Journal articles: 'Conventional standards'

1

Sadurski, Wojciech. "Conventional Morality and Judicial Standards." Virginia Law Review 73, no. 2 (March 1987): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1073068.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

SCHNEIDER, MARY ELLEN. "IOM: CAM Should Meet Conventional Standards." Family Practice News 35, no. 5 (March 2005): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1553-3212(05)71023-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

SCHNEIDER, MARY ELLEN. "IOM: CAM Should Use Conventional Standards." Clinical Psychiatry News 33, no. 3 (March 2005): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0270-6644(05)70105-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Rodu, Brad, and Nantaporn Plurphanswat. "Gaiha et al. Disregarded Conventional Publishing Standards." Journal of Adolescent Health 68, no. 1 (January 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.013.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Waring, George O. "Conventional Standards for Reporting Results of Refractive Surgery." Journal of Refractive Surgery 5, no. 5 (September 1989): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597x-19890901-03.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Moss, Gerald. "Raising the outcome standards for conventional open cholecystectomy." American Journal of Surgery 172, no. 4 (October 1996): 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(96)00195-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Dobreski, Brian. "Authority and Universalism: Conventional Values in Descriptive Catalog Code." NASKO 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/nasko.v6i1.15226.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Every standard embodies a particular set of values. Some aspects are privileged while others are masked. Values embedded within knowledge organization standards have special import in that they are further perpetuated by the data they are used to generate. Within libraries, descriptive catalog codes serve as prominent knowledge organization standards, guiding the creation of resource representations. Though the historical and functional aspects of these standards have received significant attention, less focus has been placed on the values associated with such codes. In this study, a critical, historical analysis of ten Anglo- American descriptive catalog codes and surrounding discourse was conducted as an initial step towards uncovering key values associated with this lineage of standards. Two values in particular were found to be highly significant: authority and universalism. Authority is closely tied to notions of power and control, particularly over practice or belief. Increasing control over resources, identities, and viewpoints are all manifestations of the value of authority within descriptive codes. Universalism has guided the widening coverage of descriptive codes in regards to settings and materials, such as the extension of bibliographic standards to non-book resources. Together, authority and universalism represent conventional values focused on facilitating orderly social exchanges. A comparative lack of emphasis on values concerning human welfare and empowerment may be unsurprising, but raises questions concerning the role of human values in knowledge organization standards. Further attention to the values associated with descriptive codes and other knowledge organization standards is important as libraries and other institutions seek to share their resource representation data more widely.

8

Mione, Anne. "Standards Questions when Developing a New Market; The Lessons for Non Conventional Materials." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.413.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

This contribution exposes the strategic relational questions associated with the creation of a voluntary standard. We first argue that the creation of rules is required to develop a new market. The development of new markets for non-conventional materials would beneficiate from the development of new standards. Yet, the creation of voluntary standards may entail competitive relational choices that the creators of standards are generally unprepared to handle. We thus consider two situations where voluntary standards have generated competitive interactions between rival standards organizations and try to suggest recommendations for the creators of new standards.

9

Levine, Mark N. "Conventional and Complementary Therapies: A Tale of Two Research Standards?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, no. 12 (April 20, 2010): 1979–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.28.5320.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Tang, Yi-Hua, James Wachter, Alain Rufenacht, Gerald J. FitzPatrick, and Samuel P. Benz. "Application of a 10 V Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard in Direct Comparison With Conventional Josephson Voltage Standards." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 64, no. 12 (December 2015): 3458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2015.2463392.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

MacDonald, Bonnie-Jeanne, Lars Osberg, and Kevin D. Moore. "HOW ACCURATELY DOES 70% FINAL EMPLOYMENT EARNINGS REPLACEMENT MEASURE RETIREMENT INCOME (IN)ADEQUACY? INTRODUCING THE LIVING STANDARDS REPLACEMENT RATE (LSRR)." ASTIN Bulletin 46, no. 3 (September 2016): 627–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2016.20.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

AbstractWill 70% of a worker's final annual employment earnings sustain living standards after retirement? Despite increasing skepticism, the most dominant measure of retirement income adequacy by financial planners, pensions plan advisors, academics and public policy makers is the “final employment earnings replacement rate”, where 70% is considered the right target to ensure living standards remain at approximately the same level after retirement. Using Statistics Canada's LifePaths dynamic population micro-simulation model, this paper asks whether those individuals from the 1951–1958 Canadian birth cohort who attain roughly a 70% final employment earnings replacement rate (as conventionally measured) at retirement do, in fact, achieve approximate continuity in their living standards. We find that the conventional final earnings replacement rate measure has little predictive value for living standards continuity between working-life and retirement. The primary reason is that employment earnings in a single year is not a reliable representation of a worker's standard of living — it relies on an inadequate pre-retirement measurement period, does not incorporate important components of consumption sources (such as home equity), and ignores household size (particularly children). As a result, we find that the correlation between the conventional earnings replacement rate and actual living standards continuity is relatively low (0.11). The paper therefore suggests an alternative metric for assessing how well a worker's living standard is maintained after retirement — i.e., the Living Standards Replacement Rate, or the LSRR. The LSRR provides a more accurate, understandable and consistent measure of retirement income adequacy.

12

McBean, Edward A., Hugh Ellis, and George Mulamoottil. "Impact of alternative housing standards on stormwater management." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-018.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The impact of alternative subdivision standards on the design of stormwater management systems is explored with a view toward quantifying such impacts. The combined drainage flow (piped plus overland) for reduced standards (e.g. smaller lot sizes, road widths) for the ease study analyzed is shown to be comparable to the flow emanating from a conventional design standards system, in terms of both peak flow and total volume, and the quality of the drainage water from the reduced standards system is acceptable. A comparison of stormwater-related cost savings shows that the "per lot" costs for the reduced standards system are approximately 50–70% of those associated with the conventional designs. Key words: stormwater management, subdivision design, storm sewers.

13

Behr, R., H. Schulze, F. Muller, J. Kohlmann, and J. Niemeyer. "Josephson arrays at 70 GHz for conventional and programmable voltage standards." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 48, no. 2 (April 1999): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.769580.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Cooke, R. W. I. "Conventional birth weight standards obscure fetal growth restriction in preterm infants." Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 92, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): F189—F192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2005.089698.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Kim, Dong-Eon, Gyeong-Yeol Lee, Gyung-Suk Kil, and Sung-Wook Kim. "Trends in Measuring Instrument Transformers for Gas-Insulated Switchgears: A Review." Energies 17, no. 8 (April 12, 2024): 1846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17081846.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Voltage and current measurements in high-voltage substations are fundamental for stable operation. Conventional instrument transformers (ITs) face challenges in gas-insulated switchgears (GISs), such as size, weight, accuracy limitations, and behavioral instability at abnormal voltages and currents. Non-conventional instrument transformers (NCITs) have emerged to address these issues, complying with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards and providing millivolt-level signals, enabling downsizing of GIS bays. The transition to digital substations, as mandated by IEC 61850-9-2, requires a shift from the conventional 110 V/5 A outputs to levels ranging from millivolts to volts. Electronic instrument transformers (EITs), compliant with the IEC 60044-7 and 8 standards, offer alternatives to conventional ITs with smaller sizes and wider frequency ranges. However, issues remain with EITs, including limited adoption, the necessity of separate power sources, and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference. Recent standards, transitioning to IEC 61869, focus on low-power instrument transformers (LPITs). Low-power voltage transformers (LPVTs) and low-power current transformers (LPCTs), designed with passive components, present potential solutions by directly connecting to merging units (MUs) for digital signal transmission. This review outlines the current status of various IT standards, covering conventional ITs, EITs based on IEC 60044-7 and 8, and LPITs based on IEC 61869-10 and 11. Advancements in sensor technology relevant to these standards are also explored. The paper provides insights into the evolving landscape of instrument transformers, addressing challenges and offering potential pathways for future developments in digital substations.

16

England, Craig D., Laurie Bechder, Steve Zierer, Lisa Gassaway, Barbara Miner, and Steve Bill. "Metal Film Thickness Standards." Advances in X-ray Analysis 39 (1995): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800023156.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Cobalt, titanium and titanium nitride film thickness standards were deposited. All metal film thicknesses were obtained from x-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurement using a conventional powder diffractometer. The cobalt film thicknesses were also thicknesses were also determined from cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and scanning electron microscope energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDXS) data using the recently developed MUFILM measurement technique. The cobalt film thicknesses obtained using MUFILM agreed well with the XRR results. The metal film standards were used to obtain calibration curves for an in-fab XRF system. The cobalt and titanium nitride film thickness standards were also used to adjust the optical constants used for an in-fab ellipsometer.

17

HOMMA-TAKEDA, SHINO, HIROYUKI ISO, MASAKI ITO, KYOKO SUZUKI, KEIKO HARUMOTO, TOMOYASU YOSHITOMI, TAKAHIRO ISHIKAWA, et al. "EVALUATION OF PRESSED POWDERS AND THIN SECTION STANDARDS FOR MULTI-ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS BY CONVENTIONAL AND MICRO-PIXE ANALYSIS." International Journal of PIXE 20, no. 01n02 (January 2010): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083510001926.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

For muti-elemental analysis, various standards are used to quantify the elements consists of environmental and biological samples. In this paper two different configuration standards, pressed powders and thin section standards, were assessed for their purpose as standards by conventional and micro-PIXE analysis. Homogeneity of manganese, iron, zinc ( Zn ), copper and yttrium added to pressed powder standard materials were validated and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the X-ray intensity of the standards was <10% within the range, 62.5–250 µg/g. We established linear relationships between the metal concentration and the specific X-ray intensity of standards containing up to 250 µg/g of these metals. A homogenous distribution of Zn added to thin section standard materials was also confirmed by 10-µm-step scanning of the standard within the range, 50–250 µg/g (RSD ~ 10%). The calibration line between the X-ray intensity obtained from a 10-µm2 area and the metal concentration was acceptable.

18

Al-Husseini, Hussein Hamid Emran. "Conventional Water Treatment of Domestic Groundwater Supplies." Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences 27, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 354–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jubes.v27i1.2173.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The important of ground water is increasing in the future as a source of fresh waters; in addition, many countries contain a number of water treatment plants to treat surface water. Using conventional treatment plant in the cities to treat ground water will decrease the cost of ground water treatment and may be help to depend on both surface and ground water supplies. This paper studied the ability of treating ground water by conventional water treatment. The quality of the ground water source is studied in the mention area during study period. The chemical quality of ground water is tested and there is within the standards of drinking water except iron. The conventional treatment was enhancing quality of treated water by increment of dissolved oxygen concentrations toward optimum value. Water treatment plant was effective for removal of iron from ground water of about 50%, in addition there is an effect of conventional treatment on sulfate removal (sulfate may be increase above standards in some ground water sources). The statistical analysis of data shows there is a correlation between quality parameters of raw and treated water and between iron and sulfate of treated water in the correlation matrix. In addition, confidence test was applied on the correlation coefficients using fisher's transformation .The analysis shows, that there is a positive period (0.244, 0.941) of confidence of 95% of correlation factors of iron and sulfate.

19

Bello, Judith Hippler, and Maury D. Shenk. "WTO Dispute Settlement Body—Article XX environmental exceptions to GATT—national treatment—consistency urith GATT of U.S. rules regarding imports of reformulated gasoline." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 4 (October 1996): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203996.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

United States—Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline. 35ILM 603 (1996).World Trade Organization Appellate Body, April 29, 1996.In United States—Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline (Gasoline), the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body in its first decision addressed one of the most difficult contemporary issues in international trade— the tension between the growth of international trade and the protection of the global environment. The Appellate Body decided that rules regarding standards for cleanliness of gasoline (Gasoline Rule) adopted under the Clean Air Act by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which required importers of gasoline to meet different standards from those required of domestic refiners, were not justifiable restrictions on trade under the environmental exceptions of Article XX of GATT 1994 (GATT).

20

Hantoush, Noor Kareem, and Ali Hadi Ghawi. "Performance Evaluation of conventional Sewage Treatment Plant, Iraq." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1232, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1232/1/012019.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Abstract One of the most pressing challenges facing contemporary health is the purification of drinking water and wastewater. Pollutants in wastewater are among the most widespread in the environment, and there is a broad spectrum of detrimental impacts associated with untreated or badly treated wastewater. The current research assessed the efficacy of the Al Rumaitha wastewater treatment facility in Muthanna province, Iraq, in eliminating municipal pollutants according to national standards. Pollutant characteristics were measured using samples taken both from the plant’s raw wastewater intake and its finished treated water output. These parameters are the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids(TSS), Ammonia (NH3), Phosphorus (PO4), and the quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity (pH). According to the results, all analyses of collected samples of the plant’s effluent met the Iraqi water quality standards(IWQS) for pH, COD, BOD5, and TSS, whereas the values of NH3 and PO4 did not reach the (IWQS) in all months. where mean monthly removal efficiencies of 86% for BOD5, 80% for COD, 93% for TSS, 39% for PO4, and 27% for NH3 were achieved. Briefly, it can be said that the Al-Rumaitha WWTP has an acceptable level of efficacy in treating wastewater for some of the examined parameters and providing water in line with Iraqi environmental regulations, but not for others.

21

Khammasi, Ines. "Do Islamic Banking Standards Convey More Financial Transparency than Conventional Banking Ones?" Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26414/tujise.2018.5.1.109-132.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Khoso, Dr Aijaz Ali, Dr Muneer Ahmed, and Dr Muhammad Shoaib Khan Pathan. "Customer Satisfaction Standards According to Islamic and Conventional Banking System in Pakistan." International Research Journal of Education and Innovation 3, no. 2 (June 12, 2022): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/irjei.v3.02(22)20.185-194.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

This study analyzed consumer loyalty with Islamic banks and ordinary banks in Pakistan. The historical backdrop of regular banks in Pakistan is superior to that of Islamic banks. The improvement of an Islamic financial framework in Pakistan is at an untimely stage. In Pakistan, not many banks offer clean Islamic financial administrations to their clients. This concentrate likewise analyzes consumer loyalty with the administrations of traditional banks as well as Islamic banks. Our objective region is the Pakistani financial area, and the information comes from interviews with five Islamic banks and five ordinary banks in Pakistan. The aftereffect of this exploration showed that the clients of the two banks were from Islamic banks or traditional banks were happy with the offices given by the banks, notwithstanding, the clients of regular banks were happier with Islamic banks. Hypothetically, current investigations supplement the writing on the above viewpoints and connection them to consumer loyalty. Simultaneously, it causes to notice the factors that are fundamental for the advancement of Pakistan's Islamic financial framework. The discoveries likewise give important data and direction to Islamic banks to plan creative item advancement procedures and publicizing approaches to hold existing clients and draw in possible clients. This study extends the extent of the accessible writing on Islamic banking; However, it doesn't address the situation of the ordinary financial area.

23

Khan, Nadeem Ahmad, Saif Ullah Khan, Sirajuddin Ahmed, Izharul Haq Farooqi, Arshad Hussain, Sergij Vambol, and Viola Vambol. "Smart ways of hospital wastewater management, regulatory standards and conventional treatment techniques." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 9, no. 4 (October 17, 2019): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-06-2019-0079.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to cover some aspects about the disposal and regulatory standard around the world toward hospital effluent discharge, its managements and treatment technologies that are adopted and best suitable nowadays. Design/methodology/approach Due to large and variety of antibiotics available in the market nowadays it is difficult to control its use, thereby risking the whole ecosystem and its components. The regulation pattern is variable depending upon the various factors in different countries. The permissible limit of these emerging pollutants found in sewage as compared to in hospital effluent streams having active pharmaceutical ingredients is very narrow and is a debatable issue. Findings The disparity in the available legislation for hospital waste management in different countries makes it difficult to compare pro’s and con’s of methods adopted. Strict laws need to be framed for hospital wastewater management and its treatment, as it contains harmful compounds in higher concentrations resulting in development of resistant genes. The guideline applicable nowadays makes it clear that, specific management guidelines with respect to HWW, but also indicate certain characteristics that can be represented to specify their nature and indicator. Research limitations/implications Determination of effluent characteristic for each specialized treatment need to be analyzed for meeting the framed regulatory standards. Up-gradation of existing treatment facilities, adopting new technologies and improving operation, maintained is a viable option. As there are no specific treatment schemes available hence combination and optimization of treatment methods may solve the problem to certain extent. Practical implications There is some flexibility also there so that law framework can be modified accordingly. For any health facilities direct discharges into natural water bodies it effluent need to follow national discharge standards. These are quite strict as compared to indirect standards and generally not meet by such facilities. This is quite logical because they are not being monitored or treated by municipal systems. Social implications The law indicates that hospital needed to collect and treat effluent according to the treatment standards. But on other hand the law was made making it consideration about the HWW collection in water bodies. Originality/value The best way of management as described, is to treat HWW onsite-dividing into primary, secondary and tertiary. The document also provides details about sludge disposal, possible reuse, including the application of new and innovative treatment technologies for HWW. It also provides guidance for minimum approach for HWW management because developing countries patients do not have proper sanitation facilities.

24

SCHNEIDER, MARY ELLEN. "Alternative Treatments Should Meet Conventional Standards, According to the Institute of Medicine." Ob.Gyn. News 40, no. 4 (February 2005): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7437(05)70925-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Piscitello, Gina M., Mark Siegler, and William F. Parker. "Ethics of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation under Conventional and Crisis Standards of Care." Journal of Clinical Ethics 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jce2022331013.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Rodríguez-Fernández, José, Angel Ramos, Jesus Sánchez-Valdepeñas, and Jose Ramon Serrano. "Lubricity of paraffinic fuels additivated with conventional and non-conventional methyl esters." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 9 (September 2019): 168781401987707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019877077.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Fuel lubricity prevents wear between metallic parts in relative motion inside the injection system of combustion engines. Among diesel fuels, paraffinic (gas-to-liquid or hydrotreated oils) and biodiesel (methyl esters) fuels are emerging since some of them are renewable and, in the case of paraffinic fuels, present excellent properties that can be exploited in compression ignition engines. However, the lubricant properties of raw paraffinic fuels are poor. This work explores the potential of individual methyl esters, found in different biodiesel fuels derived from a wide variety of sources, as lubricity additives for paraffinic fuels. Blends at 1% and 2% ester content in a surrogate of paraffinic fuel were tested under the standardized high-frequency reciprocating rig test for lubricity determination. Results confirm the extremely poor lubricity of the surrogate and that the wear scar diameter measured (the higher this, the lower the fuel lubricity) can be significantly reduced with any of the tested esters just at 1% concentration. Higher ester concentration (2%) does not always improve the lubricity further. The number of double bonds in the ester was revealed very significant, but to boost the lubricity of the blend and fulfill the limits set in fuel quality standards, two or more polyunsaturated esters are necessary.

27

Weithmann, Sabrina. "Standardization in China." International Journal of Standardization Research 14, no. 2 (July 2016): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.2016070102.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Electric vehicle (EV) development in China emerged with the 863 program (1986) for high technologies and has received support since the 10th Five Year Plan. While standards were of no particular importance in the early years of EV development, standards have increasingly become subject to policies and programs. For instance, the promotion of ‘indigenous' or ‘home-grown' innovation is perceived as means to develop domestic standards and contribute to international standards. Alongside this target, the Chinese government mandated the development of an EV standardization roadmap to serve as a guideline for optimizing standardization work, promoting technical innovation and large-scale industrialization. It was even considered that EV standardization was a novel standard field that has the potential to secure China a forerunner position in technological development as well as international standardization, regardless of standard-setting practices in the conventional automotive sector. Against this background, this paper examines the differences in system set-up and processes of standardization for the traditional automotive and the electric vehicles sector. While conventional automotive standardization is limited to a single sector with the Ministry of Industry of Information Technology and the China Automotive Technology and Research Centre in charge, electric vehicles require the participation of stakeholders from other sectors. Therefore, the negative influence from the conventional decentralized automotive sector on the development of common nationwide standards like the dynamics between national, regional and local actors cannot be deprived. Additionally, this paper also highlights learnings from EV standardization that might set positive impulses for conventional EV standardizations.

28

Ardiansah, Irfan, Fajri Efatmi, Efri Mardawati, and Selly Harnesa Putri. "Feasibility Testing of a Household Industry Food Production Certificate Using an Expert System with Forward Chaining Method." Jurnal Online Informatika 5, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/join.v5i2.579.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Quality and safe food products are the basic right of every consumer, including food products produced by small and medium industries. Good food production is an important factor in meeting quality standards or food safety licensing requirements. In setting standards, the government also plays an important role in providing direction and assistance to small and medium industries on achieving the specified quality standards. During this time the process is still carried out in a conventional manner directly to the industry. This conventional process is still considered ineffective by seeing the low level of business actors’ knowledge of the standards for Good Food Production Practice (GFPP). So, with this lack of knowledge, business actors’ interest in making food licensing is low. This study designed the application of an expert system that stimulates and provides an illustration for a standards assessment of Good Food Production methods. This research was conducted using Object Oriented Programming (OOP) engineering method for program development and using forward chaining for reasoning methods. This research proved that the application of an expert system for licensing due diligence can function in accordance with standards set by the government.

29

Graz, Jean-Christophe, and Christophe Hauert. "Beyond the transatlantic divide: the multiple authorities of standards in the global political economy of services." Business and Politics 16, no. 1 (April 2014): 113–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2012-0009.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

This paper explores the plurality of institutional environments in which standards for the service sector are expected to support the rise of a global knowledge-based economy. A wide range of international bodies is able to define standards affecting the internationalization of services. Relying on global political economy approaches, the analysis uncovers the power relations underpinning the various forms of standards supporting a deeper integration of the market for services. Service standards are conceived as heterogeneous forms of transnational hybrid authority. The empirical study focuses on recent developments in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the European Union, and the US. In contrast to conventional views opposing the American system to the ISO/European framework, the paper argues that institutional developments of service standards are likely to face trade-offs and compromises reflecting contrasting models of standardization, not only between, but also across, those systems. While this undermines the conventional analysis of a transatlantic divide in standardization, it also shows that the variance between product and service standards is much greater in the European context and the ISO system than in the US, where it is hardly debated.

30

Rohland, M., U. Arz, and S. Büttgenbach. "Benefits of on-wafer calibration standards fabricated in membrane technology." Advances in Radio Science 9 (July 29, 2011): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-19-2011.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Abstract. In this work we compare on-wafer calibration standards fabricated in membrane technology with standards built in conventional thin-film technology. We perform this comparison by investigating the propagation of uncertainties in the geometry and material properties to the broadband electrical properties of the standards. For coplanar waveguides used as line standards the analysis based on Monte Carlo simulations demonstrates an up to tenfold reduction in uncertainty depending on the electromagnetic waveguide property we look at.

31

Sun, Wen, Wenqiang Ma, Yu Zhou, and Yan Zhang. "An Introduction to Digital Twin Standards." GetMobile: Mobile Computing and Communications 26, no. 3 (October 7, 2022): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3568113.3568119.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Recently, both academia and industry have shown increasing interest in unlocking the potential applications of digital twin. As an emerging technology, digital twin builds a virtual representation of physical objects and makes predictive strategies. As compared with conventional simulation and modeling technologies, digital twin can ensure the high fidelity of the virtual model through continuous updating and self-learning. The emerging standardization of digital twin facilitates the development of digital twin, and will eventually realize the interconnection of data, models and services between different enterprises or areas. This article overviews the recent progress of digital twin standards, the progress of digital twin network, and the challenges for successfully deploying digital twins.

32

Al-Hares, Osama M., Naser M. AbuGhazaleh, and Ahmed Mohamed El-Galfy. "Financial Performance And Compliance With Basel III Capital Standards: Conventional vs. Islamic Banks." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 29, no. 4 (June 28, 2013): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v29i4.7914.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

This study is a commentary on the financialperformance and quality capital of Islamic versus conventional banks currentlyoperating in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. In addition toassessing the financial performance of the full set of banks across various GCCcountries, the study is the first toconsider the extent to which Islamic vs.conventional GCC banks comply with the new Basel III requirements of raising betterquality capital. The study uses bank-level data for 75 (55 conventionaland 20 Islamic) banks in Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Oman, Qatar, and Bahrain. Financial ratios are used tomeasure and compare Islamic vs. conventional banks performances, and weemploy a comprehensive and the most recent sample of data available in the region, consisting of cross-sections from 2003 to 2011.The results reveal that Islamic banks are, onaverage, less efficient but more profitable, more liquid, more solvent (lessrisky), and enjoyed higher internal growth rates than conventional banks during2003-2011. The results indicate that there are statistically significant differencesbetween the two types of banks, as far as profitability, solvency, and internalgrowth rate ratios are concerned; however, there are no statisticallysignificant differences in liquidity and efficiency. The results also indicatethat banks, as a whole, appear to be largely sufficiently capitalized for BaselIII. Gulf Cooperation Council banks are well positioned to absorb higherprovisions and impairment charges given the higher capital adequacy ratiosreported by most. The Common Equity Ratio, Tier 1 Capital Ratio, and Capital AdequacyRatios (CARs), for the majority of banks in 2011, comfortably satisfy theenhanced capital requirements of Basel III. The results show that Islamic bankshave, on average, noticeably higher (and significantly different) capitalratios compared to conventional institutions. With regard to theimpact of the global financial crisis on both types of the banks, the resultsindicate that Islamic banks performed better thanconventional banks during the period 2006-2009, as the former enjoys highercapitalization, higher liquidity reserves, and also maintained stronger growthcompared to conventional banks in almost countries.Findings of this study may be useful for capital-market participants, as the full set of banks across various Gulf Cooperation Councilcountries needs to be examined before any substantive conclusions can bereached about the relative performance of Islamic versus conventional banks.Further, as the full implementation of Basel III requirements will not takeplace until 2019, the results of this study will convey information that shouldencourage banks to consider the earlier implementation of Basel III capitalrequirements in order to provide themselves with a reputational boost, as wellas a competitive advantage.

33

Younie, D., M. Hamilton, and I. Nevison. "Sensory attributes of organic and conventional beef." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600018535.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Awareness of food quality has increased considerably amongst consumers for a number of reasons. These include concern over agrochemioal residues and eating quality. Food produced to organic standards is claimed to be of intrinsically better quality than conventionally produced food. Apart from the likelihood of reduced agrochemical residues, it is also suggested that organic food tastes better. Livestock diets are known to influence the taste of meat and milk products (Younie et al 1988). The experiment described here was initiated to determine whether beef produced organically had different flavour characteristics from conventionally produced beef.Beef samples were obtained from two groups of Hereford x Frieslan steers born in autumn 1987, reared within the framework of an 18 month beef system and finished in early 1989.

34

Batifort, Simon, and J. Benton Heath. "The New Debate on the Interpretation of MFN Clauses in Investment Treaties: Putting the Brakes on Multilateralization." American Journal of International Law 111, no. 4 (October 2017): 873–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2017.77.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

AbstractThis article challenges the conventional wisdom that MFN clauses in investment treaties can always be used to “import” substantive standards of treatment (e.g. FET). It argues that most tribunals permitting this use of MFN clauses have relied on presumptions and have ignored meaningful variations among clauses. It also points out that states are increasingly questioning the conventional view, and that a recent arbitral award has firmly rejected an attempt to use an MFN clause to import substantive standards. It concludes by sketching the terms of the new MFN debate.

35

Rangarajan, Shriram Srinivasarangan, E. Randolph Collins, J. Curtiss Fox, and D. P. Kothari. "Consolidated compendium of PV interconnection standards and guidelines across the globe in a smart grid." Journal of Energy Technology Research 2, no. 1 (May 19, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22496/jetr.v2i1.113.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The environmental concerns and shortage in conventional energy has paved the way for utilizing renewable energy resources like photovoltaic energy (PV). As the grid is becoming smarter, the complexity associated with the conventional power system network has gone up with increased renewable energy penetration. Safety factor and reliable interconnection of various photovoltaic generators has become a major challenge in the smart grid environment. The ramifications associated with the PV interconnection needs an adherence to reliable operation of the grid without any violations. Standards or guidelines for grid-connected photovoltaic generation systems play a vital role in the PV interconnection. Several organizations and technical committees are constantly involved in research to update and revise such standards on a frequent basis throughout the world. The focus of this paper is to realize a consolidated compilation of PV interconnection standards across the globe. This survey will serve as a reference for improving standards for grid-connected PV systems in a smart grid environment.

36

Azam Ali, Azam Ali. "IFSB Standards Adoption and Its Impact on Islamic Banking Practices." journal of king Abdulaziz University Islamic Economics 35, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/islec.35-2.4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Tessema, Abiot Mindaye, Samy Garas, and Kienpin Tee. "The impact of Islamic accounting standards on information asymmetry." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 10, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-09-2016-0129.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether disclosure as required by Islamic Financial Service Board Standard No. 4 (IFSB-4) influences information asymmetry among investors in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member countries. In addition, the paper investigates whether the influence of IFSB-4 on information asymmetry varies between Islamic and conventional financial institutions. Design/methodology/approach The paper tests the hypotheses using a sample of firms listed in the GCC over a period of 2000-2013. Ordinary least square regression and fixed-effects estimation techniques are applied to test the hypotheses. Findings The findings reveal that information asymmetry among investors is lower after the implementation of IFSB-4 than before, indicating that the standard has increased transparency. The results also reveal that information asymmetry after the implementation of IFSB-4 is lower for Islamic than for conventional financial institutions. This suggests that IFAB-4 promotes more transparency for Islamic than conventional institutions. Research limitations/implications Owing to data availability, we were unable to use other proxies of information asymmetry, e.g. bid-ask spreads, and the level of disclosure, e.g. self-constructed disclosure index. Practical implications The paper concludes that disclosures under IFAB-4 reduce information asymmetry among investors. In this context, this study increases the awareness of standard setters academics investors regulators and many other stakeholders about the economic consequences of disclosure standards in the region. Originality/value This study takes a first step to fill evident gaps in the literature by investigating the influences of disclosure standard on information asymmetry in a unique setting that is often ignored by accounting researchers, which helps to widen our knowledge on accounting practices across the globe.

38

Fuhrmann, U., H. J. Lippolt, and J. C. Hess. "Examination of some proposed K-Ar standards: analyses and conventional KAr data." Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section 66, no. 1-2 (November 1987): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(87)90027-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

., Fitriani. "The Differences Of Ijarah Financing and Conventional Lease On Islamic Law and Accounting Perspectives." IQTISHADUNA 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/iqtishaduna.v8i2.689.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The main objective of this study is to explore the nature of accounting for Ijarahfinancing and its differences with conventional lease financing from the Islamic law and accounting perspectives.The study makes a comparison between the International Accounting Standard on leasing (IAS 17); the accounting standard for Ijarah (FAS 8) as developed by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI); and Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan/PSAK 107). The study found that there are major differences as to the nature of leasing and Ijarah, and as a result accounting principles that have driven all the three standards as well as accounting techniques developed for leasing and Ijarah are significantly different.

40

Baker, Dennis J. "The Impossibility of a Critically Objective Criminal Law." McGill Law Journal 56, no. 2 (April 28, 2011): 349–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1002370ar.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

In this paper, I argue that principled criminalization does not have to rely on critical objectivity. It is not necessary to demonstrate that conduct is criminalizable only if it is wrong in a transcultural and truly correct sense. I argue that such standards are impossible to identify and that a sounder basis for criminalization decisions can be found by drawing on our deep conventional understandings of wrong. I argue that Feinberg’s harm principle can be supported with conventional accounts of harm, and that such harms can be identified as objectively harmful when measured against our deep conventional understandings of harm. The distinction that critical moralists make between truly harmful conduct and conventionally objective harmful conduct is unsustainable because many conventional harms impact real victims in social contexts. The best that we can do is to scrutinize our conventional conceptualizations of harm and badness, but that scrutiny is constrained by the limits of epistemological inquiry and our capacity for rationality at any given point in time. Many acts are criminalizable because they violate social conventions that are shareable by communally situated agents.

41

García, Fernando, Francisco Garcí, Orlando Pinzón, Sául García, Rául Hernandez, and Fernando Leyton. "A comparison in conventional mass measurements SIM.M.M-S6." Metrologia 59, no. 1A (December 13, 2021): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/59/1a/07001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Main text The present document reports the results of a bilateral comparison in the calibration of mass standards that was carried out between CESMEC (Chile) and CENAMEP AIP (Panamá). This comparison was carried out in the following nominal values: 200 mg, 1 g, 50 g, 200 g, 1 kg, 2 kg, and 10 kg. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

42

Friedel, MH, and GN Bastin. "Photographic standards for estimating comparative yield in arid rangelands." Rangeland Journal 10, no. 1 (1988): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9880034.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

When the conventional comparative yield method was tested in arid rangelands with a diversity of range types, species and structure, it gave rise to large differences between operators' estimates of yield, which were not easily reduced by calibration. As well, the procedure was too time consuming for a monitoring system. To improve the efficiency of yield estimation, we tested a modified version which substituted a folio of photographs for the selection and assessment of reference standards and calibration quadrats. The differences between operators' estimates were still large, but could be relatively easily reduced by periodic calibration because operators used the technique more consistently than the conventional method. We suggest that the reliability of estimates would be improved with extra training, a wider choice of photostandards and the use of a single operator. The procedure is rapid and easy to use, and we recommend its use in combination with the dry-weight-rank technique for species composition. A program is available which enables the collection and analysis of data from both methods in the field, using a hand-

43

Pan, J. H., and I. D. Hodge. "Environmental Standards versus Structural Changes as Sustainability Alternatives: An Empirical Evaluation of Nitrate Pollution Control." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 12 (December 1993): 1759–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a251759.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The debate on the appropriate criteria for environmental sustainability encompasses a variety of approaches, ranging from conventional environmental standards through to complete system changes. In this paper, the relevance of the sustainability debate to practical decisionmaking is tested in an empirical context of nitrate pollution control in eastern England. Five alternative criteria (no control, aggregate and uniform standards, low and zero nitrogen-input systems) are specified for examination. These are assessed and compared by using a linear programming model. Conventional environmental standards are seen as more cost-effective than low and zero input systems. It appears that various approaches can be consistent with sustainability objectives and are relevant to environmental management problems. The choice of approaches has significant environmental and economic implications in practice. However, all the control alternatives have their own strengths and each may be preferable in some specific circumstances.

44

Peddecord, K. M., and H. C. Hammond. "Clinical laboratory regulation under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988: can it be done?" Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 2027–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.12.2027.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Abstract This report examines logical but not yet widely recognized ramifications of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA'88), federal legislation that will require certification of all laboratories examining human specimens. Examination of the CLIA'88 committee reports and committee hearings suggest that more than the conventional approach to laboratory standards will be needed to meet the public's expectations as articulated by our elected representatives. The conventional approach to clinical testing standards seeks to assure quality by regulating the laboratory analytical process. However, little empirical evidence is available to support or refute this model, which has been used during the past 25 years. One alternative paradigm for laboratory standards is an approach that examines the total laboratory testing process, including the selection, ordering, and interpretation of the test as well as the laboratory analysis per se. The history of controversy over laboratory standards--especially personnel standards, the glacial federal regulatory rulemaking process, public expectations of fail-safe technology, among other factors--suggests the implementation of CLIA'88 will be a lengthy and vigorously debated contest. The risk of a test is seldom inherent in the test itself, but rather is a function of the context in which the test is being used to provide information for medical decision making. Our premise is that diagnostic tests must be examined in the context of the laboratory testing situation. We suggest that now is the appropriate time for laboratory professionals, practicing physicians, and the public to abandon conventional thinking regarding clinical laboratory standards. We believe that CLIA'88 reflects a shift in public expectations toward fail-safe laboratory testing and the need for additional government oversight in laboratory test quality. If these new expectations persist, CLIA'88 represents a potential landmark in the course of federal authority and the practice of medicine in the United States.

45

Granatstein, David, and Kent Mullinix. "Mulching Options for Northwest Organic and Conventional Orchards." HortScience 43, no. 1 (February 2008): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.1.45.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The semiarid climate of the Pacific Northwest allows for the production of organic, temperate tree fruit relatively free of disease and with fewer key insect pests compared with other regions of the United States. Weed control and soil fertility are two of the higher cost areas for organic tree fruit where alternatives are being sought through research and on-farm innovation. Mulches, both living [e.g., white clover [(Trifolium repens)] and inert (e.g., wood chips) show promise for controlling weeds, conserving water, providing nitrogen (N), or improving tree growth, but potentially have system trade-offs such as increased rodent pests and unwanted late-season N. Growers need orchard floor management practices that help them maintain or improve soil quality per the requirements of the National Organic Standards.

46

Khudair, Basim Hussein, and Shatha Abdulrazzak Jasim. "Performance Evaluation of Sequencing Batch Reactor and Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant based on Reliability assessment." Journal of Engineering 23, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.11.08.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Baghdad city has been faced numerous issues related to freshwater environment deteriorations due to many reasons, mainly was the discharge of wastewater without adequate treatment. Al-Rustamiya Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) have been constructed among many plants in Baghdad city to reduce the amount of wastewater discharged into natural environment and its subsequent adverse effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the plant which consist of a conventional activated sludge (CAS) and sequencing batch reactors (SBR) systems as secondary treatment units and its ability to meet Iraqi specifications. A reliability level determination and analysis also were conducted to find the plant's stability and its capability to produce effluents that met the local standards. Coefficient of Reliability (COR) determination was done for effluent's concentrations of BOD5, COD, and TSS obtained from Al-Rustamiya WWTP for two years' data operation (2015-2016), using Iraqi standards concentrations. Generally, the results showed the effectiveness of Al-Rustamiya WWTP-(CAS and SBR system) was a major concern due to inadequate sewage treatment and that the plant effluents of both systems selected parameters BOD5, COD and TSS are not meeting the Iraqi standards due to many problems mainly were operational problems result in overall poor performance.

47

Polydoras, Stamatios, Clio Vossou, and Dimitrios Koulocheris. "An ad hoc decision support method over additive vs. conventional manufacturing." MATEC Web of Conferences 318 (2020): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031801028.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The mechanical design process considers numerous factors. Requirements related to performance and quality, limitations by legislation, standards, methods utilized or technological boundaries, urgency, cost, data preparation and preservation, design flexibility and organizational aspects. Successful design consists of proper decisions on form, geometry, materials, manufacturing methods, quality, reliability and more. Nowadays, a critical decision during design and realization of technological objects is whether they should be made conventionally or with Additive Manufacturing (AM)/3D Printing methods. Such a decision occurs under time-pressure or via a broader strategy for technological switch, is complex, multi-parametric and bears uncertainty and risk. A simple, effective and substantiated method to assist decisions for switching from conventional to AM could prove very useful. This paper refers to recent trends and activity in international AM-related standards, then presents and discusses preliminary work of the authors for an ad hoc decision method to be used upon specific “go/ no-go” decisions for AM. The method is largely based on the Pareto principle, to limit critical design factors contributing to this decision. All steps of the method towards a final decision are described. The method is demonstrated with a hypothetical, yet realistic example of a short run coolant vessel manufacture.

48

Zhang, Ying, Xinping Yang, and Mingliang Fu. "Emission Characteristics of Particle Number from Conventional Gasoline and Hybrid Vehicles." Sustainability 16, no. 1 (December 19, 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16010012.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Vehicular particle number (PN) emissions have garnered increasing attention. In this study, nine light-duty vehicles, involving conventional internal combustion engine gasoline vehicles (ICEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), underwent testing on a chassis dynamometer to elucidate key factors influencing PN emissions. We found that with more stringent emission standards Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) vehicles exhibited a reduction in PN emission factors. Higher PN emissions for GDI vehicles than vehicles with Multi-Port Fuel Injection (PFI) engines were observed; meanwhile, HEV showed lower PN emissions than ICEVs. PN emissions for cold start consistently exceeded warm start across vehicles with different standards and technologies. Notably, China VI HEV exhibited a substantial 19.2-fold increase in PN emissions for cold start compared to warm start. Analysis on a second-by-second basis revealed that cold-start emissions concentrated in low speed, while warm-start emissions were prominent in extra-high speed. Concerning vehicle specific power (VSP), the lowest mean PN emission rate occurred during idle conditions. PN emissions for China IV-VI ICEVs with GDI engines would increase with the increasing VSP, whereas China VI ICEVs with PFI engines and HEV with GDI engines showed varied patterns of PN emissions, especially under cold start. Our study would further facilitate formulating effective strategies for vehicular PN emissions.

49

Lessard, M., M. Baalbaki, and P. C. Aïtcin. "Effect of Pumping on Air Characteristics of Conventional Concrete." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1532, no. 1 (January 1996): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153200102.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The stability of the air content of concrete during pumping has been the subject of a number of recent investigations. Because increasing volumes of concrete are placed with the aid of pumps and the durability of such concrete to freezing and thawing (ASTM C666) as well as the scaling resistance (ASTM C672) preoccupy engineers, a study concerning the stability of the air-void system of a concrete with 45 to 50 MPa compressive strength was carried out. The slump of the three tested concretes ranged between 85 and 115 mm. Three pumping setups were studied. In the first, the concrete was pumped horizontally; in the second the concrete was pumped upward and then downward. In the third, the vertical setup was used but a reduced section was placed at the end of the pump line, and the concrete was allowed to free fall a short distance. For each pump setup, the concrete was sampled before being placed in the pump and after leaving the pump. The results clearly show that when the concrete is pumped horizontally, the spacing factor (L) and the specific surface of the air-void system are barely altered. On the other hand, after pumping the concrete vertically without a reduced end section, it was impossible to obtain an L less than 230 μm, the maximum spacing factor allowed by Canadian standards (CSA A23.1) to ensure good frost durability. Furthermore, the specific surface of the air bubbles fell to 20 mm−1, which is inferior to the 25-mm−1 value recommended in Canadian standards. By placing a reduced section at the end of the vertical pump line, it was possible to enhance the air-void system but that procedure still fell short of ensuring a system that satisfies the air-void system recommended by Canadian standards to ensure proper frost durability. Although the pumped concrete mixtures did not always satisfy the requirements of CSA A23.1 regarding air-void systems, they satisfied the requirements of ASTM C666 (Procedure A) for resistance to freeze-thaw cycles. Freeze-thaw resistance in the presence of deicing salts was evaluated according to ASTM C672. After 50 frost cycles, all but one concrete exhibited mass losses that were lower than the maximum permissible limit of 0.50 kg/m2 required by BNQ 2621-900, the standard currently enforced in the province of Quebec. Placing a reduced section at the end of the pump line creates a light counterpressure in the descending section of the pump line, which allows the conservation of an acceptable air-void system. Considering the appreciable improvement in the preservation of air-void characteristics when a reduced section was placed at the end of the pump line, it was decided to proceed with further experimental work using four 90-degree elbows placed at the end of the vertically hanging pump line.

50

Dung, Le Quang, Le Cat Nguyen, and Pham Duc Thanh. "Formulation of Standards for Assessing the Impact of Physical Education on Hue University Students." European Modern Studies Journal 7, no. 4 (October 25, 2023): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.59573/emsj.7(4).2023.38.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Assessing the influence of physical education on students is crucial for enhancing both the physical education training and its associated components. To ensure precise assessment outcomes, it's vital to establish a set of evaluation standards that align with the scientific rigor and the unique aspects of physical education. We've undertaken research using conventional sports science research techniques to establish a comprehensive set of standards for evaluating the effects of physical education on university students, encompassing three standards, fifteen criteria, and forty-two indicators.

Journal articles on the topic 'Conventional standards'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles