Relevant bibliographies by topics / Conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)

Academic literature on the topic 'Conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 3 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)"

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Kaloko, Bambang Sri. "LEAD ACID BATTERY MODELING FOR ELECTRIC CAR POWER SOURCES." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 3 (June 24, 2010): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21508.

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Successful commercialization of electric vehicles will require a confluence of technology, market, economic, and political factors that transform EVs into an attractive choice for consumers. The characteristics of the traction battery will play a critical role in this transformation. The relationship between battery characteristics such as power, capacity and efficiency, and EV customer satisfaction are discussed based on real world experience. A general problem, however, is that electrical energy can hardly be stored. In general, the storage of electrical energy requires its conversion into another form of energy. Electrical energy is typically obtained through conversion of chemical energy stored in devices such as batteries. In batteries the energy of chemical compounds acts as storage medium, and during discharge, a chemical process occurs that generates energy which can be drawn from the battery in form of an electric current at a certain voltage. A computer simulation is developed to examine overall battery design with the MATLAB/Simulink. Battery modelling with this program have error level less than 5%. Keywords: Electrochemistry, lead acid battery, stored energy
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Farsi, Hossein, and Zahra Barzgari. "Chemical Synthesis of Nanostructured SrWO4 for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Applications." International Journal of Nanoscience 13, no. 02 (April 2014): 1450013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x14500136.

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Nanostructured strontium tungstate was successfully synthesized by a co-precipitation method at 80°C. The structure and morphology of the obtained SrWO4 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD pattern conformed that the prepared sample has a scheelite-type tetragonal structure. The electrochemical properties of the SrWO4 were investigated in 0.5 M NaOH electrolyte solution by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Also, platinum have been supported onto the surface of SrWO4 /graphite electrode to use as catalyst support. The morphology of the catalysts was characterized by scanning electron microscopy analysis and EDX. The electrocatalytic activity of platinum loaded SrWO4 /graphite electrode toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been studied in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution and compared with that of platinum supported on graphite using electrochemical measurements. The PtSrWO4 /graphite catalyst showed higher ORR activity than Pt /graphite catalyst.
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Nestler, Tina, William Förster, Stefan Braun, Wolfram Münchgesang, Falk Meutzner, Matthias Zschornak, Charaf Cherkouk, Tilmann Leisegang, and Dirk Meyer. "Energy Storage in crystalline Materials based on multivalent Ions." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331409634x.

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Energy conversion and storage has become the main challenge to satisfy the growing demand for renewable energy solutions as well as mobile applications. Nowadays, several technologies exist for the conversion of electric energy into e. g. heat, light and motion or vice versa. Among a large variety of storage concepts, the conversion of electrical in chemical energy is of great relevance in particular for location-independent use. Main factors that still limit the use of electrochemical cells are the volumetric and gravimetric energy density, cyclability as well as safety. The concept for a new thin-film rechargeable battery that possibly improves these properties is presented. In contrast to the widespread lithium-ion technology, the discussed battery is based on the redox reaction of multivalent Al-ions and their migration through solid electrolytes. The ion conduction and insertion processes in the crystalline materials of the suggested cell are discussed under a crystallographic point of view to identify suitable electrode and separator materials. A multilayer-stack of all-solid-state batteries is synthesized by pulsed laser deposition and investigated in situ, i. e. during charge and discharge, by X-ray reflection and diffraction methods. The correlation between crystal structure, morphology and electrical performance is investigated in order to characterize the ion diffusion and insertion process.
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Bonaccorso, Francesco, Luigi Colombo, Guihua Yu, Meryl Stoller, Valentina Tozzini, Andrea C. Ferrari, Rodney S. Ruoff, and Vittorio Pellegrini. "Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage." Science 347, no. 6217 (January 1, 2015): 1246501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1246501.

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Graphene and related two-dimensional crystals and hybrid systems showcase several key properties that can address emerging energy needs, in particular for the ever growing market of portable and wearable energy conversion and storage devices. Graphene’s flexibility, large surface area, and chemical stability, combined with its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, make it promising as a catalyst in fuel and dye-sensitized solar cells. Chemically functionalized graphene can also improve storage and diffusion of ionic species and electric charge in batteries and supercapacitors. Two-dimensional crystals provide optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties complementing those of graphene, enabling the realization of ultrathin-film photovoltaic devices or systems for hydrogen production. Here, we review the use of graphene and related materials for energy conversion and storage, outlining the roadmap for future applications.
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Reifsnider, Kenneth, Fazle Rabbi, Jeff Baker, Jon Michael Adkins, and Q. Liu. "Processing-Property Relationships in Advanced Multi-Functional Composite Materials: Management of Dielectric Behavior." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1560.

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Many of the advanced composite materials used in aerospace, energy storage and conversion, and electrical devices are multifunctional, i.e., they operate on (or in the presence of) some combination of mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, and magnetic fields. Designing composite materials for airplanes, for example, must include not only structural, but also thermal and electrical considerations. Most energy storage and conversion devices are made from advanced composite materials, and they must be designed to interact and sustain their functions in multiple fields, often mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, and thermal. The functional characteristics of such materials are not only controlled by the constituent properties, but are highly dependent on the size, shape, geometry, arrangement, and interfaces between the constituent materials, the extrinsic factors controlled by processing. That is the subject of the present paper. In particular, we will focus on the design of microstructure in heterogeneous materials to manage the dielectric properties and character of such materials.
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Wu, Yuping, and Rudolf Holze. "Electrocatalysis at Electrodes for VanadiumRedox Flow Batteries." Batteries 4, no. 3 (September 13, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries4030047.

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Flow batteries (also: redox batteries or redox flow batteries RFB) are briefly introduced as systems for conversion and storage of electrical energy into chemical energy and back. Their place in the wide range of systems and processes for energy conversion and storage is outlined. Acceleration of electrochemical charge transfer for vanadium-based redox systems desired for improved performance efficiency of these systems is reviewed in detail; relevant data pertaining to other redox systems are added when possibly meriting attention. An attempt is made to separate effects simply caused by enlarged electrochemically active surface area and true (specific) electrocatalytic activity. Because this requires proper definition of the experimental setup and careful examination of experimental results, electrochemical methods employed in the reviewed studies are described first.
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Hariharan, Srirama, Kuppan Saravanan, and Palani Balaya. "Lithium Storage Using Conversion Reaction in Maghemite and Hematite." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 13, no. 9 (2010): A132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3458648.

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Olabi, Abdul Ghani, Mohamed Adel Allam, Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, T. D. Deepa, Abdul Hai Alami, Qaisar Abbas, Ammar Alkhalidi, and Enas Taha Sayed. "Redox Flow Batteries: Recent Development in Main Components, Emerging Technologies, Diagnostic Techniques, Large-Scale Applications, and Challenges and Barriers." Batteries 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2023): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9080409.

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Redox flow batteries represent a captivating class of electrochemical energy systems that are gaining prominence in large-scale storage applications. These batteries offer remarkable scalability, flexible operation, extended cycling life, and moderate maintenance costs. The fundamental operation and structure of these batteries revolve around the flow of an electrolyte, which facilitates energy conversion and storage. Notably, the power and energy capacities can be independently designed, allowing for the conversion of chemical energy from input fuel into electricity at working electrodes, resembling the functioning of fuel cells. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the components, advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of redox flow batteries (RFBs). Moreover, it explores various diagnostic techniques employed in analyzing flow batteries. The discussion encompasses the utilization of RFBs for large-scale energy storage applications and summarizes the engineering design aspects related to these batteries. Additionally, this study delves into emerging technologies, applications, and challenges in the realm of redox flow batteries.
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Honorato, Ana M. B., and Mohd Khalid. "Carbon nanomaterials for metal-free electrocatalysis." Applied Chemical Engineering 3, no. 1 (May 25, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/ace.v3i1.511.

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Carbon materials are continuing in progress to accomplish the requirements of energy conversion and energy storage technologies because of their plenty in nature, high surface area, outstanding electrical properties, and readily obtained from varieties of chemical and natural sources. Recently, carbon-based electrocatalysts have been developed in the quest to replacement of noble metal based catalysts for low cost energy conversion technologies, such as fuel cell, water splitting, and metal-air batteries. Herein, we will present our short overview on recently developed carbon-based electrocatalysts for energy conversion reactions such as oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution reactions, along with challenges and perspectives in the emerging field of metal-free electrocatalysts.
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Zoller, Florian, Jan Luxa, Thomas Bein, Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing, Daniel Bouša, and Zdeněk Sofer. "Flexible freestanding MoS2-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (July 24, 2019): 1488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.147.

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The construction of flexible electrochemical devices for energy storage and generation is of utmost importance in modern society. In this article, we report on the synthesis of flexible MoS2-based composite paper by high-energy shear force milling and simple vacuum filtration. This composite material combines high flexibility, mechanical strength and good chemical stability. Chronopotentiometric charge–discharge measurements were used to determine the capacitance of our paper material. The highest capacitance achieved was 33 mF·cm−2 at a current density of 1 mA·cm−2, demonstrating potential application in supercapacitors. We further used the material as a cathode for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with an onset potential of approximately −0.2 V vs RHE. The onset potential was even lower (approximately −0.1 V vs RHE) after treatment with n-butyllithium, suggesting the introduction of new active sites. Finally, a potential use in lithium ion batteries (LIB) was examined. Our material can be used directly without any binder, additive carbon or copper current collector and delivers specific capacity of 740 mA·h·g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A·g−1. After 40 cycles at this current density the material still reached a capacity retention of 91%. Our findings show that this composite material could find application in electrochemical energy storage and generation devices where high flexibility and mechanical strength are desired.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)"

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(9838805), Stacey Tabert. "Assessing energy behaviours in Queensland schools: A study of the Queensland Solar Schools initiative (2001-2008)." Thesis, 2010. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Assessing_energy_behaviours_in_Queensland_schools_A_study_of_the_Queensland_Solar_Schools_initiative_2001-2008_/13460987.

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"A strategy adopted by the Australian and Queensland Governments to reduce the carbon footprint of schools involved installing solar energy systems on selected schools. The objective of the Queensland Solar Schools initiative (2001-2008) was to provide schools with an educational resource that would raise awareness about renewable energy technology while reducing school electricity usage costs...The central aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of the Queensland Social Schools initiative by investigating whether schools with solar PV installations came to view and use energy differently from schools without renewable energy technology"--Abstract.
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(9780230), Sharmina Begum. "Assessment of alternative waste technologies for energy recovery from solid waste in Australia." Thesis, 2016. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Assessment_of_alternative_waste_technologies_for_energy_recovery_from_solid_waste_in_Australia/13436876.

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Solid waste can be considered either as a burden or as a valuable resource for energy generation. Therefore, identifying an environmentally sound and technoeconomically feasible solid waste treatment is a global and local challenge. This study focuses on identifying an Alternative Waste Technology (AWT) for meeting this global and local demand. AWT recovers more resources from the waste flow and reduces the impact on the environment. There are three main pathways for converting solid waste into energy: thermo-chemical, biochemical and physicochemical. This study deals with thermochemical conversion processes. Mainly four thermo-chemical conversion processes of AWTs are commonly used in Australia: anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, gasification and incineration. The main aim of this study is to identify and test the most suitable AWT for use in Australia. A decision-making tool, Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), was used to identify the most suitable AWT. MCA of the available AWTs was performed using five criteria, that is, capital cost, complexity, public acceptability, diversion from landfill and energy produced, from which Gasification technology has been identified as the most suitable AWT for energy recovery from solid waste. This study then mainly focused on assessing the performance of gasification technology for converting solid waste into energy both experimentally and numerically. Experimental investigation of solid waste gasification was performed using a pilotscale gasification plant of Corky’s Carbon and Combustion P/L plant in Mayfield, Australia. In this experiment, wood chips were used as feedstock (solid waste) under specified gasifier operating conditions. Syngas composition was measured at different stages of gasification, such as raw, scrubbed and dewatered syngas. Mass and energy balance was analysed using the experimental measured data. It was found that 65 per cent of the original energy of solid waste was converted to syngas, 23 per cent converted to char and 6 per cent converted to hot oil. The remaining 6 per cent was lost to the atmosphere. Firstly, a numerical investigation was performed by developing a computational process model using Advanced System for Process ENgineering (ASPEN) Plus software. Computational models were developed for both fixed bed gasification and fluidised bed gasification processes. A simplified, small scale fixed bed gasification model was initially developed in order to observe the performance of the solid waste gasification process. The model is validated with experimental data of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and food waste from the literature. Using this validated model, the effects of gasifier operating conditions, such as gasifier temperature, air-fuel ratio and steam-fuel ratio were examined and performance analyses were conducted for four different feedstocks, namely wood, coffee bean husks, green wastes and MSWs. Secondly, a computational model was developed for the fluidised bed gasification process. The model was validated with experimental data for wood chips (solid waste) measured at Corky’s Carbon and Combustion plant. A very good agreement was found between simulation and experimental results, with a maximum variation of 3 per cent. The validated model was used to analyse the effects of gasifier operating conditions. Using the fluidised bed gasification model, a detailed analysis was done for both energy and exergy in order to achieve a complete picture of the system outcome. Energy efficiency of 78 per cent and exergetic efficiency of 23 per cent were achieved for the system. The developed fixed bed and fluidised bed gasification models were useful to predict the various operating parameters of a solid waste gasification plant, such as temperature, pressure, air-fuel ratio and steam-fuel ratio. This research outcome contributes to a better understanding by stakeholders and policy makers at national and international levels who are responsible for developing different waste management technologies. In future, this research can be extended for other feedstocks, such as green waste, sugarcane bagasse and mixed MSW.

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(9820127), Shadia Moazzem. "Reduction of CO² emissions in coal-fired power plants for achieving a sustainable environment." Thesis, 2012. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Reduction_of_CO_emissions_in_coal-fired_power_plants_for_achieving_a_sustainable_environment/13460243.

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(9778397), Md Abul Kalam Azad. "Experimental investigation of CI engine performance, emissions and combustion using advanced biofuels." Thesis, 2016. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Experimental_investigation_of_CI_engine_performance_emissions_and_combustion_using_advanced_biofuels/16556727.

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There is an ongoing interest in developing new alternative fuels (such as biofuel) for both aviation and road transport sectors to meet increasing energy demand and assist in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The major contribution of this work is to develop an aviation biofuel from a new feedstock and create the best possible biodiesel-diesel blends for the transport sector. This study focuses on improving engine performance and reducing emissions by enhancing combustion efficiency using these newly developed fuels without any modification of the modern engine. The combustion and emissions were closely monitored to evaluate the pollutants formation in a compression ignition (CI) engine. Better performing fuels were identified and their tribological behaviour was also studied to assess their impact on engine life.

A wide range of biofuel feedstocks (over 150 species) was initially investigated to identify the most prospective feedstocks for producing biodiesels. The study eventually identified six prospective feedstocks namely Mandarin peel waste, Crambe, Tamanu, Borage, Waste Avocado flesh and Bush nut for biofuel production. The biofuels were produced in the laboratory from these selected feedstocks. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) composition and physio–chemical properties of these newly produced biofuels were evaluated using ASTM and EN standards.

The fuel properties of these biodiesels revealed that the properties of the Mandarin biofuel closely fit with the properties of commercial jet fuel with a calorific value of 44.66 MJ/kg (4.3% higher than commercial jet fuel) and a higher flash point of 52 °C. This biofuel has a lower viscosity (about 2.13 mm2/s at minus 20 degree C.) which is desirable and is self–oxygenated and sulphur free. Therefore, it is seen as a prospective new source of aviation biofuel production which is a new finding. This has not been studied earlier.

As an aviation engine was not available, Mandarin aviation biofuel was tested in a lean diesel engine and showed excellent performance and a large reduction in engine emissions. It can achieve reductions of up to 30.0% CO, about 33.5% HC and around 19.2% PM (particulate matter) at full load with variable speed and 33.0% CO, 32.8% HC, 28.5% PM emission reduction at variable load as compared to ultra – low – sulphur diesel (ULSD) by blending 20% with fossil fuel.

Other biodiesel (Crambe, Tamanu, Borage, Avocado, Bush nut) blends (B5 to B20) were also tested in a four stroke diesel engine to evaluate the performance and emission parameters at different operating and load conditions. The results revealed that Avocado biodiesel shows overall better performance (about 0.50% less BP, 0.83% more BSFC, and 0.18% less BTE as compared to ULSD at full load and rated speed) compared to other fuels. However, Crambe, Borage, and Bush nut also show close performance with Avocado biodiesel. Blending up to 20% of this biodiesel can reduce emissions by up to about 50% CO, 27% HC and 36% PM, however it increases NOx emission by about 26% compared to ULSD at full load and rated speed. On the other hand, Tamanu biodiesel blends show poor engine performance though emission reduction is comparable with other biodiesels at the same operating conditions.

For further improvement in engine performance and emission reduction this study developed four mixture blends by combining two biodiesels (totalling 5% at different proportions) and paraffin as an additive at 4% with the remaining 91% being ULSD. The mixture blends are described as ManCr_Pa (Mandarin-Crambe_Paraffin), TaMan_Pa (Tamanu-Mandarin_Paraffin), BoMan_Pa (Borage-Mandarin_Paraffin) and AvBn_Pa (Avocado-Bush nut_Paraffin). The mixture blends show improved performance compared to each B5 blend and significantly reduce emissions like B20 blends due to their improved fuel properties. Among these mixture blends, the Avocado-Bush nut and paraffin (AvBn_Pa) ternary mixture demonstrates comparable performance with ULSD. It reduces about 48.0% CO, 30.0% HC, 40.0% PM emissions compared to ULSD. This equates to about 16.0% CO, 8.7% HC and 28.0% PM more reduction of emissions compared to an Avocado B5 blend. This mixture blend produces about 9% less NOx compared to the B5 blend of Avocado biodiesel. On the other hand, the ManCr_Pa mixture blend reduces about 62% HC emission compared to ULSD with about 12% lower NOx emission.

The advanced combustion analysis was done on the better performing blends (i.e. for ManCr_Pa and AvBn_Pa mixture blends) to evaluate pollutant formation mechanisms during combustion. The results revealed shorter ignition delay and longer combustion duration for AvBn_Pa. This blend also exhibits higher cylinder pressure and higher heat release rate with a longer duration of the diffusion combustion phase. Additionally, a knocking characteristic was identified for ManCr_Pa mixture blend. The tribological characteristics such as friction, wear, lubrication stability and metal surface morphology were also evaluated using high-resolution SEM/EDX microscopy to assess energy savings, engine reliability, and impacts on engine life.

This study revealed an excellent tribological performance of AvBn_Pa blend compared to ULSD with about 21% less friction coefficient at steady state condition, around 19% less wear scar diameter, higher lubrication film stability, as well as less wear debris and metal corrosion. The study concluded that AvBn_Pa blend is the best mixture blend in all aspects of performance considered, namely emission reduction, improved combustion and tribological behaviour for a sustainable environment as well as sustainable engine health for the transport sector.

The study will provide useful information and guidelines to biofuel stakeholders, the transport sector, engine designers, the aviation industry and policy makers involved with newly developed aviation biofuels and other biodiesel usage in a full-scale diesel engine. It will provide new opportunities to future researchers to develop Mandarin aviation biofuel as a commercial aviation fuel. This research will help engine designers to develop more efficient and sustainable engines and to customise newly developed biodiesels for application in the transport sector.
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(9798401), Yazeed Ghadi. "Advanced fuzzy logic based control systems for an institutional building in subtropical climate." Thesis, 2018. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Advanced_fuzzy_logic_based_control_systems_for_an_institutional_building_in_subtropical_climate/13446071.

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Building management systems (BMS) have the ability to monitor and control buildings mechanical and electrical systems, such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems, for providing indoor thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption. However, most HVAC systems are controlled using conventional controller the functions of which are based on ON/OFFs controller and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers. These controllers are not efficient at saving energy because of the operations of HVAC systems are nonlinear. Thus, the implementation of fuzzy-logic-based control systems within smart buildings are necessary as they are more efficient and will consequently reduce building energy consumption as well as negative impacts on environment. The main aim of this study was to design and develop an advanced fuzzy-logic-based controller for HVAC and indoor lighting systems for an institutional building in subtropical Central Queensland (Australia) to assess its energy and environmental performances, and compare these with the performances of conventional ON/OFF and PID controllers. The fuzzy-logic-based model and control strategies were designed and developed to control indoor temperature, humidity, air quality, air velocity, daylight integration, thermal comfort and energy balance. In addition, the model for indoor temperature and humidity transfer matrix, uncertainties of users’ comfort preference set-points and a fuzzy algorithm were developed. The performances of both ON/OFF and PID control system, and proposed fuzzy-logic-based control systems were simulated using MATLAB software. DAYSIM software was used to simulate the illuminance of lighting system. DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus software were used to develop case study building layout and thermal performance modelling. The simulation was done for indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity control, indoor air quality, and illuminance control. The simulated results were analysed on the basis of real-life events such as the usage of ambient air when its temperature and humidity matches indoor thermal comfort set-point, the usage of existing daylighting rather than the usage of electric lighting, and the consideration of the building’s occupancy level taking into account the controllers’ execution performance panel containing response speed, overshot and robustness adaptability. It was found that an energy savings of about 10% can be achieved if fuzzy-logic-based controllers are introduced compared to conventional PID controllers at full occupancy level for the case study building’s HVAC and lighting systems. The simulation was also done for 50% occupancy and 25% occupancy levels which indicated an energy savings of about 14% at 50% occupancy level, and 24% at 25% occupancy level compared to full occupancy at a given time. In addition, life cycle costs savings of about 20.5% can be achieved using the proposed fuzzy-logic controller. The systems payback period is expected to be nine years, and the system is able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of 25.5 tonnes of CO2 per annum from the case study building. The thesis has contributed to the process development and design of advanced fuzzy logic controllers for smart buildings in subtropical climate of Australia which is a successful alternative to conventional control systems especially where indoor air quality and mould growth issue is a big concern, e.g. in hospitals, libraries and museums. The novelty of this work is the development of an energy efficient and environment friendly control of HVAC and lighting systems using real life and time events such as ambient air, day-light and actual occupancy levels which have not been addressed previously within an Australian institutional building, specifically under the subtropical climate conditions. Thus, the outcomes of the study will provide designers, developers and decision makers with the essential information and knowledge of applications of advanced fuzzy logic control system for smart buildings.
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(9780926), Muhammad Bhuiya. "An experimental study of 2nd generation biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engine." Thesis, 2017. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/An_experimental_study_of_2nd_generation_biodiesel_as_an_alternative_fuel_for_diesel_engine/13449476.

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This study investigated the prospects of using 2nd generation biodiesel as an alternative fuel particularly the biodiesel produced from the Australian Beauty Leaf (BL) (Calophyllum inophyllum L.). Firstly, the study developed an optimised oil extraction method from BL kernel based on the kernel size and treatment conditions (for example, seed preparation and cracking, drying, whole kernel, grated kernel and moisture content). Mechanical method of using a screw press expeller and chemical method of using n-hexane were used for oil extraction. The results indicated that the grated kernels that were dried to 14.4% moisture content produced the highest oil yield from both methods. The highest oil recovery of 54% was obtained in n-hexane method from the grated kernel followed by 45% in screw press method. A comparison of fossil energy ratio (FER) (the ratio of energy produced from the biodiesel to the energy required for processing of the feedstocks) was made between n-hexane and screw press methods and the results revealed that the FER in-hexane method was 4.1 compared to 3.7 in screw press method, indicating that the n-hexane method is more efficient than the screw press technique. It should also be noted that the oil content of BL kernel was about 60% on dry weight basis.
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(9838253), Roshani Subedi. "Assessing the viability of growing Agave Tequilana for biofuel production in Australia." Thesis, 2013. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Assessing_the_viability_of_growing_Agave_Tequilana_for_biofuel_production_in_Australia/20459547.

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Governments around the world have been introducing policies to support the use of biofuels since the 1990s due to its positive influence in climate change mitigation,  air quality, fuel supply security and poverty reduction through rural and regional iindustry growth. In Australia, liquid fuel is in high demand and this demand is increasing every year. To meet the current fuel demand and to address climate change impacts, it is important for Australia to  invest in green and clean energy. Biofuels are one of the options for clean and green energy that could help to reduce the demand for fossil fuels. Not only developed countries but also developing countries are interested in reducing dependence on imported fossil fuel and  promoting economic development, poverty reductions and improving access to commercial energy through biofuel policies. However, the major challenge for the biofuel industry is to find the right feedstock that does not compete with human feedstock and can grow in marginal land. One of such feedstock that is studied in this research is Agave tequilana. 

Overcoming many of the constraints to establish Agave tequilana as a potential feedstock in Australia requires an understanding of the complex technical, economical and systemic challenges associated with farming, processing and extracting ethanol. The aim of this research is to study the viability of growing Agave tequilana as a potential biofuel feedstock in Australia. The study also explores and highlights the economics of growing this crop, with the idea of comparing the costs and benefits of growing Agave tequilana with that of sugarcane. Agave tequilana has been selected for this study because of the existence of a trial site at Ayr, Queensland and because of a similar climate and rainfall pattern to that of the western central highlands of Mexico where Agave is traditionally grown for the production of tequila. In this study, the viability of growing Agave tequilana for producing ethanol in Ayr, Queensland has been assessed using a case study approach and financial cost and Green House Gas (GHG) saving have been estimated using life cycle cost analysis. Likewise, Agave tequilana and sugarcane agronomic practices have been compared and ibofuel policies have been highlighted using secondary sources to support the establishment of non-food crops such as Agave tequilana in Australia and elsewhere. 

Ayr, Queensland is predominantly a sugarcane growing area where sugarcane farmers occupy 88% of the total agricultural land available. The remaining 12% has been set aside for other crops and cattle grazing or alternatively, some land may remain unused. In this study, farmers expressed that there is very limited land in Ayr available for Agave tequilana to be commercially viable until the sugarcane growing land or cattle grazing land is converted into Agave fields. However, it appears that both farmers and stakeholders are ready to accept Agave tequilana as a potential biofuel crop, if it is to be established on marginal lands in the sugarcane belt of Queensland, rather than in the Burdekin region which is predominately a sugarcane growing area. 

The study also found that only 33% respondents were acquainted with this crop, and that a smaller group were aware of the potential of the crop to produce biofuel. Farmers indicated they would wait until the first trial outcomes are finalised and more research and development is undertaken on this crop before deciding to invest. Since this crop takes at least five years to provide a financial return compared to existing crops in the region, most of the respondents expect higher returns of 20-25% at the end of harvesting time and would prefer interim payment. Farmers may also require initial assistance from the government such as subsidised farm machinery, subsidised fuel and interest free loans before deciding to invest. Life cycle stages of Agave tequilana have been derived taking sugarcane as a base crop. At the first trial site, more than 65% of the cost of farming Agave tequilana in Australia occurred in the first year of plantation, and allowed the conclusion that existing tools and machineries are able to be modified and used in farming Agave tequilana in Australia. The tequila

industry provides a model for biofuel production from Agave tequilana. In Australia, the cost of producing ethanol from Agave tequilana is estimated to be around A$0.52 per litre, excluding government subsidies. The total cost of constructing ethanol pl nt capacity of 90

ML/Year in Australia at present is estimated at A$113.5 million. 

The level of support provided to the biofuel industry by the Australian government is relatively less significant  compared to other advanced countries such as USA and EU. However, the support provided by both the federal and state level programs has provided significant amounts of support to the biofuel industry in Australia. In future, if Agave tequilana is to be selected as a potential non-food crop biofuel feedstock, the government and the private sector need to explore the financial opportunities in marginal and semi marginal regions of Australia for supplementing the viability of producing ethanol with new technology. It is also necessary to explore the business case to modify the existing sugar processing mills to produce ethanol from Agave tequilana from its juice and bagasse. 

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8

(5931020), Babak Bahrami Asl. "FUTURISTIC AIR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION BY USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE." Thesis, 2020.

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The compressed air system is widely used throughout the industry. Air compressors are one of the most costly systems to operate in industrial plants in therms of energy consumption. Therefore, it becomes one of the primary target when it comes to electrical energy and load management practices. Load forecasting is the first step in developing energy management systems both on the supply and user side. A comprehensive literature review has been conducted, and there was a need to study if predicting compressed air system’s load is a possibility.

System’s load profile will be valuable to the industry practitioners as well as related software providers in developing better practice and tools for load management and look-ahead scheduling programs. Feed forward neural networks (FFNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) techniques have been used to perform 15 minutes ahead prediction. Three cases of different sizes and control methods have been studied. The results proved the possibility of the forecast. In this study two control methods have been developed by using the prediction. The first control method is designed for variable speed driven air compressors. The goal was to decrease the maximum electrical load for the air compressor by using the system's full operational capabilities and the air receiver tank. This goal has been achieved by optimizing the system operation and developing a practical control method. The results can be used to decrease the maximum electrical load consumed by the system as well as assuring the sufficient air for the users during the peak compressed air demand by users. This method can also prevent backup or secondary systems from running during the peak compressed air demand which can result in more energy and demand savings. Load management plays a pivotal role and developing maximum load reduction methods by users can result in more sustainability as well as the cost reduction for developing sustainable energy production sources. The last part of this research is concentrated on reducing the energy consumed by load/unload controlled air compressors. Two novel control methods have been introduced. One method uses the prediction as input, and the other one doesn't require prediction. Both of them resulted in energy consumption reduction by increasing the off period with the same compressed air output or in other words without sacrificing the required compressed air needed for production.

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Books on the topic "Conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)"

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Arya, Anil, Anurag Gaur, and A. L. Sharma. Energy Storage and Conversion Devices. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Arya, Anil, Anurag Gaur, and A. L. Sharma. Energy Storage and Conversion Devices: Supercapacitors, Batteries, and Hydroelectric Cells. CRC Press LLC, 2021.

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Arya, Anil, Anurag Gaur, and A. L. Sharma. Energy Storage and Conversion Devices: Supercapacitors, Batteries, and Hydroelectric Cells. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Energy Storage and Conversion Devices: Supercapacitors, Batteries, and Hydroelectric Cells. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)"

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Schmiegel, Armin U. "Chemical storage systems." In Energy Storage Systems, 373–415. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858009.003.0009.

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Abstract In this chapter, the two important chemical storage technologies are presented: hydrogen technology and methanisation, i.e. power to gas or power to fluid. The chapter describes how hydrogen gas can be stored and how hydrogen can be produced from electrical energy, and electrolysis and the PEMEL cell are introduced. Furthermore, the fuel cell is described, which allows an efficient use of hydrogen. The realisation of a hybrid truck equipped with a fuel cell and a lithium ion battery serves as an application example. In the case of methanisation, the reaction and the possible conversion of methanisation are presented. As a further application example, a methanisation plant and an electric generator are introduced into the island grid developed in chapter 8.
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Shakir, Imran, Zahid Ali, Usman Ali Rana, Ayman Nafady, Mansoor Sarfraz, InasMuen Al-Nashef, Rafaqat Hussain, and DaeJoon Kang. "Nanostructured Materials for the Realization of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices." In Renewable and Alternative Energy, 1719–58. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1671-2.ch062.

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One of the greatest challenges for the modern world is the ever-increasing demand of energy, which may soon outstrip the amount of natural resources that can be obtained using currently known energy conversion and energy storage technologies such as solar cells, fuel cells, lithium ion batteries, and supercapacitors. It appears that the maximum output efficiencies of these devices have already reached the intrinsic limits of almost all electrocatalyst materials. Hence, it is a high time to think about new material architectures by controlling size, shape, and geometry, as well as composition that can potentially make a significant improvement in the performance of these electrochemical devices. Among several known electrocatalyst materials are nanomaterials and their composites due to their unique electrical, mechanical, physical, chemical, and structural characteristics. These materials have opened a whole new territory of possibilities in designing high performance energy storage and conversion devices. In this chapter, the authors review the recent progress in energy storage and conversion devices that utilize various nanomaterials and their composite materials and identify future directions in which the field is likely to develop.
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Shakir, Imran, Zahid Ali, Usman Ali Rana, Ayman Nafady, Mansoor Sarfraz, InasMuen Al-Nashef, Rafaqat Hussain, and DaeJoon Kang. "Nanostructured Materials for the Realization of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices." In Handbook of Research on Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Advanced Materials, 376–413. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015.

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One of the greatest challenges for the modern world is the ever-increasing demand of energy, which may soon outstrip the amount of natural resources that can be obtained using currently known energy conversion and energy storage technologies such as solar cells, fuel cells, lithium ion batteries, and supercapacitors. It appears that the maximum output efficiencies of these devices have already reached the intrinsic limits of almost all electrocatalyst materials. Hence, it is a high time to think about new material architectures by controlling size, shape, and geometry, as well as composition that can potentially make a significant improvement in the performance of these electrochemical devices. Among several known electrocatalyst materials are nanomaterials and their composites due to their unique electrical, mechanical, physical, chemical, and structural characteristics. These materials have opened a whole new territory of possibilities in designing high performance energy storage and conversion devices. In this chapter, the authors review the recent progress in energy storage and conversion devices that utilize various nanomaterials and their composite materials and identify future directions in which the field is likely to develop.
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Tariq, Maria, Tajamal Hussain, Adnan Mujahid, Mirza Nadeem Ahmad, Muhammad Imran Din, Azeem Intisar, and Muhammad Zahid. "Applications of Carbon Based Materials in Developing Advanced Energy Storage Devices." In Carbon Nanotubes - Redefining the World of Electronics. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97651.

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With the increasing pressure of population, the energy demand is growing explosively. By 2050, it is expected that the world population may reach to about 9 billion which may result in the increase of energy requirement to about 12.5 trillion watts. Due to increasing pressures of population, industries and technology, concerns to find possibilities to cope with increasing demand of energy resources, arise. Although the renewable energy resources including fossil fuels, wind, water and solar energy have been used for a long time to fulfill the energy requirements, but they need efficient conversions and storage techniques and are responsible for causing environmental pollution due to greenhouse gases as well. It is thus noteworthy to develop methods for the generation and storage of renewable energy devices that can replace the conventional energy resources to meet the requirement of energy consumption. Due to high energy demands, the sustainable energy storage devices have remained the subject of interest for scientists in the history, however, the traditional methods are not efficient enough to fulfill the energy requirements. In the present era, among other variety of advanced treatments, nano-sciences have attracted the attention of the scientists. While talking about nano-science, one cannot move on without admiring the extraordinary features of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and other carbon based materials. CNTs are on the cutting edge of nano science research and finding enormous applications in energy storage devices. Excellent adsorption capabilities, high surface area, better electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, high aspect ratio and good chemical and physical properties of CNTs have grabbed tremendous attention worldwide. Their charge transfer properties make them favorable for energy conversion applications. The limitation to the laboratory research on CNTs for energy storage techniques due to low specific capacitance and limited electrochemical performance can be overcome by surface functionalization using surface functional groups that can enhance their electrical and dispersion properties. In this chapter, ways CNTs employed to boost the abilities of the existing material used to store and transfer of energy have been discussed critically. Moreover, how anisotropic properties of CNTs play important role in increasing the energy storage capabilities of functional materials. It will also be discussed how various kinds of materials can be combined along CNTs to get better results.
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Roiaz, Matteo, Paolo Scialla, Fabrizio Cadenaro, Marco Nardo, and Gabriele Sancin. "Classifying the Innovation: The Certification of New Designs for Power Generation, Conversion and Energy Storage Focusing on the Reduction of Ships Emissions." In Progress in Marine Science and Technology. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/pmst220033.

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In recent times the ship building and yacht industries have seen a surge in the requests for the application to the power generation, conversion and energy storage of technologies which were previously reserved to land-based uses or to niche sectors such as space, military, and scientific research. Such requests are often driven by seeking cleaner exhaust emissions, more efficient fuel consumption and higher passenger and crew comfort. Among these novel technologies we can mention fuel cells and (large) batteries based on Li-ion chemistries. These solutions are not only unconventional per se, they also carry along the necessity for advanced electrical system integration (even more so if combined in a hybrid architecture) or, for fuel cells, the need for the storage of dedicated fuels, e.g., liquid, or compressed hydrogen or methanol, and fuel treatment, e.g., evaporators and chemical reformers. The lack of prescriptive regulations covering such innovative solutions, both in terms of equipment and fuel, adds in challenge to their acceptance and certification from Regulatory Bodies and Flag Administrations. Furthermore, although high-level guidelines are provided, they often need to be tailored on a case-by-case basis and integrated with risk assessment exercises. The aim of this work is to give a comprehensive overview of the Classification tools available to date – be it prescriptive or risk-based – for the approval of novel designs and how do they relate to the existing statutory guidelines and to the established risk analysis instruments. The discussion will be corroborated by insights into some hands-on case studies in the yacht and cruise ship industry segments.
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Üzer, Ayşem, Ziya Can, Şener Sağlam, Selen Durmazel, and Mustafa Reşat Apak. "Energy Materials and Energetic Materials." In Energy: Concepts and Applications, 677–734. Turkish Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-00-9.ch11.

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Energy materials include substances used for the production, conversion, storage and transmission of energy. Explosives as a part of ‘energetic materials’ are substances of which the internally stored huge chemical energy is liberated with a (self-sustaining) rapid and violent chemical reaction initiated with an outer stimulant; energetic materials include explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics. Certain items such as natural fuels(fossil and synthetic fuels) burned in thermal power plants and motor vehicles, in conjunction with nuclear fuels (reacted in nuclear power plants) capable of emitting radioactive rays (alpha, beta and gamma rays)and undergoing nuclear fission or fusion reactions have been deliberately excluded from this review. Additionally, either metals conducting heat or electricity with a reasonable resistance or superconductor materials transmitting electricity with practically no resistance (i.e. without loss) do not take place in this work. Therefore, energy materials have been tailored to include batteries and accumulators, fuel cells, photovoltaic and optoelectronic materials, thermoelectric and piezoelectric materials, that basically convert and store chemical energy, radiation, heat and mechanical energy in the form of electrical energy (or vice versa). This review aims to discuss the definitions, backgrounds, working principles and applications of these systems to serve daily life. In addition to these, particular emphasis has been made on energetic materials, especially on explosives capable of liberating high amounts of heat and pressure in a rapid self-sustaining exothermic degradation reaction when appropriately stimulated.
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Conference papers on the topic "Conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)"

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Hotz, Nico, Heng Pan, Costas P. Grigoropoulos, and Seung H. Ko. "Exergetic Analysis of Solar-Powered Hybrid Energy Conversion and Storage Scenarios for Stationary Applications." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90255.

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The idea of this study is to investigate possibilities to use sunlight as the main energy source to generate and store electrical energy via different methods and technologies. Several systems consisting of photovoltaics, photoelectrolytic converters and solarthermal reformers in combination with fuel cells have been investigated in terms of efficiency and costs. A simple energetic approach would not account for these different kinds of energy and their differing availabilities (radiant, thermal, chemical, and electrical energy). To consider different forms of energy and compare them in a fair manner, exergy as the useful part of energy (the part that can theoretically be completely converted to work) provides a perfect instrument for dealing with complex energy conversion systems. In this study, four different scenarios have been investigated: Scenario A describes the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity by photovoltaics. The electric power is used in a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer to split water to hydrogen which is stored in a pressure tank. A PEM fuel cell converts hydrogen to electricity on demand. Scenario B deals with a photoelectrolytic cell splitting water to hydrogen by solar irradiation combined with a storage tank and a fuel cell. In Scenario C, solar radiation is converted by photovoltaic cells to electricity which is stored in different types of batteries. Scenario D combines a methanol steam reformer heated by solar power with a PEM fuel cell to generate electricity. The reformate gas mixture can be stored at elevated pressure in a gas tank. In contrast to routes A–C, scenario D has two exergy inputs: Solar radiation and chemical exergy in form of methanol as fuel. All systems are analyzed for an average day in July and February in Central California, including a storage device sufficient to store the energy for one week. Scenario D reaches an overall exergetic efficiency of more than 25% in summer at the expense of an additional exergy input in the form of methanol. The exergetic efficiency of scenario C amounts to 10–17% in summer (4–6% in winter) depending on the battery type and scenarios A and B achieve less than 10% efficiency even in summer. The systems of scenarios A and C would cost around $20k–$45k per 1 kW average electricity generation during the day in July. Scenario D leads to significantly lower costs and scenario B is the most expensive design due to the current immaturity of photoelectrolytic devices.
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Romano, Sebastiano Luca, Enrico Sciubba, and Claudia Toro. "Design and Thermoeconomic Evaluation of a Waste Plant With an Integrated CO2 Chemical Sequestration System for CH4 Production." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36873.

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Object of this paper is the modelling, process design and simulation of a waste incineration plant integrated with a novel CO2 chemical sequestration system for CH4 production. The main components of the proposed system are: the incineration plant (whose operational data are considered known here), a Sabatier reactor for CH4 production, a post-combustion monoethanolamine (MEA) chemical absorption unit and a H2O electrolyser. Carbon dioxide captured from the waste plant stack gases and hydrogen from water electrolysis feed the Sabatier chemical reactor in a temperature range of 250–450°C. Through the exothermic methanation reaction (CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2O + Heat), methane is produced with a conversion yield of 90–95%. Through a perm-selective membrane, hot steam can be extracted from the reactor and recycled to cover about 40% of the MEA regenerating re-boiler duty. The methanation of CO2 is an established carbon capture technique, profitably suitable for waste plants. When the produced methane is burned, the CO2 absorbed in the process returns to the environment, enacting in a global sense a quasi-zero-emissions cycle. The possible integration of the electrolyser with renewable-generated electricity has been investigated to evaluate the storage capacity of electrical energy as “renewable methane”, which from a technical point of view is more suitable than hydrogen to be stored, burned or sent into natural gas pipelines. A thermo-economic analysis is presented to evaluate the exergetic performance of the proposed system and the final cost of products.
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Doty, F. David, Laura Holte, and Siddarth Shevgoor. "Securing Our Transportation Future by Using Off-Peak Wind Energy to Recycle CO2 Into Fuels." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90182.

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Simulations have shown that it should be possible (within a relatively short time frame) to profitably synthesize high-purity carbon-neutral ethanol, gasoline, jet fuel, propylene, and many other hydrocarbons, in volumes that cannot be matched by any other renewable avenue, from captured CO2, water, and cheap off-peak low-carbon energy, notably form wind farms. The process, dubbed WindFuels, requires no biomass, and it is expected to solve the grid stability and energy storage challenges of wind energy. The process is based largely on the commercially proven technologies of wind energy, water electrolysis, and Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) chemistry. Wind energy is used to electrolyze water into hydrogen and oxygen. Some of the hydrogen is used in a process, the so-called reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction, that reduces CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) and water. The CO and the balance of the hydrogen are fed into an FT reactor, similar to that commonly used to produce fuels and chemicals from coal or natural gas. Improved sub-processes have been simulated in detail, and key experiments will soon be carried out to help optimize process conditions. Conversion efficiencies (from input electrical to output chemical) are expected to approach 60%. Putting renewable hydrogen into liquid fuels solves the distribution and storage problems that have beset utilization of hydrogen in vehicles. Converting CO2 into fuels can eliminate the need for CO2 sequestration and reduce global CO2 emissions by 40% by mid-century. The amount of water needed for the renewable FTS (RFTS) process is an order of magnitude less than needed for biofuels. The atmosphere will eventually provide an unlimited source for CO2, though initially the CO2 would come from ammonia plants, biofuel refineries, cement factories, fossil power plants, and ore refineries. When the input energy is from off-peak wind and reasonable monetary credit is included for climate benefit, WindFuels could compete when petroleum is as low as $45/bbl.
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