Journal articles on the topic 'Conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)'
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1
Kaloko, Bambang Sri. "LEAD ACID BATTERY MODELING FOR ELECTRIC CAR POWER SOURCES." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 3 (June 24, 2010): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21508.
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Successful commercialization of electric vehicles will require a confluence of technology, market, economic, and political factors that transform EVs into an attractive choice for consumers. The characteristics of the traction battery will play a critical role in this transformation. The relationship between battery characteristics such as power, capacity and efficiency, and EV customer satisfaction are discussed based on real world experience. A general problem, however, is that electrical energy can hardly be stored. In general, the storage of electrical energy requires its conversion into another form of energy. Electrical energy is typically obtained through conversion of chemical energy stored in devices such as batteries. In batteries the energy of chemical compounds acts as storage medium, and during discharge, a chemical process occurs that generates energy which can be drawn from the battery in form of an electric current at a certain voltage. A computer simulation is developed to examine overall battery design with the MATLAB/Simulink. Battery modelling with this program have error level less than 5%. Keywords: Electrochemistry, lead acid battery, stored energy
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Farsi, Hossein, and Zahra Barzgari. "Chemical Synthesis of Nanostructured SrWO4 for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Applications." International Journal of Nanoscience 13, no. 02 (April 2014): 1450013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x14500136.
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Nanostructured strontium tungstate was successfully synthesized by a co-precipitation method at 80°C. The structure and morphology of the obtained SrWO4 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD pattern conformed that the prepared sample has a scheelite-type tetragonal structure. The electrochemical properties of the SrWO4 were investigated in 0.5 M NaOH electrolyte solution by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Also, platinum have been supported onto the surface of SrWO4 /graphite electrode to use as catalyst support. The morphology of the catalysts was characterized by scanning electron microscopy analysis and EDX. The electrocatalytic activity of platinum loaded SrWO4 /graphite electrode toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been studied in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution and compared with that of platinum supported on graphite using electrochemical measurements. The PtSrWO4 /graphite catalyst showed higher ORR activity than Pt /graphite catalyst.
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Nestler, Tina, William Förster, Stefan Braun, Wolfram Münchgesang, Falk Meutzner, Matthias Zschornak, Charaf Cherkouk, Tilmann Leisegang, and Dirk Meyer. "Energy Storage in crystalline Materials based on multivalent Ions." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331409634x.
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Energy conversion and storage has become the main challenge to satisfy the growing demand for renewable energy solutions as well as mobile applications. Nowadays, several technologies exist for the conversion of electric energy into e. g. heat, light and motion or vice versa. Among a large variety of storage concepts, the conversion of electrical in chemical energy is of great relevance in particular for location-independent use. Main factors that still limit the use of electrochemical cells are the volumetric and gravimetric energy density, cyclability as well as safety. The concept for a new thin-film rechargeable battery that possibly improves these properties is presented. In contrast to the widespread lithium-ion technology, the discussed battery is based on the redox reaction of multivalent Al-ions and their migration through solid electrolytes. The ion conduction and insertion processes in the crystalline materials of the suggested cell are discussed under a crystallographic point of view to identify suitable electrode and separator materials. A multilayer-stack of all-solid-state batteries is synthesized by pulsed laser deposition and investigated in situ, i. e. during charge and discharge, by X-ray reflection and diffraction methods. The correlation between crystal structure, morphology and electrical performance is investigated in order to characterize the ion diffusion and insertion process.
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Bonaccorso, Francesco, Luigi Colombo, Guihua Yu, Meryl Stoller, Valentina Tozzini, Andrea C. Ferrari, Rodney S. Ruoff, and Vittorio Pellegrini. "Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage." Science 347, no. 6217 (January 1, 2015): 1246501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1246501.
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Graphene and related two-dimensional crystals and hybrid systems showcase several key properties that can address emerging energy needs, in particular for the ever growing market of portable and wearable energy conversion and storage devices. Graphene’s flexibility, large surface area, and chemical stability, combined with its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, make it promising as a catalyst in fuel and dye-sensitized solar cells. Chemically functionalized graphene can also improve storage and diffusion of ionic species and electric charge in batteries and supercapacitors. Two-dimensional crystals provide optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties complementing those of graphene, enabling the realization of ultrathin-film photovoltaic devices or systems for hydrogen production. Here, we review the use of graphene and related materials for energy conversion and storage, outlining the roadmap for future applications.
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Reifsnider, Kenneth, Fazle Rabbi, Jeff Baker, Jon Michael Adkins, and Q. Liu. "Processing-Property Relationships in Advanced Multi-Functional Composite Materials: Management of Dielectric Behavior." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1560.
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Many of the advanced composite materials used in aerospace, energy storage and conversion, and electrical devices are multifunctional, i.e., they operate on (or in the presence of) some combination of mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, and magnetic fields. Designing composite materials for airplanes, for example, must include not only structural, but also thermal and electrical considerations. Most energy storage and conversion devices are made from advanced composite materials, and they must be designed to interact and sustain their functions in multiple fields, often mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, and thermal. The functional characteristics of such materials are not only controlled by the constituent properties, but are highly dependent on the size, shape, geometry, arrangement, and interfaces between the constituent materials, the extrinsic factors controlled by processing. That is the subject of the present paper. In particular, we will focus on the design of microstructure in heterogeneous materials to manage the dielectric properties and character of such materials.
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Wu, Yuping, and Rudolf Holze. "Electrocatalysis at Electrodes for VanadiumRedox Flow Batteries." Batteries 4, no. 3 (September 13, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries4030047.
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Flow batteries (also: redox batteries or redox flow batteries RFB) are briefly introduced as systems for conversion and storage of electrical energy into chemical energy and back. Their place in the wide range of systems and processes for energy conversion and storage is outlined. Acceleration of electrochemical charge transfer for vanadium-based redox systems desired for improved performance efficiency of these systems is reviewed in detail; relevant data pertaining to other redox systems are added when possibly meriting attention. An attempt is made to separate effects simply caused by enlarged electrochemically active surface area and true (specific) electrocatalytic activity. Because this requires proper definition of the experimental setup and careful examination of experimental results, electrochemical methods employed in the reviewed studies are described first.
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Hariharan, Srirama, Kuppan Saravanan, and Palani Balaya. "Lithium Storage Using Conversion Reaction in Maghemite and Hematite." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 13, no. 9 (2010): A132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3458648.
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Olabi, Abdul Ghani, Mohamed Adel Allam, Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, T. D. Deepa, Abdul Hai Alami, Qaisar Abbas, Ammar Alkhalidi, and Enas Taha Sayed. "Redox Flow Batteries: Recent Development in Main Components, Emerging Technologies, Diagnostic Techniques, Large-Scale Applications, and Challenges and Barriers." Batteries 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2023): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9080409.
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Redox flow batteries represent a captivating class of electrochemical energy systems that are gaining prominence in large-scale storage applications. These batteries offer remarkable scalability, flexible operation, extended cycling life, and moderate maintenance costs. The fundamental operation and structure of these batteries revolve around the flow of an electrolyte, which facilitates energy conversion and storage. Notably, the power and energy capacities can be independently designed, allowing for the conversion of chemical energy from input fuel into electricity at working electrodes, resembling the functioning of fuel cells. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the components, advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of redox flow batteries (RFBs). Moreover, it explores various diagnostic techniques employed in analyzing flow batteries. The discussion encompasses the utilization of RFBs for large-scale energy storage applications and summarizes the engineering design aspects related to these batteries. Additionally, this study delves into emerging technologies, applications, and challenges in the realm of redox flow batteries.
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Honorato, Ana M. B., and Mohd Khalid. "Carbon nanomaterials for metal-free electrocatalysis." Applied Chemical Engineering 3, no. 1 (May 25, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/ace.v3i1.511.
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Carbon materials are continuing in progress to accomplish the requirements of energy conversion and energy storage technologies because of their plenty in nature, high surface area, outstanding electrical properties, and readily obtained from varieties of chemical and natural sources. Recently, carbon-based electrocatalysts have been developed in the quest to replacement of noble metal based catalysts for low cost energy conversion technologies, such as fuel cell, water splitting, and metal-air batteries. Herein, we will present our short overview on recently developed carbon-based electrocatalysts for energy conversion reactions such as oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution reactions, along with challenges and perspectives in the emerging field of metal-free electrocatalysts.
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Zoller, Florian, Jan Luxa, Thomas Bein, Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing, Daniel Bouša, and Zdeněk Sofer. "Flexible freestanding MoS2-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (July 24, 2019): 1488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.147.
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The construction of flexible electrochemical devices for energy storage and generation is of utmost importance in modern society. In this article, we report on the synthesis of flexible MoS2-based composite paper by high-energy shear force milling and simple vacuum filtration. This composite material combines high flexibility, mechanical strength and good chemical stability. Chronopotentiometric charge–discharge measurements were used to determine the capacitance of our paper material. The highest capacitance achieved was 33 mF·cm−2 at a current density of 1 mA·cm−2, demonstrating potential application in supercapacitors. We further used the material as a cathode for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with an onset potential of approximately −0.2 V vs RHE. The onset potential was even lower (approximately −0.1 V vs RHE) after treatment with n-butyllithium, suggesting the introduction of new active sites. Finally, a potential use in lithium ion batteries (LIB) was examined. Our material can be used directly without any binder, additive carbon or copper current collector and delivers specific capacity of 740 mA·h·g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A·g−1. After 40 cycles at this current density the material still reached a capacity retention of 91%. Our findings show that this composite material could find application in electrochemical energy storage and generation devices where high flexibility and mechanical strength are desired.
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Yadav, Sanjeev Kumar, Renu Kumari, and Rajendra Kumar Gunsaria. "Alizarin Red S, Oxalic Acid and Cetylpyridinium Chloride-based Modified Photogalvanic Cell with Sustainable Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy." Asian Journal of Chemistry 36, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2024.30693.
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In this study, an integrated photogalvanic system of Alizarin red S, oxalic acid and cetylpyridinium chloride has been fabricated and used for the conversion of solar energy in to electrical energy with improved conversion efficiency and storage capacity. The photogalvanic cell is an H-shaped glass tube cell containing two electrodes dipped in a multifaceted electrolyte solution of dye-reductant-surfactant-alkali. By virtue of its photogalvanic action, it is capable of being charged by sun light. This system by way of variable concentration of chemical components were used to formulate a modified photogalvanic cell. The modified cell indicated significantly improved performance in terms of dark potential (778 mV), open-circuit potential (1189 mV), short-circuit current (420 µA), power (147.42 µW), charging time (17 min), half change time (16 min), conversion efficiency (2.16%) and fill factor (0.299).
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Jiao, Yue, Ke Xu, Huining Xiao, Changtong Mei, and Jian Li. "Biomass-Derived Carbon Aerogels for ORR/OER Bifunctional Oxygen Electrodes." Nanomaterials 13, no. 17 (August 23, 2023): 2397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13172397.
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The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are crucial electrochemical reactions that play vital roles in energy conversion and storage technologies, such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Typically, noble-metal-based catalysts are required to enhance the sluggish kinetics of the ORR and OER, but their high costs restrict their practical commercial applications. Thus, highly active and strong non-noble metal catalysts are essential to address the cost and durability challenge. Based on previous research, carbon-based catalysts may present the best alternatives to these precious metals in the future owing to their affordability, very large surface areas, and superior mechanical and electrical qualities. In particular, carbon aerogels prepared using biomass as the precursors are referred to as biomass-derived carbon aerogels. They have sparked broad attention and demonstrated remarkable performance in the energy conversion and storage sectors as they are ecologically beneficial, affordable, and have an abundance of precursors. Therefore, this review focuses on various nanostructured materials based on biomass-derived carbon aerogels as ORR/OER catalysts, including metal atoms, metal compounds, and alloys.
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Zhang, Shuo, Changle Yu, and Su Zhang. "Research on integrated micro-energy storage technology based on multi-type electrochemistry." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2474, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2474/1/012016.
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Abstract Electrochemical energy storage is a process that utilizes chemical reactions to store and release electrical energy in the form of chemical energy. These include lead-acid, lithium-ion, flow, sodium-sulfur batteries, etc., while electrochemical energy storage materials and technologies are the keys to solving the utilization, conversion, and storage of clean energy. In order to solve the problem that the current energy storage technology has an extensive range of energy storage frequency fluctuations in the application process, this paper conducts research on a comprehensive micro-energy storage technology based on multi-type electrochemistry, which improves the stability of energy storage. Based on the introduction of multi-type electrochemical technology, MXene (Ti3C2) was selected as the dispersion liquid, and PVA was used as the gel electrolyte to complete both preparations. The device’s fabrication and assembly are completed based on calculating the rated power, rated capacity, and other parameters of the micro energy storage capacitor. Aiming at the ultra-low frequency oscillation problem that may exist in the energy storage process, this paper develops a micro energy storage control method that participates in primary frequency modulation. The comparison experiment proves that the frequency fluctuation of the new energy storage technology is within the controllable range in practical application, which can effectively improve the stability of energy storage.
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Meena, Shanker Lal. "Study of Photoactive Materials Used in Photo Electrochemical Cell for Solar Energy Conversion and Storage." Journal of Applied Science and Education (JASE) 3, no. 1 (2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54060/jase.v3i1.40.
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Photoelectrochemical Cell is a device that absorbs light with a high-absorption electrolyte solution and provides energy for photo chemical reactions. Ponceau-S was used as a photosensitizer and EDTA served as a reducing agent in the study of photoelectronchemical cells. The photocurrent and photo potential were 1047.0 mV and 390.0 µA respectively. The highest power of the cell was 84.0 µW, with a conversion efficiency of 1.61%. The fill factor of the cell was 0.20. The photoelectric cell can function at this power level for 240.0 minutes in storage (performance). The effects of various parameters on the cell's electrical output were observed. In this study, a mechanism for photocurrent generation in Photoelectrochemical cells is proposed.
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Deng, Laicong, Zhuxian Yang, Rong Li, Binling Chen, Quanli Jia, Yanqiu Zhu, and Yongde Xia. "Graphene-reinforced metal-organic frameworks derived cobalt sulfide/carbon nanocomposites as efficient multifunctional electrocatalysts." Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 15, no. 6 (October 1, 2021): 1487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2085-3.
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AbstractDeveloping cost-effective electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is vital in energy conversion and storage applications. Herein, we report a simple method for the synthesis of graphene-reinforced CoS/C nanocomposites and the evaluation of their electrocatalytic performance for typical electrocatalytic reactions. Nanocomposites of CoS embedded in N, S co-doped porous carbon and graphene (CoS@C/Graphene) were generated via simultaneous sulfurization and carbonization of one-pot synthesized graphite oxide-ZIF-67 precursors. The obtained CoS@C/Graphene nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and gas sorption. It is found that CoS nanoparticles homogenously dispersed in the in situ formed N, S co-doped porous carbon/graphene matrix. The CoS@C/10Graphene composite not only shows excellent electrocatalytic activity toward ORR with high onset potential of 0.89 V, four-electron pathway and superior durability of maintaining 98% of current after continuously running for around 5 h, but also exhibits good performance for OER and HER, due to the improved electrical conductivity, increased catalytic active sites and connectivity between the electrocatalytic active CoS and the carbon matrix. This work offers a new approach for the development of novel multifunctional nanocomposites for the next generation of energy conversion and storage applications.
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Feng, Hao, Jian Liu, Ying Zhang, and Dong Liu. "Solar Energy Storage in an All-Vanadium Photoelectrochemical Cell: Structural Effect of Titania Nanocatalyst in Photoanode." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 4508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124508.
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Solar energy storage in the form of chemical energy is considered a promising alternative for solar energy utilization. High-performance solar energy conversion and storage significantly rely on the sufficient active surface area and the efficient transport of both reactants and charge carriers. Herein, the structure evolution of titania nanotube photocatalyst during the photoanode fabrication and its effect on photoelectrochemical activity in a microfluidic all-vanadium photoelectrochemical cell was investigated. Experimental results have shown that there exist opposite variation trends for the pore structure and crystallinity of the photocatalyst. With the increase in calcination temperature, the active surface area and pore volume were gradually declined while the crystallinity was significantly improved. The trade-off between the gradually deteriorated sintering and optimized crystallinity of the photocatalyst then determined the photoelectrochemical reaction efficiency. The optimal average photocurrent density and vanadium ions conversion rate emerged at an appropriate calcination temperature, where both the plentiful pores and large active surface area, as well as good crystallinity, could be ensured to promote the photoelectrochemical activity. This work reveals the structure evolution of the nanostructured photocatalyst in influencing the solar energy conversion and storage, which is useful for the structural design of the photoelectrodes in real applications.
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Thiruppathi, Antony R., Boopathi Sidhureddy, Emmanuel Boateng, Dmitriy V. Soldatov, and Aicheng Chen. "Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Applications." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071295.
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Graphene is an attractive soft material for various applications due to its unique and exclusive properties. The processing and preservation of 2D graphene at large scales is challenging due to its inherent propensity for layer restacking. Three-dimensional graphene-based nanomaterials (3D-GNMs) preserve their structures while improving processability along with providing enhanced characteristics, which exhibit some notable advantages over 2D graphene. This feature article presents recent trends in the fabrication and characterization of 3D-GNMs toward the study of their morphologies, structures, functional groups, and chemical compositions using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Owing to the attractive properties of 3D-GNMs, which include high surface areas, porous structures, improved electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength, and robust structures, they have generated tremendous interest for various applications such as energy storage, sensors, and energy conversion. This article summarizes the most recent advances in electrochemical applications of 3D-GNMs, pertaining to energy storage, where they can serve as supercapacitor electrode materials and energy conversion as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts, along with an outlook.
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Nanthagopal, Murugan, Devanadane Mouraliraman, Yu-Ri Han, Chang Won Ho, Josue Obregon, Jae-Yoon Jung, and Chang Woo Lee. "Conversion of Natural Biowaste into Energy Storage Materials and Estimation of Discharge Capacity through Transfer Learning in Li-Ion Batteries." Nanomaterials 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2023): 2963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13222963.
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To simultaneously reduce the cost of environmental treatment of discarded food waste and the cost of energy storage materials, research on biowaste conversion into energy materials is ongoing. This work employs a solid-state thermally assisted synthesis method, transforming natural eggshell membranes (NEM) into nitrogen-doped carbon. The resulting NEM-coated LFP (NEM@LFP) exhibits enhanced electrical and ionic conductivity that can promote the mobility of electrons and Li-ions on the surface of LFP. To identify the optimal synthesis temperature, the synthesis temperature is set to 600, 700, and 800 °C. The NEM@LFP synthesized at 700 °C (NEM 700@LFP) contains the most pyrrolic nitrogen and has the highest ionic and electrical conductivity. When compared to bare LFP, the specific discharge capacity of the material is increased by approximately 16.6% at a current rate of 0.1 C for 50 cycles. In addition, we introduce innovative data-driven experiments to observe trends and estimate the discharge capacity under various temperatures and cycles. These data-driven results corroborate and support our experimental analysis, highlighting the accuracy of our approach. Our work not only contributes to reducing environmental waste but also advances the development of efficient and eco-friendly energy storage materials.
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Shahparasti, Mahdi, Amirhossein Rajaei, Andres Tarraso, Jose David Vidal Leon Romay, and Alvaro Luna. "Control and Validation of a Reinforced Power Conversion System for Upcoming Bioelectrochemical Power to Gas Stations." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121470.
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This paper presents a proposal for potential bioelectrochemical power to gas stations. It consists of a two-level voltage source converter interfacing the electrical grid on the AC side and an electromethanogenesis based bioelectrochemical system (EMG-BES) working as a stacked module on the DC side. The proposed system converts CO2 and electrical energy into methane, using wastewater as the additional chemical energy input. This energy storage system can contribute to dampening the variability of renewables in the electrical network, provide even flexibility and grid services by controlling the active and reactive power exchanged and is an interesting alternative technology in the market of energy storage for big energy applications. The big challenge for controlling this system lays in the fact that the DC bus voltage of the converter has to be changed in order to regulate the exchanged active power with the grid. This paper presents a cascade approach to control such a system by means of combining external control loops with fast inner loops. The outer power loop, with a proportional-integral (PI) controller with special limitation values and anti-windup capability, is used to generate DC bus voltage reference. An intermediate loop is used for DC bus voltage regulation and current reference generation. A new proportional resonant controller is used to track the current reference. The proposed scheme has been validated through real-time simulation in OPAL OP4510.
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Padula, Stefano, Claudio Tregambi, Maurizio Troiano, Almerinda Di Benedetto, Piero Salatino, Gianluca Landi, and Roberto Solimene. "Chemical Looping Reforming with Perovskite-Based Catalysts for Thermochemical Energy Storage." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228556.
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The performance of a perovskite-based oxygen carrier for the partial oxidation of methane in thermochemical energy storage applications has been investigated. A synthetic perovskite with formula La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 has been scrutinized for Chemical Looping Reforming (CLR) of CH4 under fixed-bed and fluidized-bed conditions. Temperature-programmed reduction and oxidation steps were carried out under fixed-bed conditions, together with isothermal reduction/oxidation cycles, to evaluate long-term perovskite performance. Under fluidized-bed conditions, isothermal reduction/oxidation cycles were carried out as well. Results obtained under fixed-bed and fluidized-bed conditions were compared in terms of oxygen carrier reactivity and stability. The oxygen carrier showed good reactivity and stability in the range 800–1000 °C. An overall yield of 0.6 Nm3 of syngas per kg of perovskite can be reached per cycle. The decomposition of CH4 catalyzed by the reduced oxide can also occur during the reduction step. However, deposited carbon is easily re-gasified through the Boudouard reaction, without affecting the reactivity of the material. Fluidized-bed tests showed higher conversion rates compared to fixed-bed conditions and allowed better control of CH4 decomposition, with a H2:CO ratio of around 2 and CO selectivity of around 0.8. However, particle attrition was observed and might be responsible for a loss of the inventory of up to 9%w.
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Hamidah, Ida, Ramdhani Ramdhani, Apri Wiyono, Budi Mulyanti, Roer Eka Pawinanto, Lilik Hasanah, Markus Diantoro, Brian Yuliarto, Jumril Yunas, and Andrivo Rusydi. "Biomass-Based Supercapacitors Electrodes for Electrical Energy Storage Systems Activated Using Chemical Activation Method: A Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 439–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v8i3.60688.
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Currently, carbon derived from biomass waste or residues is being intensively utilized as electrodes due to its excellent electrical properties, including high conductivity, appropriate porosity, and a specific surface area suitable for supercapacitor applications. Despite its advantages, the performance of supercapacitors made from biomass-derived carbon is insufficient for engineering applications because of the challenges in obtaining the mesoporous structure of activated carbon (AC). Therefore, this study highlights the potential of biomass-based carbon as the electrodes of a highly efficient supercapacitor, which can facilitate highly efficient current transport in energy storage systems. It comprehensively discusses various biomass material sources and activation methods to produce carbon, with a focus on the physical and electrical properties. Initially, the study discusses carbon activation methods and mechanisms to understand why activating agents and electrolyte solutions have a high specific surface area and specific capacitance. It then concentrates on the chemical activation method and its importance in making AC useful as an efficient electrode. Finally, in this study, various biomass sources were discussed to highlight the performance of supercapacitors electrodes originating from agricultural and wood residues relating to the specific capacitance and capacitance retention. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that biomass-based carbon materials could be the most advantageous platform material for energy conversion and storage.
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Rathore, Jayshree, Rakesh Kumar Arya, Pratibha Sharma, and Mohan Lal. "Study of Photogalvanic cell for electrical output in solar energy conversion and storage: single surfactant as lauryl glucoside, Tartrazine as a photosensitizer and D-fructose as reductant." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2606rjce024029.
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Actual plan of research work was proposed for systematic investigating in the field of photogalvanic cells for solar energy transformation. It was proposed to carry out experimental work under the solar parameters. The photogalvanic cells (photogalvanics or PG cells) were studied using different electrical outputs via photocurrent, photopotential, conversion efficiency, fill factor and cell performance. The above values are as follows: 385.0 A, 1130.0 mV, 0.7965%, 0.5357 and 120.0 minutes. PG cell containing lauryl glucoside, tartrazine and Dfructose were studied for the solar energy conversion and storage of electrical output. A detailed reaction mechanism for the proposed solar cell for generating photocurrent and photocurrent has been studied.
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Xue, Yuhua, Yong Ding, Jianbing Niu, Zhenhai Xia, Ajit Roy, Hao Chen, Jia Qu, Zhong Lin Wang, and Liming Dai. "Rationally designed graphene-nanotube 3D architectures with a seamless nodal junction for efficient energy conversion and storage." Science Advances 1, no. 8 (September 2015): e1400198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400198.
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One-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 2D single-atomic layer graphene have superior thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties. However, these nanomaterials exhibit poor out-of-plane properties due to the weak van der Waals interaction in the transverse direction between graphitic layers. Recent theoretical studies indicate that rationally designed 3D architectures could have desirable out-of-plane properties while maintaining in-plane properties by growing CNTs and graphene into 3D architectures with a seamless nodal junction. However, the experimental realization of seamlessly-bonded architectures remains a challenge. We developed a strategy of creating 3D graphene-CNT hollow fibers with radially aligned CNTs (RACNTs) seamlessly sheathed by a cylindrical graphene layer through a one-step chemical vapor deposition using an anodized aluminum wire template. By controlling the aluminum wire diameter and anodization time, the length of the RACNTs and diameter of the graphene hollow fiber can be tuned, enabling efficient energy conversion and storage. These fibers, with a controllable surface area, meso-/micropores, and superior electrical properties, are excellent electrode materials for all-solid-state wire-shaped supercapacitors with poly(vinyl alcohol)/H2SO4 as the electrolyte and binder, exhibiting a surface-specific capacitance of 89.4 mF/cm2 and length-specific capacitance up to 23.9 mF/cm, — one to four times the corresponding record-high capacities reported for other fiber-like supercapacitors. Dye-sensitized solar cells, fabricated using the fiber as a counter electrode, showed a power conversion efficiency of 6.8% and outperformed their counterparts with an expensive Pt wire counter electrode by a factor of 2.5. These novel fiber-shaped graphene-RACNT energy conversion and storage devices are so flexible they can be woven into fabrics as power sources.
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Bari, Gazi A. K. M. Rafiqul, Jae-Ho Jeong, and Hasi Rani Barai. "Conductive Gels for Energy Storage, Conversion, and Generation: Materials Design Strategies, Properties, and Applications." Materials 17, no. 10 (May 11, 2024): 2268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102268.
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Gel-based materials have garnered significant interest in recent years, primarily due to their remarkable structural flexibility, ease of modulation, and cost-effective synthesis methodologies. Specifically, polymer-based conductive gels, characterized by their unique conjugated structures incorporating both localized sigma and pi bonds, have emerged as materials of choice for a wide range of applications. These gels demonstrate an exceptional integration of solid and liquid phases within a three-dimensional matrix, further enhanced by the incorporation of conductive nanofillers. This unique composition endows them with a versatility that finds application across a diverse array of fields, including wearable energy devices, health monitoring systems, robotics, and devices designed for interactive human-body integration. The multifunctional nature of gel materials is evidenced by their inherent stretchability, self-healing capabilities, and conductivity (both ionic and electrical), alongside their multidimensional properties. However, the integration of these multidimensional properties into a single gel material, tailored to meet specific mechanical and chemical requirements across various applications, presents a significant challenge. This review aims to shed light on the current advancements in gel materials, with a particular focus on their application in various devices. Additionally, it critically assesses the limitations inherent in current material design strategies and proposes potential avenues for future research, particularly in the realm of conductive gels for energy applications.
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Nivetha, Ravi, Sushant Sharma, Jayasmita Jana, Jin Suk Chung, Won Mook Choi, and Seung Hyun Hur. "Recent Advances and New Challenges: Two-Dimensional Metal–Organic Framework and Their Composites/Derivatives for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (February 13, 2023): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8711034.
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Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), as a new generation of intrinsically porous extended crystalline materials formed by coordination bonding between the organic ligands and metal ions or clusters, have attracted considerable interest in many applications owing to their high porosity, diverse structures, and controllable chemical structure. Recently, 2D transition-metal- (TM-) based MOFs have become a hot topic in this field because of their high aspect ratio derived from their large lateral size and small thickness, as well as the advantages of MOFs. Moreover, 2D TM-based MOFs can act as good precursors to construct heterostructures with high electrical conductivity and abundant active sites for a range of applications. This review comprehensively introduces the widely adopted synthesis strategies of 2D TM-based MOFs and their composites/derivatives. In addition, this paper summarizes and highlights the recent advances in energy conversion and storage, including the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, CO2 reduction reaction, urea oxidation reaction, batteries, and supercapacitors. Finally, the challenges in developing these intriguing 2D layered materials and their composites/derivatives are examined, and the possible proposals for future directions to enhance the energy conversion and storage performance are reviewed.
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Iglesias Gonzalez, Maria, and Georg Schaub. "Gaseous Hydrocarbon Synfuels from Renewable Electricity via H2/CO2-Flexibility of Fixed-Bed Catalytic Reactors." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 1089–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2014-0135.
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Abstract The increased generation of renewable electricity (wind, solar), due to its fluctuating characteristic, leads to an increasing storage demand. A potential storage technology is the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy (e.g. in form of gaseous hydrocarbons), which can be easily stored and distributed in an existing natural gas grid. CO2 is the C-source of choice, from biogas plants or industrial processes, making possible the production and use of C-based fuels without increasing the CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The combination of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and CO2 shift reaction, using iron-based catalyst, offers the possibility to produce substitute natural gas (SNG) components from CO2. Due to the fluctuating nature of hydrogen production from renewable electrical energy, advantages can be identified if the chemical reactor is operated under variable load conditions. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the flexibility of a catalytic synthesis reactor as a potential component in a future energy system with a high contribution of renewable energy. The hydrogenation of CO2 to gaseous components is studied in a fixed-bed lab-scale reactor to determine kinetic parameters and hydrocarbon product distribution. Results from the experimental work are implemented in the mathematical model and are the basis for the conceptual design of the catalytic fixed-bed reactor able to operate under variable load conditions.
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Li, Xiao-Lei, Ke-Cheng Long, Gao Zhang, Wei-Tian Zou, Shuang-Quan Jiang, De-Yi Zhang, Jiang-Qi Zhou, Mei-Jun Liu, and Guan-Jun Yang. "Lead-Free Perovskite-Based Bifunctional Device for Both Photoelectric Conversion and Energy Storage." ACS Applied Energy Materials 4, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 7952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c01272.
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Wang, Can, Kailin Li, Qing Sun, Shijin Zhu, Chenzhi Zhang, Yunhao Zhang, Zhongyi Shi, Youzhong Hu, and Yuxin Zhang. "Diatomite-like KFeS2 for Use in High-Performance Electrodes for Energy Storage and Oxygen Evolution." Nanomaterials 13, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13040643.
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Bifunctional materials possess remarkable properties that allow them to store and convert electrical energy easily. In this paper, diatomite-like potassium iron disulfide (KFeS2) was synthesized by a multistep sacrificial template method, and its morphological, electrochemical, and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) properties were investigated. KFeS2 was found to be porous, hollow, and cake-like, which suggests a high specific surface area (SSA) and abundant electrochemically active sites. A very high specific capacitance of 651 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 was also obtained due to the substance’s unique structure and high porosity. Additionally, the diatomite-like KFeS2 possessed a very low overpotential ƞ10 of 254 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of about 48.4 mV dec−1. Thus, the diatomite-like KFeS2 demonstrates broad application prospects for both energy storage and conversion.
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Mendes, Sofia R., Georgenes M. G. da Silva, Evando S. Araújo, and Pedro M. Faia. "A Review on Low-Temperature Protonic Conductors: Principles and Chemical Sensing Applications." Chemosensors 12, no. 6 (June 2, 2024): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12060096.
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Proton conductors are ceramic materials with a crystalline or amorphous structure, which allow the passage of an electrical current through them exclusively by the movement of protons: H+. Recent developments in proton-conducting ceramics present considerable promise for obtaining economic and sustainable energy conversion and storage devices, electrolysis cells, gas purification, and sensing applications. So, proton-conducting ceramics that combine sensitivity, stability, and the ability to operate at low temperatures are particularly attractive. In this article, the authors start by presenting a brief historical resume of proton conductors and by exploring their properties, such as structure and microstructure, and their correlation with conductivity. A perspective regarding applications of these materials on low-temperature energy-related devices, electrochemical and moisture sensors, is presented. Finally, the authors’ efforts on the usage of a proton-conducting ceramic, polyantimonic acid (PAA), to develop humidity sensors, are looked into.
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Березіна, Наталія, and Клавдія Мудрак. "ПАЛИВНІ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ – АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЕ ДЖЕРЕЛО ЕНЕРГІЇ." Automobile Roads and Road Construction, no. 112 (November 30, 2022): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/0365-8171-2022-112-204-210.
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Electricity production by stations operating on coal, natural gas, gasoline, or other energy carriers is carried out according to the scheme: chemical energy of fuel - thermal energy - energy of motion - electricity. Chemical energy in fuel cells is converted into electrical energy, avoiding intermediate stages. At the same time, a significant gain is obtained both in materials and in energy. These devices are long-term chemical current sources. They are environmentally friendly. Their use in the automotive industry also significantly reduces harmful emissions into the environment. There are two areas of PE application: autonomous and large power generation. In particular, FSs can solve today's pressing problem of energy storage: daily and weekly load fluctuations of power systems significantly reduce their efficiency and require so-called maneuvering capacities. One of the options for electrochemical energy storage is a fuel cell in combination with electrolyzers and gas holders (storage for large quantities of gas). The use of PE in a car promises the greatest benefits. Here, like nowhere else, the compactness of PE is indicated. Among all types of FS, FS with a polymer proton exchange membrane as an electrolyte (PEMFC) has currently found the greatest use. They are used in transport (almost 100% of all cars running on hydrogen). The segment of fuel cells with phosphoric acid as an electrolyte (PAFC) is considered the most "mature" among all fuel cell technologies. Advantages: - low requirements for fuel purity; a large resource of work. The main emphasis in their application is large stationary sources of thermal and electrical energy. FSs based on molten carbonate (MCFC) are characterized by high fuel conversion efficiency - electrical efficiency reaches 60%.
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Emmanuel Augustine Etukudoh, Adefunke Fabuyide, Kenneth Ifeanyi Ibekwe, Sedat Sonko, and Valentine Ikenna Ilojianya. "ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS: A REVIEW OF DESIGN AND INTEGRATION CHALLENGES." Engineering Science & Technology Journal 5, no. 1 (January 24, 2024): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i1.746.
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As the global pursuit of sustainable energy intensifies, the integration of renewable energy sources into existing power systems has become a critical focal point for electrical engineers. This review explores the challenges and advancements in the field of Electrical Engineering concerning the design and integration of renewable energy systems. The transition from traditional fossil fuels to renewable sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the intricate engineering aspects involved. The first section of the review delves into the design challenges faced by electrical engineers when developing efficient and reliable renewable energy systems. This encompasses the optimization of power generation from intermittent sources, the enhancement of energy conversion technologies, and the development of energy storage solutions to mitigate the inherent variability of renewables. Cutting-edge design methodologies and innovative materials are discussed to highlight the ongoing efforts to improve the performance and reliability of renewable energy systems. The second section focuses on the integration challenges encountered during the incorporation of renewable energy into existing power grids. Grid stability, power quality, and the management of decentralized energy sources pose significant hurdles. Electrical engineers are addressing these challenges through the implementation of advanced control systems, smart grid technologies, and energy management strategies. The review also explores the role of energy storage systems and the potential of emerging technologies like microgrids in facilitating seamless integration. Furthermore, the review examines the interdisciplinary nature of electrical engineering in the context of renewable energy, emphasizing the collaboration between electrical engineers, environmental scientists, and policymakers. The synergy between these disciplines is crucial for developing holistic solutions that address not only technical challenges but also environmental and regulatory considerations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the design and integration challenges faced by electrical engineers in the realm of renewable energy systems. By understanding and overcoming these challenges, the global community can accelerate the transition towards a sustainable and resilient energy future.
Keywords: Renewable energy, Energy Integration, Challenges, Electrical, Engineering, Review.
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Lee, Yejin, Seung-hee Park, and Sung Hoon Ahn. "Graphite Felt as an Innovative Electrode Material for Alkaline Water Electrolysis and Zinc–Air Batteries." Batteries 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2024): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020049.
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Recent advancements in energy conversion and storage systems have placed a spotlight on the role of multi-functional electrodes employing conductive substrates. These substrates, however, often face obstacles due to intricate and expensive production methods, as well as limitations in thickness. This research introduces a novel, economical approach using graphite felt as a versatile electrode. A method to enhance the typically low conductivity of graphite felt was devised, incorporating interfacial chemical tuning and the electrodeposition of a highly conductive nickel layer. This technique facilitates the integration of diverse transition metal-based active sites, aiming to refine the catalytic activity for specific electrochemical reactions. A key finding is that a combination of a nickel-rich cathode and an iron-rich anode can effectively optimize alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production at the ampere scale. Furthermore, the addition of sulfur improves the bi-functional oxygen-related redox reactions, rendering it ideal for air cathodes in solid-state zinc–air batteries. The assembled battery exhibits impressive performance, including a peak power density of 62.9 mW cm−2, a minimal voltage gap in discharge–charge polarization, and a lifecycle surpassing 70 h. This advancement in electrode technology signifies a significant leap in energy storage and conversion, offering a sustainable and efficient solution for future energy systems.
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Chen, Xiangping, Wenping Cao, and Lei Xing. "GA Optimization Method for a Multi-Vector Energy System Incorporating Wind, Hydrogen, and Fuel Cells for Rural Village Applications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (August 30, 2019): 3554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173554.
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Utilization of renewable energy (e.g., wind, solar, bio-energy) is high on international and governmental agendas. In order to address energy poverty and increase energy efficiency for rural villages, a hybrid distribution generation (DG) system including wind, hydrogen and fuel cells is proposed to supplement to the main grid. Wind energy is first converted into electrical energy while part of the generated electricity is used for water electrolysis to generate hydrogen for energy storage. Hydrogen is used by fuel cells to convert back to electricity when electrical energy demand peaks. An analytical model has been developed to coordinate the operation of the system involving energy conversion between mechanical, electrical and chemical forms. The proposed system is primarily designed to meet the electrical demand of a rural village in the UK where the energy storage system can balance out the discrepancy between intermittent renewable energy supplies and fluctuating energy demands so as to improve the system efficiency. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used as an optimization strategy to determine the operational scheme for the multi-vector energy system. In the work, four case studies are carried out based on real-world measurement data. The novelty of this study lies in the GA-based optimization and operational methods for maximized wind energy utilization. This provides an alternative to battery energy storage and can be widely applied to wind-rich rural areas.
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Park, Ka-Young, Taehee Lee, Wanhua Wang, Haixia Li, and Fanglin (Frank) Chen. "A Highly Performing Electrode with in-Situ Exsolved Nanoparticles for Direct Electrolysis of CO2." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491938mtgabs.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have increased continuously and rapidly since the industrial revolution, contributing to the serious greenhouse effect and leading to global warming. To minimize this effect, more attentions have been devoted to convert CO2 into useful chemicals such as carbon monoxide (CO), methane, methanol and dimethyl ether through sustainable, renewable, and alternative energy sources while lowering the dependence on fossil fuels. Although various technologies for CO2 conversion have been employed, such as thermocatalytic, electrochemical, and photochemical reductions, the conversion of CO2 to valuable products is relatively difficult due to its remarkably stable C=O bonds. Among them, the electrochemical reaction has a better possibility than the others because the electrochemical reaction is controllable and can utilize alternative energy sources for CO2 conversion, potentially achieving a carbon-neutral energy cycle. As an efficient energy storage method, several types of electrolysis cells have been studied to reduce CO2 electrochemically. Due to the advantages of high energy efficiency, good stability, and high faradaic efficiency, solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are more promising for practical applications in the future than the other electrolysis cells. One challenge is to develop high-performance CO2 conversion electrode, which should possess high catalytic activity, electronic and ionic conductivity, chemical stability in the CO2 atmosphere, and good resistivity against carbon deposition. Cermets (e.g., Ni-YSZ) have been utilized as a traditional CO2 conversion electrode for SOECs because Ni metal serves as not only the electrocatalyst but also the electronic conductor. However, the cermets have issues for CO2 electrolysis due to the oxidation of Ni metal and carbon coking when exposed to a pure or concentrated CO2 atmosphere. Therefore, mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) perovskites have been investigated as the potential cathode materials for CO2 electrolysis, which should have high enough electrical conductivity and chemical stability in the CO2 atmosphere. Perovskites have been considered attractive catalytic materials in the fields of solid oxide fuel cells due to their acceptable electrical conductivity and coking resistance. However, these perovskites have shown relatively low catalytic activity compared to Ni-YSZ cermet. In this work, a novel perovskite has been developed by introducing active nanoparticles via an in situ exsolution process, which showed high performance for the conversion of CO2 to CO. Its electrical conductivity and chemical stability in operating conditions for CO2 electrolysis have been systematically evaluated. Acknowledgements Financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-EE0009427) is greatly appreciated.
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Wongsurakul, Peerawat, Mutsee Termtanun, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Jun Wei Lim, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Prasert Pavasant, Izumi Kumakiri, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat. "Comprehensive Review on Potential Contamination in Fuel Ethanol Production with Proposed Specific Guideline Criteria." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 2986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15092986.
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Ethanol is a promising biofuel that can replace fossil fuel, mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and represent a renewable building block for biochemical production. Ethanol can be produced from various feedstocks. First-generation ethanol is mainly produced from sugar- and starch-containing feedstocks. For second-generation ethanol, lignocellulosic biomass is used as a feedstock. Typically, ethanol production contains four major steps, including the conversion of feedstock, fermentation, ethanol recovery, and ethanol storage. Each feedstock requires different procedures for its conversion to fermentable sugar. Lignocellulosic biomass requires extra pretreatment compared to sugar and starch feedstocks to disrupt the structure and improve enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. Many pretreatment methods are available such as physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological methods. However, the greatest concern regarding the pretreatment process is inhibitor formation, which might retard enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The main inhibitors are furan derivatives, aromatic compounds, and organic acids. Actions to minimize the effects of inhibitors, detoxification, changing fermentation strategies, and metabolic engineering can subsequently be conducted. In addition to the inhibitors from pretreatment, chemicals used during the pretreatment and fermentation of byproducts may remain in the final product if they are not removed by ethanol distillation and dehydration. Maintaining the quality of ethanol during storage is another concerning issue. Initial impurities of ethanol being stored and its nature, including hygroscopic, high oxygen and carbon dioxide solubility, influence chemical reactions during the storage period and change ethanol’s characteristics (e.g., water content, ethanol content, acidity, pH, and electrical conductivity). During ethanol storage periods, nitrogen blanketing and corrosion inhibitors can be applied to reduce the quality degradation rate, the selection of which depends on several factors, such as cost and storage duration. This review article sheds light on the techniques of control used in ethanol fuel production, and also includes specific guidelines to control ethanol quality during production and the storage period in order to preserve ethanol production from first-generation to second-generation feedstock. Finally, the understanding of impurity/inhibitor formation and controlled strategies is crucial. These need to be considered when driving higher ethanol blending mandates in the short term, utilizing ethanol as a renewable building block for chemicals, or adopting ethanol as a hydrogen carrier for the long-term future, as has been recommended.
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Czakiert, Tomasz, Jaroslaw Krzywanski, Anna Zylka, and Wojciech Nowak. "Chemical Looping Combustion: A Brief Overview." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 20, 2022): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041563.
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The current development of chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology is presented in this paper. This technique of energy conversion enables burning of hydrocarbon fuels with dramatically reduced CO2 emission into the atmosphere, since the inherent separation of carbon dioxide takes place directly in a combustion unit. In the beginning, the general idea of the CLC process is described, which takes advantage of solids (so-called oxygen carriers) being able to transport oxygen between combustion air and burning fuel. The main groups of oxygen carriers (OC) are characterized and compared, which are Fe-, Mn-, Cu-, Ni-, and Co-based materials. Moreover, different constructions of reactors tailored to perform the CLC process are described, including fluidized-bed reactors, swing reactors, and rotary reactors. The whole systems are based on the chemical looping concept, such as syngas CLC (SG-CLC), in situ Gasification CLC (iG-CLC), chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU), and chemical looping reforming (CLR), are discussed as well. Finally, a comparison with other pro-CCS (carbon capture and storage) technologies is provided.
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Abdelbadie, Heba T. K., Adel T. M. Taha, Hany M. Hasanien, Rania A. Turky, and S. M. Muyeen. "Stability Enhancement of Wind Energy Conversion Systems Based on Optimal Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems Using the Archimedes Optimization Algorithm." Processes 10, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10020366.
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Throughout the past several years, the renewable energy contribution and particularly the contribution of wind energy to electrical grid systems increased significantly, along with the problem of keeping the systems stable. This article presents a new optimization technique entitled the Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA) that enhances the wind energy conversion system’s stability, integrated with a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system that uses a proportional integral (PI) controller. The AOA is a modern population technique based on Archimedes’ law of physics. The SMES system has a big impact in integrating wind generators with the electrical grid by regulating the output of wind generators and strengthening the power system’s performance. In this study, the AOA was employed to determine the optimum conditions of the PI controller that regulates the charging and discharging of the SMES system. The simulation outcomes of the AOA, the genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) were compared to ensure the efficacy of the introduced optimization algorithm. The simulation results showed the effectiveness of the optimally controlled SMES system, using the AOA in smoothing the output power variations and increasing the stability of the system under various operating conditions.
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Zhang, Wei-De, and Wen-Hui Zhang. "Carbon Nanotubes as Active Components for Gas Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2009 (2009): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/160698.
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The unique structure of carbon nanotubes endows them with fantastic physical and chemical characteristics. Carbon nanotubes have been widely studied due to their potential applications in many fields including conductive and high-strength composites, energy storage and energy conversion devices, sensors, field emission displays and radiation sources, hydrogen storage media, and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and quantum wires. Some of these applications have been realized in products, while others show great potentials. The development of carbon nanotubes-based sensors has attracted intensive interest in the last several years because of their excellent sensing properties such as high selectivity and prompt response. Carbon nanotube-based gas sensors are summarized in this paper. Sensors based on single-walled, multiwalled, and well-aligned carbon nanotubes arrays are introduced. Modification of carbon nanotubes with functional groups, metals, oxides, polymers, or doping carbon nanotubes with other elements to enhance the response and selectivity of the sensors is also discussed.
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Okafor, Okechukwu, Abimbola Popoola, Olawale Popoola, and Samson Adeosun. "Surface modification of carbon nanotubes and their nanocomposites for fuel cell applications: A review." AIMS Materials Science 11, no. 2 (2024): 369–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2024020.
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<abstract> <p>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have drawn great attention as potential materials for energy conversion and storage systems such as batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Among these energy conversion and storage systems, the fuel cells had stood out owing to their high-power density, energy conversion efficiency and zero greenhouse gasses emission. In fuel cells, CNTs have been widely studied as catalyst support, bipolar plates and electrode material due to their outstanding mechanical strength, chemical stability, electrical and thermal conductivity, and high specific surface area. The use of CNT has been shown to enhance the electrocatalytic performance of the catalyst, corrosion resistivity, improve the transmission performance of the fuel cell and reduce the cost of fuel cells. The use of CNTs in fuel cells has drastically reduced the use of noble metals. However, the major drawback to the utilization of pristine CNTs in fuel cells are; poor dispersion, agglomeration, and insolubility of CNTs in most solvents. Surface engineering of CNTs and CNT nanocomposites has proven to remarkably remedy these challenges and significantly enhanced the electrochemical performance of fuel cells. This review discusses the different methods of surface modification of CNTs and their nanocomposite utilized in fuel cell applications. The effect of CNTs in improving the performance of fuel cell catalyst, membrane electrode assembly and bipolar plates of fuel cells. The interaction between the CNTs catalyst support and the catalyst is also reviewed. Lastly, the authors outlined the challenges and recommendations for future study of surface functionalized CNTs composite for fuel cell application.</p> </abstract>
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Kurniawan, Mario, and Svetlozar Ivanov. "Electrochemically Structured Copper Current Collectors for Application in Energy Conversion and Storage: A Review." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 25, 2023): 4933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134933.
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Copper current collectors (Cu CCs) impact the production technology and performance of many electrochemical devices by their unique properties and reliable operation. The efficiency of the related processes and the operation of the electrochemical devices could be significantly improved by optimization of the Cu CCs. Metallic Cu plays an important role in electrochemical energy storage and electrocatalysis, primarily as a conducting substrate on which the chemical processes take place. Li nucleation and growth can be influenced by the current collector by modulating the local current density and Li ion transport. For example, the commonly used planar Cu CC does not perform satisfactorily; therefore, a high number of different modifications of Cu CCs have been proposed and reported in the literature for minimizing the local current density, hindering Li dendrite formation, and improving the Coulombic efficiency. Here, we provide an updated critical overview of the basic strategies of 3D Cu CC structuring, methodologies for analyzing these structures, and approaches for effective control over their most relevant properties. These methods are described in the context of their practical usefulness and applicability in an effort to aid in their easy implementation by research groups and private companies with established traditions in electrochemistry and plating technology. Furthermore, the current overview could be helpful for specialists with experience in associated fields of knowledge such as materials engineering and surface finishing, where electrochemical methods are frequently applied. Motivated by the importance of the final application of Cu CCs in energy storage devices, this review additionally discusses the relationship between CC properties and the functional parameters of the already-implemented electrodes.
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Xiao, Gang, Zhide Wang, Dong Ni, and Peiwang Zhu. "Kinetics and Structural Optimization of Cobalt-Oxide Honeycomb Structures Based on Thermochemical Heat Storage." Energies 16, no. 7 (April 4, 2023): 3237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16073237.
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Thermochemical heat storage is an important solar-heat-storage technology with a high temperature and high energy density, which has attracted increasing attention and research in recent years. The mono-metallic redox pair Co3O4/CoO realizes heat storage and exothermic process through a reversible redox reaction. Its basic principle is to store energy by heat absorption through a reduction reaction during high-irradiation hours (high temperature) and then release heat through an exothermic-oxidation reaction during low-irradiation hours (low temperature). This paper presents the design of a cobalt-oxide honeycomb structure, which is extruded from pure Co3O4, a porous media with a high heat-storage density and a high conversion rate. Based on the experimental data, a three-dimensional axisymmetric multi-physics numerical model was developed to simulate the flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, and chemical reaction in the thermochemical heat-storage reactor. Unlike the previous treatment approach of equating chemical reactions with surface reactions, the model in this paper considers the consumption and generation of solids and the diffusion and transfer of oxygen in the porous medium during the reaction process, which brings the simulation results closer to the real values. Finally, the influence of the physical parameters of the honeycomb-structured body on the storage and exothermic process is explored in a wide range. The simulation results show that the physical-parameter settings and structural design of the cobalt-oxide honeycomb structure used in this paper are reasonable, and are conducive to improving its charging/discharging performance.
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Jin, Qianwen, Yajing Yan, Chenchen Hu, Yongguang Zhang, Xi Wang, and Chunyong Liang. "Carbon Nanotube-Modified Nickel Hydroxide as Cathode Materials for High-Performance Li-S Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050886.
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The advantages of high energy density and low cost make lithium–sulfur batteries one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems. However, the electrical insulativity of sulfur and the serious shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) still impedes its further development. In this regard, a uniform hollow mesoporous Ni(OH)2@CNT microsphere was developed to address these issues. The SEM images show the Ni(OH)2 delivers an average size of about 5 μm, which is composed of nanosheets. The designed Ni(OH)2@CNT contains transition metal cations and interlayer anions, featuring the unique 3D spheroidal flower structure, decent porosity, and large surface area, which is highly conducive to conversion systems and electrochemical energy storage. As a result, the as-fabricated Li-S battery delivers the reversible capacity of 652 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles, demonstrating excellent capacity retention with a low average capacity loss of only 0.081% per cycle at 1 C. This work has shown that the Ni(OH)2@CNT sulfur host prepared by hydrothermal embraces delivers strong physical absorption as well as chemical affinity.
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Guignard, Nathan, Christian Cristofari, Vincent Debusschere, Lauric Garbuio, and Tina Le Mao. "Micro Pumped Hydro Energy Storage: Sketching a Sustainable Hybrid Solution for Colombian Off-Grid Communities." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 16734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416734.
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Currently, electricity generation in off-grid communities is done through polluting and often inefficient diesel generators. When renewable energies are implemented, they are often coupled with chemical batteries, whose specificities do not fit well with remote and harsh environments. As a more sustainable alternative, this paper looks at micro pumped hydro energy storage coupled with solar photovoltaic production. Rural electrification in Colombia is selected as the best potential context for such a solution. Several electrical machines are considered for energy conversion (associated with one pump also utilized as turbine for robustness and cost reasons) and rated over-dedicated criteria: reactive power, efficiency, price, flexibility of power intake, complexity, and robustness. This sketching phase highlights two machines, induction and permanent magnet synchronous machines, both coupled with a variable frequency drive. Two microgrid configurations are also selected that best suit this storage technology to the needs of Colombian non-interconnected zones. A pursuit of low-tech, robust solutions is carried in this paper for reasons of costs, maintenance, and local appropriation.
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Nunna, Guru Prakash, Rosaiah Pitcheri, Bandar Ali Al-Asbahi, Sambasivam Sangaraju, Baseem Khan, and Ko Tae Jo. "Ti3C2 MXene Nanosheets/Vanadium Nitride@Carbon Composite Electrodes for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (October 31, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8091900.
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Lithium-ion batteries have delivered outstanding charge storage performance due to their high energy density and low cost and also more specialized energy conversion device for next-generation electrical appliances. Herein, we offered the ultrathin Ti3C2 MXene (titanium carbide) nanosheets/vanadium nitride (VN)@carbon (C) nanocomposites for lithium-ion storage application as a high-capacity anode material. The proposed anode material is Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets/VN@C composite as synthesized via chemical precipitation. The real-time half-cell of Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets/VN@C composite shows the excellent initial discharge specific capacity of 1237 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.1 A g-1 with a reverse rate capacity of 685 mAh g-1. The high specific capacity of 645 mAh g-1 has been attained even after 500 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g-1. This type of rich reverse rate capacity and stability of the anode electrode is responsible due to the high conductivities and surface areas of Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets/VN@C composite, which is provided easy accessibility of Li+ ions.
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Buang, N., M. Aziz, S. Sanip, J. C. Tee, Z. H. Z. Abidin, and Ahmad Faris Ismail. "Effect of Pretreatment of Synthetic and Natural Carbons as Starting Materials for Carbon Nanotubes." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 23 (January 2005): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.23.285.
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Carbon are well known as active materials for energy storage and conversion. They are preferred because carbon materials have high electrical conductivity, low cost, high surface area, porosity, formability and possess good chemical and electrochemical resistivity. The most recently discovered novel carbon material is the carbon nanotubes, having unique geometrical structure and stable mechanical and chemical properties. The starting materials for carbon nanotubes production widely used are high purity graphite. Thus, two types of carbons were studied and thermal treatments were conducted at temperatures ranging from 600 – 800 °C for several hours. The effect of the pretreatment upon their morphology and surface area were looked into. It was found that significant changes occurred for the natural carbons while the synthetic carbons showed little or no changes at the particular temperature range. The thermal treatment has resulted in the exposure of fresh edge planes and microparticles as well as changes in the specific surface area and enhances their adsorption properties.
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Tian, Wenxin, Hao Du, Jianzhang Wang, Jan J. Weigand, Jian Qi, Shaona Wang, and Lanjie Li. "A Review of Electrolyte Additives in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Materials 16, no. 13 (June 25, 2023): 4582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134582.
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Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage, and the electrolyte plays a critical role in chemical–electrical energy conversion. However, the operating temperature of VRFBs is limited to 10–40 °C because of the stability of the electrolyte. To overcome this, various chemical species are added, but the progress and mechanism have not been summarized and discussed yet. This review summarizes research progress on electrolyte additives that are used for different purposes or systems in the operation of VRFBs, including stabilizing agents (SAs) and electrochemical mass transfer enhancers (EMTEs). Additives in vanadium electrolytes that exhibit microscopic stabilizing mechanisms and electrochemical enhancing mechanisms, including complexation, electrostatic repulsion, growth inhibition, and modifying electrodes, are also discussed, including inorganic, organic, and complex. In the end, the prospects and challenges associated with the side effects of additives in VRFBs are presented, aiming to provide a theoretical and comprehensive reference for researchers to design a higher-performance electrolyte for VRFBs.
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Xu, Maoping, Rui Wang, Kan Bian, Chuang Hou, Yaxing Wu, and Guoan Tai. "Triclinic boron nanosheets high-efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting." Nanotechnology 33, no. 7 (November 22, 2021): 075601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac368a.
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Abstract Recently, two-dimensional (2D) boron nanosheets have been predicted to exhibit exceptional physical and chemical properties, which is expected to be widely used in advanced electronics, optoelectronic, energy storage and conversion devices. However, the experimental application of 2D boron nanosheets in hydrogen evolution reactiuon (HER) has not been reported. Here, we have grown ultrathin boron nanosheets on tungsten foils via chemical vapor deposition. The prepared triclinic boron nanosheets are highly crystalline, which perfectly match the structure in the previous theoretical calculations. Notably, the boron nanosheets show excellent HER performance. The Tafel slope is only 64 mV dec−1 and the nanosheets can maintain good stability under long-time cycle in acidic solution. The improvement of performance is mainly due to the metal properties and a large number of exposed active sites on the boron nanosheets, which is confirmed by first-principle calculations.
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Zhao, Shuo, Jiaxiang Li, Jindong Hao, Tianyu Wang, Jie Gu, Cuihua An, Qibo Deng, et al. "Electro-Chemical Actuation of Nanoporous Metal Materials Induced by Surface Stress." Metals 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2023): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13071198.
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Similar to biological muscles, the actuator materials can function as artificial muscles by directly converting an external stimulus in the form of electrical or chemical energy into a mechanical response through the reversible changes in material dimensions. As a new type of high surface-area actuator materials, nanoporous metals represent a novel class of smart electrodes that undergo reversible dimensional changes when applying an electronic voltage on the surface. The dimensional changes in nanoporous metal/polymer composite still originate from the surface stress of nanoporous metal. Additionally, this surface stress can be modulated by the co-adsorbed sulfate counter-ions that are present in the doped polymer chains coating matrix upon the application of an external potential. Nanoporous metals fabricated by dealloying have received extensive attention in many areas, such as catalysis/electrocatalysis, energy conversion/storage, and sensing/biosensing. In this review, we focus on the recent developments of dealloyed nanoporous metals in the application of actuation. In particular, we summarize the experimental strategies in the studies and highlight the recent advances in the actuator materials. Finally, we conclude with outlook and perspectives with respect to future research on dealloyed nanoporous metals in applications of actuation in electrochemical or chemical environment.
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Chen, Lijia, Cunyun Xu, Yan Qin, Xiaofeng He, Hongyu Bian, Gaobo Xu, Lianbin Niu, and Qunliang Song. "An Inverted Perovskite Solar Cell with Good Comprehensive Performance Realized by Reducing the Concentration of Precursors." Nanomaterials 12, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12101736.
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Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit great potential for industrial application thanks to their low complexity and low fabrication temperature. Aiming at commercial applications, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the material consumption and its corresponding electrical performance. Here, a simple strategy has been proposed to obtain inverted PSCs with comprehensive performance, that is, reaching an acceptable electrical performance by reducing the usage of perovskite. More precisely, the inverted PSCs, whose perovskite film is prepared by 1.0 M precursor, yields a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.50%, fulfilling the requirement for real commercial application. In addition, the thickness of the electron transport layer (C60 in this work) in the above inverted PSCs was further optimized by comparing the simulated absorption spectrum, J-V characteristics and impedance with three different thicknesses of C60 layer. More excitingly, the optimized device displays high storage stability which maintains more than 90% of its initial PCE for 28 days. Therefore, our work provides a simple and cost-effective method to reach good comprehensive performance of inverted PSCs for commercial applications.
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You, Yunmeng, Xianhao Hua, Yuanying Cui, Guiming Wu, Shujun Qiu, Yongpeng Xia, Yumei Luo, Fen Xu, Lixian Sun, and Hailiang Chu. "Momordica Grosvenori Shell-Derived Porous Carbon Materials for High-Efficiency Symmetric Supercapacitors." Nanomaterials 12, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 4204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234204.
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Porous carbon materials derived from waste biomass have received broad interest in supercapacitor research due to their high specific surface area, good electrical conductivity, and excellent electrochemical performance. In this work, Momordica grosvenori shell-derived porous carbons (MGCs) were synthesized by high-temperature carbonization and subsequent activation by potassium hydroxide (KOH). As a supercapacitor electrode, the optimized MGCs-2 sample exhibits superior electrochemical performance. For example, a high specific capacitance of 367 F∙g−1 is achieved at 0.5 A∙g−1. Even at 20 A∙g−1, more than 260 F∙g−1 can be retained. Moreover, it also reveals favorable cycling stability (more than 96% of capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 5 A∙g−1). These results demonstrate that porous carbon materials derived from Momordica grosvenori shells are one of the most promising electrode candidate materials for practical use in the fields of electrochemical energy storage and conversion.