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Journal articles on the topic 'Conversion of fatty acids'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Schäfer, Hans J. "Electrochemical conversion of fatty acids." European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 114, no. 1 (October 11, 2011): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201100045.

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2

aus dem Kahmen, Martin, and Hans J. Schäfer. "Conversion of unsaturated fatty acids - cycloadditions with unsaturated fatty acids [1]." Lipid - Fett 100, no. 6 (June 1998): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4133(199806)100:6<227::aid-lipi227>3.0.co;2-1.

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3

Tanaka, Tamotsu, Sachika Uozumi, Katsuya Morito, Takashi Osumi, and Akira Tokumura. "Metabolic Conversion of C20 Polymethylene-Interrupted Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to Essential Fatty Acids." Lipids 49, no. 5 (March 25, 2014): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-014-3896-5.

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4

LALI, Subhash Chand, Toshihiro YOKOCHI, and Toro NAKAHARA. "Conversion of 18-carbon Fatty Acids to Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Some Thraustochytrids." Journal of Oleo Science 50, no. 6 (2001): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.50.515.

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5

Citoler, Joan, Sasha R. Derrington, James L. Galman, Han Bevinakatti, and Nicholas J. Turner. "A biocatalytic cascade for the conversion of fatty acids to fatty amines." Green Chemistry 21, no. 18 (2019): 4932–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc02260k.

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6

Citoler, Joan, Sasha R. Derrington, James L. Galman, Han Bevinakatti, and Nicholas J. Turner. "Correction: A biocatalytic cascade for the conversion of fatty acids to fatty amines." Green Chemistry 21, no. 22 (2019): 6222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc90096a.

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7

Gruiec, Régine, Nicolas Noiret, and Henri Patin. "Useful direct conversion of tetrahydropyranyl ethers of fatty alcohols into fatty acids." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 72, no. 9 (September 1995): 1083–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02660728.

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8

Koritala, S., and M. O. Bagby. "Microbial conversion of linoleic and linolenic acids to unsaturated hydroxy fatty acids." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 69, no. 6 (June 1992): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02636111.

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9

Chakraborty, P., W. Gibbons, and K. Muthukumarappan. "Conversion of volatile fatty acids into polyhydroxyalkanoate byRalstonia eutropha." Journal of Applied Microbiology 106, no. 6 (June 2009): 1996–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04158.x.

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10

Kuo, Tsung Min, Lawrence K. Nakamura, and Alan C. Lanser. "Conversion of Fatty Acids by Bacillus sphaericus -Like Organisms." Current Microbiology 45, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-002-3748-z.

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11

Britton, Joshua, and Colin L. Raston. "Rapid high conversion of high free fatty acid feedstock into biodiesel using continuous flow vortex fluidics." RSC Advances 5, no. 3 (2015): 2276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra14909b.

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Rapid reduction of free fatty acids in biodiesel feedstock: the rapid conversion of problematic free fatty acids in bio-oils has been achieved using room temperature, environmentally benign vortex fluidic flow chemistry.
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12

Salter, A. M. "Regulation of gene transcription by fatty acids." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021645.

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Dietary lipids have the capacity to regulate many aspects of metabolism in a manner depend on chain length and the number, and position, of double bonds in the fatty acids they contain. For example, while long chain saturated fatty acids increase plasma cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have the opposite effect. PUFA also have a major impact on the activity of enzymes associated with carbohydrate metabolism and lipid biosynthesis and oxidation. The role of fatty acids as substrates in these pathways, and their conversion to eicosanoids, with different levels of activity depending on the parent molecule, represents two mechanisms whereby they exert such effects. However, more recently it has been established that fatty acids and/or their derivatives also have direct effects on the expression of genes for proteins regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
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13

Chen, Xi, Xue Du, Jianliang Shen, Lizhi Lu, and Weiqun Wang. "Original Research: Effect of various dietary fats on fatty acid profile in duck liver: Efficient conversion of short-chain to long-chain omega-3 fatty acids." Experimental Biology and Medicine 242, no. 1 (October 4, 2016): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370216664031.

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Omega-3 fatty acids, especially long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, have been associated with potential health benefits for chronic disease prevention. Our previous studies found that dietary omega-3 fatty acids could accumulate in the meat and eggs in a duck model. This study was to reveal the effects of various dietary fats on fatty acid profile and conversion of omega-3 fatty acids in duck liver. Female Shan Partridge Ducks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments, each consisting of 6 replicates of 30 birds. The experimental diets substituted the basal diet by 2% of flaxseed oil, rapeseed oil, beef tallow, or fish oil, respectively. In addition, a dose response study was further conducted for flaxseed and fish oil diets at 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, respectively. At the end of the five-week treatment, fatty acids were extracted from the liver samples and analyzed by GC-FID. As expected, the total omega-3 fatty acids and the ratio of total omega-3/omega-6 significantly increased in both flaxseed and fish oil groups when compared with the control diet. No significant change of total saturated fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids was found in both rapeseed and beef tallow groups. The dose response study further indicated that 59–81% of the short-chain omega-3 ALA in flaxseed oil-fed group was efficiently converted to long-chain DHA in the duck liver, whereas 1% of dietary flaxseed oil could produce an equivalent level of DHA as 0.5% of dietary fish oil. The more omega-3 fatty acids, the less omega-6 fatty acids in the duck liver. Taken together, this study showed the fatty acid profiling in the duck liver after various dietary fat consumption, provided insight into a dose response change of omega-3 fatty acids, indicated an efficient conversion of short- to long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, and suggested alternative long-chain omega-3 fatty acid-enriched duck products for human health benefits.
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14

Kaneshiro, T., Tsung Min Kuo, and L. K. Nakamura. "Conversion of Unsaturated Fatty Acids by Bacteria Isolated from Compost." Current Microbiology 38, no. 4 (April 1999): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00006796.

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15

Cao, Yujin, and Xiao Zhang. "Production of long-chain hydroxy fatty acids by microbial conversion." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 97, no. 8 (March 14, 2013): 3323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-4815-z.

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16

Akhrem, A. A., G. M. Andreyuk, M. A. Kisel, and P. A. Kiselev. "Hemoglobin conversion to hemichrome under the influence of fatty acids." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 992, no. 2 (August 1989): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(89)90009-3.

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17

Fadiloğlu, S., O. N. Çiftçi, and F. Göğüş. "Reduction of Free Fatty Acid Content of Olive-Pomace Oil by Enzymatic Glycerolysis." Food Science and Technology International 9, no. 1 (February 2003): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013203009001002.

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The enzymatic glycerolysis of free fatty acids in olive-pomace oil was carried out by immobilised Candida antarctica lipase. The effects of time, molecular sieve, enzyme concentration and reaction temperature on free fatty acids content were investigated. The initial acidity of the olive-pomace oil (32%) was reduced to 2.36% in the presence of 750 mg of molecular sieve in the reaction mixture. The effectiveness of glycerolysis was directly related to the amount of molecular sieve present. As the amount of molecular sieve increased, the conversion of free fatty acids also increased at a defined time. In the absence of molecular sieve, the esterification reaction forced to reverse reaction that is the hydrolysis. The greater conversion of free fatty acids into glycerides was observed at an enzyme concentration of 27.2 mg/mL within 60 min. ANOVA showed that the effects of temperature on fatty acid content was significant ( p < 0.05). Results obtained from non-linear regression analysis indicated that reaction order was 1.3 for fatty acid reduction in the olive-pomace oil. Calculated activation energy for fatty acid reduction was 32.89 kJ/mol.
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18

Pastore, Carlo, Michele Pagano, Antonio Lopez, Giuseppe Mininni, and Giuseppe Mascolo. "Fat, oil and grease waste from municipal wastewater: characterization, activation and sustainable conversion into biofuel." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 8 (February 20, 2015): 1151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.084.

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Fat, oil and grease (FOG) recovered by the oil/water separator of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were sampled, characterized, activated and converted into biofuel. Free acids (50–55%) and fatty soaps (26–32%) not only composed the main components, but they were also easily separable from the starting waste. The respective free fatty acid profiles were gas-chromatographically evaluated, interestingly verifying that free acids had a different profile (mainly oleic acid) with respect to the soapy fraction (saturated fatty acids were dominant). The inorganic composition was also determined for soaps, confirming that calcium is the most commonly present metal. The chemical activation of this fatty waste was made possible by converting the starting soaps into the respective free fatty acids by using formic acid as activator, coproducing the relevant formates. The activated fatty matter was then converted into biofuel through direct esterification under very mild conditions (345 K, atmospheric pressure) and obtaining thermodynamic conversion in less than 2 h. The process was easily scaled up, isolating at the end pure biodiesel (purity &gt; 96%) through distillation under vacuum, providing a final product conformed to commercial purposes.
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19

Rong, Chunchi, Haiqin Chen, Xin Tang, Zhennan Gu, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, Wei Chen, and Yong Q. Chen. "Characterization and molecular docking of new Δ17 fatty acid desaturase genes from Rhizophagus irregularis and Octopus bimaculoides." RSC Advances 9, no. 12 (2019): 6871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00535h.

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20

Ali, Arif, Bolong Li, Yijian Lu, and Chen Zhao. "Highly selective and low-temperature hydrothermal conversion of natural oils to fatty alcohols." Green Chemistry 21, no. 11 (2019): 3059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc01260e.

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In this contribution, we report a facile and green process for the quantitative transformation of natural oils, fatty esters, and fatty acids to fatty alcohols over N-modified carbon (N–C) supported RuSn catalysts in water at low temperatures (140–180 °C).
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21

Kuan, Dingyaw, Lingmei Dai, Dehua Liu, Hongjuan Liu, and Wei Du. "Efficient Biodiesel Conversion from Microalgae Oil of Schizochytrium sp." Catalysts 9, no. 4 (April 6, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9040341.

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Abstract: Microalgae oil has been regarded as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. However, microalgae oil usually contains some non-lipid components, such as pigments. Microalgae oil could be converted to biodiesel effectively with a two-step process to decrease the negative effect caused by by-product glycerol generated in traditional biodiesel production process. Firstly, microalgae oil was hydrolysed to free fatty acids (FFAs) and then FFAs were converted to methyl ester. In this study, the hydrolysis of microalgae oil from Schizochytrium sp. was systematically investigated and microalgae oil could be hydrolysed effectively to FFAs at both non-catalytic and acid-catalytic conditions. The hydrolysis degree of 97.5% was obtained under non-catalytic conditions of 220 °C and a water to oil ratio of 10:1 (w:w). The hydrolysis degree of 97.1% was obtained with the optimized sulphuric acid catalytic conditions of 95 °C, and a ratio of water to oil 3:1. The lipase Novozym435-mediated esterification with the hydrolysed FFAs was explored and a FAME (Fatty Acids Methyl Ester) yield of 95.1% was achieved. The conversion of different FFAs also was compared and the results indicated that lipase Novozym435-mediated methanolysis was effective for the preparation of biodiesel as well as poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
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22

Gao, Xia, Daming Tong, Heng Zhong, Binbin Jin, Fangming Jin, and Hua Zhang. "Highly efficient conversion of fatty acids into fatty alcohols with a Zn over Ni catalyst in water." RSC Advances 6, no. 33 (2016): 27623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01150k.

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23

Baht, H. S., and E. D. Saggerson. "A tissue-specific increase in lipogenesis in rat brown adipose tissue in hypothyroidism." Biochemical Journal 251, no. 2 (April 15, 1988): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2510553.

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1. Rats were made hypothyroid by feeding them with propylthiouracil together with a low-iodine diet for 4 weeks. 2. [U-14C]Glucose conversion into fatty acids was substantially enhanced in brown adipocytes isolated from hypothyroid rats. Incorporation of 3H2O into fatty acids in vivo was enhanced in hypothyroidism in interscapular brown fat, but not in epididymal white fat or in liver. Hypothyroidism increased the activities of fatty acid synthase and ATP citrate lyase in brown, but not in white, adipocytes. 3. Glycolytic flux in brown adipocytes, quantified by [3-3H]glucose detritiation, was increased by hypothyroidism. This change was accompanied by increased maximum activity of phosphofructokinase. In white adipocytes a large increase in phosphofructokinase maximum activity was observed in hypothyroidism, but this change was accompanied by only small increases in the rate of glucose detritiation by incubated cells. It is suggested that in the brown adipocyte the overall conversion of glucose into fatty acids is enhanced in thyroid deficiency, but that this change is muted in the white adipocyte, possibly because of limitation of glucose transport. 4. Fatty acid synthesis in brown adipocytes from hypothyroid animals was considerably less sensitive to inhibition by exogenous fatty acids than is the process in cells from euthyroid animals. Consequently, the effect of hypothyroidism to enhance lipogenesis is amplified in the presence of physiological concentrations of fatty acid.
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24

Yang, Zhiman, Rongbo Guo, Xiaoshuang Shi, Chuanshui Wang, Lin Wang, and Meng Dai. "Magnetite nanoparticles enable a rapid conversion of volatile fatty acids to methane." RSC Advances 6, no. 31 (2016): 25662–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra02280d.

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25

Bialy, Heba El, Ola M. Gomaa, and Khaled Shaaban Azab. "Conversion of oil waste to valuable fatty acids using Oleaginous yeast." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27, no. 12 (April 27, 2011): 2791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-011-0755-x.

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26

Dong, Meidui, and Terry H. Walker. "Addition of polyunsaturated fatty acids to canola oil by fungal conversion." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 42, no. 6 (May 2008): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.01.013.

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27

Struijk, C. B., R. K. Beerthuis, H. J. J. Pabon, and D. A. van Dorp. "Specificity in the enzymic conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids into prostaglandins." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 85, no. 12 (September 2, 2010): 1233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19660851210.

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28

Scully, Sean Michael, Aaron E. Brown, Yannick Mueller-Hilger, Andrew B. Ross, and Jóhann Örlygsson. "Influence of Culture Conditions on the Bioreduction of Organic Acids to Alcohols by Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010162.

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Thermoanaerobacter species have recently been observed to reduce carboxylic acids to their corresponding alcohols. The present investigation shows that Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus converts C2–C6 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to their corresponding alcohols in the presence of glucose. The conversion yields varied from 21% of 3-methyl-1-butyrate to 57.9% of 1-pentanoate being converted to their corresponding alcohols. Slightly acidic culture conditions (pH 6.5) was optimal for the reduction. By increasing the initial glucose concentration, an increase in the conversion of SCFAs reduced to their corresponding alcohols was observed. Inhibitory experiments on C2–C8 alcohols showed that C4 and higher alcohols are inhibitory to T. pseudoethanolicus suggesting that other culture modes may be necessary to improve the amount of fatty acids reduced to the analogous alcohol. The reduction of SCFAs to their corresponding alcohols was further demonstrated using 13C-labelled fatty acids and the conversion was followed kinetically. Finally, increased activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde oxidation activity was observed in cultures of T. pseudoethanolicus grown on glucose as compared to glucose supplemented with either 3-methyl-1-butyrate or pentanoate, using both NADH and NADPH as cofactors, although the presence of the latter showed higher ADH and aldehyde oxidoreductase (ALDH) activity.
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29

Härtig, Claus, Norbert Loffhagen, and Hauke Harms. "Formation of trans Fatty Acids Is Not Involved in Growth-Linked Membrane Adaptation of Pseudomonas putida." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 4 (April 2005): 1915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.4.1915-1922.2005.

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ABSTRACT Fatty acid compositions in growing and resting cells of several strains of Pseudomonas putida (P8, NCTC 10936, and KT 2440) were studied, with a focus on alterations of the saturation degree, cis-trans isomerization, and cyclopropane formation. The fatty acid compositions of the strains were very similar under comparable growth conditions, but surprisingly, and contrary to earlier reports, trans fatty acids were not found in either exponentially growing cells or stationary-phase cells. During the transition from growth to the starvation state, cyclopropane fatty acids were preferentially formed, an increase in the saturation degree of fatty acids was observed, and larger amounts of hydroxy fatty acids were detected. A lowered saturation degree and concomitant higher membrane fluidity seemed to be optimal for substrate uptake and growth. The incubation of cells under nongrowth conditions rapidly led to the formation of trans fatty acids. We show that harvesting and sample preparation for analysis could provoke the enzyme-catalyzed formation of trans fatty acids. Freeze-thawing of resting cells and increased temperatures accelerated the formation of trans fatty acids. We demonstrate that cis-trans isomerization only occurred in cells that were subjected to an abrupt disturbance without having the possibility of adapting to the changed conditions by the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. The cis-trans isomerization reaction was in competition with the cis-to-cyclopropane fatty acid conversion. The potential for the formation of trans fatty acids depended on the cyclopropane content that was already present.
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30

Amer, Mohamed, Emilia Z. Wojcik, Chenhao Sun, Robin Hoeven, John M. X. Hughes, Matthew Faulkner, Ian Sofian Yunus, et al. "Low carbon strategies for sustainable bio-alkane gas production and renewable energy." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 6 (2020): 1818–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee00095g.

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31

Pedrotta, Valerian, and Bernard Witholt. "Isolation and Characterization of thecis-trans-Unsaturated Fatty Acid Isomerase ofPseudomonas oleovorans GPo12." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 10 (May 15, 1999): 3256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.10.3256-3261.1999.

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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas oleovorans contains an isomerase which catalyzes the cis-trans conversion of the abundant unsaturated membrane fatty acids 9-cis-hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid) and 11-cis-octadecenoic acid (vaccenic acid). We purified the isomerase from the periplasmic fraction ofPseudomonas oleovorans. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 80 kDa under denaturing conditions and 70 kDa under native conditions, suggesting a monomeric structure of the active enzyme. N-terminal sequencing showed that the isomerase derives from a precursor with a signal sequence which is cleaved from the primary translation product in accord with the periplasmic localization of the enzyme. The purified isomerase acted only on free unsaturated fatty acids and not on esterified fatty acids. In contrast to the in vivocis-trans conversion of lipids, this in vitro isomerization of free fatty acids did not require the addition of organic solvents. Pure phospholipids, even in the presence of organic solvents, could not serve as substrate for the isomerase. However, when crude membranes from Pseudomonas or Escherichia coli cells were used as phospholipid sources, a cis-trans isomerization was detectable which occurred only in the presence of organic solvents. These results indicate that isolated membranes fromPseudomonas or E. coli cells must contain factors which, activated by the addition of organic solvents, enable and control the cis-trans conversion of unsaturated acyl chains of membrane phospholipids by the periplasmic isomerase.
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32

Fang, Xiang, Terry L. Kaduce, Mike VanRollins, Neal L. Weintraub, and Arthur A. Spector. "Conversion of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to chain-shortened epoxy fatty acids by human skin fibroblasts." Journal of Lipid Research 41, no. 1 (January 2000): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32075-7.

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33

Akula and Kwon. "Bioenzymatic and Chemical Derivatization of Renewable Fatty Acids." Biomolecules 9, no. 10 (October 4, 2019): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9100566.

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In addition to our previous efforts toward bioenzymatic and chemical transformations of ricinoleic acid and oleic acid to their corresponding ,-dicarboxylic acids via their ester intermediates driven in Escherichia coli cells, several efficient oxidation conditions were investigated and optimized for the conversion of -hydroxycarboxylic acids to ,-dicarboxylic acids. Pd/C-catalyzed oxidation using NaBH4 in a basic aqueous alcohol and Ni(II) salt-catalyzed oxidation using aqueous sodium hypochlorite were considered to be excellent as a hybrid reaction for three successive chemical reactions (hydrogenation, hydrolysis, and oxidation) and an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and practical approach, respectively. Omega-hydroxycarboxylic acids and -aminocarboxylic acid were also easily prepared as useful building blocks for plastics or bioactive compounds from the bioenzymatically driven ester intermediate. The scope of the developed synthetic methods can be utilized for large-scale synthesis and various derivatizations.
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34

Liu, Liyan, Ying Li, Rennan Feng, and Changhao Sun. "Direct ultrasound-assisted methylation of fatty acids in serum for free fatty acid determinations." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 88, no. 9 (September 2010): 898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v10-077.

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A method for simultaneous determination of 16 free fatty acids (FFAs) in serum is described. The method involves conversion of FFAs to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using the heat of ultrasonic waves followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Optimum levels of the variables affecting the yield of FAMEs were investigated. The results indicate that the optimal levels are 55 °C, 60 W, 10% H2SO4/CH3OH, and 50 min. Recoveries ranged from 85.32% to 112.11%, with a detection limit ranging from 0.03 to 0.08 μg mL–1. The linearity, using the linear correlation coefficient, was higher than 0.9914.
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35

Heesom, K. J., P. F. A. Souza, V. Ilic, and D. H. Williamson. "Chain-length dependency of interactions of medium-chain fatty acids with glucose metabolism in acini isolated from lactating rat mammary glands. A putative feed-back to control milk lipid synthesis from glucose." Biochemical Journal 281, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2810273.

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The effects of a series of medium-chain fatty acids (C6-C12) on glucose metabolism in isolated acini from lactating rat mammary glands have been studied. Hexanoate (C6) octanoate (C8) and decanoate (C10), but not laurate (C12), decreased [1-14C]glucose conversion into [14C]lipid and the production of 14CO2 (an index of the pentose phosphate pathway). With hexanoate and octanoate, glucose utilization was decreased, whereas decanoate had a slight stimulatory effect on glucose utilization, but there was a large accumulation of lactate. Addition of dichloroacetate (an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase) decreased this accumulation of lactate and stimulated the conversion of [1-14C]glucose into [14C]lipid and 14CO2. Insulin had no effect on the rate of glucose utilization in the presence of hexanoate. It stimulated the rate in the presence of octanoate and laurate and increased the conversion of [1-14C]glucose into [14C]lipid in the presence of octanoate, decanoate or laurate. The major fate of 1-14C-labelled medium-chain fatty acids (C6, C8 and C12) was conversion into [14C]lipid. The proportion converted into 14CO2 decreased with increasing chain length, whereas the rate of [14C]lipid formation increased. It is concluded that the interactions between medium-chain fatty acids and glucose metabolism represent a feed-back mechanism to control milk lipid synthesis, and this may be important when milk accumulates in the gland.
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36

Mangroo, Dev, Bernardo L. Trigatti, and Gerhard E. Gerber. "Membrane permeation and intracellular trafficking of long chain fatty acids: insights fromEscherichia coliand 3T3-L1 adipocytes." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 73, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1995): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o95-027.

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Long chain fatty acids are important substrates for energy production and lipid synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Their cellular uptake represents an important first step leading to metabolism. This step is induced in Escherichia coli by growth in medium containing long chain fatty acids and in murine 3T3-L1 cells during differentiation to adipocytes. Consequently, these have been used extensively as model systems to study the cellular uptake of long chain fatty acids. Here, we present an overview of our current understanding of long chain fatty acid uptake in these cells. It consists of several distinct steps, mediated by a combination of biochemical and physico-chemical processes, and is driven by conversion of long chain fatty acids to acyl-CoA by acyl-CoA synthetase. An understanding of long chain fatty acid uptake may provide valuable insights into the roles of fatty acids in the regulation of cell signalling cascades, in the regulation of a variety of metabolic and transport processes, and in a variety of mammalian pathogenic conditions such as obesity and diabetes.Key words: acyl-CoA synthetase, adipocyte, Escherichia coli, fatty acid, transport, uptake.
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37

van Nuland, Youri M., Gerrit Eggink, and Ruud A. Weusthuis. "Application of AlkBGT and AlkL from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 for Selective Alkyl Ester ω-Oxyfunctionalization in Escherichia coli." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 13 (April 15, 2016): 3801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00822-16.

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ABSTRACTThe enzyme system AlkBGT fromPseudomonas putidaGPo1 can efficiently ω-functionalize fatty acid methyl esters. Outer membrane protein AlkL boosts this ω-functionalization. In this report, it is shown that whole cells ofEscherichia coliexpressing the AlkBGT system can also ω-oxidize ethyl nonanoate (NAEE). Coexpression of AlkBGT and AlkL resulted in 1.7-fold-higher ω-oxidation activity on NAEE. With this strain, initial activity on NAEE was 70 U/g (dry weight) of cells (gcdw), 67% of the initial activity on methyl nonanoate. In time-lapse conversions with 5 mM NAEE the main product was 9-hydroxy NAEE (3.6 mM), but also 9-oxo NAEE (0.1 mM) and 9-carboxy NAEE (0.6 mM) were formed. AlkBGT also ω-oxidized ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of fatty acids ranging from C6to C10. Increasing the length of the alkyl chain improved the ω-oxidation activity of AlkBGT on esters of C6and C7fatty acids. From these esters, application of butyl hexanoate resulted in the highest ω-oxidation activity, 82 U/gcdw. Coexpression of AlkL only had a positive effect on ω-functionalization of substrates with a total length of C11or longer. These findings indicate that AlkBGT(L) can be applied as a biocatalyst for ω-functionalization of ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of medium-chain fatty acids.IMPORTANCEFatty acid esters are promising renewable starting materials for the production of ω-hydroxy fatty acid esters (ω-HFAEs). ω-HFAEs can be used to produce sustainable polymers. Chemical conversion of the fatty acid esters to ω-HFAEs is challenging, as it generates by-products and needs harsh reaction conditions. Biocatalytic production is a promising alternative. In this study, biocatalytic conversion of fatty acid esters toward ω-HFAEs was investigated using whole cells. This was achieved with recombinantEscherichia colicells that produce the AlkBGT enzymes. These enzymes can produce ω-HFAEs from a wide variety of fatty acid esters. Medium-chain-length acids (C6to C10) esterified with ethanol, propanol, or butanol were applied. This is a promising production platform for polymer building blocks that uses renewable substrates and mild reaction conditions.
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Farrell, Emma K., Yuden Chen, Muna Barazanji, Kristen A. Jeffries, Felipe Cameroamortegui, and David J. Merkler. "Primary fatty acid amide metabolism: conversion of fatty acids and an ethanolamine in N18TG2and SCP cells." Journal of Lipid Research 53, no. 2 (November 16, 2011): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.m018606.

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39

Hagedoorn, Peter Leon, Frank Hollmann, and Ulf Hanefeld. "Novel oleate hydratases and potential biotechnological applications." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 16-17 (August 2021): 6159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11465-x.

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Abstract Oleate hydratase catalyses the addition of water to the CC double bond of oleic acid to produce (R)-10-hydroxystearic acid. The enzyme requires an FAD cofactor that functions to optimise the active site structure. A wide range of unsaturated fatty acids can be hydrated at the C10 and in some cases the C13 position. The substrate scope can be expanded using ‘decoy’ small carboxylic acids to convert small chain alkenes to secondary alcohols, albeit at low conversion rates. Systematic protein engineering and directed evolution to widen the substrate scope and increase the conversion rate is possible, supported by new high throughput screening assays that have been developed. Multi-enzyme cascades allow the formation of a wide range of products including keto-fatty acids, secondary alcohols, secondary amines and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids. Key points • Phylogenetically distinct oleate hydratases may exhibit mechanistic differences. • Protein engineering to improve productivity and substrate scope is possible. • Multi-enzymatic cascades greatly widen the product portfolio.
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40

Lin, Cherng-Yuan, and Lei Ma. "Influences of Water Content in Feedstock Oil on Burning Characteristics of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters." Processes 8, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091130.

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Strong alkaline-catalyst transesterification with short-chain alcohol is generally used for biodiesel production due to its dominant advantages of shorter reaction time and higher conversion rate over other reactions. The existence of excess water content in the feedstock oil might retard the transesterification rate and in turn deteriorate the fuel characteristics of the fatty acid methyl esters. Hence, optimum water content in the raw oil, aimed towards both lower production cost and superior fuel properties, becomes significant for biodiesel research and industrial practices. Previous studies only concerned the influences of water contents on the yield or conversion rate of fatty acid methyl esters through transesterification of triglycerides. The effects of added water in the reactant mixture on burning characteristics of fatty acid methyl esters are thus first investigated in this study. Raw palm oil was added with preset water content before being transesterified. The experimental results show that the biodiesel produced from the raw palm oil containing a 0.05 wt.% added water content had the highest content of saturated fatty acids and total fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), while that containing 0.11 wt.% water content had the lowest content of total FAME and fatty acids of longer carbon chains than C16 among the biodiesel products. Regarding burning characteristics, palm-oil biodiesel made from raw oil with a 0.05 wt.% added water content among those biodiesels was found to have the highest distillation temperatures, flash point, and ignition point, which implies higher safety extents during handling and storage of the fuel. The added water content 0.05 wt.% in raw oil was considered the optimum to produce palm-oil biodiesel with superior fuel structure of fatty acids and burning characteristics. Higher or lower water content than 0.05 wt.% would cause slower nucleophilic substitution reaction and thus a lower conversion rate from raw oil and deteriorated burning characteristics in turn.
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41

Lauridsen, Charlotte. "54 Lipid nutrition and gut health of pigs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.051.

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Abstract Lipids and fatty acids play major roles in relation to mucosal immune responses, epithelial barrier functions, oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. The composition of fatty acids and their molecular structures (chain length and number of double bonds) influences digestion, absorption and metabolism of the dietary fat, as well as the bioactivity of the fatty acids. Piglets post weaning having immature intestines and immune functions are very vulnerable towards invading microorganisms. Manipulation of the milk fatty acid composition via the sow nutrition, or inclusion of dietary fat sources in the feed, may be used as a strategic tool to enhance pig performance and their gut health pre- and post weaning. Medium-chained fatty acids (MCFA) are absorbed directly into the portal blood and may contribute with immediate energy for the piglet. In addition, the MCFA possess antibacterial effects. The essential fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids, form the building blocks for the longer –chained polyunsaturated n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Their conversion into n-3 and n-6 eicosanoids influence the inflammatory reactions and the immune responses upon bacterial challenge. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membranes influence the susceptibility to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress accompanies infectious diseases, and if uncontrolled, the development of the lipid peroxides may be harmful for the epithelial barrier function. The aim of this presentation is to review how dietary fatty acid composition during critical phases of pigs’ lives can support a normal immune system and modulate resistance to infectious diseases of pigs, and influence growth of the pig. Furthermore, factors that can enhance oxidative stress (e.g. polyunsaturated fatty acids), uncontrolled inflammatory reactions (e.g. high ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in cellular membranes), and limit immune development (such as deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins), and be harmful for the pig gut health are addressed.
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42

Kvartskava, Giorgi, Vakhtang Ugrekhelidze, and Nino Dzirkvelishvili. "Current processes and conversion of fatty acids during the maturation of Dambalkhacho." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 3(517) (September 29, 2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2020-3-11-20.

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43

Westenbrink, Susanne, Lidwien van der Heijden, Marie Agnes van Erp-Baart, and Karin F. A. M. Hulshof. "Conversion factors for fatty acids in the The Netherlands nutrient databank (NEVO)." Food Chemistry 57, no. 1 (September 1996): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(96)89007-8.

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44

Heidarian, Javad, Nayef Ghasem, and Wan Ashri Wan Daud. "Kinetics of Polymerization of Dimer Fatty Acids with Ethylenediamine After 90% Conversion." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 206, no. 6 (March 18, 2005): 658–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.200400463.

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45

Sultanovitch, Y. A., O. Philipp, M. Schmelewa, and H. D. Isengard. "Note: A rapid method for the determination of lipids an fatty acids in bread by gas chromatography / Nota: Método rápido para la determinación de lípidos y ácidos grasos en pan mediante cromatografía de gases." Food Science and Technology International 4, no. 3 (June 1998): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201329800400307.

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A new simple and fast analytical method was developed to characterize the content of lipids and fatty acids in bread. First, fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography and then the content of lipids was calculated by using a conversion factor. This method gave very accurate results; it was three times faster than the conventional solvent extraction method and its consumption of solvent was much lower. The high sensitivity allowed the distribution of lipids in bread to be determined.
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46

Ren, Hong-Yu, Bing-Feng Liu, Fanying Kong, Lei Zhao, and Nan-Qi Ren. "Sequential generation of hydrogen and lipids from starch by combination of dark fermentation and microalgal cultivation." RSC Advances 5, no. 94 (2015): 76779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra15023j.

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Dark fermentative hydrogen production and microalgal lipid production was successfully combined to enhance the energy conversion from starch with simultaneous treatment of volatile fatty acids in the effluent.
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47

Schulz, Taylor C., Mason Oelschlager, Simon T. Thompson, Wim F. J. Vermaas, David R. Nielsen, and H. Henry Lamb. "Catalytic conversion of cyanobacteria-derived fatty acids to alkanes for biorenewable synthetic paraffinic kerosene." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2, no. 4 (2018): 882–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7se00558j.

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48

Kloareg, Maela, Jean Noblet, and Jaap van Milgen. "Deposition of dietary fatty acids, de novo synthesis and anatomical partitioning of fatty acids in finishing pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 97, no. 1 (January 2007): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507205793.

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Predicting aspects of pork quality becomes increasingly important from both a nutritional and technological point of view. The aim of the present study was to provide quantitative information on the relation between nutrient intake and whole-body fatty acid (FA) deposition. This information is essential to develop mechanistic models predicting the FA content of tissues. A serial slaughter study was carried out in which thirty pigs were slaughtered between 90 and 150 kg. The diet included 15 g/kg soyabean oil and contained 44 g/kg fat. Only 0·31 and 0·40 of the digested n-6 and n-3 FA were deposited, respectively. Approximately one-third of the n-3 supply that was deposited resulted from the conversion of 18 : 3 to other metabolites (i.e. EPA, docosapentaenoic acid and DHA). This proportion was affected by the pig genotype. De novo-synthesised FA represented 0·86 of the total non-essential FA deposition, and its average composition corresponded to 0·017, 0·286, 0·025, 0·217 and 0·454 for 14 : 0, 16 : 0, 16 : 1, 18 : 0 and 18 : 1, respectively. Although the average whole-body FA composition was relatively constant during the finishing period, this was not so for the tissues. In the carcass (without backfat), the content of 18 : 1 increased during the finishing period, whereas that of 16 : 0 and 18 : 0 decreased. Backfat captured a proportionally greater fraction of 18 : 2 than did the carcass or the residual tissues. In contrast, a proportionally greater fraction of the dietary 18 : 3 supply was deposited in the carcass compared to other tissues.
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49

Lee, Adam F., James A. Bennett, Jinesh C. Manayil, and Karen Wilson. "Heterogeneous catalysis for sustainable biodiesel productionviaesterification and transesterification." Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, no. 22 (2014): 7887–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00189c.

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Low temperature catalytic conversion of triglycerides and fatty acids sourced from renewable feedstocks represents a key enabling technology for the sustainable production of biodiesel through energy efficient, intensified processes.
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50

Denev, Roumen V., Ivalina S. Kuzmanova, Svetlana M. Momchilova, and Boryana M. Nikolova-Damyanova. "Resolution and Quantification of Isomeric Fatty Acids by Silver Ion HPLC: Fatty Acid Composition of Aniseed Oil (Pimpinella anisum, Apiaceae)." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/94.1.4.

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Abstract A silver ion HPLC procedure is described that is suitable to determine the fatty acid composition of plant seed oils. After conversion of fatty acids to p-methoxyphenacyl derivatives, it was possible to achieve baseline resolution of all fatty acid components with 0 to 3 double bonds, including the positionally isomeric 18:1 fatty acids oleic acid (cis 9-18:1), petroselinic acid (cis 6-18:1), and cis-vaccenic acid (cis 11-18:1), in aniseed oil (Pimpinella anisum, Apiaceae) by a single gradient run on a single cation exchange column laboratory converted to the silver ion form. The UV detector response (280 nm) was linearly related to the fatty acid concentration in the range 0.01 to 3.5 mg/mL.
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