complex structure characteristic of all human languages.

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Volterra, Virginia, Olga Capirci, Pasquale Rinaldi, and Laura Sparaci. "From action to spoken and signed language through gesture." Interaction Studies 19, no. 1-2 (September 17, 2018): 216–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.17027.vol.

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Abstract We review major developmental evidence on the continuity from action to gesture to word and sign in human children, highlighting the important role of caregivers in the development of multimodal communication. In particular, the basic issues considered here and contributing to the current debate on the origins and development of the language-ready brain are: (1) links between early actions, gestures and words and similarities in representational strategies; (2) importance of multimodal communication and the interplay between gestures and spoken words; (3) interconnections between early actions, gestures and signs. The innovation of this report is in connecting these themes together to relevant findings from studies on children between 6 and 36 months of age and highlighting interesting parallels in studies on ape communicative behavior.

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Corina, David, and Wendy Sandler. "On the nature of phonological structure in sign language." Phonology 10, no. 2 (August 1993): 165–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000038.

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The study of phonological structure and patterns across languages is seen by contemporary phonologists as a way of gaining insight into language as a cognitive system. Traditionally, phonologists have focused on spoken languages. More recently, we have observed a growing interest in the grammatical system underlying signed languages of the deaf. This development in the field of phonology provides a natural laboratory for investigating language universals. As grammatical systems, in part, reflect the modality in which they are expressed, the comparison of spoken and signed languages permits us to separate those aspects of grammar which are modality-dependent from those which are shared by all human languages. On the other hand, modality-dependent characteristics must also be accounted for by a comprehensive theory of language. Comparing languages in two modalities is therefore of theoretical importance for both reasons: establishing modality-independent linguistic universals, and accounting for modality-dependent structure and organisation.

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Perniss, Pamela, and Gabriella Vigliocco. "The bridge of iconicity: from a world of experience to the experience of language." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1651 (September 19, 2014): 20130300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0300.

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Iconicity, a resemblance between properties of linguistic form (both in spoken and signed languages) and meaning, has traditionally been considered to be a marginal, irrelevant phenomenon for our understanding of language processing, development and evolution. Rather, the arbitrary and symbolic nature of language has long been taken as a design feature of the human linguistic system. In this paper, we propose an alternative framework in which iconicity in face-to-face communication (spoken and signed) is a powerful vehicle for bridging between language and human sensori-motor experience, and, as such, iconicity provides a key to understanding language evolution, development and processing. In language evolution, iconicity might have played a key role in establishing displacement (the ability of language to refer beyond what is immediately present), which is core to what language does; in ontogenesis, iconicity might play a critical role in supporting referentiality (learning to map linguistic labels to objects, events, etc., in the world), which is core to vocabulary development. Finally, in language processing, iconicity could provide a mechanism to account for how language comes to be embodied (grounded in our sensory and motor systems), which is core to meaningful communication.

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Knapp, Heather Patterson, and David P. Corina. "A human mirror neuron system for language: Perspectives from signed languages of the deaf." Brain and Language 112, no. 1 (January 2010): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2009.04.002.

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Corballis, Michael C. "How language evolved from manual gestures." Gesture 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 200–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.12.2.04cor.

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Several lines of evidence suggest that human language originated in manual gestures, not vocal calls. These are the ability of nonhuman primates to use manual action flexibly and intentionally, the nature of the primate mirror system and its homology with the language circuits in the human brain, the relative success in teaching apes to communicate manually rather than vocally, the ready invention of sophisticated signed languages by the deaf, the critical role of pointing in the way young children learn language, and the correlation between handedness and cerebral asymmetry for language. A gradual switch from manual to facial and vocal expression may have occurred late in hominin evolution, with speech reaching its present level of autonomy only in our own species, Homo sapiens.

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Wilbur, Ronnie B. "What does the study of signed languages tell us about ‘language’?" Investigating Understudied Sign Languages - Croatian SL and Austrian SL, with comparison to American SL 9, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2006): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.9.1.04wil.

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Linguists focusing on what all languages have in common seek to identify universals, tendencies, and other patterns to construct a general model of human language, Universal Grammar (UG). The design features of this model are that it must account for linguistic universals, account for linguistic diversity, and account for language learnability. Sign languages contribute to the construction of this model by providing a new source of data, permitting the claims and assumptions of UG to be rigorously tested and modified. One result of this research has been that the notion of ‘language’ itself has been clarified, clearly separating it from speech. It has also been possible to identify the design features of ‘natural languages’ themselves, and then to explain why pedagogical signing systems are not natural languages. This paper provides an overview of these issues.

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Cogill-Koez, Dorothea. "A model of signed language classifier predicates as templated visual representation." Sign Language and Linguistics 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 209–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.3.2.04cog.

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A model of signed language classifier predicates is presented in which these forms are held to be a mode, not of linguistic, but of visual representation. This representation is largely schematic, combining discrete parts drawn from a finite set. Some of these parts or templates may be truly digital or undeformable in nature, but some are argued to contain elastic parameters, allowing for the conventional use of analogue or free-form representation. The model of classifier predicates as templated visual representation thus accommodates their discrete-combinatorial structure (previously interpreted as evidence of their linguistic nature), and also accounts for the mix of fixed and nonfinite elements in them, thus solving formal problems which arise in a strictly linguistic approach. Some implications of this model include issues regarding multimodality in signed communication systems, the relationships between CPs, frozen sign and iconic gesture, the integration of visual and abstract modes of representation, and metaphor. It is concluded that the TVR model may provide a useful new perspective on the design of representational systems in the human mind.

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Efthimiou, Eleni, Stavroula-Evita Fotinea, Theodore Goulas, Anna Vacalopoulou, Kiki Vasilaki, and Athanasia-Lida Dimou. "Sign Language Technologies and the Critical Role of SL Resources in View of Future Internet Accessibility Services." Technologies 7, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies7010018.

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In this paper, we touch upon the requirement for accessibility via Sign Language as regards dynamic composition and exchange of new content in the context of natural language-based human interaction, and also the accessibility of web services and electronic content in written text by deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. In this framework, one key issue remains the option for composition of signed “text”, along with the ability for the reuse of pre-existing signed “text” by exploiting basic editing facilities similar to those available for written text that serve vocal language representation. An equally critical related issue is accessibility of vocal language text by born or early deaf signers, as well as the use of web-based facilities via Sign Language-supported interfaces, taking into account that the majority of native signers present limited reading skills. It is, thus, demonstrated how Sign Language technologies and resources may be integrated in human-centered applications, enabling web services and content accessibility in the education and an everyday communication context, in order to facilitate integration of signer populations in a societal environment that is strongly defined by smart life style conditions. This potential is also demonstrated by end-user-evaluation results.

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Nyein, Kyaw, Linsey McMichael, and Lynne Turner-Stokes. "Can a Barthel score be derived from the FIM?" Clinical Rehabilitation 13, no. 1_suppl (January 1999): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026921559901300108.

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Objective: To establish whether a Barthel score derived by translation from the motor items of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) would equate to the directly scored measure. Design: Conversion criteria for motor item scores on the FIM scale to Barthel scores were first developed. To test these criteria, 40 consecutive patients were assessed for Barthel and FIM scores by the multidisciplinary team who were unaware of the conversion criteria. The derived Barthel score was compared with the directly scored Barthel Index. Results: A very high degree of correlation was observed between total scores of the direct and derived Barthel (Spearman's rho = 0.99), which is highly significant, and no significant differences were seen between scores for any of the individual items (Wilcoxon signed rank test). Item by item analysis across the study population was undertaken to confirm the conversion criteria. Absolute agreement between the two methods ranged from 75 to 100% and kappa values from 0.53 to 1.0. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a Barthel Index can be derived from the motor items of the FIM and there is a good agreement with the directly assessed Barthel score. Although a larger study may help to delineate the exact conversion criteria for one item, the current system provides an accurate and usable translation of the total score and serves as a major step towards achieving a common language in outcome measurement for rehabilitation.

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Johnston-White, Rachel. "A Moral Language for Our Time? Human Rights and Christianity in Historical Perspective." Contemporary European History 31, no. 1 (December 14, 2021): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777321000643.

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On 3 October 2020 Pope Francis issued his third encyclical, Fratelli Tutti. Signed in the symbolic location of Assisi, home of St Francis, the encyclical represented the pope's response to the fears and anxieties wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the burning injustices of racism, global inequality and climate change. The encyclical explicitly invoked human rights, criticising the ways in which, ‘in practice, human rights are not equal for all’. As nations and societies succumb to ‘disenchantment and disappointment’, ‘the temptation to build a culture of walls’ to keep out the ‘other’ grows ever greater. The antidote, Francis insisted, is a ‘culture of encounter’ in which it is again possible to ‘rediscover the needs of the brothers and sisters who orbit around us’. Priority, too, must be given to ‘the dignity of the poor’ and ‘respect for the natural environment,’ rather than the privileges of the affluent to continue to amass wealth at all costs. Only then – by aligning human rights with the global common good – can rights become truly universal.

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Wijana, I. Dewa Putu. "Lexemic Conversion in Indonesian." Deskripsi Bahasa 4, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/db.v4i2.4730.

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This paper is intended to describe various possiblities of Indonesian lexemic conversion to other lexemes that belongs to other word classes but they are still semantically included in the same sememes. By observing data gathered intuitively as an Indonesian native speaker, and their possibilities of becoming members of other word classes, it is found that there are many Indonesian vocabularies have potentials to be transposited to othar word classes through conversion processes. Indonesian verbs and nouns tend to have greater possibilities to convert to other categories than the other parts of speech. All of these phenomena suggests that conversion processes are essentially constituting the unlimited human thinking and the limited language as the expression medium.

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Richardson, Michael. "Sign Language Interpreting in Theatre: Using the Human Body to Create Pictures of the Human Soul." TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 9, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/t9n33b.

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This paper explores theatrical interpreting for Deaf spectators, a specialism that both blurs the separation between translation and interpreting, and replaces these potentials with a paradigm in which the translator's body is central to the production of the target text. Meaningful written translations of dramatic texts into sign language are not currently possible. For Deaf people to access Shakespeare or Moliere in their own language usually means attending a sign language interpreted performance, a typically disappointing experience that fails to provide accessibility or to fulfil the potential of a dynamically equivalent theatrical translation. I argue that when such interpreting events fail, significant contributory factors are the challenges involved in producing such a target text and the insufficient embodiment of that text. The second of these factors suggests that the existing conference and community models of interpreting are insufficient in describing theatrical interpreting. I propose that a model drawn from Theatre Studies, namely psychophysical acting, might be more effective for conceptualising theatrical interpreting. I also draw on theories from neurological research into the Mirror Neuron System to suggest that a highly visual and physical approach to performance (be that by actors or interpreters) is more effective in building a strong actor-spectator interaction than a performance in which meaning is conveyed by spoken words. Arguably this difference in language impact between signed and spoken is irrelevant to hearing audiences attending spoken language plays, but I suggest that for all theatre translators the implications are significant: it is not enough to create a literary translation as the target text; it is also essential to produce a text that suggests physicality. The aim should be the creation of a text which demands full expression through the body, the best picture of the human soul and the fundamental medium of theatre.

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Shrawankar, Urmila, and Sayli Dixit. "Conversion of Tactile Sign Language into English for Deaf/Dumb Interaction." International Journal of Natural Computing Research 6, no. 1 (January 2017): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijncr.2017010104.

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Natural language is the way of communication for normal human beings which includes spoken language, written and body gestures i.e. head gesture, hand gestures, facial expressions and lip motion etc. On the other hand, speech and hearing-impaired people uses sign language for communication which is not understandable for normal people thus they face problems of communication in society. In this problem interpreters are required but the human interpreters are costly and are not an efficient solution. Thus, there is a need of system which will translate the sign language into normal language which will be understandable by normal. The system proposed and explained in the paper is an efficient solution to this problem. In the system, sign recognition is done using CAMSHIFT and P2DHHM algorithm followed by Haar Cascade Classifier. After sign recognition, the language technology techniques of POS tagging and LALR parser are used to convert recognized sign words into English sentence. Till date no any system has worked on sentence framing. Results shows that this system produces 92% of accurate result which will bridge the gap between impaired and Normal people.

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Tomasello, Michael. "Communicating Without Conventions." Cadernos de Linguística 2, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 01–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2021.v2.n1.id286.

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For obvious and very good reasons the study of human communication is dominated by the study of language. But from a psychological point of view, the basic structure of human communication – how it works pragmatically in terms of the intentions and inferences involved - is totally independent of language. The most important data here are acts of human communication that do not employ conventions. In situations in which language is for some reason not an option, people often produce spontaneous, non-conventionalized gestures, including most prominently pointing (deictic gestures) and pantomiming (iconic gestures). These gestures are universal among humans and unique to the species, and in human evolution they almost certainly preceded conventional communication, either signed or vocal. For prelinguistic infants to communicate effectively via pointing and pantomiming, they must already possess species-unique and very powerful skills and motivations for shared intentionality as pragmatic infrastructure. Conventional communication is then built on top of this infrastructure - or so I will argue.

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Amiriparian, Shahin, Bjorn W. Schuller, Nabiha Asghar, Heiga Zen, and Felix Burkhardt. "Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Affective Speech and Language Synthesis, Generation, and Conversion." IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2022.3233120.

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Kiyko, Svitlana, and Tetiana Rubanets. "LINGUOCREATIVE POTENTIAL OF CONVERSION IN ENGLISH." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 843 (July 2023): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2023.843.26-35.

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The article focuses on the linguocreative potential of conversion in English on the basis of neologisms. Neologisms are newly created words or phrases that are not yet commonly used or recognized by the general public. Neologisms can be introduced into language for a variety of reasons, such as to express new concepts or ideas, to describe new technologies or phenomena, or to provide more precise language for a particular field or community. The linguocreative potential of conversion lies in its ability to create neologisms and expand the vocabulary of a language. By converting a word from one part of speech to another, speakers can express new shades of meaning or add versatility to their language use. In ordert to study the linguo-creative potential of conversion in English, we identified 1080 examples from the dictionaries of neologisms "The Facts on File Dictionary of New Words" (1985), "The Morrow Book of New Words: 8500 Terms Not Yet in Standard Dictionaries" (1982), in which neologisms-conversives of 1950-1970 are presented, and also The Oxford Dictionary of New Words: A popular guide to words in the news (2010) and Webster's New World Dictionary of American English (2016), which cite neologisms-conversives of the beginning of the XXI century. All examples are analyzed taking into account the socio-economic preconditions of their appearance, the peculiarities of the use of neologisms-conversives as a reflection of the linguistic picture of the human world are described, quantitative characteristics of the spread of neologisms-conversives in different time periods are established.

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Pylkkänen, Liina. "The neural basis of combinatory syntax and semantics." Science 366, no. 6461 (October 3, 2019): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0050.

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Human language allows us to create an infinitude of ideas from a finite set of basic building blocks. What is the neurobiology of this combinatory system? Research has begun to dissect the neural basis of natural language syntax and semantics by analyzing the basics of meaning composition, such as two-word phrases. This work has revealed a system of composition that involves rapidly peaking activity in the left anterior temporal lobe and later engagement of the medial prefrontal cortex. Both brain regions show evidence of shared processing between comprehension and production, as well as between spoken and signed language. Both appear to compute meaning, not syntactic structure. This Review discusses how language builds meaning and lays out directions for future neurobiological research on the combinatory system.

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Lecolle, Michelle. "Désadjectivaux formés par conversion et double catégorisation." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 46, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.46.2.07lec.

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This article deals with adjective-to-noun conversion in French, namely the case of -aire derived lexemes. It is argued here that the intermediate and hybrid status of certain bi-categorial adjective/noun items can be viewed as an intermediate theoretical step on the way to actual conversion; we call this general process “transcategorisation” rather than “conversion”. After describing the two main types of -aire derivation, and the corpus constituted by adjectives and bi-categorial -aire items, we suggest two adjective-to-noun “transcategorisation” models according to the two types of -aire derived lexemes: a model “A”, where the fundamental nominal value is abstract and refers to a generic or collective notion, such as l’alimentaire “alimentary stuff”; and a model “B”, involving ellipsis, where the nominal value is concrete and refers to a class of human individuals or objects.

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Vemula, Sathvik. "Sign Language Detection Using Hand Gestures." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43997.

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Abstract- Some of the major problems faced by a person who are unable to speak are, they cannot express their emotion and they are unable to use (Artificial Intelligence) like google assistance, or Apple's SIRI etc because all those apps are based on voice controlling. Hand gestures are one of the nonverbal communication strategies used in sign language. People who are deaf or hard of hearing are the ones who use it the most to communicate with one another and with others. Various sign language systems have been developed by several firms across the world, however they are neither customizable nor costeffective for end users. We developed an app that recognises pre-defined American signed language using hand gestures (ASL).Our application will have two main featuresThe motion has been recognised, and the corresponding letter has been shown. The second feature is to display a meaningful word. In sign language each gesture has a specific meaning. So therefore complex meanings can be explain by the help of combination of various basic elements. Sign language contains special rules and grammar’s for expressing effectively. In a range of applications, such as human-computer interfaces, multimedia, and security

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Petitto, L. A., R. J. Zatorre, K. Gauna, E. J. Nikelski, D. Dostie, and A. C. Evans. "Speech-like cerebral activity in profoundly deaf people processing signed languages: Implications for the neural basis of human language." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 25 (December 5, 2000): 13961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.25.13961.

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Sereno, Martin I. "Origin of symbol-using systems: speech, but not sign, without the semantic urge." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1651 (September 19, 2014): 20130303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0303.

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Natural language—spoken and signed—is a multichannel phenomenon, involving facial and body expression, and voice and visual intonation that is often used in the service of a social urge to communicate meaning. Given that iconicity seems easier and less abstract than making arbitrary connections between sound and meaning, iconicity and gesture have often been invoked in the origin of language alongside the urge to convey meaning. To get a fresh perspective, we critically distinguish the origin of a system capable of evolution from the subsequent evolution that system becomes capable of. Human language arose on a substrate of a system already capable of Darwinian evolution; the genetically supported uniquely human ability to learn a language reflects a key contact point between Darwinian evolution and language. Though implemented in brains generated by DNA symbols coding for protein meaning, the second higher-level symbol-using system of language now operates in a world mostly decoupled from Darwinian evolutionary constraints. Examination of Darwinian evolution of vocal learning in other animals suggests that the initial fixation of a key prerequisite to language into the human genome may actually have required initially side-stepping not only iconicity, but the urge to mean itself. If sign languages came later, they would not have faced this constraint.

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Kouremenos†, Dimitris, Stavroula-Evita Fotinea, Eleni Efthimiou, and Klimis Ntalianis. "A prototype Greek text to Greek Sign Language conversion system." Behaviour & Information Technology 29, no. 5 (September 2010): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01449290903420192.

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Wetherell, David. "The Use and Misuse of Religious Language: Zionism and the Palestinians." Holy Land Studies 4, no. 1 (May 2005): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hls.2005.4.1.73.

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Every discipline which deals with the land question in Canaan-Palestine-Israel is afflicted by the problem of specialisation. The political scientist and historian usually discuss the issue of land in Israel purely in terms of interethnic and international relations, biblical scholars concentrate on the historical and archaeological question with virtually no reference to ethics, and scholars of human rights usually evade the question of God. What follows is an attempt, through theology and political history, to understand the history of the Israel-Palestine land question in a way which respects the complexity of the question. From a scrutiny of the language used in the Bible to the development of political Zionism from the late 19th century it is possible to see the way in which a secular movement mobilised the figurative language of religion into a literal ‘title deed’ to the land of Palestine signed by God.

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Xia, Yun. "Human-Computer Interaction: Sign and Its Application in the Digital Representation and Code Conversion in Computers." American Journal of Semiotics 17, no. 2 (2001): 369–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ajs200117230.

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Ambavane, Pritesh, Rahul Karjavkar, Hemant Pathare, Shubham Relekar, Bhavana Alte, and Neeraj Kumar Sharma. "A Novel Communication System For Deaf And Dumb People using gesture." ITM Web of Conferences 32 (2020): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20203202003.

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Human Beings know each other and contact with themselves through thoughts and ideas.The best way to present our idea is through speech. Some people don’t have the power of speech; the only way they communicate with others is through sign language. Now a days technology has reduced the gap through systems which can be used to change the sign language used by these people to speech. Sign language recognition (SLR) and gesture-based control are two major applications used for hand gesture recognition technologies. On the other side the controller converts the sign language in to the text and speech which gets converted with the help of text to speech conversion and analog to digital conversion. A Dumb person throughout the world uses sign language for the communication.The best way to present our idea is through speech. Some people don’t have the power of speech; the only way they communicate with others is through sign language. Now a days technology has reduced the gap through systems which can be used to change the sign language used by these people to speech. Sign language recognition (SLR) and gesture-based control are two major applications used for hand gesture recognition technologies. On the other side the controller converts the sign language in to the text and speech which gets converted with the help of text to speech conversion and analog to digital conversion. A Dumb person throughout the world uses sign language for the communication.

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Kołtun, Monika. "Signed: Gombrowicz: “Pupa,” the Western Canon, and the English Translation of "Ferdydurke"." Między Oryginałem a Przekładem 24, no. 42 (December 29, 2018): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/moap.24.2018.42.06.

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The present paper aims at demonstrating how the initial norms adopted by translators, affecting their operational norms, impact the hermeneutic potential and process of canonization of the target text—or, in other words, how the consistency of Gombrowicz’s philosophy as it is expressed in his works in the Polish language transforms when translated into English. Opening with an overview of the canonization of translated literature and canonical authors’ “signature words,” the paper concentrates on one of landmark Gombrowicz’s terms, the word pupa, and its function in the immanent poetics of the philosopher’s work and in his global vision of the human condition. Against such a backdrop, an analysis of the consequences of the English translator’s choice concerning this term is provided, simultaneously revealing the importance of “signature words” in the process of canonization of a translated text.

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Al Rakib, Md Abdullah, Md Moklesur Rahman, Md Shamsul Alam Anik, Fayez Ahmed Jahangir Masud, Md Ashiqur Rahman, Sanjib Islam, and Fysol Ibna Abbas. "Arduino Uno Based Voice Conversion System for Dumb People." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 7, no. 2 (April 11, 2022): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2022.7.2.2744.

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Around nine million individuals are dumb at intervals of the planet's unit of measurement. Communication between a deaf and a hearing person has a significant disadvantage as compared to communication between blind and elderly visual individuals. A dumb communication translator is a gadget that translates hand motions to sensible speech. This job provides assistance to persons who are deaf and dumb. The main goal of this research is to connect them to the actual world via a sophisticated methodology. It is based on Human Computer Interaction, in which the patient is connected to the outside world by translating their sign language into conventional language. In this work, Arduino Uno, MP3, and speaker module has been used. Some button has been used for generating the voice signal at the output.

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Anand, Akash, Akshay Anand Rastogi, Rohit A. Chadichal, Anshul Surana, Dr Shyamala G, and Dr Latha N. R. "Handwritten Text Recognition and Conversion to Speech." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 3904–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54317.

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Abstract: Handwritten text recognition and conversion to speech is a complex task that involves multiple stages and technologies. The process begins with image processing, where the handwritten text is captured and pre-processed to enhance its quality and remove any noise. The next step is to perform optical character recognition (OCR), which involves recognizing individual characters in the text and converting them into a digital form that can be processed by a computer. Once the text has been digitized, it is processed by natural language processing (NLP) algorithms to identify and extract relevant information, such as dates, names, and numbers. The final step is to convert the digitized text into speech using text-to-speech (TTS) technology. This involves synthesizing a spoken language representation of the text, typically using machine learning algorithms to model the pronunciation and rhythm of human speech. Overall, handwritten text recognition and conversion to speech is a challenging task that requires a combination of image processing, OCR, NLP, and TTS technologies. However, advances in these fields have made it possible to create systems that can accurately recognize and convert handwritten text into speech with high levels of accuracy

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Lwoga, Edda Tandi, and Wallace Chigona. "Telecenters and the expansion of human capabilities among rural women." Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication 69, no. 6/7 (February 10, 2020): 501–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gkmc-11-2019-0136.

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Purpose This study aims to assess the contribution of telecenters in expanding the capabilities of rural women to achieve their development outcomes in three rural districts in Tanzania. Design/methodology/approach The study conducted 12 focus group discussions with 37 rural women users and 36 rural women non-users of telecenters and semi-structured interviews with telecenter managers in the selected districts. The framework for the study is based on Sen’s capability approach. Findings The study noted that telecenters may enable rural women to build some capabilities (social, financial, human and political capabilities), and inhibit others, resulting in diverse development outcomes, based on the choices made and conversion factors. These conversion factors included institutional factors (inadequate computers, space and personnel, unreliable electrical power and slow internet connectivity) and individual factors (multiple responsibilities, status, low-level of education, language barrier, lack of information and communication technology (ICT) skills and technology efficacy and inability to afford ICT short courses). Other conversion factors (e.g. availability of affordable ICTs) enabled rural women to build their capabilities. Originality/value This is a comprehensive study that provides findings for rural telecenters to plan and allow rural women to expand their capabilities and achieve their development goals in Tanzania or other settings with similar conditions.

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van der Hulst, Harry. "Units in the analysis of signs." Phonology 10, no. 2 (August 1993): 209–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267570000004x.

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The assumption that there is a common set of linguistic principles underlying both spoken language and sign language phonology, which forms part of the human language capacity, is shared by most phonologists working on sign language. See Sandler (1993a) for an extensive discussion of these issues. But even though this assumption is reasonable, since both spoken and signed languages are products of the same human brain and fulfil the same function, it is not clear that theories of representation which have been proposed for spoken languages can be directly applied to the structure of sign languages. Such representations have been developed on the basis of the spoken language modality only. They are often so close to the phonetics of spoken languages that we cannot rule out the possibility that non-trivial aspects of them are modality-specific. Therefore, rather than, for example, attempting to test various competing (spoken language-based) theories of syllable structure, we must first investigate the structure of sign language in its own right. This strategy need not be pushed too far, however. In developing a model of signs we can benefit from general principles which have proved successful in the study of spoken languages, especially if these principles do not seem to be directly based on ‘spoken phonetics’.

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Ferreira, Felipe Lacet Silva, Tiago Maritan Ugulino de Araújo, Felipe Hermínio Lemos, Gutenberg Pessoa Botelho Neto, José Ivan Bezerra Vilarouca Filho, and Guido Lemos de Souza Filho. "Generating Window of Sign Languages on ITU J.200-Based Middlewares." International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management 3, no. 2 (April 2012): 20–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmdem.2012040102.

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Sign languages are natural languages used by the deaf to communicate. Currently, the use of sign language on TV is still limited to a window with a sign language interpreter showed into the original video program. This approach has some problems, such as high operational costs, need for a full-time interpreter. Some works in the scientific literature propose solutions for this problem, but there are some gaps to be addressed. In this paper, the authors propose a solution to provide support for sign language in middlewares compatible with ITU J.200 specification. The solution allows sign language content to be signed by 3D-Avatars when human interpreters are not available. To provide a case study for the proposed solution, they implemented a prototype of it using Ginga, the Brazilian DTV middleware, compliant with ITU J.200. Some tests with Brazilian deaf were also performed to evaluate the proposal.

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Musale, Sandeep, Kalyani Gargate, Vaishnavi Gulavani, Samruddhi Kadam, and Shweta Kothawade. "Indian sign language recognition and search results." Journal of Autonomous Intelligence 6, no. 3 (August 22, 2023): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jai.v6i3.1000.

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<p>Sign language is a medium of communication for people with hearing and speaking impairment. It uses gestures to convey messages. The proposed system focuses on using sign language in search engines and helping specially-abled people get the information they are looking for. Here, we are using Marathi sign language. Translation systems for Indian sign languages are not much simple and popular as American sign language. Marathi language consists of words with individual letters formed of two letter = Swara + Vyanjan (Mulakshar). Every Vyanjan or Swara individually has a unique sign which can be represented as image or video with still frames. Any letter formed of both Swara and Vyanjan is represented with hand gesture signing the Vyanjan as above and with movement of signed gesture in shape of Swara in Devnagari script. Such letters are represented with videos containing motion and frames in particular sequence. Further the predicted term can be searched on google using the sign search. The proposed system includes three important steps: 1) hand detection; 2) sign recognition using neural networks; 3) fetching search results. Overall, the system has great potential to help individuals with hearing and speaking impairment to access information on the internet through the use of sign language. It is a promising application of machine learning and deep learning techniques.</p>

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Balaur, Irina, Ludovic Roy, Alexander Mazein, S. Gökberk Karaca, Ugur Dogrusoz, Emmanuel Barillot, and Andrei Zinovyev. "cd2sbgnml: bidirectional conversion between CellDesigner and SBGN formats." Bioinformatics 36, no. 8 (January 6, 2020): 2620–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz969.

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Abstract Motivation CellDesigner is a well-established biological map editor used in many large-scale scientific efforts. However, the interoperability between the Systems Biology Graphical Notation (SBGN) Markup Language (SBGN-ML) and the CellDesigner’s proprietary Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) extension formats remains a challenge due to the proprietary extensions used in CellDesigner files. Results We introduce a library named cd2sbgnml and an associated web service for bidirectional conversion between CellDesigner’s proprietary SBML extension and SBGN-ML formats. We discuss the functionality of the cd2sbgnml converter, which was successfully used for the translation of comprehensive large-scale diagrams such as the RECON Human Metabolic network and the complete Atlas of Cancer Signalling Network, from the CellDesigner file format into SBGN-ML. Availability and implementation The cd2sbgnml conversion library and the web service were developed in Java, and distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0. The sources along with a set of examples are available on GitHub (https://github.com/sbgn/cd2sbgnml and https://github.com/sbgn/cd2sbgnml-webservice, respectively). Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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Engh, Line Cecilie. "Divine Sensations: Sensory Language and Rhetoric in Bernard of Clairvaux's ‘On Conversion’." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 22, no. 1 (February 2020): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2020.0411.

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What does it mean to speak of God in a sensory language? Christian exegetes in the middle ages were steeped in a Biblical language of visions and voices, not to mention the anthropomorphic and sensual imagery of the Song of Songs. Although they had inherited early Christian theologians' distrust towards human sense perception, medieval preachers and theologians from the twelfth century onwards talked about divinity in metaphorical language that systematically evoked not just seeing and hearing, but also the senses of touch, taste, and smell. This article discusses the wildly imagistic, sensory, and sensual language of the Cistercian abbot Bernard of Clairvaux. Focusing on Bernard's sermon ‘On Conversion’ ( De conversione), given in Paris in 1140, I will interrogate the underlying theoretical assumptions in Bernard's rich rhetoric, and his emphasis on the senses. The central claim I make is that in these representations of the divine, embodied experience is both affirmed and negated at the same time. To bring out this point, I will consider why medieval Christian writers such as Bernard of Clairvaux and Peter the Venerable regarded Jewish and Muslim exegetes' ‘carnal’ hermeneutics—and the latter's use of sensual and sensuous imagery to convey conceptions of divine bliss—as radically different from their own approaches.

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Ruiz Mezcua, Aurora, and Alicia Fernández Gallego Casilda. "Court interpreting in the United Kingdom: analysis of the Ministry of Justice’s Language Service New Contract." Futhark. Revista de Investigación y Cultura, no. 11 (2016): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/futhark.2016.i11.10.

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Court interpreting is a challenging context where languages are fundamental to ensure justice and respect for human rights. The phenomenon of public service interpreting is a relatively recent one and the UK is considered to be one of the pioneer countries in providing Community Interpretation. The main objective of this research is to analyse the diverse aspects of the contract signed by the MoJ in 2012 with a private company for the outsourcing of language services. The MoJ previously obtained such services from freelance interpreters through a different system. We study the reasons for changing the old Ministry of Justice language service contract, the transition and also the new system, from an interpreting quality perspective. Consequently, this paper concentrates on one hypothesis: that there are elements in this outsourcing contract that pose a risk to the quality of the services provided under it.

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Miller, George A. "The Place of Language in a Scientific Psychology." Psychological Science 1, no. 1 (January 1990): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00059.x.

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One of the psychologists’ great methodological difficulties is how they can make the events they wish to study publicly observable, countable, measurable. It is significant to note that the device most often used for conversion from private to public is language. Thus speech is a crucial problem for psychology. None of their other activities gives the same sort of insight into another person as does their language. Since people spend so many of their waking hours generating and responding to words, and since speech is such a typically human mode of adjustment, no general theory of psychology will be adequate if it does not take account of language.

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Gajjar, Kevin, Aman Agrawal, Arran Gonsalves, and Gargi Singh. "Sentence Formation Using NLP on the Basis of American Sign Language." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 3102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41985.

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Abstract: Natural language processing at its core is a method to understand, process and utilize human language that helps in the development of different tools. One such field where this tool can be used for is sign language which is the primary method of communication for the impaired which usually requires a translator to interpret the meaning for those who do not have the knowledge. This paper aims to propose a method that can translate recognized signed words from ASL into proper grammatically correct English sentences with the use of different NLP techniques and parsing it into a Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG) using LALR parser. This approach uses a LTAG which is a lexicon that is organized on grammar and vocabulary of the English language and connects in a group of trees. The output matrix of words from the sign recognition is used as an input for the Parts of Speech (POS) tagger that will be parsed into the grammar tree giving a proper English sentence which will be verified by using Language Tool to check the grammar of the final sentence. Keywords: Sentence Formation, American Sign Language, Natural Language Processing, Sign Language recognition, Grammar mapping

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Korzeniewska, Ewa, Marta Kania, and Rafał Zawiślak. "Textronic Glove Translating Polish Sign Language." Sensors 22, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 6788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186788.

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Communication between people is a basic social skill used to exchange information. It is often used for self-express and to meet basic human needs, such as the need for closeness, belonging, and security. This process takes place at different levels, using different means, with specific effects. It generally means a two-way flow of information in the immediate area of contact with another person. When people are communicating using the same language, the flow of information is much easier compared to the situation when two people use two different languages from different language families. The process of social communication with the deaf is difficult as well. It is therefore essential to use modern technologies to facilitate communication with deaf and non-speaking people. This article presents the results of work on a prototype of a glove using textronic elements produced using a physical vacuum deposition process. The signal from the sensors, in the form of resistance changes, is read by the microcontroller, and then it is processed and displayed on a smartphone screen in the form of single letters. During the experiment, 520 letters were signed by each author. The correctness of interpreting the signs was 86.5%. Each letter was recognized within approximately 3 s. One of the main results of the article was also the selection of an appropriate material (Velostat, membrane) that can be used as a sensor for the proposed application solution. The proposed solution can enable communication with the deaf using the finger alphabet, which can be used to spell single words or the most important key words.

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Brookshire, Geoffrey, Jenny Lu, Howard C. Nusbaum, Susan Goldin-Meadow, and Daniel Casasanto. "Visual cortex entrains to sign language." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 24 (May 30, 2017): 6352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620350114.

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Despite immense variability across languages, people can learn to understand any human language, spoken or signed. What neural mechanisms allow people to comprehend language across sensory modalities? When people listen to speech, electrophysiological oscillations in auditory cortex entrain to slow (<8 Hz) fluctuations in the acoustic envelope. Entrainment to the speech envelope may reflect mechanisms specialized for auditory perception. Alternatively, flexible entrainment may be a general-purpose cortical mechanism that optimizes sensitivity to rhythmic information regardless of modality. Here, we test these proposals by examining cortical coherence to visual information in sign language. First, we develop a metric to quantify visual change over time. We find quasiperiodic fluctuations in sign language, characterized by lower frequencies than fluctuations in speech. Next, we test for entrainment of neural oscillations to visual change in sign language, using electroencephalography (EEG) in fluent speakers of American Sign Language (ASL) as they watch videos in ASL. We find significant cortical entrainment to visual oscillations in sign language <5 Hz, peaking at ∼1 Hz. Coherence to sign is strongest over occipital and parietal cortex, in contrast to speech, where coherence is strongest over the auditory cortex. Nonsigners also show coherence to sign language, but entrainment at frontal sites is reduced relative to fluent signers. These results demonstrate that flexible cortical entrainment to language does not depend on neural processes that are specific to auditory speech perception. Low-frequency oscillatory entrainment may reflect a general cortical mechanism that maximizes sensitivity to informational peaks in time-varying signals.

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Vacca, Alessia. "Australia and Catalonia: a comparative study on the protection of minority languages from a legal standpoint. Education in the mother tongue. Is the language a factor of integration or a barrier?" Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 2, no. 1 (June 17, 2011): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2011.2.1.22.

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This article is a comparative study of the education system in minority languages between Catalonia and Australia from a legal standpoint. Catalonia has a complex legislation: National Constitution, Statute of Autonomy, Regional Laws, a strong legal framework, a language always alive as a political instrumentto get the power. Australia has not a legal framework in this area and has a confused planning system. In Europe, the Council of Europe has been in charge of the protection of human rights.Australia signed and ratified some International Conventions which are not a strong legal basis to claim an education system in aborigines’ languages. The Catalan Law on Linguistic Normalizationn. 7 of 1983, replaced by the Law on Linguistic Policy n. 1 of1998, has, among the other purposes, also that to stimulate the use of Catalan as language of education in all levels of teaching.The school has a fundamental importance for the transmission of the culture of minorities. If the educational systems didn’t have any regime of teaching in the mother tongue all policies are not efficient.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Conversion of Human Signed Language'

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