Relevant bibliographies by topics / Convergence (Economics) – Germany

Academic literature on the topic 'Convergence (Economics) – Germany'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Convergence (Economics) – Germany"

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Funke, Michael, and Holger Strulik. "Growth and Convergence in a Two-Region Model of Unified Germany." German Economic Review 1, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 363–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00018.

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Abstract The paper sets up a two-region endogenous growth model to discuss growth and regional convergence of unified Germany. It emphasizes the role of private and public capital accumulation during the developing process. The theoretical part derives fiscal policy rules which establish convergence of regional output per capita and convergence of regional human wealth. To assess the speed of convergence the model is calibrated with German data. Given a fiscal policy rule that is consistent with the data on government spending in East and West Germany after unification the model suggests that East Germany will reach 80 per cent of West Germany's income per capita between 20 and 30 years after unification and that actual transfers are approximately sufficient to equalize regional human wealth. The results are compared with an extension of the model that includes wage-setting behaviour and unemployment in the eastern region.
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Franz, Wolfgang, and Viktor Steiner. "Wages in the East German Transition Process: Facts and Explanations." German Economic Review 1, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 241–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00013.

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Abstract We analyze wage developments in the East German transition process both at the macro- and at the microeconomic level. At the macroeconomic level, we draw special attention to the important distinction between product and consumption wages, describe the development of various wage measures, labor productivity and unit labor costs in East Germany in relation to West Germany, and relate these developments to the system of collective wage bargaining. At the microeconomic level, we describe changes in the distribution of hourly wages between 1990 and 1997 and analyze the economic factors determining these changes by way of empirical wage functions estimated on the basis of the Socio- Economic Panel for East Germany. The paper also draws some conclusions on the likely future course of the East-West German wage convergence process.
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Growitsch, Christian, Rabindra Nepal, and Marcus Stronzik. "Price Convergence and Information Efficiency in German Natural Gas Markets." German Economic Review 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12034.

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Abstract In 2007, Germany changed network access regulation in the natural gas sector and introduced a so-called entry-exit system. The spot market effects of the reregulation remain to be examined. We use cointegration analysis and a state space model with time-varying coefficients to study the development of natural gas spot prices in the two major trading hubs in Germany and the interlinked spot market in the Netherlands. To analyse information efficiency in more detail, the state space model is extended to an error correction model. Overall, our results suggest a reasonable degree of price convergence between the corresponding hubs. Market efficiency in terms of information processing has increased considerably among Germany and the Netherlands.
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Bayer, Christian, and Falko Jüßen. "Convergence in West German Regional Unemployment Rates." German Economic Review 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 510–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00416.x.

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Abstract Differences in regional unemployment rates are often used to describe regional economic inequality. This paper asks whether changes in regional unemployment differences in West Germany are persistent over time. Understanding the persistency of regional unemployment differences helps us to assess how effective regional policy can be. While univariate tests suggest that changes in regional unemployment differences are persistent in West Germany, more powerful panel tests lend some support to the hypothesis that regional unemployment rates converge. However, these tests reveal a moderate speed of convergence at best. Because there is a structural break following the second oil crisis, we also use tests that allow for such a break. This provides evidence for both convergence and quick adjustment to an equilibrium distribution of regional unemployment rates that is, however, subject to a structural break.
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Biryukov, S. "Germany and France: to Concordance for the Sake of Europe?" World Economy and International Relations, no. 12 (2014): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-12-82-90.

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The paper refers to the development of German-French relations in the context of the United Europe building process, examines historical and sociological background of their present-day condition. It contains the comparative analysis of the sources of discrepancies between German and French political strategies. The author also makes an attempt to analyze the role of these relations in the «German question» transformation. The study investigates the history of territorial evolution of Germany in the 19-20th centuries that prevented consolidation of citizens as well as structuring and creating of institutions. It is concluded that only the convergence of German and French approaches on European politics can help overcome the current crisis of the EU integration mechanisms. Two countries have established a new foundation for cooperation which puts an end to centuries of rivalry between them. But the convergence of their political and economic systems remains a promised task. The prospects of this partnership are considered in the light of Germany's new «European mission».
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Stahl, Juliane Frederike, and Pia Sophia Schober. "Convergence or Divergence? Educational Discrepancies in Work-Care Arrangements of Mothers with Young Children in Germany." Work, Employment and Society 32, no. 4 (April 7, 2017): 629–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017017692503.

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This study examines how educational differences in work-care patterns among mothers with young children in Germany changed between 1997 and 2013. Since the mid-2000s, Germany has undergone a paradigm shift in parental leave and childcare policies. Our comparative analysis of East and West Germany provides new evidence on whether the long-standing gender regime differences interact with recent developments of social class inequalities in the changing family policy context. The analyses include pooled binary and multinomial logistic regressions based on 17,764 observations of 8604 children below the age of three years from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). The findings point to growing educational divergence in work-care arrangements in East and West Germany: employment and day-care use increased more strongly among families with medium and highly educated mothers compared to those with low education. This has critical implications for the latter’s economic security. The decline in the use of informal childcare options was, however, fairly homogenous.
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GIL-ALANA, L. A. "TESTING OF REAL CONVERGENCE IN GERMANY IN THE PRESENCE OF STRUCTURAL BREAKS." Singapore Economic Review 50, no. 01 (April 2005): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590805001846.

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In this short article we examine the real convergence hypothesis in Germany with respect to the US by means of fractional integration. Using a parametric procedure due to Robinson (1994), the results show that real convergence is only achieved in this country if we take into account the presence of a structural break at World War II. The same evidence is found in other countries (like Japan, the UK and Canada) when this break is considered.
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Tubadji, Annie, and Nataly Gnezdilova. "The German miracle or the miracle of the cultural attitude." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 11 (November 4, 2014): 1014–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2012-0211.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the link between redistribution, convergence and local cultural capital (as defined by culture-based development concept). Design/methodology/approach – The paper infers the basic mechanism of the cultural dependence of convergence and inequality – through an empirical test for the case of the “German job miracle” during the current crisis. Two empirical questions are asked: first, is local income inequality associated with local cultural capital and second, is the negative convergence between East and West Germany during the crisis related to culturally sensitive employers’ preference for job preservation vs job loss. An OLS enquiry and two deeper estimation methods (a logit model and a 3SLS simultaneous equations model) are alternatively applied in order to triangulate the empirical results. Findings – The findings support the existence of cultural effect on local income inequality and cultural path dependence of employers’ preferences for job preservation vs job loss in a condition of economic shock. Originality/value – The paper provides both theoretical reasoning and empirical illustration of the significance of the cultural effect on human preferences which may or may not allow for redistribution and convergence between localities.
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Rahman, Matiur, and M. Moosa Khan. "The Euro and Convergence among Stock Markets of Germany, France and Italy." Global Economy Journal 9, no. 1 (March 2009): 1850157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1434.

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This paper re-examines the role of the euro in enhancing the convergence among stock markets of Germany, France and Italy. The VAR-framework is implemented with a dummy variable. A pre- and post-euro analysis is also performed with an exclusion of the dummy variable. Monthly data on stock market returns from February 1994 through December 2007 are employed. The empirical results reveal evidence of significant convergence among the above markets during the post-euro era relative to the pre-euro era with net positive short-run causal effects.
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Albers, Hakon, and Ulrich Pfister. "Climate change, weather shocks, and price convergence in pre-industrial Germany." European Review of Economic History 25, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 467–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa030.

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Abstract Market integration of European inland regions such as Germany caught up on North-Western Europe from the seventeenth century onwards. As many studies rely on grain prices and the pre-industrial era was a period of climate change, a relevant question is in how far changing weather shocks impact on the measurement of convergence trends. We create a new high-quality grain price dataset and apply four methodologies to quantify market integration robust to weather shocks and climate change. Population growth and river transport turn out as plausible explanations for price convergence rather than climate change.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Convergence (Economics) – Germany"

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Baysal, Baris. "Inflation Convergence between Germany and Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Turkey : A co-integration Analysis." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Nationalekonomi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-35864.

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This paper looks for evidence of co-integration to the German inflation rate between the countries Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Turkey. The method applied is based on econometrics since some certain statistical tests need to be performed to obtain more accurate results. The main tests used are Dickey-Fuller and Augmented version of this test which is vital to test for unit-root and co-integration in this paper. Since the data need to be stationary to perform the analysis in this paper, second difference and the deseasonalisation methods are also used for this purpose. Deseasonalisation method helps this paper progress in two means; to determine the months which have seasonal effect and to form another model with the help of the seasonal months, to obtain stationary series. Finally the original co-integration model is then tested again after deseaonalisation with Dickey-Fuller and Augmented Dickey-Fuller tests. After the tests, I found evidence that Greece, Italy, Sweden, and Turkey are co-integrating with German inflation rate whereas there is no evidence for Spain.
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Silva, Ana Cristina Barbosa Gomes da. "Alemanha e China : estudo comparativo da evolução económica (1980-2011) e análise das relações bilaterais de comércio e IDE." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6205.

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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
A economia mundial está em mutação, tendência resultante das dinâmicas impostas pela globalização que transformou um mundo bipolar em multipolar, onde emergem agora novos protagonistas e novas parcerias estratégicas. Neste enquadramento, a dissertação compara as evoluções económicas da Alemanha e da China entre 1980 e 2011 e analisa as relações bilaterais sino-alemãs de comércio e IDE, procedendo: (i) à revisão teórica dos conceitos de crescimento económico, convergência, globalização, relações económicas internacionais e competitividade; e (ii) à análise de indicadores, entre os quais, macroeconómicos, setoriais, demográficos, competitividade, comércio e IDE. A capacidade de adaptação às exigências da globalização e os fatores competitivos nacionais são a base do sucesso destas performances. Com diferentes maturidades económicas, a Alemanha (gigante histórico) e a China (gigante emergente) estão entre as maiores economias do mundo e partilham a apologia histórica da industrialização, a estabilidade macroeconómica, a liderança do comércio internacional e o estatuto de economias superavitárias. Distinguem-se, designadamente, pelos ritmos de crescimento, pela posição líquida de investimento no estrangeiro, pela política cambial, pela composição da procura interna e pelo perfil de comércio internacional. As relações bilaterais demonstram uma parceria estratégica no comércio e no IDE com lucros recíprocos, afigurando-se, contudo, novos desafios resultantes do surgimento de argumentos de concorrência mútua e da reconfiguração da economia mundial. O estudo assume particular interesse perante a ainda reduzida panóplia de análises comparativas entre as economias alemã e chinesa e face a possibilidade de outras economias retirarem lições destas experiências de crescimento e cooperação económica.
The world economy is changing. This is a tendency resulting from the dynamics imposed by globalization, which transformed a bipolar world into a multipolar one, where new protagonists and new strategic partnerships are now emerging. In this framework, the paper compares the German and Chinese economic evolutions between 1980 and 2011 and analyzes Sino-German trade and FDI bilateral relations, proceeding: (i) to the theoretical review of the concepts of economic growth, convergence, globalization, international economic relations and competitiveness; and (ii) to the analysis of indicators, including, macroeconomics, sectorial, demographic, competitiveness, trade and FDI. The capacity of adaptation to the globalization requirements and the competitive national factors are the basis to the success of these performances. Having different economic maturities, Germany (historic giant) and China (emergent giant) are among the biggest economies in the world and share the historic defense of industrialization, the macroeconomic stability, the international trade leadership and the surplus economy status. They differ, namely, by their economic rates growth, net outward investment, exchange rate policies, domestic demand composition and profile of international trade. The bilateral relationships demonstrate a strategic partnership in trade and FDI with reciprocal profits drawing, however, new challenges resulting from the emergence of arguments to mutual competition and from the reconfiguration of the world economy. This paper assumes particular interest facing the still reduced panoply of comparative analyses between German and Chinese economies and the possibility of other economies learn lessons from these experiences of economic growth and cooperation.
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Bučková, Marie. "Česko-německý asymetrický vztah a jeho překonávání na příkladu hospodářské roviny spolupráce." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-398372.

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The study deals with Czech-German economic relations during 1991 - 2016, viewed from the perspective of the theory of asymmetrical dyads. The Czech-German relationship can be perceived as asymmetrical on the basis of inequality between the political-economic possibilities of Czech Republic (CR) - the weaker and Germany - the stronger. Despite this, there are many common aspects such as foreign policy orientation and the nature of the economy. CR and Germany are in many respects compatible with each other and economically complementary. They have similar culture, are geographically close and there are many transactions between them. At the same time, they are connected by a common past and by overcoming conflicts issues. Despite many qualities of Czech-German relationship, the Czech side has traditionally addressed securing its security, freedom and prosperity. After the fall of the "Iron Curtain", Germany engaged in the political-economic transformation of Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic, which turned into a democratic system with market- oriented economy. The development of Czech-German economic relations for the CR meant chance for economic growth, access to technology and, within the framework of business cooperation, to global markets, in addition to the identical institutional context of NATO...
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Books on the topic "Convergence (Economics) – Germany"

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Hunt, Jennifer. Why do people still live in East Germany? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.

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Button, K. J. Regional economic convergence in Great Britain and Germany. Loughborough: Loughborough University, Department ofEconomics,Centre for Research in European Economics andFinance, 1994.

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Systemic change in the Japanese and German economies: Convergence and differentiation as a dual challenge. London: Routledge/Curzon, 2004.

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Schreiter, Katrin. Designing One Nation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190877279.001.0001.

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The histories of East and West Germany traditionally emphasize the Cold War rivalries between the communist and capitalist nations. Yet, even as the countries diverged in their political directions, they had to create new ways of working together economically. This book examines the material culture of increasing economic contacts in divided Germany from the 1940s until the 1990s. Trade events, such as fairs and product shows, became one of the few venues for sustained links and knowledge between the two countries after the building of the Berlin Wall. The book uses industrial design, epitomized by the furniture industry, to show how a network of politicians, entrepreneurs, and cultural brokers attempted to nationally re-inscribe their production cultures, define a postwar German identity, and regain economic stability and political influence in postwar Europe. What started as a competition for ideological superiority between East and West Germany quickly turned into a shared, politically legitimizing quest for an untainted post-fascist modernity. This work follows products from the drawing board into the homes of ordinary Germans to offer insights into how converging visions of German industrial modernity created shared expectations about economic progress and living standards. The book reveals how intra-German and European trade policies drove the creation of products and generated a certain convergence of East and West German taste by the 1980s.
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(Editor), Olivier de Bandt, Heinz Herrmann (Editor), and Giuseppe Parigi (Editor), eds. Convergence or Divergence in Europe?: Growth and Business Cycles in France, Germany and Italy. Springer, 2006.

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Herrmann, Heinz, Giuseppe Parigi, and Olivier de Bandt. Convergence or Divergence in Europe?: Growth and Business Cycles in France, Germany and Italy. Springer London, Limited, 2006.

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Herrmann, Heinz, Giuseppe Parigi, and Olivier de Bandt. Convergence or Divergence in Europe?: Growth and Business Cycles in France, Germany and Italy. Springer, 2010.

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Pascha, Werner. Systemic Changes in the German and Japanese Economies: Convergence and Differentiation As a Dual Challenge. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004.

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Pascha, Werner. Systemic Changes in the German and Japanese Economies: Convergence and Differentiation As a Dual Challenge. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004.

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Pascha, Werner. Systemic Changes in the German and Japanese Economies: Convergence and Differentiation As a Dual Challenge. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Convergence (Economics) – Germany"

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Fanning, Bryan. "European Christian democracy." In Three Roads to the Welfare State, 183–202. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447360322.003.0009.

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This chapter examines the convergence of religious, political, and economic responses to pre-1945 totalitarianism that came to constitute a distinct world of welfare capitalism. The influence of religious ideas is examined through a focus on the intellectual journey of Jacques Maritain, the most prominent Catholic theologian, and political philosopher prior to the Second World War and during its aftermath. The chapter also explores how political champions of Christian democracy and of what would become the European Union, like Konrad Adenauer, combined Catholic ideas with liberal economics to create a distinct Christian democratic antidote to what were perceived as the causes of totalitarianism. Christian democracy very quickly became a prominent political force in several European countries with large Catholic populations, other than Spain and Portugal where totalitarian regimes remained in control. By 1948, Christian democrat political parties had become dominant or politically prominent in Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and in the Federal Republic of Germany following its establishment in 1949.
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Fomina, Joanna. "Narrowing the Gap: Convergence of German and Polish Public Attitudes towards the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict." In Eastern Chessboard: Geopolitical Determinants and Challenges in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus, 9–28. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788376386706.02.

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The annexation of the Crimean peninsula by Russia and the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict have triggered varied reactions in Europe. Although in response to the Russian aggression against Ukraine the Western governments have imposed limited individual and economic sanctions and the EU has managed to speak in one voice there, agreeing common position was not easy. The survey results demonstrate that despite a popular perception of Poles as Russophobes and of Germans – as Russophiles, and thus an expected difference of attitudes towards the ongoing events in the two societies, we observe considerable convergence of opinions in both countries. This is not to say that Polish and German public opinions are unanimous regarding the conflict. On the contrary, both German and Polish societies are internally divided with regard to the assessment of current events, their roots and consequences as well as the required response on the part of the EU. Yet, we observe a toning down of considerable differences along national lines. Moreover, both Poles and Germans agree that the relations between their countries with Russia are bad; are generally critical towards Russia’s policy vis-à-vis Ukraine and support sanctions against Russia and economic aid for Ukraine. At the same time, both Germans and Poles oppose providing military aid to Ukraine as well as are afraid of refugee flows from Ukraine in case of lifting the visa requirement for Ukrainians. All in all, the belief that Poles and Germans have completely opposite views on the Russian- -Ukrainian conflict is not reflected in the public opinion survey results.
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Gertler, Meric S. "Geography, Learning, and Convergence." In Manufacturing Culture. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233824.003.0014.

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According to an increasingly accepted view, the sovereignty of national economies has been eroded to the point where nation-states ‘have become little more than bit actors’ (Ohmae 1995: 12). With the development of globalized financial markets, the rising power of multinational corporations (MNCs), and the emergence of a new set of supranational institutions to govern economic processes on a continental or world scale, nation-states are said to have lost the ability to manage their own domestic economic affairs, having ceded control over exchange rates, investment, and even fiscal policy to extra-national forces (Strange 1997). Moreover, with the increasing leverage and reach of MNCs further contributing to the erosion of national economic sovereignty, the once distinctive character of particular national industrial ‘models’ is said to be under imminent threat. While it may still be possible to identify at least three clearly distinctive national models—an Anglo-American model, a Rhineland (German) model, and a Japanese model—the decline of national institutions, the intensification of competitive forces on a global scale, and the cross-penetration of national markets by MNCs are said to have propelled a process of convergence between these different national models (see Martin and Sunley 1997 for a review of these arguments). In most representations of this globalization dynamic, convergence is regarded as inexorable. One of the most important processes underpinning this dynamic is learning. At the global level, large corporate actors are allegedly learning from each other, so that the most successful corporate practices are emulated and diffused cross-nationally at an increasingly rapid pace. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, considerable attention was devoted to the diffusion of methods of production and workplace organization perfected by Japanese producers of cars and consumer electronics, in which American, Canadian, and European manufacturers were shown to be learning methods such as just-in-time, kaizen/continuous improvement, and other aspects of ‘lean production’ techniques from their Japanese competitors (Womack, Jones, and Roos 1990). With the resurgence of the United States’ economy in the second half of the 1990s, American practices have apparently become the object of global firms’ affections, with large corporations in Europe and Asia adopting the core characteristics of US-style ‘shareholder capitalism’: especially flexible labour market practices, ‘re-engineering’, and the empowerment of shareholders (The Economist 1996a; 1996b).
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Lohse, Alexandra. "Introduction." In Prevail until the Bitter End, 1–15. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501759390.003.0001.

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This chapter charts the roughly twenty-seven months that lay between the destruction of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad in January 1943 and Germany's unconditional surrender in May 1945. Mobilized for “total war,” German civilians and military personnel experienced an unparalleled convergence of military, economic, political, and social crises. The chapter investigates the conception of such notions under the crisis conditions of the final war years. It asks how members of the militarized national community interpreted their experiences at the intersection of extreme violence perpetrated by them and against them. How did they respond to the war's rising tolls and receding fortunes? What were their visions and expectations for the future? What impact did the war's descending trajectory have on people's relationship with the Nazi regime, and what did National Socialism in decline mean to those mobilized in its defense? Ultimately, the chapter probes popular responses to the violent dissolution of the Third Reich from an inclusive perspective that considers German military and civilian populations as integral members of Germany's wartime society (Kriegsgesellschaft).
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Thatcher, Mark. "Transformation and Convergence: Stock Exchanges in France, Germany, and Italy 1986–2005." In Internationalisation and Economic Institutions:, 95–122. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199245680.003.0006.

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Schreiter, Katrin. "Intra-German Trade and the Aesthetic Dialectic of European Integration." In Designing One Nation, 84–119. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190877279.003.0004.

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This chapter looks at the clashes when East meets West as they deal with the postwar change of economic policy from reconstruction to trade. This change pitted the two economic systems directly against each other in a competition for economic superiority. At the same time the interconnected economic infrastructure glossed over the Cold War division. This chapter presents an examination of West German attempts at balancing European integration with the German Question to bring into focus aesthetic convergence of East and West German design in the Mittelstand furniture industry.
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"IMPLEMENTATION OF STANDARDS: WHAT ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF A CONVERGENCE PRODUCTION SYSTEM BY INTERNATIONAL RULES?" In Systemic Changes in the German and Japanese Economies, 181–206. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203642740-19.

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Tenge, Marion. "Social Software Platforms as Motor of Relationship Marketing in Services." In Customer-Centric Marketing Strategies, 280–96. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2524-2.ch014.

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The traditional role of German airports as providers of infrastructure serving macro-economic purposes gives way to a more market-oriented understanding. Airports with overlapping catchment areas increasingly compete for airlines and passengers. Despite an evolving awareness of the need for customer-orientation, airports lack genuine passenger insights, as airlines and tour operators own the passenger relationship. The emergence of public Social Software Platforms (SSP), such as the online social network Facebook or the micro-blogging service Twitter, provides airports with the opportunity to take a genuine customer-centric approach to airport service quality. The chapter provides an overview of the convergence of social and technological networks. Touching on the ‘need-satisfier’ approach of economist Max-Neef and contributions of self-determination theory, the motivational pull of SSP is analyzed, and success factors for harnessing their Relationship Marketing potential are deduced. Finally, the chapter summarizes opportunities and challenges for airport organizations when engaging with passengers on SSP.
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Ollick, Stephan FH. "Constitutional Law and the Economy." In Constitutionalism and the Economy in Africa, 73—C3.P134. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192886439.003.0005.

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Abstract Constitutions are political and economic documents. Although the economic order can in principle be shaped dynamically as a matter of policy, many modern legal orders elevate economic principles to constitutional rank. The resulting provisions come in a variety of guises, ranging from formal commitments and distinctly labelled systems to discreet presuppositions that motivate and protect desired forms of productive activity. The legal systems of France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States each enshrine key tenets of economic liberalism in their fundamental laws by regulating levels of state intervention, preserving economic unity, balancing public and private ownership, and giving privileged protection to select individual and collective rights. Idiosyncrasies and differences in emphasis reflect the historical trajectories of the four orders. Among the European states, convergence has been perpetuated by the European Union’s involvement in economic and monetary policy. However, they differ in the limits they impose on later policy-making, thus increasing the political cost of changes in approach. While the constitutional enshrinement of economic tenets may attest to a firm belief in their validity and endurance, the questionable significance of this practice for economic growth must be weighed against the costs of potentially limiting the range of responses to new challenges in an ever-changing world.
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Cohn, Jr., Samuel K. "Varieties of Protest: (i) Peasants, Alliances, Economics, Religion." In Popular Protest and Ideals of Democracy in Late Renaissance Italy, 125–52. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849472.003.0007.

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The following two chapters introduce aspects of popular revolt during the Italian wars that trace convergences with the late Middle Ages. First, Italy did not follow European paths north of the Alps with widespread insurrections comprised largely of peasants that cut across states and linguistic divides. From 1494 to 1559, peasant revolts increased (1) with extensions of the ‘German Peasants’ Revolt’ into northern Italy in 1524–25 and (2) with resistance against billeting and military abuses throughout this period. Their number, however, remained distinctly in the shadows of urban revolt. Second, alliances between urban and peasant rebels also increased. However, in comparison with other European regions, indifference or hostility between urban and rural rebels in Italy largely remained. Third, if mutinies of soldiers are discarded, economic revolts between employers and labourers were even sparser in Italy, 1494 to 1559, than they had been in the Middle Ages. The most striking exception was the year-long Lucchese revolt, called Gli Straccioni (1531–32), that began as a protest of silk workers against new impositions from their bosses, but like Florence’s revolt of the Ciompi in 1378, quickly grew into a revolt of the city’s popolo to extend political representation. Finally, Italy did not follow trends north of the Alps, where religious ideals and doctrines and the role of clerics became central to insurrection. Revolts spawned by religious ideology and influenced by clerics in Italy instead declined below levels even seen in the late Middle Ages.
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Conference papers on the topic "Convergence (Economics) – Germany"

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Kicheva-Kirova, Mariya, Tsvetomir Tsvetkov, and Lyubov Ivanova. "The convergence of the French and the German economies as an effect of the European globalization and the economic effects on both economies." In 2nd International Conference on Advanced Research in Business, Management and Economics. GLOBALKS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icabme.2019.12.892.

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Zdražil, Pavel. "Testování hypotézy konvergence v regionu střední Evropy pomocí kointegrace." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-10.

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The issue of regional disparities development is usually examined only in terms of beta- and sigma-convergence. To extend the discussion, therefore, it is needed to use approaches based on completely different principles, which are not burden with always the same methodological limits. In this context, the aim of this contribution is to apply the cointegration approach to assess the development of regional disparities in economic performance and income in Central Europe. On the sample of 62 regions in 2004-2018, this contribution applies the disparity evaluation method based on the Pesaran's probabilistic approach. In particular, we test the convergence hypothesis by KPSS test (null of stationary), and the divergence hypothesis by ADF test (null of unit root). The analysis found the regional convergence in economic performance, but not in income. After extending the analysis to the level of individual countries, internal regional convergence within most of countries was found in both economic performance and income. As part of the disparity evaluation in economic performance, "western" (regions of the Austria, Czechia and Germany) and the "eastern" convergence club (Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) were identified. Similarly, in the case of income analysis some signs of convergence club (Czechia, Hungary and Slovakia) were found.
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Schwenk, A., G. Nutsch, and H. Gruner. "Einfluss der Düsenkontour auf atmosphärisch DC-plasmagespritzte AL2O3-Schichten (Nozzle-Design Effects on the Quality of APS-Alumina Coatings)." In ITSC2002, edited by C. C. Berndt and E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2002p0510.

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Abstract This paper investigates the influence of nozzle design on the quality of Al2O3 coatings produced by atmospheric plasma spraying. It compares the thermal and deposition efficiency of different plasma guns along with the porosity and adhesion strength of the resulting coatings. The intent of the study is the application of convergent-divergent nozzles as an economic alternative to the nozzles typically used for atmospheric plasma spraying. Paper text in German.
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Rigaud, S. "A WORLD OF SHAPES AND COLORS: EARLY HOLOCENE CULTURAL AND INDIVIDUAL IDENTITIES EXPLORED THROUGH PERSONAL ORNAMENT ANALYSIS." In Знаки и образы в искусстве каменного века. Международная конференция. Тезисы докладов [Электронный ресурс]. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-94375-308-4.29.

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It is likely that the adoption of domestication and sedentary life was promoted by new system of beliefs and occurred in the context of a profound reconfiguration of symbolic and social codes. I will present how personal ornaments can inform on the social reorganization of the communities at the dawn of agriculture by tracking the multiple forms of interactions between individuals, the way people materialized their self-identify and the way they recognized each other. The technological and use wear analyzes of personal adornments, combined to the analysis of a georeferenced database of the bead types used by the last foragers and the first farmers in Europe, explores how interactions networks established between populations led to the social and cultural reconfiguration of the groups and reshaped the cultural geography of Europe 8000 years ago (Rigaud, 2014 Rigaud et al., 2015). Personal ornament analysis reveals the long-term stability in contacts networks that enhanced the circulation of social, technical and economic information essential for the diffusion of the farming lifestyle. The persistence of foragers personal attires within farming communities indicates that personal ornaments likely reflected the most entrenched and lasting facets of farmers ethnicity compared to other cultural proxies (Rigaud et al., 2018). Rigaud, S. (2014). Pratiques ornementales des premieres communauts agropastorales de Bavire (Allemagne): Intgration Acculturation Convergence Nouveaux apports de la ncropole de Essenbach-Ammerbreite Personal ornaments of the first agro-pastoral societies in Bavaria (Germany): Integration Acculturation Convergence New insights from Essenbach-Ammerbreite cemetery. Anthropologie (Brno), 52 (2), 207227. Rigaud, S., Manen, C., Garca-Martnez de Lagrn, I. (2018). Symbols in motion: Flexible cultural boundaries and the fast spread of the Neolithic in the western Mediterranean. PLOS ONE, 13 (5), e0196488. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0196488 Rigaud, S., Marian, V., DErrico, F. (2015). Ornaments Reveal Resistance of North European Cultures to the Spread of Farming. PLoS ONE. Retrieved from https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01260969
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