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1
Suwarno, Suwarno, K. M. Wittenberg, and W. P. McCaughey. "Comparative characteristics during wilting for alfalfa conditioned by maceration or by a conventional roller-conditioner." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-018.
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A study was conducted to monitor nutrient and microbial count changes during wilting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in response to varying degrees of maceration at mowing. Early bloom alfalfa was mowed with either a roller-conditioner (CONV) or a macerator set to deliver four degrees of maceration during alfalfa mowing: LIGHT, LIGHT+, SEVERE, and SEVERE+. Macerated alfalfa reached 80% dry matter in 9–11 h compared with alfalfa mowed by roller-conditioner, which required 54 h. The most rapid wilting rates were associated with LIGHT+, SEVERE, and SEVERE+ maceration treatments when alfalfa was not exposed to precipitation. The wilting coefficient in the first 24 h was increased by more than 100% for the SEVERE treatment compared with alfalfa mowed using a conventional roller-conditioner in alfalfa that was not exposed to precipitation. Precipitation at 1.5 h post-mowing increased wilting time by 8.3 h to achieve 45% DM, and by 17.5 to achieve 80% DM in the SEVERE+ maceration treatment relative to alfalfa from the same conditioning treatment that was not exposed to precipitation. Precipitation at 24 h post-mowing increased wilting time to reach 80% DM by 11 h and 21 h for the LIGHT and LIGHT+ maceration treatments relative to alfalfa of the same mowing treatments not exposed to precipitation. Maceration of alfalfa resulted in a 24.2 to 26.8 h shorter wilting time relative to the conventional roller-conditioner treatment when alfalfa was exposed to precipitation at 24 h post-mowing. SEVERE and SEVERE+ maceration treatments at mowing resulted in higher (P < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre levels post-wilting. Lactic acid bacteria populations on alfalfa tended to be higher with maceration within 1 h post-mowing (P < 0.10) and post-wilting (P < 0.08). Key words: Alfalfa, maceration, precipitation, wilting time, bacteria, nutrient profile, compressibility
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Zaini, Muhammad, Hajrah Hidriya, and Japeri Japeri. "Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Muntingia calabura dengan Variasi Laju Pengadukan Menggunakan Macerator-Magnetic Stirrer (M-MS)." Jurnal Pharmascience 7, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jps.v7i2.9037.
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Maserasi merupakan salah satu metode ekstraksi yang digunakan untuk menarik kandungan kimia dari bahan alam. Macerator Magnetic Stirrer (M-MS) merupakan alat yang dikembangkan untuk memaksimalkan proses maserasi melalui pengadukan secara berkesinambungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan M-MS dalam proses ekstraksi senyawa bahan alam. Parameter yang digunakan yaitu persentase zat terekstraksi (% rendemen) dan aktivitas antioksidan (IC50) ekstrak etanol Muntingia calabura (EEMC) menggunakan metode DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazil). Pengujian dilakukan terhadap simplisia daun Muntingia calabura yang dimaserasi selama 24 jam menggunakan etanol 95% dengan maserator konvensional, M-MS dengan laju pengadukan 200 rpm dan 300 rpm. Pengadukan dengan maserator konvensional dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali setiap 8 jam, sedangkan dengan M-MS dilakukan secara kontinyu selama 24 jam. Nilai % rendemen EEMC dari maserator konevnsional, M-MS 200 rpm dan 300 rpm secara berturut-turut adalah 7,6 %, 8,4 % dan 10,2 %. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan menghasilkan nilai IC50 EEMC dengan maserator konvensional sebesar 18,19 ppm, M-MS 200 rpm adalah 14,35 ppm dan 300 rpm adalah 7,85 ppm. Nilai IC50 untuk masing-masing uji menunjukan < 50 ppm yang termasuk dalam kategori sangat kuat. Ekstraksi EEMC paling efektif adalah menggunakan M-MS dengan laju pengadukan 300 rpm. The maceration is one of the extraction methods used to extract chemical content from natural compounds. Macerator Magnetic Stirrer (M-MS) is a tool developed to maximize the maceration process through continuous stirring. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using M-MS in the process of extracting natural compounds. The parameters used were the percentage of extracted substance (% yield) and antioxidant activity (IC50) of ethanol extract of Muntingia calabura (EEMC) using the DPPH method (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazil). Tests were carried out on the simplicia of Muntingia calabura leaves which were macerated for 24 hours using 95% ethanol with a conventional macerator, M-MS with a stirring rate of 200 rpm and 300 rpm. Stirring with a conventional macerator was carried out 3 times every 8 hours, while with M-MS it was done continuously for 24 hours. EEMC yield value respectively of conventional macerator, M-MS at 200 rpm and 300 rpm showed 7.6 %, 8.4% and 10.2 %. The results of the antioxidant activity test resulted in the IC50 EEMC value with a conventional macerator is 18.19 ppm, M-MS 200 rpm is 14.35 ppm and 300 rpm is 7.85 ppm. The IC50 value for each test shows <50 ppm which is included in the very strong category. The most effective EEMC extraction is using M-MS with a stirring rate of 300 rpm.Keywords: maceration, M-MS, EEMC, antioxidant
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Chuah, Pei Ni, Dhalini Nyanasegaram, Ke-Xin Yu, Rasny Mohamed Razik, Samer Al-Dhalli, Chin Siang Kue, Khozirah Shaari, and Chean Hui Ng. "Comparative conventional extraction methods of ethanolic extracts of Clinacanthus nutans leaves on antioxidant activity and toxicity." British Food Journal 122, no. 10 (July 6, 2020): 3139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-02-2020-0085.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the antioxidant activity and toxicity of Clinacanthus nutans leaves from three conventional extraction methods, i.e. maceration, Soxhlet and magnetic stirring.Design/methodology/approachTotal flavonoid content (TFC) and phenolic content (TPC) were determined using colorimetric method of aluminum chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) assay, respectively. Antioxidant property of C. nutans was evaluated using 2,2'-diphenyl-1-pierylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Cytotoxic activity of C. nutans against brine shrimp was evaluated based on LC50 (lethality concentration) after 24 h exposure to the plant extract.FindingsThe highest TPC of C. nutans was observed with Soxhlet extraction method (98.87 ± 10.43 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE/g) followed by maceration (68.77 ± 2.45 mg of GAE/g) and magnetic stirring (46.75 ± 2.45 mg of GAE/g). Interestingly, remarkable highest TFC was observed with magnetic stirring (568.90 ± 4.85 mg of rutin equivalent (RE)/g) followed by maceration (249.60 ± 2.79 mg of RE/g) and Soxhlet (174.8 ± 1.74 mg of RE/g). On the other hands, the extract obtained using maceration method showed the highest antioxidant activity (IC50: 14.18 mg/mL compared to ascorbic acid 144.36 µg/mL). Cytotoxicity of C. nutans from all extraction methods showed similar LC50 values with maceration (3.81 mg/mL), Soxhlet (2.61 mg/mL) and magnetic stirring (4.56 mg/mL), respectively.Originality/valueBoth phenolic and flavonoids are responsible for the antioxidant activity, of C. nutans extracts. Based on Meyer's toxicity index, all extracts were nontoxic (LC50>1 mg/mL).
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Uğurlu, Serdar, Emine Okumuş, and Emre Bakkalbaşı. "Reduction of bitterness in green walnuts by conventional and ultrasound-assisted maceration." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 66 (September 2020): 105094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105094.
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Faridah, Anni. "Comperation of Porang Flour (morphophallus muelleri) Purification Method : Conventional Maceration (gradient ethanol leaching) and Ultrasonic Maceration Method using Response Surface Methodology." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 6, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.6.2.769.
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El Maaiden, Ezzouhra, Sarah Bouzroud, Boubker Nasser, Khadija Moustaid, Ayoub El Mouttaqi, Mohamed Ibourki, Hassan Boukcim, Abdelaziz Hirich, Lamfeddal Kouisni, and Youssef El Kharrassi. "A Comparative Study between Conventional and Advanced Extraction Techniques: Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Properties of Plant Extracts." Molecules 27, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072074.
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This study aimed to compare the influence of extraction methods on the pharmaceutical and cosmetic properties of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). For this purpose, the dried plant materials were extracted using advanced (microwave (MAE), ultrasonic (UAE), and homogenizer (HAE) assisted extractions) and conventional techniques (maceration, percolation, decoction, infusion, and Soxhlet). The tyrosinase, elastase, α-amylase, butyryl, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition were tested by using L-3,4 dihydroxy-phenylalanine, N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide, butyryl, and acetylcholine as respective substrates. Antioxidant activities were studied by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP. In terms of extraction yield, advanced extraction techniques showed the highest values (MAE > UAE > HAE). Chemical profiles were dependent on the phenolic compounds tested, whereas the antioxidant activities were always higher, mainly in infusion and decoction as a conventional technique. In relation to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic properties, the highest inhibitory activities against α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase were observed for Soxhlet and macerated extracts, whereas the highest activity against tyrosinase was obtained with MAE > maceration > Soxhlet. Elastase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities were in the order of Soxhlet > maceration > percolation, with no activities recorded for the other tested methods. In conclusion, advanced methods afford an extract with high yield, while conventional methods might be an adequate approach for minimal changes in the biological properties of the extract.
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Agbossamey, Y. R., P. Savoie, J. R. Seoane, and H. V. Petit. "Effect of intensity of maceration on digestibility and intake of alfalfa hay and silage fed to sheep." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-002.
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A study was conducted to determine the influence of intensity of mechanical conditioning on the nutritive value of alfalfa conserved as hay or silage. Fresh alfalfa was mowed and conditioned at three levels of maceration prior to field wilting during 45 h for silage (29–39% DM) or 94 h for hay (87% DM, after barn-curing), under light rain conditions during the first 2 d. The conditioning treatments were: control (conventional mowing-conditioning), light maceration (one passage through three knurled steel rolls), medium maceration (two passages), and intense maceration (three passages). Concentrations of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, CP-NDF, and CP-ADF increased linearly (P < 0.001) with the level of maceration. Silage pH, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid increased, while lactic acid decreased (P < 0.001), with the level of maceration. The effective rumen degradabilities of DM, CP, and NDF, measured with fistulated cows, were not affected (P > 0.10) by the level of mechanical conditioning. Forty-eight male sheep (46.8 ± 6.7 kg BW) were fed a 100% forage diet according to a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments (two storage methods and four levels of conditioning). Under restricted feeding, DM, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose digestibilities decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with the level of maceration. However, the digestibility of CP-NDF increased with the level of maceration; the effect was more important in hay than in silage (P < 0.001 for the interaction). When silages were fed ad libitum to 24 sheep, daily DMI was 2.31, 2.88, 2.76, and 2.41% of BW and DM digestibility was 60.8, 60.1, 56.2, and 46.7%, for control, light, medium, and intense maceration, respectively (P < 0.01). The results suggest that light maceration increases DM intake while maintaining digestibility of forages fed to sheep. Because of humid conditions and potential soil contamination due to multiple windrow pickup, intense maceration caused severe nutrient loss, which might be avoided under dry field wilting and good storage conditions. Key words: Alfalfa, hay, silage, digestion, degradability, intake
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Lu, Xinjian, Haoduo Yang, Yudong Meng, and Dongying Wang. "Sunflower Oil Flavored by Spearmint through Conventional and Ultrasound-Assisted Maceration: Differences in Oxidative Stability, Microbial Contamination and Sensory Properties." Processes 10, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 2451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112451.
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The preparation of flavored vegetable oils using spice and herb plants is considered to be an indispensable opportunity for the application of these plants. In the present exploration, sunflower oil (SFO) samples flavored by Mentha spicata L. (spearmint) were prepared using the maceration method (MM) and ultrasound-assisted maceration (UM). The antioxidant effects, sensory evaluation and the oxidative stability during accelerated storage; the physicochemical properties including the levels for acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV) and p-anisidine value (AnV); and the specific extinction values at 232 nm (K232) and 268 nm (K268) of the SFO samples were measured. The contents of beneficial ingredients including chlorophylls, carotenoids, polyphenols and tocopherols, and the micro-organism colonies for yeasts, molds, Listeria monocytogenes and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria were determined. The results show that the physicochemical properties, beneficial ingredients, antioxidant effects, sensory attributes and the oxidative stability in accelerated storage were greater in the flavored SFO sample than the control. Therefore, the SFO flavored by spearmint can be developed as flavored vegetable oils, and the ultrasound-assisted maceration can be widely employed in the preparation of flavored vegetable oils in the future.
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Giménez-Rota, Carlota, Susana Lorán, Ana M. Mainar, María J. Hernáiz, and Carmen Rota. "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Antisolvent Fractionation for the Sustainable Concentration of Lavandula luisieri (Rozeira) Riv.- Mart Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Compounds and Comparison with Its Conventional Extracts." Plants 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2019): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110455.
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Lavandula stoechas subsp. luisieri is a Spanish subspecies from the Lamiaceae family. Its essential oil has been traditionally used for several medical applications though little is known about other extracts. Similar to many other studies aiming to obtain traditional plant extracts to be used in different applications, this work evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Lavandula luisieri extracts and the correlation with their composition. Traditional hydrodistillation and ethanolic maceration were used to obtain the essential oil and the maceration extract, respectively. A green and sustainable methodology was applied to the maceration extract that was under a Supercritical Antisolvent Fractionation process to obtain a fine solid enriched in rosmarinic acid and the terpenes oleanolic and ursolic acids. Antimicrobial activities of all extracts and pure identified compounds (rosmarinic and ursolic acids) were evaluated against five bacterial strains; Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli and were compared with the pure compounds identified, rosmarinic and ursolic acids. All strains were sensitive against L. luisieri essential oil. The solid product obtained from the supercritical process was concentrated in the identified actives compared to the maceration extract, which resulted in higher antimicrobial and DPPH scavenging activities. The supercritical sustainable process provided L. luisieri compounds, with retention of their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, in a powder exemptof organic solvents with potential application in the clinical, food or cosmetic fields.
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Sasaki, Katsunori, and Misao Ichikawa. "Three-dimensional analysis of erythrophagosome in lymph node macrophage by methods of cellular matrix maceration and freeze-replica." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100159448.
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Although many ultrastructural works about erythrophagocytosis in various organs have been accumulated, few has been reported in the lymph node. This study discloses the degradative pathways of the erythrophagosomes in the lymph node macrophages ultrastructurally and three-dimensionally by transmission electron microscopy and the methods of cellual matrix maceration and freezereplica.The portal veins of adult male rats were clamped in the middle with a forceps for 1.5 min after deep anesthesia and laparotomy. At 0.5, 1, 3, 4, 6 hr after the treatment the mesenteric lymph nodes were prepared for cellular matrix maceration, freeze-replica and conventional electron microscopy as follows. CELLULAR MATRIX MACERATION: the lymph nodes fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde for 2 min were postfixed with 1% OsO4 at 4°C for 2 hr, transferred into 70% ethanol, frozen with nitrogen liquid, fractured into two pieces by the blade and macerated in 0.1% OsO4 solution at room temperature for 4 hr.
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Mahardika, Robby Gus, and Occa Roanisca. "Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenol Content from Leaves of Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 19, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50448.
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Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff. is a species of the Myrtaceae family and has been widely used by people of Bangka Belitung as a traditional medicine to reduce cholesterol, gastric pains, and improve cardiac performance. Extraction methods are the crucial efficacy of herbal medicine. The conventional method, like maceration, takes a long time. In this study, the leaves of Tristaniopsis merguensis were extracted using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) to reduce extraction time. The extraction using MARS (Microwave Accelerated Reaction System) 6 by CEM Corporation with time variation times of 5, 10, 15, 30 min with temperature of 60, 80, 100oC at 1200 W. The yield using acetone extraction of Tristaniopsis merguensis leaves increases with time and temperature. The extraction dependent on solvent extraction, polar solvent like ethanol, and methanol were higher than semi-polar solvents like acetone and ethyl acetate. The polyphenol content of acetone extract using MAE (10 min, 80oC) was found to be 234.67 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent per gram (GAE/g); it was higher than acetone extract using maceration. The phytochemical results show there are no difference in the active compound using MAE and maceration, i.e. alkaloids, tannin, and flavonoids. Yield extraction, time, and phytochemical results of MAE are more favorable than a maceration.
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Çalhan, Selda Doğan, Bahar Meryemoğlu, Pelin Eroğlu, Barış Saçlı, and Dimitrios Kalderis. "Subcritical Water Extraction of Onosma mutabilis: Process Optimization and Chemical Profile of the Extracts." Molecules 28, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052314.
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The aboveground and root parts of Onosma mutabilis were extracted using subcritical water and the process was optimized with response surface methodology. The composition of the extracts was determined by chromatographic methods and compared to that of conventional maceration of the plant. The optimum total phenolic contents for the aboveground part and the roots were 193.9 and 174.4 μg/g, respectively. These results were achieved at a subcritical water temperature of 150 °C, an extraction time of 180 min, and a water/plant ratio of 0.1, for both parts of the plant. Principal component analysis revealed that the roots contained mainly phenols, ketones, and diols, with the aboveground part mostly alkenes and pyrazines, whereas the extract from maceration contained mainly terpenes, esters, furans, and organic acids. The quantification of selected phenolic substances showed that subcritical water extraction compared favorably to maceration, especially with respect to pyrocatechol (1062 as compared to 10.2 μg/g) and epicatechin (1109 as compared to 23.4 μg/g). Furthermore, the roots of the plant contained twice as much of these two phenolics compared to the aboveground part. Subcritical water extraction of O. mutabilis is an environmentally friendly method that can extract selected phenolics at higher concentrations compared to maceration.
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Şen, Umut, Catarina Viegas, Maria Paula Duarte, Elisabete Muchagato Maurício, Catarina Nobre, Ricardo Correia, Helena Pereira, and Margarida Gonçalves. "Maceration of Waste Cork in Binary Hydrophilic Solvents for the Production of Functional Extracts." Environments 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2023): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10080142.
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Waste-grade cork samples of Quercus cerris were subjected to maceration extraction using 7 different solvents, including pure water (I), pure acetone (II), 75% aqueous ethanol (III), 75% aqueous methanol (IV), 75% aqueous acetone (V), 50% aqueous acetone (VI), and 25% aqueous acetone (VII). The extract yields, extract compositions, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts were analyzed. The results showed that maceration extraction was highly efficient, particularly with binary solvents resulting in up to 6% extract yield and up to 488 mg GAE/g extract total phenolic content. The extracts exhibited a variable antioxidant activity determined by DPPH and FRAP methods as well as antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria and fungus determined by agar diffusion test. The CIELAB color parameters of extracts were correlated with maceration time, and the correlation was highest with pure water extracts. The FT-IR spectra of acetone-extracted cork revealed six key markers of phenolic compounds with the presence of peaks at approximately 2920 cm−1, 2850 cm−1, 1609 cm−1, 1517 cm−1, 1277 cm−1, and 1114 cm−1. The overall results suggest that the maceration of waste cork in binary solvents and pure acetone are green alternatives to conventional Soxhlet extraction for the production of polar extracts.
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Horozić, Emir, Sabina Begić, Amila Zukić, Hurija Alibašić, and Mirela Briga. "Effect of extraction technique on the content of bioactive components and antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of fresh and dried nettle (Urtica dioica L.)." Technologica acta 15, no. 2 (March 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51558/2232-7568.2022.15.2.1.
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The samples of stinging nettle were collected during June in the Tuzla region. Aqueous extracts were prepared from fresh and dried leaves in order to determinate and compare content of bioactive components and antioxidant potential. Conventional soxhlet, ultrasound assisted extraction and traditional maceration extraction were used as extraction methods. Quantitative determination of phenols and flavonoids was carried out using spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant activity of nettle aqueous extracts was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Extracts obtained by Soxhlet extraction showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content and expected the highest antioxidant capacity, while extracts obtained by maceration gave the lowest results. KEYWORDS:stinging nettle extract;bioactive components;extraction;antioxidant
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ALPEZA, IVANA, KARIN KOVAČEVIĆ GANIĆ, ANDREJA VANZO, and STANKA HERJAVEC. "Improved chromatic and sensory characteristics of Plavac Mali wines – efficiency of maceration enzymes." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 35, No. 3 (June 28, 2017): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/346/2016-cjfs.
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Two commercial enzyme preparations were used in the production of wine from the Croatian autochthonous red grape variety Plavac Mali in order to improve the extraction of polyphenolic components from grapes, chromatic parameters, and sensory quality. During two vintages, the conventional maceration without enzymes was compared with the maceration using products with different characteristics: pectinase with additional cellulase and hemicellulase activity and pectinase with inactive yeast cells. Both products affected polyphenolic extraction and colour parameters: intensity and hue, and ratio between the yellow, red, and blue colour in young wines (2 months after fermentation) and at the moment of bottling (9 months after fermentation). The correlation between anthocyanins and colour intensity was very strong. The expected reduction of quantitative chromatic parameters during aging was confirmed. Significantly better results were observed in wines produced with pectinase, in relation to all analysed physical and chemical parameters. The sensory analysis showed that wines produced with pure pectolytic enzymes were significantly better than those produced without the enzymes. A product of the combination of pectolytic enzymes and inactive yeast cells had a partial influence on the improvement of the phenolic and sensory quality. The overall quality was significantly more expressed in wines produced with pectolytic enzymes, especially in young wines.
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Savoie, P., G. F. Tremblay, and H. V. Petit. "Ruminal degradability of alfalfa and corn after processing or maceration." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-010.
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The effects of mechanical treatment on ruminal degradability of alfalfa and corn were determined in three experiments using nylon bags incubated in the rumen of two fistulated dry cows. The first experiment was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design applied to chopped alfalfa at two levels of mechanical treatment (processing with two corrugated rolls in a forage harvester or no processing), two throughput rates (medium or high) and two moisture contents (after a 4-h or a 24-h field wilting period prior to processing). The second experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial design applied to chopped corn at two levels of mechanical treatment (processed or not) and two throughput rates (medium or high). In these two experiments, forages were immediately frozen (not fermented) for later degradability measurements. In the third experiment, alfalfa was mowed either with a conventional mower-windrower or an experimental mower-macerator with three corrugated rolls. After 40 h of field wilting, alfalfa was dehydrated and processed into pellets. In the first experiment (chopped and frozen alfalfa), throughput, processing and wilting period had no effect (P > 0.05) on the effective degradability of DM, CP, NDF and ADF. In the second experiment, DM degradability of chopped corn decreased with an increased throughput (46.4% vs. 43.7%) but increased with processing (43.9% vs. 46.2%). Processing also increased CP degradability of corn. In the third experiment, maceration with subsequent field wilting during 40 h and dehydration produced alfalfa pellets with a higher degradability of DM (56.0% vs. 50.4%) and of NDF (27.1% vs. 17.3%) than pellets from non-macerated alfalfa. These results suggest that the increase in ruminal degradability is greater with alfalfa macerated and wilted in the field (exp. 3) than with alfalfa frozen immediately after harvesting and processing (exp. 1). Maceration probably reduced the loss of nutrients by decreasing field respiration. Processing of corn may have increased the ruminal degradability because of increased kernel breakage that facilitated starch digestion. Key words: Maceration, crop processing, ruminal degradability, alfalfa, corn
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Radovanović, Katarina, Neda Gavarić, Jaroslava Švarc-Gajić, Tanja Brezo-Borjan, Bojan Zlatković, Biljana Lončar, and Milica Aćimović. "Subcritical Water Extraction as an Effective Technique for the Isolation of Phenolic Compounds of Achillea Species." Processes 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010086.
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The genus Achillea has significant medical potential due to the presence of highly bioactive compounds in its chemical composition. To take advantage of plants’ biomedical potential, it is of great importance to use a proper extraction process. This study aimed to determine and compare the preliminary chemical composition of five different Achillea species extracted with two conventional (infusion and maceration) and two non-conventional (ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Subcritical water extraction (SWE)) techniques. The extracts were prepared using the previously described procedures for infusion, maceration, UAE and SWE extraction. For all extracts, the extraction yield (dry extract (DE)) was determined. The analyzed extracts were preliminarily chemically characterized spectrophotometrically in terms of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The obtained results showed that non-conventional techniques delivered higher values of TPC and TFC than conventional. There is a statistically significant increase in DE and TPC content when applying SWE for all observed Achillea species. The highest DE value, 48.80 ± 1.76%, was observed for A. asplenifolia. The highest TPC values were observed after applying SWE: 93.63 ± 1.01 mg GAE/g DE for A. millefolium, and 90.12 ± 0.87 mg GAE/g DE for A. crithmifolia. The results for TFC revealed a statistically significant difference in values, with A. nobilis subsp. nelreichii as the sample with the highest content of TFC (11.11 ± 0.22 mg QE/g DE) when using UAE. Consequently, it could be concluded that SWE is a superior non-conventional extraction technique, and A. nobilis subsp. nerleichii presents as the most promising plant.
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Sultana, Ayesha, Vijaya Laxmi, S. Y. Anwar, and Mohd Manazir Hussain. "Quantitative estimation of Carthamin and Carthamidin from the Florets C. tinctorius L., (Safflower Florets)." European Journal of Medicinal Plants 34, no. 6 (July 4, 2023): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2023/v34i61142.
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Natural colorants derived fom plant materials have gained increasing popularity due to their non toxic nature. pigment extraction from the florets is normally done by Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and hydro distillation are conventional methods that have been widely used in industry and laboratory .phytochemical analysis of safflower florets revealed the plant presence of high amount of Carthamin and carthamidin.
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Chiquette, J., P. Savoie, and A. Lirette. "Effects of maceration at mowing on digestibility and ruminal fermentation of timothy hay in steers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas94-033.
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Eight ruminally fistulated steers (711 kg ± 72 kg) were used in a crossover experimental design to study the nutritional effects of macerating timothy grass (M) over the conventional conditioning process (C). Maceration was applied at mowing by conditioning the freshly cut forage through eight high-speed metallic grinding rolls with a shredding effect on leaves and stems. Animals were fed an all forage diet consisting of M or C. Feces were collected over a period of 6 d for total digestibility determination. On day 7 of each experimental period, ruminal fluid was sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 h after meals. On days 9–11, nylon bags were incubated in the rumen of each steer for 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h in order to determine forage dry matter (DM) degradation at the ruminal level. Maceration reduced the field drying time to reach baling moisture by 50% under Southeast Canadian climatic conditions. Results of forage digestibility at the ruminal level showed that the rate of forage DM disappearance was greater (P < 0.001) for M than for C. This greater ruminal digestibility of M was associated with numerically although not statistically greater ruminal concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate at all sampling times in steers fed M. However, butyrate concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in M fed animals than in C fed animals, at the 4 h sampling. Although M was better digested at the ruminal level, total digestibility of DM, organic matter, ADF and NDF was slightly less for M than for C (P < 0.05). Total digestibility of nitrogen was similar for both treatments. An increased passage rate of M might explain its decreased total digestibility. This last assumption still needs to be verified as well as the impact of this small decrease in digestibility on animal production. Key words: Maceration, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, steer, forage, grass
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Baca-Bocanegra, Berta, Julio Nogales-Bueno, José Miguel Hernández-Hierro, and Francisco José Heredia. "Valorization of American Barrel-Shoot Wastes: Effect of Post Fermentative Addition and Readdition on Phenolic Composition and Chromatic Quality of Syrah Red Wines." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040774.
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The influence of post fermentative addition of American barrel-shoot wastes on phenolic composition and chromatic quality of Syrah red wines has been evaluated as an environmentally sustainable alternative to the conventional winemaking for avoiding the common color loss of red wines elaborated in warm climates. American oak wood byproducts added were previously classified by hyperspectral image analysis according to the amount of phenolic compounds transferred to the extraction media. After that, wines were elaborated under different maceration conditions by applying only one proportion of wood (12 g L−1) and two different maceration procedures (simple and double addition) and were compared with a traditionally macerated Syrah red wine (CW, no wood addition). Results proved the effectiveness of the moderate postfermentative addition of oak wood byproducts to stabilize the color of wines and to provoke lower color modification along the time, producing color wines chromatically more stable for a better aging. In the case of double addition, the adsorption of the pigments during the maceration presents a stronger effect on the color than copigmentation and polymerization by cause of the copigments extracted from the wood.
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Culurciello, Rosanna, Andrea Bosso, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli, Angela Arciello, Francesca Carella, Leonardo Leonardi, Laura Pazzaglia, Gionata De Vico, and Elio Pizzo. "Cytotoxicity of an Innovative Pressurised Cyclic Solid–Liquid (PCSL) Extract from Artemisia annua." Toxins 13, no. 12 (December 11, 2021): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120886.
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Therapeutic treatments with Artemisia annua have a long-established tradition in various diseases due to its antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-malaria and anti-cancer effects. However, in relation to the latter, virtually all reports focused on toxic effects of A. annua extracts were obtained mostly through conventional maceration methods. In the present study, an innovative extraction procedure from A. annua, based on pressurised cyclic solid–liquid (PCSL) extraction, resulted in the production of a new phytocomplex with enhanced anti-cancer properties. This extraction procedure generated a pressure gradient due to compressions and following decompressions, allowing to directly perform the extraction without any maceration. The toxic effects of A. annua PCSL extract were tested on different cells, including three cancer cell lines. The results of this study clearly indicate that the exposure of human, murine and canine cancer cells to serial dilutions of PCSL extract resulted in higher toxicity and stronger propensity to induce apoptosis than that detected by subjecting the same cells to Artemisia extracts obtained through canonical extraction by maceration. Collected data suggest that PCSL extract of A. annua could be a promising and economic new therapeutic tool to treat human and animal tumours.
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Kumar, Yogesh, Matteo Marangon, and Christine Mayr Marangon. "The Application of Non-Thermal Technologies for Wine Processing, Preservation, and Quality Enhancement." Beverages 9, no. 2 (April 3, 2023): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages9020030.
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Recently, non-thermal wine processing technologies have been proposed as alternatives to conventional winemaking processes, mostly with the aims to improve wine quality, safety, and shelf-life. Winemakers typically rely on sulfites (SO2) to prevent wine oxidation and microbial spoilage, as these processes can negatively affect wine quality and aging potential. However, SO2 can trigger allergic reactions, asthma, and headaches in sensitive consumers, so limitations on their use are needed. In red winemaking, prolonged maceration on skins is required to extract enough phenolic compounds from the wine, which is time-consuming. Consequently, the wine industry is looking for new ways to lower SO2 levels, shorten maceration times, and extend shelf life while retaining wine quality. This review aggregates the information about the novel processing techniques proposed for winemaking, such as high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultrasound, microwave, and irradiation. In general, non-thermal processing techniques have been shown to lead to improvements in wine color characteristics (phenolic and anthocyanin content), wine stability, and wine sensory properties while reducing the need for SO2 additions, shortening the maceration time, and lowering the microbial load, thereby improving the overall quality, safety, and shelf life of the wines.
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Silva, Ana Margarida, João Pedro Lago, Diana Pinto, Manuela M. Moreira, Clara Grosso, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes, Cristina Delerue-Matos, and Francisca Rodrigues. "Salicornia ramosissima Bioactive Composition and Safety: Eco-Friendly Extractions Approach (Microwave-Assisted Extraction vs. Conventional Maceration)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 4744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114744.
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Salicornia ramosissima J.Woods is an edible halophyte, widely distributed in the Portuguese salt marsh that has been under valorized. The aim of this study is to expand the knowledge regarding S. ramosissima bioactive composition and safety, highlighting its potential use as nutraceutical ingredient. Therefore, extracts obtained by conventional (CE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were characterized regarding phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, radical scavenging capacity and intestinal cell effects. Moreover, organic pesticides were screened to guarantee the consumers safety. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed for the CE, as well as the scavenging capacity of O2•− (IC50 = 979.36 µg/mL) and HOCl (IC50 = 90.28 µg/mL). In contrast, the best antioxidant and antiradical activities were achieved by MAE (65.56 µmol FSE/g dw and 17.74 µg AAE/g dw for FRAP and ABTS assays, respectively). The phenolic composition was similar for both extracts, being characterized by the presence of phenolic acids, flavonols, flavanols, flavones and flavanones. The predominant compound for both extracts was myricetin. None of the extracts were cytotoxic in intestinal cell lines. Vestigial levels of β-endosulfan and p,p’-DDE were identified in MAE. These results support that S. ramosissima could be a source of bioactive compounds for nutraceutic industry.
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Rashidipour, Marzieh, Rouhollah Heydari, Alireza Feizbakhsh, and Payman Hashemi. "Rapid Screening of Oleuropein from Olive Leaves Using Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 1109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.13-209.
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Abstract Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) methodology as a quick and easy extraction method has been developed to extract oleuropein from Olea europaea leaves. This method has been compared with conventional maceration and Soxhlet extraction (SOXE) methods. Variables affecting MSPD, such as the sorbent material, the ratio of sample to sorbent material, elution solvent, and volume of the elution solvent, have been fully evaluated and optimized. Oleuropein was successfully extracted by silica sorbent with 350 μL of dichloromethane–methanol (70 + 30, v/v) as the elution solvent. The calibration curve showed good linearity (r2 = 0.9985) and precision (RSD <4.5%) in the concentration range of 0.5–100 μg/mL for oleuropein. The LOD and LOQ were 0.14 and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 88.0–94.0% with RSD values ranging from 6.0 to 9.8%. The extraction yields obtained by the MSPD method were comparable with those obtained by the maceration and SOXE methods. The reported MSPD extraction method was revealed to be eco-friendly, simpler, and faster than conventional methods used to quantify oleuropein in O. europaea leaves.
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López-Salazar, Herminia, Brenda Hildeliza Camacho-Díaz, Sandra Victoria Ávila-Reyes, Ma Dolores Pérez-García, Manases González- Cortazar, Martha L. Arenas Ocampo, and Antonio R. Jiménez-Aparicio. "Identification and Quantification of β-Sitosterol β-d-Glucoside of an Ethanolic Extract Obtained by Microwave-Assisted Extraction from Agave angustifolia Haw." Molecules 24, no. 21 (October 31, 2019): 3926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213926.
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β-sitosterol β-d-glucoside (BSSG) was extracted from “piña” of the Agave angustifolia Haw plant by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with a KOH solution such as a catalyst and a conventional maceration method to determine the best technique in terms of yield, extraction time, and recovery. The quantification and characterization of BSSG were done by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and high-performance liquid chromatography−electrospray ionization−mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). With an extraction time of 5 s by MAE, a higher amount of BSSG (124.76 mg of β-sitosterol β-d-glucoside/g dry weight of the extract) than those for MAE extraction times of 10 and 15 s (106.19 and 103.97 mg/g dry weight respectively) was shown. The quantification of BSSG in the extract obtained by 48 h of conventional maceration was about 4–5 times less (26.67 mg/g dry weight of the extract) than the yields reached by the MAE treatments. MAE achieved the highest amount of BSSG, in the shortest extraction time while preserving the integrity of the compound’s structure.
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Budiastra, I. Wayan, Sutrisno Suro Mardjan, and Ahmuhardi Abdul Azis. "Pengaruh Amplitudo Ultrasonik dan Waktu Ekstraksi Terhadap Rendemen dan Mutu Oleoresin Pala." Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19028/jtep.08.2.45-52.
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Nutmeg oleoresin is one of the nutmeg derivative products with high values produced from the extraction process. The conventional extraction process using maceration takes a long time so that it is less suitable for industries needs. This study aims to examine the UAE direct sonication method for increasing yield and quality of nutmeg eleoresin. Nutmeg with optimal maturity level were harvested, dried and milled into 60 mesh particle size. Nutmeg powder of 200 g was placed in beaker glass filled with etanol 800 ml (material and solvent ratio 1:4) and UAE was carried out using a sonicator with a frequency of 20 kHz and power of 700 W. Four ultrasound amplitude levels (45, 60, 75, 90%) and four levels of extraction time (30, 45, 60, 75 minutes) were taken as UAE treatments. Extraction using maceration at room temperature for 7 hours was done as control. The results showed that the greater the amplitude of the ultrasound, the higher the yield of nutmeg oleoresin. The longer the extraction time, the higher the yield of nutmeg oleoresin. Ultrasonic assisted extraction can increase nutmeg oleoresin yield by 11 to 52% and faster time (<= 1,25 hour) than maceration extraction method (7 hours).
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Zhang, Yu-Shu, Gang Du, Yu-Ting Gao, Li-Wen Wang, Dan Meng, Bing-Juan Li, Charles Brennan, et al. "The Effect of Carbonic Maceration during Winemaking on the Color, Aroma and Sensory Properties of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ Wine." Molecules 24, no. 17 (August 28, 2019): 3120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173120.
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This is the first study on the effect of carbonic maceration on the quality (color, aroma profile and sensory properties) of Muscat Hamburg, contrasting two winemaking procedures used in Tianjin (classical white and red-winemaking techniques). The values of C* (psychometric chroma), a* (measure of redness) and b* (measure of yellowness) were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the carbonic macerated wine than in red wine. However, there were no visual differences in color, and classical red wine and carbonic macerated wine had similar h (hue angle) values and located in the red region. Thirty-two aromatic compounds were identified and quantified in Muscat Hamburg wines. The content of volatile compounds (6384.97 μg/L) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the carbonic macerated Muscat Hamburg wine than in the other kinds of wine. This result led to the carbonic macerated wine having the highest odor activity values (OAVs) and sensory evaluation scores (86.8 points), which correlates with an “excellent” sensory perception. This study demonstrated that carbonic maceration significantly improved the quality of Muscat Hamburg wine based on volatile analysis and sensory evaluation compared with other conventional methods. Therefore, carbonic maceration could be well suited for making Muscat Hamburg wine.
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Irfan, Shafeeqa, Muhammad Mudassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, Muhammad Nadeem, Muhammad Naeem Safdar, Saqib Jabbar, Shahid Mahmood, Mian Anjum Murtaza, Kashif Ameer, and Salam A. Ibrahim. "Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Sonication- and Maceration-Assisted Ethanol and Acetone Extracts of Cymbopogon citratus Leaves." Separations 9, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9090244.
Full textAbstract:
Cymbopogon citratus is a medicinal and well-known aromatic plant which is usually used as a substitute for green-tea with extraordinary phytomedicinal potential. It is of great importance because it offers several promising health effects. The objective of the study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of lemongrass leaves extracted by maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques. Different concentrations of both acetone and ethanol (50% and 70%) as solvents were tested for their radical scavenging activity against the stable free radical DPPH in quantization using a spectrophotometric assay. The ultrasound-assisted extraction technique had advantageous results in the polyphenols extraction yield (26.68%), TPC (61 mg GAE/g of extract) and DPPH (73.85%) compared to the maceration technique. Overall, the results were significant from 50% ethanol and the DPPH results were more significant from 70% ethanol than other concentrations. It is concluded that the ultrasound-assisted extraction is a better extraction technique for polyphenols than other conventional techniques.
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Tecucianu, A.-C., O. Drăghici, and S. Oancea. "AN ENZYME-ENHANCED EXTRACTION OF ANTHOCYANINS FROM RED CABBAGE AND THEIR THERMAL DEGRADATION KINETICS." Acta Alimentaria 49, no. 2 (June 2020): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/066.2020.49.2.10.
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There is a great demand for developing efficient anthocyanins extraction related to each plant material. Conventional methods have been replaced by novel techniques, but they might remain attractive when combined with the latter. Anthocyanins extraction from fresh and dried red cabbage was investigated by maceration, ultrasonication, and with enzymes. Pre-treatments through drying determined an improved extraction with respect to fresh samples, freeze-drying emerging as the best method. Combined enzyme-assisted extraction with maceration resulted in higher yield by conducting several extractions (1078.8±12.5 mg/100 g DW). The kinetic studies revealed good stability of anthocyanins at 50 °C, while constant degradation at 80 °C. The rate constant k at 80 °C and pH 3.5 was 1.7 10–3 min–1 and the half-life time t1/2 was 6.7 h. Thermal analysis evidenced heat-induced changes in particular for extracts undergoing pre-heating. These results are valuable for optimal processing conditions of anthocyanins-containing products.
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Joradon, Pinida, Vilai Rungsardthong, Uracha Ruktanonchai, Khomson Suttisintong, Tawin Iempridee, Benjawan Thumthanaruk, Savitri Vatanyoopaisarn, and Dutsadee Uttapap. "A comparative study of conventional and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction methods for the recovery of bioactive compound from Lion’s Mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus)." E3S Web of Conferences 355 (2022): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235502015.
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Lion’s Mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus), LM, is a medicinal mushroom which has various bioactive compounds within its fruiting bodies. However, during the cultivation, a large amount of the irregular-shape LM (Ir-LM) was generated. This mushroom type was considered a mushroom by-product. In this study, conventional solvent extraction (Maceration) and supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide (SCFE-CO2) were performed to compare the recovery of ergosterol, hericenone C, and hericene A content from Reg-LM and Ir-LM fruiting bodies. Furthermore, two extraction conditions (40°C at 200 bar and 70°C at 350 bar) were conducted for the SCFE-CO2 technique. The results showed that SCFE-CO2 methods produced a higher recovery of ergosterol and hericenone C as compared to the Maceration techniques. SCFE-CO2 extracts were determined for their antioxidant activities. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract from 70°C at 350 bar was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the extract obtained from 40°C at 200 bar. The results revealed the use of green technology supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide to recover bioactive compounds from mushroom by-products and apply for high-value added products.
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Tena-Rojas, Karen Fabiola Fabiola, Hector Eduardo Martinez-Flores, Ma Guadalupe Garnica-Romo, Juan De Dios Figueroa-Cárdenas, Esperanza Meléndez-Herrera, and Rafael Salgado-Garciglia. "Influence of factors and interactions in ultrasound-assisted extraction and conventional maceration on aqueous extract of Psidium guajava leaves." Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease 5, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v5i10.969.
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Background: Extraction techniques of phenolic compounds (PC), such as conventional maceration (CM) has been associated with high consumption of organic solvents and time. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects and interactions of the variables involved in the aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds from Psidium guajava leaves by CM and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Methods: A split-plot design was developed according to the extraction variables of interest. For CM was time, temperature, and dilution were considered and for UAE the wave amplitude was included. Response variables were considered the following parameters: yield, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid compounds, antioxidant capacity measured as radical uptake by ABTS and DPPH.Results: The results show that for UAE, the treatment of 1 g/ 50 mL, 50ºC temperature, 30% amplitude, and 20 min of extraction was associated with a higher extraction yield, reporting 125.84 mg of acid gallic equivalents/ g for PC, 381.18 mg quercetin equivalents/g for total flavonoids and 85.28% ABTS and DPPH 40.2% expressed as radical scavenging activity. On the other hand, the maceration method reported best extraction yield, using the treatment of 1 g/ 50 mL of dilution, 50ºC temperature and 10h of extraction time, achieving a total of 62.04 mg of gallic equivalents/ g for PC, 289 mg quercetin equivalents/g for total flavonoids, and 95.9% ABTS and DPPH 48% regarding radical scavenging activity.Conclusion: The ultrasound process was more effective in extracting phenolic compounds, flavonoid compounds, and their extracts had the highest antioxidant capacity. Keywords: Psidium guajava, phenolic compounds, extraction, ultrasound.
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Junqua, Rémy, Daniele Carullo, Giovanna Ferrari, Gianpiero Pataro, and Rémy Ghidossi. "Ohmic heating for polyphenol extraction from grape berries: an innovative prefermentary process." OENO One 55, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.3.4647.
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High energy consumption is often required to increase the extraction of phenolic compounds from grapes during alcoholic fermentation. Processes such as thermovinification require significant temperature changes over a long period of time to ensure the diffusion of phenolic compounds from the grape skin layer to the must. In this study, the capability of the ohmic heating (OH) process (E = 55 V/cm, t = 60–90 s, T = 72 °C) to improve the extractability of valuable intracellular compounds from grape skins of Aglianico and Barbera grape matrices before the alcoholic fermentation stepAs similarly reported by Donsì et al. (2010), any tissue damage to grape skins occurring after the application of either conventional or ohmic heating was not found to influence the rate of fermentation. was investigated and compared with both untreated and conventional thermally (CH) treated (T = 72 °C, t = 90 s) samples. Total phenolics and antioxidant capacity were monitored during fermentation (10 days). In comparison to the conventional thermal treatment, the results showed that the phenolic compound content of musts was twice as high immediately after OH treatment. This process could drastically improve the classic prefermentary maceration (thermovinifications, cold macerations, etc.) time. In finished wines produced from the treated musts, the total polyphenolic content of OH wines was up to 17 % higher than that of CH wines, and 30 % higher than that of untreated wines. No differences in concentrations of total tannins and anthocyanins were observed between conventional and ohmic heated musts. However, an increase of 30 to 200 % for some aromatic esters was observed in wines from ohmic heated musts. Overall, the outcomes of this work proved that, in addition to the thermal effect, the moderate electric field (MEF) applied during ohmic heating has the potential to induce an instantaneous release of polyphenolic compounds due to the electroporation phenomenon of cell membranes, thus saving energy and reducing processing time.
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Hossler, Fred E. "Some quantitative applications of vascular corrosion casting." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 738–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100124094.
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Preparation of replicas of the complex arrangement of blood vessels in various organs and tissues has been accomplished by infusing low viscosity resins into the vasculature. Subsequent removal of the surrounding tissue by maceration leaves a model of the intricate three-dimensional anatomy of the blood vessels of the tissue not obtainable by any other procedure. When applied with care, the vascular corrosion casting technique can reveal fine details of the microvasculature including endothelial nuclear orientation and distribution (Fig. 1), locations of arteriolar sphincters (Fig. 2), venous valve anatomy (Fig. 3), and vessel size, density, and branching patterns. Because casts faithfully replicate tissue vasculature, they can be used for quantitative measurements of that vasculature. The purpose of this report is to summarize and highlight some quantitative applications of vascular corrosion casting. In each example, casts were prepared by infusing Mercox, a methyl-methacrylate resin, and macerating the tissue with 20% KOH. Casts were either mounted for conventional scanning electron microscopy, or sliced for viewing with a confocal laser microscope.
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Birsan, Rares I., Peter Wilde, Keith W. Waldron, and Dilip K. Rai. "Recovery of Polyphenols from Brewer’s Spent Grains." Antioxidants 8, no. 9 (September 7, 2019): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090380.
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The recovery of antioxidant polyphenols from light, dark and mix brewer’s spent grain (BSG) using conventional maceration, microwave and ultrasound assisted extraction was investigated. Total polyphenols were measured in the crude (60% acetone), liquor extracts (saponified with 0.75% NaOH) and in their acidified ethyl acetate (EtOAc) partitioned fractions both by spectrophotometry involving Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. Irrespective of the extraction methods used, saponification of BSG yielded higher polyphenols than in the crude extracts. The EtOAc fractionations yielded the highest total phenolic content (TPC) ranging from 3.01 ± 0.19 to 4.71 ± 0.28 mg gallic acid equivalent per g of BSG dry weight. The corresponding total polyphenols quantified by LC-MS/MS ranged from 549.9 ± 41.5 to 2741.1 ± 5.2 µg/g of BSG dry weight. Microwave and ultrasound with the parameters and equipment used did not improve the total polyphenol yield when compared to the conventional maceration method. Furthermore, the spectrophotometric quantification of the liquors overestimated the TPC, while the LC-MS/MS quantification gave a closer representation of the total polyphenols in all the extracts. The total polyphenols were in the following order in the EtOAc fractions: BSG light > BSG Mix > BSG dark, and thus suggested BSG light as a sustainable, low cost source of natural antioxidants that may be tapped for applications in food and phytopharmaceutical industries.
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Kaloteraki, Chrysoula, Panoraia Bousdouni, Kalliopi Almpounioti, Camille Ouzaid, Olga Papagianni, Fotini Sfikti, Elina Dimitsa, et al. "Fortification of Olive Oil with Herbs and Waste By-Products towards Sustainable Development: Total Antioxidant Capacity, Phenolic Content, and In Vitro Predicted Bioavailability." Applied Sciences 13, no. 15 (August 1, 2023): 8876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13158876.
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Nowadays, there is a high demand in many industrial countries for healthy foods and sustainable products and so to explore innovative food technologies, such as fortification with bioactive compounds such as antioxidants and polyphenols, that may be sourced from herbs or by-products. This study’s objective was to explore the fortification of refined olive oils with natural bioactive compounds such as the herbs rosemary (Rosmarinus officinallis, L.), basil (Ocimum basillicum, L.), sage (Salvia officinalis, L.), lemon balm (Melissa oficinallis, L.), St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum, L.), pink savory (Satureja thymbra, L.), dittany (Origanum dictamnus, L.), and by-products such as pomace from olives, olive leaves (Olea europaea, L.), orange peel (Citrus aurantium, L.), lemon peel (Citrus limon, L.), pomegranate peel (Punica granatum, L.), and mandarin peel (Citrus reticulata). The fortification of the refined olive oils was performed with the use of different methodologies such as conventional maceration (CM), incubation shaking maceration (ISM), and ultrasound-assisted maceration (UAM). Folin–Ciocalteau (FOLIN) and Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays were used to measure their total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. All methods demonstrated that the temperature, sample concentration, and time of maceration are considered of high importance in the fortification of refined olive oil. In vitro digestion process showed the bioavailability of the antioxidant and phenolic compounds in the fortified olive oil that ranged from 4.84% to 53.11%. Furthermore, the refined olive oils fortified with pomace, basil, St. John’s wort, and pomegranate peel presented the highest antioxidant and phenolic predicted bioavailability indices during the in vitro process compared to the control refined olive oil. Finally, fortification with natural herbs or by-products can be considered an innovative method for the enhancement of the nutritional value of refined olive oils.
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Sandeep, G., T. Arumugam, G. J. Janavi, T. Anitha, K. Senthil, and A. Lakshmanan. "A Comparative study on conventional and non-conventional extraction methodologies for extraction yield, quality and antibacterial investigation of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.)." Journal of Applied Horticulture 25, no. 01 (March 10, 2023): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i01.03.
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The effect of different extraction methods using ethanol as a green solvent, such as soaking/maceration, Soxhlet, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), on the percentage of extraction yield, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial effect, was investigated. Unknown phytochemicals present in moringa leaf extract from various extraction methods were identified using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and identified compounds ranged from twenty-eight compounds to thirty-four compounds from various extraction methods. On comparing the conventional and non-conventional methods of extraction, the quantity and quality of extracted moringa biomolecules were found to be high in terms of extraction yield (21.79 ± 0.10%), TPC (144.52 ± 3.44 QE mg/g)), TFC (22.93 ± 0.28 GA mg/g)) and antioxidant activity (84.15 ± 1.14%) in UAE followed by MAE in less time than conventional methods. Moringa leaf extract from UAE, showed a maximum zone of inhibition (56.25 ± 0.35 mm) against E. coli at higher concentrations. Based on the research results, UAE and MAE could be novel extraction methods for various industrial sectors with a wide range of nutrients and bioactivity. In future, these extracted compounds might be further purified, characterized and fortified with other food products to mitigate malnutrition.
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Popov, Saša, Suzana Skeledžija, Saša Šorgić, Zoran Zeković, Darko Micić, Aleksandra Radulović, and Saša Đurović. "Application of Contemporary Extraction Techniques for Elements and Minerals Recovery from Stinging Nettle Leaves." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030793.
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Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a perennial plant belonging to the Urticaceae family. Several studies have reported the presence of the different classes of chemical compounds, which expressed a beneficial effect on human health. Among them there are elements and minerals that are essential for the proper functioning of organism. Mineral occurrence requires analytical data about the content. For such purposes was developed and validated a method based on the optical emission spectroscopy coupled with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). Minerals and elements were extracted using two conventional methods (Soxhlet and maceration) and two non-conventional (ultrasound- and microwave-assisted techniques). The extracts were analyzed resulting in high diversity in the composition. Non-conventional techniques showed better results, since those extracts possessed high content of the macroelements and iron as well, instead the toxic elements were found in trace amount
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Okoli, John U., and A. Aadum. "Flapper Feed Device for Improved Productivity of Cassava Grater." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.221.
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A modified hopper design of the conventional cassava grater and its concomitant productivity improvement is presented. One of the sides of the inverted truncated rectangular pyramidal hopper was hinged at the lower end and swung through angle of 15 to 30 degrees. This flapper swing served as feed for the rotary grater. The flapper allowed the cassava tubers to be fed over a larger grater surface area permitting cassava feed over an angle of 120 degrees instead of the usual 90 degrees. It further allowed the variation of the space between the rotary grater and the hopper thereby enhancing complete maceration of the tubers. The presence of ungrated cassava chips in the macerated mash common feature with conventional graters was reduced to negligible proportions. A process improvement of up to 100 per cent in thru-put was obtained compared with the conventional graters.
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Yuliana, Trisna. "ISOLASI DAN PEMURNIAN WEDELOLAKTON DARI TUMBUHAN URANG ARING (Eclipta alba L. Hassk)." Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia 15, no. 1 (June 10, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jkti.v15i1.97.
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Wedelolactone has a wide range of biological activities and used for the-treatment of various ailment. In the present study an experiment of isolation method of wedelolactone from Eclipta alba L. Hassk plant has been developed by conventional process using maceration method, partitions, and column chromatography and the result was characterized by NMR, UV- Vis and mass spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that the process of isolation isproduce wedelolactone with94% purity which are expected to be used as a standard.
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A.A., Salaudeen,, Dangoggo, S.M., Faruq, U.Z., and Mshelia, H.E. "Phytochemical and antibacterial activity of stem bark extract of Cordia africana Lam." International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2022.326.
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Traditional African medicine treats microbiological infections with Cordia africana. The maceration method was used to extract powder samples in stages using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The presence of carbohydrates, anthraquinones, phenols, proteins, amino acids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenoids/steroids were tested in the extracts by conventional phytochemical screening. The study provides evidence-based support for the use of Cordia africana by healers in the treatment of microbial diseases and has the potential to be used in medicine.
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Abu Kassim, Naziratulasikin, Ainun Zuriyati Mohamed, Edi Syams Zainudin, Sarani Zakaria, Siti Khaulah Zakiah Azman, and Hazwani Husna Abdullah. "Isolation and characterization of macerated cellulose from pineapple leaf." BioResources 14, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 1198–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.1198-1209.
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Diverse renewable resources, especially those obtained from residual agricultural wastes, are being exploited to reduce the impact of environmental damage. This study presents a method to produce purified cellulose extracted from locally planted pineapple leaves (Ananas comosus). The cellulose was extracted by maceration pretreatment. The heating times were varied. This method is a simpler and more effective approach to delignify the pineapple leaf fibers compared with conventional chemical pulping and bleaching processes. The chemical composition of the cellulose was investigated according to TAPPI standards and by structural analyses, namely Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that the hemicellulose and lignin were partially removed from the cellulose. Chemical analysis confirmed that the cellulose content increased from 25.8% (pineapple leaf fibers) to 70.9% (macerated cellulose). The optimum heating time was 3 h. However, XRD showed that the extracted cellulose had a higher crystallinity index than the initial pineapple leaf fibers. These results indicated that pretreatment via maceration has good potential applications in the production of macerated cellulose.
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Krivokapić, Slađana, Milorad Vlaović, Biljana Damjanović Vratnica, Andrej Perović, and Svetlana Perović. "Biowaste as a Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds—A Case Study of Raspberry Fruit Pomace." Foods 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040706.
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Raspberry fruit pomace, a byproduct of juice production, was studied as a potential source of antioxidant compounds. Target high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of important polyphenolic compounds (gallic, p-coumaric, caffeic, quercitrin, chlorogenic, and ellagic acid) was performed together with analysis of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanins content (TAC), and antioxidant capacity (via ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays). The differences in polyphenolic content of Rubus idaeus L. pomace were evaluated following ultrasound-assisted extraction and conventional maceration with different organic solvents. Additionally, the yield of free phenolics was measured in hydrolyzed pomace extracts. The results obtained show that the ultrasound method maximizes the quantity of antioxidant compounds in terms of TPC (27.79 mg/L gallic acid equivalent (GAE)), TFC (8.02 mg/g quercetin equivalent (QE)), TAC (7.13 mg/L cyanidine-3-glucoside equivalent (C3G Eq)), caffeic (19.17 µg/g), chlorogenic (3.56 µg/g), ellagic (105.52 µg/g), and gallic acids (8.75 µg/g), as well as FRAP (1002.72 µmol/L) and DPPH assays (969.71 µmol/mL vitamin C equivalent (vit C Eq); 567.00 µmol/100 g Trolox equivalent (TE)). On the other hand, conventional maceration maximizes the yield of quercetin and p-coumaric acid. In terms of biowaste valorization, raspberry fruit pomace has a promising industrial potential and may prove to be useful in the development of antioxidant dietary supplements.
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Fascella, Giancarlo, Francesca D’Angiolillo, Michele Massimo Mammano, Giuseppe Granata, and Edoardo Napoli. "Effect of Petal Color, Water Status, and Extraction Method on Qualitative Characteristics of Rosa rugosa Liqueur." Plants 11, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11141859.
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Flowers of Rosa rugosa Thunb. are a rich source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant properties and are used for the production of jams, teas, juices, and wines. In the present paper, the petals of R. rugosa cv. Alba (white flowers) and Rubra (purple flowers) were evaluated for their morphological and phytochemical characteristics, and for the preparation of an alcoholic liqueur. In particular, the effect of two extraction procedures (conventional and maceration) of fresh and dry petals on the quality of a rose liqueur was determined. As expected, the concentration of the flower’s bioactive compounds was affected by petal water content and by tested cultivars: dry petals showed higher total carotenoids and anthocyanins contents with respect to the fresh ones; cv. Rubra evidenced higher values compared to cv. Alba. As regards the quality of rose liqueur, the two petal extraction procedures did not affect the polyphenol content and higher values were recorded only on dry petals with respect to the fresh ones and, in particular, on those from cv. Rubra. The liqueur’s flavonoid content was influenced by the petal extraction method, water content, and color as higher values were recorded on rose liqueur prepared after the maceration of cv. Rubra dry petals whereas lower values were observed on alcoholic drinks prepared after the conventional extraction of cv. Alba fresh petals. Our study shows that R. rugosa petals have a fair amount of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity, making them suitable for use in the beverage industry.
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Yasemi, Mahnaz, Amir Heydarinasab, Masoud Rahimi, and Mehdi Ardjmand. "Microchannels Effective Method for the Extraction of Oleuropein Compared with Conventional Methods." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6594156.
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Different methods of oleuropein extraction from olive leaf were investigated, including maceration, soxhlet, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and microchannel. In current research, a response surface methodology (RSM) was used for prediction of the optimal values of parameters affecting the extraction of oleuropein through two methods of ultrasound and microchannel. Frequency (F), temperature (T), and power of ultrasound (P) were the parameters which were studied in ultrasound method, but in microchannel system effects of pH and temperature (T), volumetric flow rate ratio of two phases (VR), and contact time (CT) of two phases were optimized. UV detector device at 254 nm was used to recognize oleuropein through comparison of the retention time of the extracts with standard compound in chromatogram. The analysis of extracts was performed using HPLC. Optimum conditions for ultrasound were obtained as follows:F=80 kHz,T= 25°C, andP=100 w. Using these optimum conditions, the extraction of oleuropein was 81.29%. Amount of oleuropein extraction by microchannel method in optimum conditions was 96.29%, which was way more than other applied methods. Microchannel system as a continuous method has many advantages including low solvent consumption, being environment friendly, short time for extraction, and high efficiency.
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Turrini, Federica, Dario Donno, Gabriele Loris Beccaro, Paola Zunin, Anna Pittaluga, and Raffaella Boggia. "Pulsed Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as an Alternative Method to Conventional Maceration for the Extraction of the Polyphenolic Fraction of Ribes nigrum Buds: A New Category of Food Supplements Proposed by The FINNOVER Project." Foods 8, no. 10 (October 10, 2019): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8100466.
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In this research, for the first time, an alternative method to produce Ribes nigrum bud derivatives is presented. Pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE), using a food-grade solvent according to green chemistry principles, has been employed and compared to the conventional extraction method. Traditionally, bud derivatives, a category of botanicals marketed as plant food supplements in the European Community, are produced by macerating meristematic tissues of trees and plants mainly spontaneously collected. Buds are a challenging raw material for the UAE, since meristematic tissues are much softer and fragile than their corresponding adult phenological stage. It is therefore important to assess whether the polyphenolic fraction, very susceptible to degradation, is conserved after UAE. Untargeted polyphenolic fingerprints (UV-Visible and fluorescence) coupled with chemometrics are employed to quickly screen the best extraction conditions, evaluated by the design of experiment (DoE) method. The polyphenolic fraction of the optimized PUAE extract was quantified by targeted HPLC fingerprint and its antiradical activity was determined. PUAE on a lab pilot reactor was proven to be the most practical approach for a rapid (20 min vs. 21 days maceration) and efficient extraction of bioactive polyphenolics from Ribes nigrum buds, encouraging the scale up to an industrial plan.
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Parmar, Anjali, and Genitha Immanuel. "Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Onion Skin Extracts Produced by Microwave Assisted and Conventional Extraction Methods." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380430.
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This experiment focused on determination of antioxidant activity of onion skin (OS), extracted by three techniques i.e. Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE), Soxhlet and Maceration with three different ethanol (EtOH) concentrations. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were estimated by Folin-ciocaltteu method and Aluminium Chloride method respectively. Antioxidant activity (AOA) was assessed by Diphenyl Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) method and Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was recoded. The maximum TPC and TFC were found as 519.25 mg/g gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 120.975 mg/g Quercetin equivalent (QE) respectively, using 90% EtOH concentration with microwave at 300W. EtOH (90%) OS extracts showed the highest free radical scavenging activity with power of 400W of 86.980% with an IC50 value of 38.516µg/ml. In all of assay, 90% EtOH OS extracts with MAE showed higher TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity, suggesting that MAE is a suitable method for extraction of antioxidant component from OS.
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Vera-Salgado, Julián, Carolina Calderón-Chiu, Montserrat Calderón-Santoyo, Julio César Barros-Castillo, Ulises Miguel López-García, and Juan Arturo Ragazzo-Sánchez. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Artocarpus heterophyllus L. Leaf Protein Concentrate: Solubility, Foaming, Emulsifying, and Antioxidant Properties of Protein Hydrolysates." Colloids and Interfaces 6, no. 4 (September 26, 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids6040050.
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The impact of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was evaluated on the functionality of jackfruit leaf protein hydrolysates. Leaf protein concentrate was obtained by ultrasound (LPCU) and conventional extractions by maceration (LPCM). LPCM and LPCU were hydrolyzed with pancreatin (180 min), and hydrolysates by maceration (HM) and ultrasound (HU) were obtained. The composition of amino acids, techno-functional (solubility, foaming, and emulsifying properties), and antioxidant properties of the hydrolysates were evaluated. A higher amount of essential amino acids was found in HU, while HM showed a higher content of hydrophobic amino acids. LPCs exhibited low solubility (0.97–2.89%). However, HM (67.8 ± 0.98) and HU (77.39 ± 0.43) reached maximum solubility at pH 6.0. The foaming and emulsifying properties of the hydrolysates were improved when LPC was obtained by UAE. The IC50 of LPCs could not be quantified. However, HU (0.29 ± 0.01 mg/mL) showed lower IC50 than HM (0.32 ± 0.01 mg/mL). The results reflect that the extraction method had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the functionality of protein hydrolysates. The UAE is a suitable method for enhancing of quality, techno-functionality, and antioxidant properties of LPC.
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PARMAR A. and GENITHA I. "ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF RADISH LEAVES EXTRACTS PRODUCED BY MICROWAVE ASSISTED AND CONVENTIONAL EXTRACTION METHODS." Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences 24, no. 04 (2022): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/ajmbes.2022.v24i04.019.
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This study focused on antioxidant activity of radish leaves extract produced by Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE), Soxhlet Extraction (SE) and Maceration with different ethanol (EtOH) concentrations. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were analyzed by Folinciocaltteu method and Aluminium Chloride method respectively. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by Diphenyl Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) method and Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was recoded. The maximum total phenolic and total flavonoids were found as 177.5 mg/g gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 55.09 mg/g Quercetin equivalent (QE) respectively, using 90% EtOH concentration with microwave at 300W. 90% ethanolic radish leaves extracts showed the highest free radical scavenging activity with power of 400W of 78.70% with an IC 50 value of 65.73 µg/ml. In all of assay, 90% EtOH Radish leaves extracts with MAE showed higher phytochemicals and antioxidant activity, suggesting that MAE is a suitable method for extraction of antioxidant component from radish leaves and may be investigated as potential raw materials for creation of nutritional supplements.
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Milic, Petar, Katarina Rajkovic, Predrag Milicevic, Slavica Milic, Tanja Brdaric, and Vesna Pavelkic. "Comparison, artificial neural network modeling and genetic algorithm optimization of the resinoid and potassium yields from white lady’s bedstraw (Galium mollugo L.) by conventional, reflux and ultrasound-assisted aqueous-ethanolic extraction." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 19, no. 1 (2013): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq120316049m.
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In this work, the yields of resinoid and potassium obtained from aerial parts of white lady?s bedstraw (Galium mollugo L.) by maceration, reflux extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction using aqueous ethanol solutions as solvents. The main goal was to define the influence of the extraction technique and the ethanol concentration on the resinoid and potassium yields. The resinoid and potassium yields were determined by the solvent evaporation from the liquid extracts to constant weight and the AAS emission method, respectively. The dependence of resinoid and potassium yields on the ethanol concentration was described by linear and quadratic polynomial models, respectively. The best potassium extraction selectivity of 0.077 g K/g of dry extract was achieved by maceration at the ethanol concentrations of 10 g/100 g. The artificial neural network (ANN) was successfully applied to estimate the resinoid and potassium yields based on the ethanol concentration in the extracting solvent and the time duration for all three extraction techniques employed. The response surface methodology was also used to present the dependence of ANN results on the operating factors. The extraction process was optimized using the ANN model coupled with genetic algorithm. The maximum predicted resinoid and potassium yields of 30.4 and 1.67 g/100 g of dry plant were obtained by the ultrasonic extraction (80 min) using the 10 g/100 g aqueous ethanol solution.
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Gallo, Monica, Andrea Formato, Martina Ciaravolo, Gaetano Formato, and Daniele Naviglio. "Study of the Kinetics of Extraction Process for The Production of Hemp Inflorescences Extracts by Means of Conventional Maceration (CM) and Rapid Solid-Liquid Dynamic Extraction (RSLDE)." Separations 7, no. 2 (March 30, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations7020020.
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In the present work, the kinetics of the extraction process from female inflorescences of Canapa sativa subsp. sativa var. sativa were studied, on the basis of determination of the content of cannabinoids: cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), before and after decarboxylation in the oven, in order to evaluate the possible use of the hemp extract obtained in the food sector. Therefore, both conventional maceration (CM) and rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE), also known as cyclically pressurized extraction (CPE), were carried out, using parts of the plant approximately of the same size. The alcoholic extracts thus obtained were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in order to calculate the percentages of cannabinoids present in the inflorescences and thus be able to evaluate the degree of decarboxylation. Furthermore, the extracts were dried to calculate the percentage of solid material present in it, that was made mainly by cannabinoids. The amount of substance extracted from the inflorescences was about 10% (w/w), for both cases considered. Therefore, the extraction yield was the same in the two cases examined and the final qualities were almost identical. However, the extraction times were significantly different. In fact, the maceration of hemp inflorescences in ethyl alcohol was completed in no less than 24 h, while with the RSLDE the extraction was completed in only 4 h. Finally, for a better understanding of the extraction process with cyclically pressurized extraction, a numerical simulation was carried out which allowed to better evaluate the influence of extractive parameters.