Relevant bibliographies by topics / Conventional Voltage Regulators

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Conventional Voltage Regulators'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Conventional Voltage Regulators"

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Akkouchi, K., L. Rahmani, and R. Lebied. "New application of artificial neural network-based direct power control for permanent magnet synchronous generator." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 6 (December 3, 2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2021.6.03.

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Purpose. This article proposes a new strategy for Direct Power Control (DPC) based on the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN-DPC). The proposed ANN-DPC scheme is based on the replacement of PI and hysteresis regulators by neural regulators. Simulation results for a 1 kW system are provided to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed control strategy during variations in active and reactive power and in DC bus voltage. Methodology. Our strategy is based on direct control of instant active and reactive powers. The voltage regulator and hysteresis are replaced by more efficient and robust artificial neuron networks. The proposed control technique strategy is validated using MATLAB / Simulink software to analysis the working performances. Results. The results obtained clearly show that neuronal regulators have good dynamic performances compared to conventional regulators (minimum response time, without overshoots). Originality. Regulation of continuous bus voltage and sinusoidal currents on the network side by using artificial neuron networks. Practical value. The work concerns the comparative study and the application of DPC based on ANN techniques to achieve a good performance control system of the permanent magnet synchronous generator. This article presents a comparative study between the conventional DPC control and the ANN-DPC control. The first strategy based on the use of a PI controller for the control of the continuous bus voltage and hysteresis regulators for the instantaneous powers control. In the second technique, the PI and hysteresis regulators are replaced by more efficient neuronal controllers more robust for the system parameters variation. The study is validated by the simulation results based on MATLAB / Simulink software.
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de Negreiros, Gustavo Fernandes, Fábio Xavier Lobo, Igor Cavalcante Torres, and Chigueru Tiba. "Impact on Voltage Regulation in Medium Voltage Distribution Networks Due to the Insertion of Photovoltaic Generators." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031307.

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The objective of this paper was to analyze the impacts caused by the operation of voltage regulators in electrical distribution networks and to evidence the number of operations in the face of short-duration voltage variation caused by the high intermittency of the connected PV generators. A real LV and MV feeder was used, modeled in OpenDSS software, based on normative standards, adjustments, and technical maneuvers strategically used by the local utility. The analyses considered the temporal variations for the photovoltaic generators and different load demand profiles connected to the feeder. The feeder was submitted to the demand curves varying the load percentage, framing it in high and conventional (nominal) load according to the profiles of consumers and prosumers connected. The simulations made it possible to observe the exacerbated elevation in the number of maneuvers performed by the voltage regulators of the network. The single-phase voltage regulators stood out by the elevation of control operations, causing premature wear of the PV generation equipment connected to the most loaded phase. It was observed that discrepancies in the power flow in the lines and the voltage levels at the busbars. The creation of strategies and decisions to correct these impacts caused to transformers and regulators is possible.
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Ameziane, Hatim, Kamal Zared, Hicham Akhamal, and Hassan Qjidaa. "Full On-chip low dropout voltage regulator with an enhanced transient response for low power systems." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 4637. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i6.pp4637-4648.

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<span>A full on chip low Dropout Voltage Regulator (LDO) with fast transient response and small capacitor compensation circuit is proposed. The novel technique is implemented to detect the variation voltage at the output of LDO and enable the proposed fast detector amplifier (FDA) to improve load transient response of 50mA load step. The large external capacitor used in Conventional LDO Regulators is removed allowing for greater power system integration for system-on-chip (SoC) applications. The 1.6-V Full On-Chip LDO voltage regulator with a power supply of 1.8 V was designed and simulated in the 0.18µm CMOS technology, consuming only 14 µA of ground current with a fast settling-time LNR(Line Regulation) and LOR(Load regulation) of 928ns and 883ns respectively while the rise and fall times in LNR and LOR is 500ns.</span>
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Ali Azam Khan, Md, and Mohammad Ali Choudhury. "Efficient Voltage Regulation with Modified Hybrid SEPIC DC-DC-Converter." MATEC Web of Conferences 160 (2018): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816002004.

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Switch mode dc-dc converters are attractive for their small size, ease of control and efficient power conversion. Output voltage is regulated by duty cycle control of semiconductor switch of switch mode dc-dc converters. The voltage gain and efficiency of practical switching regulators deviate from ideal values at extreme duty cycles. Also, desired gain /attenuation is not achievable at high/low duty cycles. In applications where high gain or high attenuation of voltage is desired with acceptable energy conversion efficiency, hybrid dc-dc switching converters are used. Hybrid dc-dc converters are combination of voltage multiplier/division circuit with appropriate SMPS circuits. By incorporating voltage multiplier/division cell with conventional SEPIC converters, desired voltage gain (either very low or very high) may be achieved at acceptable energy conversion efficiency. In the present work with an aim to attain very high voltage gain by conventional SEPIC topologies, a new voltage multiplier cell consisting of multiple inductors and diodes is proposed.
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Bulatov, Yuri, Andrey Kryukov, and Konstantin Suslov. "Using Group Predictive Voltage and Frequency Regulators of Distributed Generation Plants in Cyber-Physical Power Supply Systems." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 9, 2022): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041253.

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The widespread use of distributed generation (DG) plants in cyber-physical power supply systems (CPPSS) requires solving the complex problem of setting their regulators. The presented study aimed to determine the performance of the group predictive voltage and frequency regulators of DG plants in CPPSS. These studies were conducted in the MatLab environment on the CPPSS models with gas turbine units and with a small-scale hydroelectric power plant. The proposed method for tuning group predictive regulators makes it possible to improve the quality control indices. The research has established that with an additional load connected, the maximum voltage dip is reduced by a factor of 3.5 compared to conventional control regulators. In addition, the time of a transient process for the generator rotor speed is decreased by a factor of 3. In the case of a short-term short circuit, predictive regulators can reduce the time of the transient process by a factor of 1.5 and the overshoot by more than 2 times. The simulation results have confirmed the efficiency of group predictive regulators when used in DG plants, i.e., improvement of the quality of control processes in various operating modes.
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Mayouf, Messaoud. "Control strategy of a standalone variable speed wind energy conversion system based on direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator." Journal of Renewable Energy and Technology 1, no. 1 (November 11, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/jret.v1i1.378.

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In this paper, we propose a control strategy for a stand-alone wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), loaded on a DC-type charge. In the considered wind-power generating system, the generator provides a DC voltage to the load through a three-phase rectifier, controlled by the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique. The main control strategy target is to maintain the DC voltage insensitive to fast changes in wind speed and load, by offsetting the generator output current with the charge current. The approach adopted in this paper is based on the estimate of the PMSG electromagnetic torque assuming that wind velocity remains quasi-stationary in a steady state. The instant power reference is assessed by the charge controller according to the rated DC bus voltage, using actual electrical measurements as the voltage and current. To achieve adequately the power decoupling, the field-oriented control is used with conventional PI-type regulators to provide direct and quadrature control reference voltages and ensure DC bus voltage regulation. To assess the proposed control strategy efficiency, the simulation model was subjected to different load and wind speed variations. Simulation results performed using the MATLAB Simulink model show high accuracy and strength during steady-state and transient operations.
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Ghazzali, Mohamed, Mohamed Haloua, and Fouad Giri. "Fixed-time control of voltage dynamics of three-phase voltage source inverters with LC output filter." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i3.pp1843-1853.

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<p>This paper puts forward a fixed-time cascade voltage control system for threephase voltage source inverters (VSIs) with LC output filter.First, a feedforward decoupling mechanism is used to elminate the dependency between the d-q parts of the control system. Then, proportional-integral (PI) regulators are used for current control in the inner loop. The current reference is provided by a novel VSI control technique developed for fixed-time voltage regulation and reference tracking. The approach suggested in this work tracks and maintains the voltage magnitude at its normalized value in a finite-time and before a maximum settling-time fixed in advance and independent of the system’s initial state. The voltage controller also maintains current stability by providing a smoother and smaller current reference. A comparative study with VSI conventional PI control for linear, nonlinear and unbalanced loads confirms the theoretical results.</p>
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Djebbar, Mohamed Salah, Aziz Boukadoum, and Abla Bouguerne. "Performances of a wind power system based on the doubly fed induction generator controlled by a multi-level inverter." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i1.pp100-110.

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The objective of this work is to study the contribution that the use of the multi-level inverter can make compared to a conventional two-level inverter, in a wind power production line (WPG) associated with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The DFIG is driven by a variable speed wind turbine and operates in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode, for optimum efficiency. The rotor of the DFIG is supplied by a DC/AC inverter with five levels with MPC structure, controlled by the PWM technique, while the stator is connected with the network. The active and reactive powers exchanged between the DFIG and the network is achieved by indirect vector control with oriented stator flux (IFOC), with conventional regulators, ensuring zero reactive power and a unitary power factor. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the current signals/voltages of the entire wind chain is exposed and criticized. The obtained results are very promising, offering the possibility for wind turbines with multi-level inverter to work in high voltage and large power.
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Xu, Aoqi, Yassine Bouteraa, Nasreen Kausar, Ardashir Mohammadzadeh, Dragan Pamucar, and Mohammed Abdullah Salman. "A Fuzzy Intelligent Computing Approach for Energy/Voltage Control of Microgrids." Journal of Mathematics 2023 (April 17, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5289114.

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The control and energy management problems of microgrids (MGs) are challenging due to the high level of uncertainties and disturbances such as changes in demands, mechanical powers, and solar energies. So, intelligent computing is needed to be developed for these systems. This paper uses an optimal and robust fuzzy controller for automatic voltage and frequency regulation. The fuzzy logic develops the resistance against uncertainties and disturbances such as irradiation, wind power changes, and load demand variation. The introduced controller uses appropriate and effective criteria that include rising time, settling time, overshoot, and the degree of resistance of the control system to uncertainties and perturbation effects. Through simulations and compassion with conventional regulators, the better accuracy of the suggested approach is demonstrated.
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Abegaz, Brook W., and Sina Zarrabian. "Modified Q-Learning Method for Automatic Voltage Regulation in Wide-Area Multigeneration Systems." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (June 10, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3047761.

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The state-estimation and optimal control of multigeneration systems are challenging for wide-area systems having numerous distributed automatic voltage regulators (AVR). This paper proposes a modified Q-learning method and algorithm that aim to improve the convergence of the approach and enhance the dynamic response and stability of the terminal voltage of multiple generators in the experimental Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) and large-scale IEEE 39-bus test systems. The large-scale experimental testbed consists of a six-area, 39-bus system having ten generators that are connected to ten AVRs. The implementation shows promising results in providing stable terminal voltage profiles and other system parameters across a wide range of AVR systems under different test scenarios including N-1 contingency and fault conditions. The approach could provide significant stability improvement for wide-area systems as compared to the implementation of conventional methods such as using standalone AVR and/or power system stabilizers (PSS) for the wide-area control of power systems.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Conventional Voltage Regulators"

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Kumar, Ajit. "Enhancement of Small Signal Stability in Power Systems: Novel Approaches." Thesis, 2018. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4157.

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The modern power system is a highly nonlinear system that operates in a constantly changing environment. Power system, need to maintain more or less flat voltage profile across the grid and maintain stability for small and large disturbances. Traditionally, automatic voltage regulators (AVR) are used for voltage regulation and power system stabilizers (PSS) are used as auxiliary controllers in AVR to enhance the small signal stability of power system. The conventional PSS design techniques require considerable expertise, full system information and extensive eigenvalue calculations, which increase the computational complexity with the increase in system size. The thesis proposes a novel approach to design a fixed parameter PSS utilizing only the local system information applicable for a wide range of operating and system conditions. The phase compensation requirements for a fixed parameter PSS significantly change with the generator loading and topology which degrades the PSS performance. The thesis proposes to augment a nonlinear gain to the existing static AVR structure so that the impact of the loading conditions is completely eliminated. It is shown that this modification produces a single phase-compensation curve for all loading levels which simplifies the PSS design and eliminates the PSS tuning requirements. If the coupling between the voltage loop and the rotor angle loop is removed then the conflicting nature between them can be eliminated. This thesis shows that the rotor dynamics and voltage dynamics can be decoupled in a synchronous machine using a partial feedback linearization based nonlinear AVR. However, in such cases the damping is only dependent on the natural damping in the system. So, PSS is needed even in the case of a nonlinear AVR if the natural damping is insufficient. Consequently, a PSS design for a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system with the nonlinear AVR is proposed. The PSS design using local information is also extended to the nonlinear AVR scenario in a multi machine environment.
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Books on the topic "Conventional Voltage Regulators"

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Pota, Hemanshu Roy, and Jahangir Hossain. Robust Control for Grid Voltage Stability : High Penetration of Renewable Energy: Interfacing Conventional and Renewable Power Generation Resources. Springer, 2016.

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Pota, Hemanshu Roy, and Jahangir Hossain. Robust Control for Grid Voltage Stability : High Penetration of Renewable Energy: Interfacing Conventional and Renewable Power Generation Resources. Springer, 2014.

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Pota, Hemanshu Roy, and Jahangir Hossain. Robust Control for Grid Voltage Stability : High Penetration of Renewable Energy: Interfacing Conventional and Renewable Power Generation Resources. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Conventional Voltage Regulators"

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Kumar, Niraj, and Vishnu Mohan Mishra. "Comparative Critical Analysis of Artificial Intelligent Technique and Conventional Control Technique Applied in Series Filter for Harmonic Reduction." In Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Electrical Engineering, 129–43. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2718-4.ch008.

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Series active filters, besides the dc voltage regulators, incorporate controller such as voltage controller and hysteresis band controllers, etc.. The conventional PI controller suffers from the significant drawback of having a high content of ripples and the low speed due to variable switching frequency caused by the usage of hysteresis controllers. In order to overcome this shortcoming, two different control strategies (i.e., sinusoidal fryze voltage control and adaptive tabu search-sinusoidal fryze voltage control strategy) have been developed in this research work. The performance of SAFs has been analyzed by using these current control strategies. The proposed ATS-SFV control strategy based voltage controller yielded better performance as compared to those obtainable from the SFV control strategy. The comparisons of the proposed strategies among themselves facilitate a need-based selection of them for the supply system. To realize these control strategies, MATLAB/Simulink-based models have been developed for simulation.
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Matt, Daniel, Nadhem Boubaker, Mourad Aitakkache, Philippe Enrici, Jean-Jacques Huselstein, and Thierry Martire. "High Power Very Low Voltage Electric Motor for Electric Vehicle." In New Perspectives on Electric Vehicles [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99134.

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Electric vehicles are often designed in the same way as their conventional counterparts based on the internal combustion engine, they are heavy machines for comfort and safety reasons, and increasingly powerful. Under these conditions, in order to simplify the motor electrical supply system by reducing the current levels, the voltage chosen for the battery is very high and can go up to 700 V. However, for many applications where the power is relatively low (< 30 kW per motor), it can be more beneficial to size the system at very low voltage (< 60 V). This approach allows to overcome many constraining safety requirements and also to use off-the-shelf components (motor controllers, connectors, etc.) that are more easily available on the market in this voltage range. There are also many regulatory provisions that may require to stay within this voltage limit. This article presents a variety of very low voltage motorisation solutions with a required power up to 100kW. They use two complementary approaches. The first is to implement an original permanent magnet synchronous machine technology with an optimised armature winding for low voltage operation. The second is based on power splitting where the electrical machine being designed to be driven by multiple controllers. Many examples of low-voltage motorised vehicles (sporty vehicle, tractor, re-motorised automobile, etc.) are illustrated in this article.
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Conference papers on the topic "Conventional Voltage Regulators"

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Xiros, Nikolaos I., Georgios Tsakyridis, Marco Scharringhausen, and Lars Witte. "Control of a DC-DC Boost Converter for Fuel-Cell-Powered Marine Applications." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78171.

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Economic factors together with protection laws and policies pertaining to marine pollution drive research for improved power generation. Fuel cells, being fuel efficient and environmentally friendly, could provide a desirable option and suitable alternative to conventional propulsion systems based on fossil fuels or even nuclear fission. Fuel cells are becoming fast a mature technology and employed in many various other areas. Flexibility of special purpose watercraft, power autonomy and modularity can all benefit from the use of fuel cells. Specifically, proton exchange membrane fuel cells are considered among the most promising options for marine propulsion applications. Switching converters are the common interface intermitted between fuel cells and the load in order to provide a stable regulated voltage. DC-DC converters have been widely used since the advent of semiconductors. These devices are typically adopted to accomplish voltage regulation tasks for a multitude of applications: from renewable energy power-plants to military, medical and transportation systems. Nonetheless voltage regulators exhibit the need for consistent closed- and open-loop control. Most common approaches are PID controllers, sliding mode controllers and artificial neural networks that are considered in this work. An artificial neural network (ANN) is an adaptive, often nonlinear system that learns to perform a functional mapping from data. In our approach, a typical example of a fuel cell, a power converter outfitted with an ANN controller, and a resistive load configuration is investigated. Simulation studies are crucial in power electronics to essentially predict the behavior of the device before any hardware implementation. General requirements, design specification together with control strategies can be iteratively tested using computer simulations. This paper shows the simulation results of the full system behavior, as described above, under dynamic conditions. Initially, an open-loop simulation of the system is performed. Next, an appropriately trained ANN is incorporated to the switching model of the DC-DC converter to perform simulations for validation. Conversely, during design and calibration of the ANN controller, instead of the switching model of the DC-DC converter, a trained ANN equivalent is employed.
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Biancuzzi, G., T. Lemke, F. Goldschmidtboeing, O. Ruthmann, H. J. Schrag, B. Vodermayer, T. Schmid, and P. Woias. "Low Power Electronics for Square-Wave Piezoactuator Driving." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12405.

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The German Artificial Sphincter System (GASS) project aims at the development of an implantable sphincter prosthesis driven by a micropump. During the last few years the feasibility of the concept has been proven. At present our team’s effort is focused on the compliance to safety regulations and on a very low power consumption of the system as a whole. Therefore a low-voltage multilayer piezoactuator has been developed to reduce the driving voltage of the micropump from approximately 300 Vpp to 40 Vpp. Doing so, the driving voltage is within the limits set by the regulations for active implants. The operation of the micropump at lower voltages, achieved using multilayer piezoactuators, has already resulted in a much better power efficiency. Nevertheless, in order to further reduce power consumption, we have also developed an innovative driving technique that we are going to describe and compare to other driving systems. A direct switching circuit has been developed where the buffer capacitor of the step-up converter has been replaced by the equivalent capacitance of the actuator itself. This avoids the switching of the buffer capacitor to the actuator, which would result in a very low efficiency. Usually, a piezoactuator needs a bipolar voltage drive to achieve maximum displacement. In our concept, the voltage inversion across the actuator is done using an h-bridge circuit, allowing the employment of one step-up converter only. The charge stored in the actuator is then partially recovered by means of a step-down converter which stores back the energy at the battery voltage level. The power consumption measurements of our concept are compared to a conventional driving output stage and also with inductive charge recovery circuits. In particular, the main advantage, compared to the latter systems, consists in the small inductors needed for the power converter. Other charge recovery techniques require very big inductors in order to have a significant power reduction with the capacitive loads we use in our application. With our design we will be able to achieve approximately 55% reduction in power consumption compared to the simplest conventional driver and 15% reduction compared to a charge recovery driver.
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Osmanovic, David, Ivan Skeledzija, Kresimir Spoljaric, Domagoj Tomic, Josip Mikulic, Gregor Schatzberger, Johannes Fellner, and Adrijan Baric. "Design of a tunable temperature coefficient voltage reference with low-dropout voltage regulator in 180-nm CMOS technology." In 2020 43rd International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/mipro48935.2020.9245163.

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Priyambada, Snigdha, and Pradeep Kumar Mohanty. "Performance evaluation of DEPSO algorithm on automatic voltage regulator using conventional PID & Fuzzy-PID controller." In 2015 International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment: Towards Sustainable Growth (ICEPE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epetsg.2015.7510141.

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Silva, Tarcisio M. P., and Carlos De Marqui Junior. "Self-Powered Active Control for an Aeroelastic Plate-Like Wing Using Piezoelectric Material." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7539.

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This paper presents the self-powered active control of elastic and aeroelastic oscillations. A plate-like wing with two piezoelectric layers on the bottom surface and one piezoelectric layer on the top surface is modeled along with an electrical circuit. The direct piezoelectric effect of the bottom layer is used for mechanical to electrical energy conversion. The electrical circuit calculates the control voltage to be applied into the top piezoelectric layer that works as an actuator. The required actuation energy is fully supplied by the harvested energy. The control voltage is obtained from a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) control law. Three cases are investigated. In the first one the harmonic base excitation of the cantilevered wing is considered, the suppression of flutter oscillations is investigated in the second case and the atmospheric turbulence induced vibrations problem is presented in the third case. The performance of the self-powered controller is similar to the performance of a conventional active controller with limited control voltage.
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Ricci, Federico, Stefano Papi, Michele Battistoni, Jacopo Zembi, Massimo Dal Re, and Carlo Grimaldi. "Engine Efficiency Measurements Using a 100 kHz Radio Frequency Corona Igniter." In 16th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-24-0041.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Conventional spark-ignition engines are currently incapable of meeting rising customer performance demands while complying with even stringent pollutant-emissions regulations. As a result, innovative ignition systems are being developed to accomplish these targets. Radio-Frequency corona igniters stand out for their ability to accelerate early flame growth speed by exploiting the combined action of kinetic, thermal and transport effects. Furthermore, a volumetric discharge enables the promotion of combustion over a wide area, as opposed to the local ignition of traditional spark.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The present work wants to evaluate the advantages of a Streamer-type Radio Frequency corona discharge at about 100 kHz with respect to those of traditional spark igniter. To explore the corona ignition behavior, experimental campaigns were performed on a three-cylinder spark-ignition engine fueled with gasoline, at condition of stochiometric mixture, low speed, two different loads and by varying the igniter control parameters, i.e. driving voltage and activation time. The igniters’ performance was investigated using indicating and efficiency analysis. The latter was accomplished by estimating engine fuel consumption and the delivered engine torque.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">When compared to traditional spark, the corona device showed substantial enhancement of the effective efficiency up to 2%, with improvement of delivered torque of about 10%, and combustion stability up to 40%.</div></div>
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