Journal articles: 'Convergence (Economics) – Germany'

1

Funke, Michael, and Holger Strulik. "Growth and Convergence in a Two-Region Model of Unified Germany." German Economic Review 1, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 363–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00018.

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Abstract The paper sets up a two-region endogenous growth model to discuss growth and regional convergence of unified Germany. It emphasizes the role of private and public capital accumulation during the developing process. The theoretical part derives fiscal policy rules which establish convergence of regional output per capita and convergence of regional human wealth. To assess the speed of convergence the model is calibrated with German data. Given a fiscal policy rule that is consistent with the data on government spending in East and West Germany after unification the model suggests that East Germany will reach 80 per cent of West Germany's income per capita between 20 and 30 years after unification and that actual transfers are approximately sufficient to equalize regional human wealth. The results are compared with an extension of the model that includes wage-setting behaviour and unemployment in the eastern region.

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Franz, Wolfgang, and Viktor Steiner. "Wages in the East German Transition Process: Facts and Explanations." German Economic Review 1, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 241–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00013.

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Abstract We analyze wage developments in the East German transition process both at the macro- and at the microeconomic level. At the macroeconomic level, we draw special attention to the important distinction between product and consumption wages, describe the development of various wage measures, labor productivity and unit labor costs in East Germany in relation to West Germany, and relate these developments to the system of collective wage bargaining. At the microeconomic level, we describe changes in the distribution of hourly wages between 1990 and 1997 and analyze the economic factors determining these changes by way of empirical wage functions estimated on the basis of the Socio- Economic Panel for East Germany. The paper also draws some conclusions on the likely future course of the East-West German wage convergence process.

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Growitsch, Christian, Rabindra Nepal, and Marcus Stronzik. "Price Convergence and Information Efficiency in German Natural Gas Markets." German Economic Review 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12034.

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Abstract In 2007, Germany changed network access regulation in the natural gas sector and introduced a so-called entry-exit system. The spot market effects of the reregulation remain to be examined. We use cointegration analysis and a state space model with time-varying coefficients to study the development of natural gas spot prices in the two major trading hubs in Germany and the interlinked spot market in the Netherlands. To analyse information efficiency in more detail, the state space model is extended to an error correction model. Overall, our results suggest a reasonable degree of price convergence between the corresponding hubs. Market efficiency in terms of information processing has increased considerably among Germany and the Netherlands.

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Bayer, Christian, and Falko Jüßen. "Convergence in West German Regional Unemployment Rates." German Economic Review 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 510–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00416.x.

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Abstract Differences in regional unemployment rates are often used to describe regional economic inequality. This paper asks whether changes in regional unemployment differences in West Germany are persistent over time. Understanding the persistency of regional unemployment differences helps us to assess how effective regional policy can be. While univariate tests suggest that changes in regional unemployment differences are persistent in West Germany, more powerful panel tests lend some support to the hypothesis that regional unemployment rates converge. However, these tests reveal a moderate speed of convergence at best. Because there is a structural break following the second oil crisis, we also use tests that allow for such a break. This provides evidence for both convergence and quick adjustment to an equilibrium distribution of regional unemployment rates that is, however, subject to a structural break.

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Biryukov, S. "Germany and France: to Concordance for the Sake of Europe?" World Economy and International Relations, no. 12 (2014): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-12-82-90.

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The paper refers to the development of German-French relations in the context of the United Europe building process, examines historical and sociological background of their present-day condition. It contains the comparative analysis of the sources of discrepancies between German and French political strategies. The author also makes an attempt to analyze the role of these relations in the «German question» transformation. The study investigates the history of territorial evolution of Germany in the 19-20th centuries that prevented consolidation of citizens as well as structuring and creating of institutions. It is concluded that only the convergence of German and French approaches on European politics can help overcome the current crisis of the EU integration mechanisms. Two countries have established a new foundation for cooperation which puts an end to centuries of rivalry between them. But the convergence of their political and economic systems remains a promised task. The prospects of this partnership are considered in the light of Germany's new «European mission».

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Stahl, Juliane Frederike, and Pia Sophia Schober. "Convergence or Divergence? Educational Discrepancies in Work-Care Arrangements of Mothers with Young Children in Germany." Work, Employment and Society 32, no. 4 (April 7, 2017): 629–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017017692503.

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This study examines how educational differences in work-care patterns among mothers with young children in Germany changed between 1997 and 2013. Since the mid-2000s, Germany has undergone a paradigm shift in parental leave and childcare policies. Our comparative analysis of East and West Germany provides new evidence on whether the long-standing gender regime differences interact with recent developments of social class inequalities in the changing family policy context. The analyses include pooled binary and multinomial logistic regressions based on 17,764 observations of 8604 children below the age of three years from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). The findings point to growing educational divergence in work-care arrangements in East and West Germany: employment and day-care use increased more strongly among families with medium and highly educated mothers compared to those with low education. This has critical implications for the latter’s economic security. The decline in the use of informal childcare options was, however, fairly homogenous.

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GIL-ALANA, L. A. "TESTING OF REAL CONVERGENCE IN GERMANY IN THE PRESENCE OF STRUCTURAL BREAKS." Singapore Economic Review 50, no. 01 (April 2005): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590805001846.

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In this short article we examine the real convergence hypothesis in Germany with respect to the US by means of fractional integration. Using a parametric procedure due to Robinson (1994), the results show that real convergence is only achieved in this country if we take into account the presence of a structural break at World War II. The same evidence is found in other countries (like Japan, the UK and Canada) when this break is considered.

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Tubadji, Annie, and Nataly Gnezdilova. "The German miracle or the miracle of the cultural attitude." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 11 (November 4, 2014): 1014–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2012-0211.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the link between redistribution, convergence and local cultural capital (as defined by culture-based development concept). Design/methodology/approach – The paper infers the basic mechanism of the cultural dependence of convergence and inequality – through an empirical test for the case of the “German job miracle” during the current crisis. Two empirical questions are asked: first, is local income inequality associated with local cultural capital and second, is the negative convergence between East and West Germany during the crisis related to culturally sensitive employers’ preference for job preservation vs job loss. An OLS enquiry and two deeper estimation methods (a logit model and a 3SLS simultaneous equations model) are alternatively applied in order to triangulate the empirical results. Findings – The findings support the existence of cultural effect on local income inequality and cultural path dependence of employers’ preferences for job preservation vs job loss in a condition of economic shock. Originality/value – The paper provides both theoretical reasoning and empirical illustration of the significance of the cultural effect on human preferences which may or may not allow for redistribution and convergence between localities.

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Rahman, Matiur, and M. Moosa Khan. "The Euro and Convergence among Stock Markets of Germany, France and Italy." Global Economy Journal 9, no. 1 (March 2009): 1850157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1434.

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This paper re-examines the role of the euro in enhancing the convergence among stock markets of Germany, France and Italy. The VAR-framework is implemented with a dummy variable. A pre- and post-euro analysis is also performed with an exclusion of the dummy variable. Monthly data on stock market returns from February 1994 through December 2007 are employed. The empirical results reveal evidence of significant convergence among the above markets during the post-euro era relative to the pre-euro era with net positive short-run causal effects.

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Albers, Hakon, and Ulrich Pfister. "Climate change, weather shocks, and price convergence in pre-industrial Germany." European Review of Economic History 25, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 467–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa030.

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Abstract Market integration of European inland regions such as Germany caught up on North-Western Europe from the seventeenth century onwards. As many studies rely on grain prices and the pre-industrial era was a period of climate change, a relevant question is in how far changing weather shocks impact on the measurement of convergence trends. We create a new high-quality grain price dataset and apply four methodologies to quantify market integration robust to weather shocks and climate change. Population growth and river transport turn out as plausible explanations for price convergence rather than climate change.

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11

Kokeev, A. "Germany and EU Reforms." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2014): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-11-27-34.

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Germany is playing a key role in the resolution of the EU crisis. Berlin has not only proposed changes in the economic and finance spheres, but also the initiation of the political reform of the EU. However, for several reasons, starting from the middle of 2013 there has been a serious shift in emphasis from the creation of a political union to the construction of an EU banking union. Angela Merkel’s victory in German elections increased the country’s European political activity, and Berlin announced new initiatives which involved amendments to fundamental EU agreements. At the same time, German European policy aims to strengthen the position of nation states in the future European integration, and slightly reduce the role of the European Commission. Here one can see a certain level of convergence between the German and British positions. However, as Angela Merkel’s visit to London in February 2014 demonstrated, the interests of the two countries in the EU are hardly compatible. To other EU countries, Germany’s leadership in the EU seems to favor German interests at the expense of other partners. The questions whether EU countries will still follow Germany’s European political direction and whether they are able to implement the necessary reforms in their own countries as well as in the EU remain open and foster Euroscepticism.

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12

Hunt, Jennifer. "Convergence and determinants of non-employment durations in Eastern and Western Germany." Journal of Population Economics 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-004-0201-6.

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13

Decressin, Jörg W. "Internal migration in West Germany and implications for East-West salary convergence." Review of World Economics 130, no. 2 (June 1994): 231–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02707708.

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14

Eckey, Hans-Friedrich, Reinhold Kosfeld, and Matthias Türck. "Regional Convergence in Germany: a Geographically Weighted Regression Approach." Spatial Economic Analysis 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17421770701251905.

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15

Broadberry, Stephen N. "Manufacturing and the Convergence Hypothesis: What the Long-Run Data Show." Journal of Economic History 53, no. 4 (December 1993): 772–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700051317.

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The commonly accepted chronology for comparative productivity levels, based on GDP data, does not apply to the manufacturing sector, which shows evidence of a much greater degree of stationarity of comparative labor productivity performance among the major industrialized countries of Britain, Germany, and the United States. These results for manufacturing suggest that convergence of GDP per worker must have occurred through trends in other sectors and through compositional effects of structural change. The persistent, large labor productivity gap between the United States and Europe cannot be explained simply by differences in capital per worker, but is related to technological choice.

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16

Juessen, Falko. "A distribution dynamics approach to regional GDP convergence in unified Germany." Empirical Economics 37, no. 3 (December 23, 2008): 627–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-008-0250-x.

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17

Lahiff, Ann, Junmin Li, Lorna Unwin, Lea Zenner-Höffkes, and Matthias Pilz. "Industrial standardisation as a driver for cross-national convergence in training processes." European Journal of Training and Development 43, no. 7/8 (September 2, 2019): 752–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-11-2018-0112.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address a gap in the comparative research literature on vocational education and training (VET) and skill formation systems. It examines the impact of international technical standardisation and regulation on the design, organisation and delivery of apprenticeships in the aeronautical and aerospace sectors in England and Germany. Design/methodology/approach The research design was informed by insights from economics, workplace and work-based learning and comparative education. Academic experts in the fields of aerospace and aeronautical standardisation and regulation, VET, human resource development and business organisation were consulted. The generic occupation of “aircraft mechanic” was selected as being the closest match for comparison. Interviews and non-participant observation in workplaces and training centres were carried out involving three companies in England and four in Germany. Findings Findings show that there is considerable convergence across the pedagogical approaches to apprenticeships in England and Germany related to fostering the capacity to take responsibility for the quality of one’s work, to work in and lead teams, and to respond to and work with customers. Increasing international regulation and technical standardisation underpins a shared language about learning through practice in technologically advanced workplaces. Originality/value This paper is original because it turns the lens of inquiry to workplace processes to reveal the level of convergence in training philosophies and practices in an internationally highly regulated sector. It shows how international technical standardisation and regulation is leading to pedagogical innovation. The findings have implications for VET and apprenticeship policy at the national and international level.

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Hansen, Heiko, and Ramona Teuber. "Assessing the impacts of EU's common agricultural policy on regional convergence: sub-national evidence from Germany." Applied Economics 43, no. 26 (October 2011): 3755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036841003724395.

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19

Petrunyk, Inna, and Christian Pfeifer. "Life Satisfaction in Germany After Reunification: Additional Insights on the Pattern of Convergence." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 236, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2015-1010.

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Abstract The authors update previous findings on the total East-West gap in overall life satisfaction and its trend by using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 1992 to 2013. Additionally, the East-West gap and its trend are separately analyzed for men and women as well as for four birth cohorts. The results indicate that reported life satisfaction is on average significantly lower in East than in West German federal states and that part of the raw East-West gap is due to differences in household income and unemployment status. The conditional East-West gap decreased in the first years after the German reunification and remained quite stable and sizeable since the mid-nineties. The results further indicate that gender differences are small. But the East-West gap is significantly smaller and shows a trend towards convergence for younger birth cohorts.

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20

Erhart, Szilárd. "Ready or not? Constructing the Monetary Union Readiness Index." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 23–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2022-0002.

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Abstract While all EU Member States can join the group's monetary union, the euro area, some members are far more ready for the adoption and use of the single European currency. Here, we construct a new Monetary Union Readiness Index (MURI) for the EU Member States. The theoretical framework of the index is built on the economic theory of Optimal Currency Areas and EU regulations such as the Treaty and the Maastricht criteria, and the Regulation on the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure. The index measures (i) nominal convergence, (ii) real convergence, and (iii) macroeconomic stability. The MURI Index provides an easy to use real-time policy tool to evaluate both candidate and current euro area members. Hence, it complements, aggregates and communicates key information in annual convergence reports and in official statistics. Our evaluation finds that Austria, Finland, Denmark, Sweden and Germany showed the highest level of compliance with the different euro area criteria in 2018, while Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Spain, and Italy were the least compliant.

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Kowalski, Arkadiusz Michał, and Jakub Rybacki. "Moderate Innovator Trap—Does the Convergence of Innovation Performance Occur in the World Economy?" Economies 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9010011.

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Based on β and σ convergence analysis, we find a high persistence of innovation gaps for international innovation indices reported by the European Commission. Our research confirms the diverging scientific potential across the analyzed economies. Estimation provides evidence of convergence in the case of R&D expenses and the relative position on the global technological frontier. We propose a simple fixed effect panel regression measuring relative innovativeness potential. Our model suggests that current ranking leaders, i.e., Nordic countries (Sweden, Denmark, and Finland) and Germany, are likely to further outpace the United States. Central and Eastern European countries are achieving the greatest relative gains but are unlikely to exceed 70% of US potential. Peripheral European countries, South Africa, Turkey, and Russia are projected to further lose their innovativeness position despite their weaker initial position.

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Murschetz, Paul. "The Changing Face of the German Broadcast Television Industry." MedienJournal 39, no. 3 (March 16, 2017): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/medienjournal.v39i3.76.

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This study offers an economic analysis of the television broadcasting industry at the convergence of broadcast and broadband connectivity. It applies the „Structure-Conduct- Performance“(SCP)-paradigm of Industrial Organization theory as framework and investigates how the model can contribute to explaining emergent issues in the economics of Smart TV. It is argued here that SCP model provides a useful heuristic and can fruitfully be applied to various questions surrounding the fundamental transformation of the television broadcasting sector towards Smart TV, notably issues of market structure and competitive behavior. The argument is illustrated by the emerging ecosystem for Smart TV services in Germany. There, the market is still immature and each provider is struggling with the challenge of developing an optimal strategy and organizational form in the Smart TV ecosystem.

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Murschetz, Paul. "The Changing Face of the German Broadcast Television Industry." MedienJournal 39, no. 3 (March 16, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/mj.v39i3.76.

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This study offers an economic analysis of the television broadcasting industry at the convergence of broadcast and broadband connectivity. It applies the „Structure-Conduct- Performance“(SCP)-paradigm of Industrial Organization theory as framework and investigates how the model can contribute to explaining emergent issues in the economics of Smart TV. It is argued here that SCP model provides a useful heuristic and can fruitfully be applied to various questions surrounding the fundamental transformation of the television broadcasting sector towards Smart TV, notably issues of market structure and competitive behavior. The argument is illustrated by the emerging ecosystem for Smart TV services in Germany. There, the market is still immature and each provider is struggling with the challenge of developing an optimal strategy and organizational form in the Smart TV ecosystem.

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Byrne, Joseph P., and E. Philip Davis. "A Comparison of Balance Sheet Structures in Major EU Countries." National Institute Economic Review 180 (April 2002): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010218000110.

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The UK is commonly viewed as having a ‘market oriented’ financial system, in contrast to other European countries which are seen as ‘bank dominated’. In the light of this supposition, we investigate sectoral balance sheet data for evidence of differences in financial structure between the UK and other major EU countries. It is found that the UK has much in common with Continental countries, in particular France, and they are themselves markedly heterogeneous. There is also some evidence of convergence towards a more market-oriented financial system, even in the most bank-dominated economy, Germany.

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Raisova, Manuela. "CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE IN EU COUNTRIES." Balkans Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (2019): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/balkans.jetss.2019.2.1.73-79.

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The divergent developments in productivity and employment over the past two decades, as well as the crisis and subsequent recovery of the global economy have led to significant changes in different parts of the economic structure in all EU countries. The aim of our study was to examine changes in the basic segments of the economic structure of European countries. The development of segments is assessed through the indicator of gross added value (in current prices) and employment in the period 1995 to 2017. We compared the situation of the two main groups of European countries - the original and new EU countries. We note that there are significant differences between these groups, especially in the 1990s. Subsequently, there have been changes in the structure of new countries that have narrowed the gap between countries. The structural gap between countries has slowly diminished in average. However, the crisis has significantly delayed the process of convergence and the economic recovery period has not recovered to the pre-crisis situation. On the contrary, after the end of crisis the structural gap has thus re-expanded in a number of cases. In this article we target on the comparison of Estonia and Germany. Estonia represents precisely the group of countries whose structural gap has widened after the end of the crisis. On the other hand, the German economy is seen as a stable backbone of European politics and economics. We considered Germany the most economically strong representative of the old EU countries. From this point of view, our research was based on the assumption that Estonia wants to bring its economy closer to Germany’s economy. We monitored whether the Estonian economy was getting closer or moved away from the German economy. Our results confirmed that Germany’s economy is stable and more or less unchanged for more than 20 years. However, the assumption that Estonia’s economy is moving closer to Germany’s economy has not been confirmed. The opposite is probably true.

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26

Lane, Christel. "Industrial Reorganization in Europe: Patterns of Convergence and Divergence in Germany, France and Britain." Work, Employment and Society 5, no. 4 (December 1991): 515–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017091005004004.

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27

Bruns, Benjamin. "Changes in Workplace Heterogeneity and How They Widen the Gender Wage Gap." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 74–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20160664.

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Using linked employer-employee data for West Germany, I investigate the role of growing wage differentials between firms in the slowdown of gender wage convergence since the 1990s. The results show that two factors are at play: first, high-wage firms experience higher wage growth and employ disproportionately more men, and second, male firm premiums grow faster than female premiums in the same firms. These developments were catalyzed by a decline of union coverage, coupled with more firm-specific wage setting in collective bargaining agreements. Taken together, these conditions prevented the gender gap from narrowing by approximately 15 percent between the 1990s and 2000s. (JEL J16, J51, J31, J71)

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Hampl, Mojmír. "The Case of European Monetary Integration and its Former Hegemon." German Economic Review 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12001.

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Abstract There is no historical precedent for the institutional set-up of the eurozone. However, it is an arrangement that could not and cannot escape the universal laws and principles of economics. This article tries to look generally at the consequences of this integration project from the perspective of the former monetary hegemon, Germany, whose hegemony largely ended as a result of the monetary integration method chosen. Those consequences are, of course, more apparent in bad times than they were in good times. We then specifically examine the problem of convergence and divergence within a currency area and discuss the issue of competitive devaluation. In the conclusion, we try to formulate the fundamental dilemma faced by the former monetary hegemon. Its solution will affect those inside and outside the integration project.

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Bértola, Luis, and Gabriel Porcile. "Convergence, trade and industrial policy: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in the international economy, 1900–1980." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 24, no. 1 (2006): 37–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261090000046x.

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AbstractThis paper discusses the economic performance of three Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay) from a comparative perspective, using as a benchmark a group of four developed countries (France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States). The focus is on the relative performance within the region and between the Latin American countries and the developed countries in the period 1900–1980. The paper argues that Argentina and Uruguay benefited from a privileged position in international markets at the beginning of the 20th century and this allowed them to converge. However, they failed to adjust to the major long-run change in the pattern of world trade brought about by World War I and the Great Depression, which implied a persistent decline of their export markets. On the other hand, Brazil, after having been much less successful until 1930, grew at higher rates thereafter based on rapid structural change and the building up of competitive advantages in new industrial sectors. The more vigorous Brazilian policy for industrialization and export diversification may explain why Brazil succeeded in changing its pattern of specialization, while Argentina and Uruguay were locked in to the old pattern. A typology of convergence regimes is suggested based on the growth experience of these countries.

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Bast, Robert. "The Messianic Kingship of Augustin Bader as Anti-Habsburg Polemic: Prophecy and Politics in Reformation Germany." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 61, no. 1-2 (March 14, 2018): 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341446.

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Abstract This paper explores the genesis, self-understanding and significance of a small messianic commune operating in the late 1520s in southern Germany under the headship of Augustin Bader, an Augsburg weaver and erstwhile Anabaptist. It traces the unique convergence of Christian and Jewish messianic expectation in the 1520s that unexpectedly linked Bader to the kabbalistic prognostications of Abraham Halevi and the pseudo-military campaign of David Reuveni. Finally, it argues that Bader’s messianism was specifically crafted as a counter-hegemonic measure against the Habsburgs, whose persecution of Anabaptists such as Bader and his associates made a mockery of that dynasty’s heavy reliance on the imperial messianic ideology of the Last World Emperor.

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LOSADA, ANTÓN, and CRISTINA ARES. "The resistance of the four European worlds of welfare from the birth of the euro." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 41, no. 2 (April 2021): 271–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572021-3066.

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ABSTRACT This article compares parliamentary preferences on welfare expenditure in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom between 1996 and 2013. The analysis is focused on the relationship between the type of welfare regime and the programmatic offer on the volume of social spending. Two indexes were calculated: social spending and social retrenchment. Upon emergence from the recession, an increasingly homogeneous conception is detected of social policies as being subordinated to economic policies; convergence has occurred within each of the worlds of welfare, maintaining the variation among them found prior to the Crisis.

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Gracheva, Maria. "Regional Aspect: Commodity Structure of Germany’s Exports." Contemporary Europe 101, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope1202195107.

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The article examines the specificity of commodities exports of Germany’s eastern and western lands. The indicators of sectoral export specialization are determined by comparing sectoral export quotas of the federal lands and the East/West with the general German sectoral export quotas. Calculations are based on data from the country's Federal Statistical Office for 2008 and 2019. As a result of the analysis of the indicators obtained, the general characteristics of the export specifics in relation to industrial branches and federal lands in two parts of the country are formulated, changes among the main specialized branches are explored, the roles of individual lands in the creation of export profiles of East and West Germany and the degree of correspondence between export profiles of the East/West and their lands are determined. The author outlines the convergence of new and old lands in various dimensions of specialization, the success of the East in the competition for specialization in the cars export and the preservation of significant Western advantages in the mechanical engineering’s export specialization and in the formation of new sectoral export focuses, and highlights the federal lands that have achieved high efficiency in the given field (Saxony in the East and Baden-Württemberg in the West).

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Wright, John S. F., Anthony J. G. Barron, Sara M. B. Shah, and Corinna Klingler. "Convergence, Divergence and Hybridity: A Regulatory Governance Perspective on Health Technology Assessment in England and Germany." Global Policy 8 (March 2017): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12215.

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Al-Tawil, Tareq Na'el, and Hassan Younies. "Corporate governance: on the crossroads of meta-regulation and social responsibility." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 3 (July 17, 2020): 801–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-01-2020-0011.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss incongruities in the corporate entity over the matter of agency. In lieu of the traditional notion of moral agency theory, the stakeholder model offers congruent grounding to corporate governance. Socially irresponsible or unethical corporate activities are perceived to increase expenses, diminish shareholder value and tarnish business reputations. In contrast, socially responsible corporate practices contribute to positive attitudes to the company and contribute to the creation of competitive advantage. Design/methodology/approach This paper follows the ongoing evolution of the regulatory changes instituted after the scandalous corporate fiascos of the present century, such as those of Enron and WorldCom in the USA, Polly Peck in the UK, HIH Insurance and One.Tel in Australia, and Siemens in Germany, inter alia. The exposition also touches on the regulatory metamorphosis of corporate governance in its convergence towards “meta-regulation” with corporate social responsibility at the core. Findings While meta-regulation has so far worked in many countries, caution is expressed over the perils of over-reliance on a meta-regulatory approach. Industries or market sectors should also attempt to operate from the start within the confines of self-regulation and government regulation. Market sectors and industries need to find the framework of regulation that is best suited to their operations. Originality/value The paper concludes by discussing the observed challenges and implications of such convergence, as well as future directions for law practitioners, academics and researchers in the realm of corporate conduct.

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Oudiz, Gilles. "European Policy Coordination: An Evaluation." Recherches économiques de Louvain 51, no. 3-4 (December 1985): 301–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800082658.

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According to the European Community Commission the present level of unemployment in Europe should not only last but worsen in the foreseeable future (see CCE 1984). By 1988 the overall unemployment rate in Europe should reach 11,4% if the « optimistic » assumptions retained for the labor supply are to be realized.These are of course average figures but on the whole they correctly reflect the extraordinary convergence of European deflationary policies. Given structural differences, which remain very limited when one compares them to the other Western economies, the European governments seem to have settled for the same macroeconomic strategies. Of course, they have chosen different timings. France, for example, has grown more than its partners in 1981-1982 but is now experiencing a prolonged recession. Whereas West Germany is doing better as far as GNP is concerned but grew very little in the early 80 s. On the whole however a back of the envelope calculation of « sacrifice ratios » for the leading European economies would yield quite similar results. All over Europe disinflation has been achieved at a high output cost and it is not clear that any country has really done better than its partners.

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Preta, Augusto. "La TV digitale terrestre: conservazione dell'esistente o innovazione verso la convergenza?" ECONOMIA E POLITICA INDUSTRIALE, no. 2 (June 2009): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/poli2009-002002.

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- Even though competition among platforms has not yet clearly established a winner, digital TV has grown significantly everywhere. Technological developments have allowed new models for content consumption. User-generated content, on-demand services, catch up TV, PVRs which allow the creation of individual schedules and skipping commercials are disrupting the traditional passive mode of content consumption. Faced with these new models, some TV players are actually proactive in creating cross-platform synergies, in order to exploit their expertise and brand across a multitude of platforms, thus increasing their profits. The competitive scenario is undergoing substantial changes compared to the one we had grown familiar with over the last twenty years. Penetration of digital TV is moving ahead: in June 2008, there were nearly 100 million digital TV households in Western Europe, thus reaching 60% of European TV households. Satellite is still the most widespread digital access, but digital terrestrial television records the highest growth rates, thanks to the success reported in some of the biggest markets. After the Netherlands, also Finland and Sweden have completed the analogue switch-off. New platforms such as ADSL, FTTH are still struggling to conquer a place in the market. Although it is still a marginal platform, the IPTV is reporting interesting figures. Other services followed in Germany, Finland and the United Kingdom after the first commercial launch of mobile broadcast TV in Italy in June 2006,. Other services are expected to be launched with the EC supported standard DVB-H. Keywords: television, digital TV, convergence, market strategy. Parole chiave: televisione, TV digitale, convergenza, strategia di mercato. . Jel Classification: L82

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Davis, E. Philip. "The Evolution of Financial Structure in the G-7 Over 1997–2010." National Institute Economic Review 221 (July 2012): R11—R22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011222100112.

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As background for this special issue of the Review, this article provides an overview of recent developments in financial structure in the major industrial countries using national flow of funds balance sheet data. We focus in particular on changes in the size and composition of the balance sheet for the major sectors — households, companies, general government, foreign and financial as well as banks and institutional investors separately. Two recent subperiods are distinguished, namely the ‘great moderation’ of high growth and low inflation from roughly 1997–2006 and then the crisis period 2007–10. We discern elements of convergence — notably in corporate leverage — but also some continuing contrasts — such as household debt — between market- and bank-dominated financial systems, while highlighting that short-run changes arising from the conjuncture may blur longer-term trends in financial structure. Looking ahead, the data highlight common challenges from public and household debt, albeit to an extent that varies markedly between countries. Bank deleveraging and recapitalisation appear slow, while a subsector including shadow banks continues to grow except in the US. There are contrasts between France and Italy on the one hand and Germany on the other which underline the vulnerability of the former in the ongoing Euro Area crisis.

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Chhillar, Palka, and Ramana Venkata Lellapalli. "Divergence or convergence: paradoxes in corporate governance?" Corporate Governance 15, no. 5 (October 5, 2015): 693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-05-2015-0066.

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Purpose – This review paper aims to compare the various dimensions in the finance literature pertaining to the Anglo-Saxon Model (Stockholder Model) prevalent in the USA and the UK with the German Model (Stakeholder Model) of corporate governance prevalent in Germany and continental Europe. The present study identifies different strands of research on the various dimensions of these models, along with aspects of governance in emerging economies and the phenomenon of the convergence of these governance mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach – The literature review on corporate governance models has been carried out on the themes of internal and external governance mechanisms. The review considers agency theory along with principal–principal (PP) conflicts as the fundamental blocks explaining the need for governance structures. Findings – The traditional models of governance, along with the incorporation of PP conflicts, will result in a hybrid model inculcating the best of both the traditional models. However, convergence in the true sense may not be possible owing to fundamental differences pertaining to cultural, economic, legal and socio-economic aspects of the firm. Originality/value – This paper proposes a framework incorporating the interplay of managerial talent and controlling shareholders to understand the governance system that may be applicable for firms in emerging economies.

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Salvioni, Daniela M., and Francesca Gennari. "Corporate Governance, Sustainability and Capital Markets Orientation." International Journal of Management and Sustainability 3, no. 8 (July 2, 2014): 469–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.11/2014.3.8/11.8.469.483.

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Generally accepted principles of effective corporate governance have taken hold in the context of different models of governance, whose implementation is also linked to the share structure of the companies and to the dynamics of risk’s capital markets. Global companies need a global approach in the acquisition of consensus and financial resources, first of all through a correct development of the corporate governance activities and promoting a market-driven management inspired by long-term sustainable development. In this context, the growing importance of sustainability and the concept of global responsibility in the relationships with stakeholders join together with the convergence of corporate governance rules, reducing the gap between insider and outsider systems. This paper, by means of a research on the first ten most capitalised companies listed in countries characterized by different capital market orientation and corporate governance models (USA, UK, Germany, France and Italy), aims to underlines the relations between these two to deepen the requisites for a more effective and sustainable governance.

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Herz, Bernhard, and Werner Roger. "Economic growth and convergence in Germany." Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 131, no. 1 (March 1995): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02709075.

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Berger, Rita, and Thalita Carla Antonioli. "Psychometric properties of the human system audit-transformational leadership short scale in Germany and Philippines: A cross-cultural study." Psychologica 62, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8606_62-1_9.

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The aims of this research are to analyze the psychometric properties of the Philippine (N = 308) and German (N = 200) version of the Human System Audit transformational leadership short-scale (HSA-TFL short-scale) and to identify whether transformational profiles are similar or different in both countries. In todays’ globalized environment, the number of multinational organizations increases and trade relations between countries become straighter. This intensifies the companies’ need for short leadership instruments that are scientifically designed, reliable and quick to apply. We analyzed factor structure, convergent and criterion validity, as well as transformational profiles for Germany and the Philippines, both important economies in their regional economic blocks that experienced a considerable growth of their bilateral relations. Results indicate that the HSA-TFL short-scale is a reliable instrument (Philippines: α = .90; Germany: α = .91) with a one-factor structure for the Philippine (RMSEA = .08, CFI = .88) and the Germany version (RMSEA = .06, CFI = .89) showing convergent validity for both countries. Criterion validity was different in both countries and sensible to the cultural context. The transformational profiles, using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X), showed differences for both countries. This research provides empirical evidence for the validity and usefulness of the HSA-TFL short-scale.

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Trouille, Jean-Marc. "Economic and Industrial Cooperation Between France and Germany: Assessment and Future Prospects." German Politics and Society 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2012.310102.

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Economy and industry have traditionally been major stakes within the Franco-German relationship. This article examines French and German economic and industrial relations, and their importance for these countries' joint leadership in Europe. It investigates the level of economic interdependence and of macroeconomic convergence between the two largest Eurozone economies, industrial cooperation between French and German companies, discrepancies in their trade relations and investment flows, divergences in their respective economic and industrial policies, and the dichotomy between partnership and rivalry in their long-standing relationship. Finally, this article assesses the risk of increasing fiscal and industrial imbalance between the two economies and draws conclusions on its implications for the Franco-German entente in Europe.

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Katrakylidis, Ioannis, and Michael Madas. "Catching-up effects in the logistics industry and the dynamic linkages with international trade and economic growth: empirical evidence from an international panel dataset." Economics and Business Letters 9, no. 3 (December 8, 2020): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.9.3.2020.197-205.

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We analyze the dynamic linkages among Logistics, Trade and Economic Growth for a panel of 39 countries over the period 2007-2018. In particular, we investigate whether these countries exhibit the tendency to catch up, in terms of logistics performance, with the leader country, using methodologies of “convergence analysis” appropriate for the notions of stochastic convergence and β-convergence and perform Granger-causality tests among a catching up variable (the LPI of each country relative to the LPI of Germany), Trade Openness and economic growth. The findings reveal rather weak evidence of catching-up effects with Germany. As far as causality is concerned, trade and economic growth further enhance the global tendency in logistics performance to catch-up with the dominant Germany while convergence in logistics is found to directly support economic growth but not trade.

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Clark, Gordon L., and Dariusz Wójcik. "Path Dependence and Financial Markets: The Economic Geography of the German Model, 1997–2003." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, no. 10 (October 2005): 1769–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3724.

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The academic community seems divided into two camps: those who emphasise global finance and capital market integration and those who emphasise the economic geography of distinctively local regimes of accumulation. In the first instance, flows of capital and the corrosive forces of global economic competition are assumed to drive institutional convergence. In the second instance, the stability of relationships and inherited institutions presupposes the necessity of path dependence. There is hardly ever dialogue between these camps except for mutual disregard and antagonism. In this paper we seek a rapprochement between these two world-views. In doing so, we focus on recent developments in continental Europe and particularly in Germany. In contrast with Anglo-American expectations, we argue that the German model is hardly a model at all; it has a distinctive economic geography apparent in capital market structure and performance. We also argue, moreover, that the past is not the future: there is evidence of the adoption of financial practices and institutions consistent with the Anglo-American model and inconsistent with the inherited German model. Our goals are twofold. We demonstrate the significance of economic geography for understanding German capital market structure and we seek to explain how path dependence may unravel and the forces driving institutional convergence can emerge within the context of the past. In this respect, our goals are both empirical and theoretical and have implications for conceptualising the status and significance of economic geography.

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Czarny, Elżbieta, and Małgorzata Żmuda. "Competitiveness as the Ability to Adjust: the EU–10 Exports Structure and Its Convergence to the German Pattern." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 21, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0007.

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Competitiveness of a nation is associated with a set of characteristics that enable structural adjustment to global technological trends, and as a consequence, a rise in the living standard of its citizens. For catching-up economies, GDP convergence towards the most developed economies, constituting their developmental goal, relies upon its ability to shift production and exports structure towards specialization based on knowledge and innovation. Thus, in this paper, competitiveness is evaluated through structural adjustments of exports, and for catching-up economies (the EU–10 states) it may be understood as the ability to close the structural gap to the most developed countries (here: the strongest EU member economy: Germany). We analyse the evolution of the EU–10 nations’ exports specialization in the years 2000 and 2014, checking whether the convergence towards the German exports pattern can be observed, and which of the analysed economies shows the best ability to shift its exports structure towards high-tech specialization. We look additionally at exports structures in 2004 (the year of EU-accession of eight out of 10 countries in the sample) and in 2009 (world trade collapse during the economic crisis). The analysis is based on the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) concept by Balassa (1965). We use the UN Trade Statistics data in the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Rev. 4. Commodity groups are classified following the methodology developed by Wysokińska (1997, p. 18).

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Solorio, Israel. "Renewable Energy Policy Convergence in the EU: The Evolution of Feed-In Tariffs in Germany, Spain and France, by D. Jacobs (Farnham: Ashgate, 2012, ISBN 9781409439097); xvi+294pp., £50.00 hb." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 51, no. 6 (October 14, 2013): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12072_9.

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Busch, Andreas. "Globalisierung und nationale Wirtschaftsmodelle: kann das »deutsche Modell« überleben?" Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik 50, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/zee-2006-0136.

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Abstract Globalisation is often argued to erode differences between national varieties of capitalism and enforce convergence. This article takes up the debate - triggered by declining economic performance - about the viability of the » German model « of a co-ordinated market economy, systematising and summarizing the arguments about its alleged seminal transformation over the last decade. It goes on to identify a number of flaws in the respective literatme and questions whether the case for fundamental change taking place in Germany has really been made in a Iasting and convincing way. In addition it points to significant elements of continuity in areas such as industrial relations and emphasizes the importance of political decisions in determining the fate of national economic models.

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DEEG, RICHARD, and SUSANNE LÜTZ. "Internationalization and Financial Federalism." Comparative Political Studies 33, no. 3 (April 2000): 374–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414000033003004.

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In this article, the authors examine some effects of economic internationalization on state structures, especially in regard to the distribution of power and authority within federalist systems. Using an institutional rational choice model, they analyze changes in financial regulation and market structures in Germany and the United States. The focus is on the financial realm because of its high degree of internationalization and because, in both countries, financial markets and regulation have historically exhibited federalist traits. The findings indicate that internationalization has led to significant convergence in financial market structures and regulation across the two countries and that in each case this convergence has been accompanied by centralization of financial regulatory authority. Although both the German type of cooperative federalism and the U.S. model of competitive federalism proved to be vulnerable to the growing international pressures, the two countries took different paths of change that reflected differences in domestic institutions. Thus, the authors conclude that convergence is, and will likely remain, of a limited nature.

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Toudas, Kanellos. "The International Standards on Auditing as a convergence parameter between US GAAP and IFRS." Corporate Board role duties and composition 14, no. 3 (2018): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv14i3art2.

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The present study involves the US GAAP and IFRS accounting frameworks, and how these are evaluated by accounting professionals in four (4) European countries, two of which have been severely impacted by the global economic crisis (Greece and Portugal) and two that remained relatively strong during the period of the European economic crisis (France and Germany). The main purpose of the study is to point out that the economy of a country does indeed affect the perception of listed companies towards a potential convergence. The issues that arise are of interest of the global accounting and auditing community, as well as this study. Academic literature has not shown much interest in recent years. In contrast, the professional bibliography is very rich and has greatly enhanced the bibliographic review. The results of the quantitative study reveal that there are differences between the factors affecting a potential convergence at a country level, as well as at an economy level. Stronger economies seem to pay more attention to economic and regulatory factors, and weaker economies seem more reluctant towards coordination and cooperation in order for the convergence to be achieved.

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Herasymenko, Alina. "MACROECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BANK LENDING TO INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES: CHALLENGES OF TODAY." Economics & Education 7, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2500-946x/2022-3-2.

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The aim of the article is to highlight the key modern macroeconomic aspects and trends in the development of bank lending to industrial enterprises in highly developed countries of the world and to identify promising areas for its further development. The methodological basis of the study is the generalization of the results of applied research in the field of economics, scientific papers, statistical data, which highlight certain aspects of the development of the modern globalized economy, in particular its impact on the macroeconomic features of industrial development and bank lending to industrial enterprises. Results. The influence of financialization on the macroeconomic environment and the development of bank lending to industrial enterprises (on the example of the USA, Great Britain, Germany) is investigated. The influence of such unprecedented for the XXI century force majeure factors as the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine on the macroeconomic environment and the development of bank lending to industrial enterprises is considered. The key trends in global economic development that stimulate transformations and structural changes in the macroeconomic environment of highly developed countries are highlighted. The role of bank lending to industrial enterprises in these processes is determined, which consists in lending to industrial innovations, as well as in the development of such promising areas as the "green" and "blue" economy. Practical implications. The practical results can be the basis for further research: on solving the problems of convergence of the financial and real sectors of the financialized economy, in particular with the participation of bank lending to industrial enterprises; on the role and importance of bank lending to industrial enterprises in overcoming the current macroeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine; on certain aspects of the integration of bank capital into the development of industrial enterprises that are part of the "green", "blue" economy. Value/originality. The results of the study provide a deeper understanding of the role and contribution of bank lending to industrial enterprises in the processes of ensuring positive macroeconomic dynamics and maintaining macroeconomic stability, as well as allow to assess the depth of prospects for the development of bank lending to industrial enterprises.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Convergence (Economics) – Germany'

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