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Journal articles on the topic 'Conventional and optical dilatometry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 September 2022

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1

Milkereit, Benjamin, Michael Reich, and Olaf Kessler. "Detection of Quench Induced Precipitation in Al Alloys by Dilatometry." Materials Science Forum 877 (November 2016): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.877.147.

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Quenching is a critical step during the strengthening age hardening of Aluminium alloys. To obtain optimal technological results, parts should be quenched with the upper critical cooling rate. The precipitation behaviour of Al alloys during cooling from solution annealing and thereby the critical cooling rates are typically investigated by in-situ measurements with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Conventional DSCs are limited at cooling rates below 10 Ks-1. Unfortunately, medium to high strength Al alloys typically have critical cooling rates between 10 and some 100 Ks-1. Recently it was shown that dilatometry is generally able for in-situ detection of precipitation in Al alloys. Dilatometry allows controlled cooling up to some 100 Ks-1 and therefore covers the cooling rate range relevant. In this work, we aim to show up and discuss possibilities and limitations of dilatometric detection of quench induced precipitates in 2xxx, and 7xxx Al alloys. The basic method will be presented and results will be compared with DSC work.

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2

Morais, Alline Sardinha Cordeiro, Thaís Cristina da Costa Caldas, Sérgio Neves Monteiro, and Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira. "Characterization of Fluorescent Lamp Glass Waste Powders." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1579.

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Industrialized component wastes, regularly discarded by the society, are increasingly contributing to the environmental pollution. The glass of these lamps is contaminated with mercury, which a serious hazard due to conventional recycling by melting with other glasses. A possible solution could be its incorporation into a clay body to fabricate common fired ceramics such as bricks and tiles. The objective of this work is to characterize a type of glass to be incorporated into a clayey ceramic. The glass analyzed was obtained from fluorescent lamps, which was passed through mercury decontamination process and ground into powder. This glass powder was tested for X-ray fluorescence, DTA/DTG, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and optical dilatometry. The results showed that the glass presents sintering and softening points around 650 °C and 800 °C, respectively. The chemical analysis indicated the presence of impurities in considerable amounts in the composition of the fluorescent lamp glass waste.

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3

Raghavendran, R., Anil Meena, and Murugaiyan Amirthalingam. "Microstructure Evolution during Strain-Induced Transformation of Austenite in an Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1199.

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Microstructural evolution during the strain-induced phase transformation of austenite in an Austempered ductile iron (ADI) under various thermomechanical processing conditions is studied in the present study. An alloyed ductile iron is taken as the base material, and thermomechanical treatment is carried out on a Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator coupled with dilatometry. The effect of deformation on the austempering process has been studied by microstructure characterization using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The variations in retained austenite volume fraction and its carbon content with respect to different austempering times are analyzed to study the effect of strain-induced transformation of austenite. It has been observed that the thermomechanical treatment significantly influences the phase transformation kinetics during the austempering process. The thermomechanical treatment produced a martensite free ausferritic microstructure for all austempering times with a high volume fraction of carbon enriched retained austenite as compared to the conventional heat treatment.

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4

Waetzig, Katja, Christian Heubner, and Mihails Kusnezoff. "Reduced Sintering Temperatures of Li+ Conductive Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 Ceramics." Crystals 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10050408.

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All-solid-state batteries (ASSB) are considered promising candidates for future energy storage and advanced electric mobility. When compared to conventional Li-ion batteries, the substitution of Li-ion conductive, flammable liquids by a solid electrolyte and the application of Li-metal anodes substantially increase safety and energy density. The solid electrolyte Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) provides high Li-ion conductivity of about 10−3 S/cm and is considered a highly promising candidate for both the solid electrolyte-separator and the ionically conductive part of the all-solid state composite cathode, consisting of the cathode material, the solid electrolyte, and an electron conductor. Co-sintering of the composite cathode is a sophisticated challenge, because temperatures above 1000 °C are typically required to achieve the maximum ionic conductivity of LATP but provoke reactions with the cathode material, inhibiting proper electrochemical functioning in the ASSB. In the present study, the application of sintering aids with different melting points and their impact on the sinterability and the conductivity of LATP were investigated by means of optical dilatometry and impedance spectroscopy. The microstructure of the samples was analyzed by SEM. The results indicate that the sintering temperature can be reduced below 800 °C while maintaining high ionic conductivity of up to 3.6 × 10−4 S/cm. These insights can be considered a crucial step forward towards enable LATP-based composite cathodes for future ASSB.

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5

Moyassari, Erfan, Thomas Roth, Simon Kücher, Chia-Chin Chang, Shang-Chieh Hou, Franz B. Spingler, and Andreas Jossen. "The Role of Silicon in Silicon-Graphite Composite Electrodes Regarding Specific Capacity, Cycle Stability, and Expansion." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 010504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4545.

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One promising way of compensating for the repeated volume expansion and contraction of silicon as an anode active material in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is to embed silicon within a graphite matrix. Silicon-graphite (SiG) composites combine the advantageous properties of graphite, i.e., large electrical conductivity and high structural stability, with the advantageous properties of silicon, i.e., high theoretical capacity. Graphite has a much lower volume expansion upon lithiation (≈ 10%) than pure silicon (≈ 300%) and provides a mechanically stable matrix. Herein, we present an investigation into the electrochemical performance and thickness change behavior of porous SiG anode compositions with silicon contents ranging from 0 wt% to 20 wt%. The electrode composites were studied using two methods: in situ dilatometry for the thickness change investigation and conventional coin cells for the assessment of electrochemical performance. The measurements show that the initial thickness change of SiG electrodes increased significantly with the silicon content, but it leveled off during cycling for all compositions. There appears to be a correlation between silicon content and capacity loss, but no clear correlation between thickness change and capacity loss rate was found.

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6

Elisa, Mihail, Stefan-Marian Iordache, Ana-Maria Iordache, Constantina Raluca Stefan, Ileana Cristina Vasiliu, Daniel Cristea, Doru Ursutiu, et al. "Investigations Regarding the Addition of ZnO and Li2O-TiO2 to Phosphate-Tellurite Glasses: Structural, Chemical, and Mechanical Properties." Materials 15, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051644.

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Phosphate and tellurite glasses can be used in optics, optoelectronics, magneto-optics, and nuclear and medical fields. Two series of phosphate-tellurite glasses, (50-x)ZnO-10Al2O3-40P2O5-xTeO2 and (40-x)Li2O-10Al2O3-5TiO2-45P2O5-xTeO2 (x = 5, 10), were synthesized by a non-conventional wet-route, and the mechanical properties as key performance measures for their application in optoelectronics were investigated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed the vitreous nature of the investigated materials. Instrumented indentation tests allowed the calculation of hardness (H) and Young’s modulus (E) using the Oliver and Pharr model. The influence of increasing the TeO2 content, as well as the substitution of ZnO by Li2O-TiO2, on the variation of hardness, Young’s modulus, penetration depth (PD), and fracture toughness (FT) was evaluated in both series. As a general trend, there is a decrease in the hardness and Young’s modulus with increasing penetration depth. The addition of Li2O and TiO2 instead of ZnO leads to improved hardness and elastic modulus values. Regarding the H/E ratio, it was found that the samples with lower TeO2 content should be significantly more crack-resistant compared to the higher TeO2 content samples. The H3/E2 ratio, being lower than 0.01, revealed a poor resistance of these glasses to plastic deformation. At the same time, a decrease of the fracture toughness with increasing TeO2 content was noticed for each glass series. Based on dilatometry measurements, the thermal expansion coefficient as well as the characteristic temperatures of the glasses were measured. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (FESEM-EDX) revealed a uniform distribution of the elements in the bulk samples. The mechanical properties of these vitreous materials are important in relation to their application as magneto-optical Faraday rotators in laser cavities.

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7

Andrade Centeno, Dany Michell, and Hélio Goldenstein. "Microstructures and Properties of DP 600 Steel Conventionally Treated and Intercritically Annealed from As-Quenched Martensite." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.413.

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In this work a DP 600 Dual Phase steel, conventionally treated in order to obtain 40 to 60% austenite at the intercritical temperatures, called reference sample, was compared to samples from the same steel, initially fully austenitized and quenched to 100% martensitic structure and subsequently intercritically tempered once (one step) or twice, (two steps) at intercritical temperatures so as to obtain the same volume fractions of austenite as the conventional DP steel. The single step heat treatment is QL, quench and lamellarization; the two step heat treatment is called QLT, quench and lamellarization and tempering. Heat treatments were conducted on a quenching dilatometer. Samples were characterized by optical, SEM-FEG, EBSD imagining and X Ray Diffraction. Mechanical properties were evaluated by microhardness and tensile tests on sub-size specimens. The results show that QL samples present a complex microstructure composed of ferrite (carbide free high temperature tempered martensite) and fresh martensite composed of crystallites of the order of 1 to 5 μm, with volume fractions of ferrite and martensite similar to the reference samples. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of retained austenite in all treatment conditions, larger for the reference samples when compared with the QL; EBSD images show the retained austenite finely dispersed between the martensite laths and within the limits of martensite blocks. The tensile strength of the QL has higher values than reference DP 600 steel for the similar martensite volume, with smaller uniform and total elongations.

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8

Raether, F., R. Springer, and S. Beyer. "Optical dilatometry for the control of microstructure development during sintering." Materials Research Innovations 4, no. 4 (March 2001): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100190000101.

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9

Karamanov, Alexander, Boris Dzhantov, Mariano Paganelli, and Davide Sighinolfi. "Glass transition temperature and activation energy of sintering by optical dilatometry." Thermochimica Acta 553 (February 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2012.10.006.

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10

Maisuradze, Mikhail V., Maksim Ryzhkov, and O. Surnaeva. "Phase Transformations in Novel Medium Carbon High Hardenability Steels." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.717.

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Novel steels with high hardenability were proposed to replace the conventional HY-TUF steels for the large parts manufacturing. The chemical composition of the steels under consideration was, mass. %: C – 0.16...0.18; Cr – 2.35...2.55; Mn – 0.67...1.99; Si – 0.76...1.03; Ni – 1.17...2.31; Mo – 0.34...0.47; S. P < 0.025. The dilatometer experiments revealed that during the continuous cooling of the steels with the constant rates 0.1... 30 °C/s only martensite and bainite transformations occurred. for conventional HY-TUF steel ferrite and pearlite formed after cooling with the rates 0.1...0.3 °C/s.

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11

Matijasevic, Srdjan, Vladimir Topalovic, Snezana Grujic, Veljko Savic, Jelena Nikolic, Nebojsa Labus, and Snezana Zildzovic. "The thermophysical properties of primary phase in lithium germanium phosphate glass." Science of Sintering 53, no. 3 (2021): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos2103301m.

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The selected lithium germanium-phosphate glass was prepared by a conventional melt-quenching technique. The XRD method was employed to confirm the glass was obtained and to reveal crystalline phases during heat treatment. The dilatometry (DIL), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to determine the characteristic temperatures and enthalpies of crystallization and melting of the crystalline phase. The DTA and DIL were used to obtain the viscosity curves by applying the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation

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12

Farina, Paula Fernanda Silva, Alexandre Bellegard Farina, Julio Capo, Linilson R. Padovese, Celso A. Barbosa, and Hélio Goldenstein. "Microstructural Evolution of AISI D2 Tool Steel during Aging." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.511.

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The effects of low temperature isothermal treatments on a quenched AISI D2 tool steel was studied using Barkhausen Noise, X-ray diffraction, dilatometry and optical and electronic microscopy. The specimens were austenitized at 1040°C and quenched in oil. The isothermal treatments involved immersion in hot oil baths at 80° or 130°C for 0.1, 0.6, 1, 3, 10 and 30 hours, except for the dilatometry, in which the specimens were submitted to a single thermal cycle for 30 hours. These thermal treatments are industrially known as “stress relief treatments”, and are used to prevent cracks and catastrophic failures during cryogenic treatments. The comparison of global and local (microscopy) measurements allows the discussion of the phenomena involved in the aging process.

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13

Nakamoto, Masashi, Erkki Heikinheimo, Marko Kekkonen, Michael Friman, and Lauri Holappa. "Melting Behavior of Sn–Bi Alloy Powder Compacts Observed Using Optical Dilatometry." International Journal of Materials Research 100, no. 5 (May 2009): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.110081.

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14

Van Caenegem, Nele, Kim Verbeken, Roumen H. Petrov, N. M. van der Pers, and Yvan Houbaert. "Shape Recovery and ε - γ Transformation in Fe29Mn7Si5Cr SMA." Advances in Science and Technology 59 (September 2008): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.59.86.

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The shape memory behaviour of a Fe29Mn7Si5Cr based alloy has been investigated. Characterization of the martensitic transformation and the different structural constituents was performed using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The transformation temperatures and the shape recovery were determined by dilatometry on prestrained samples.

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15

van Dijk, N. H., A. de Visser, J. J. M. Franse, and A. A. Menovsky. "Dilatometry study of the heavy-fermion superconductor URu2Si2." Physica B: Condensed Matter 206-207 (February 1995): 583–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(94)00526-2.

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16

van Bohemen, S. M. C., Jilt Sietsma, and Sybrand van der Zwaag. "On the Nature of the Growth of Bainitic α plates in Metastable β Ti Alloys." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 3684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.3684.

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The growth mechanism of bainitic α plates in Ti-4.5Fe-6.8Mo-1.5Al, a metastable β Ti alloy, has been investigated by optical microscopy, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and dilatometry. The observations are compared with the transformation characteristics of primary α plates, which form at relatively high temperatures. The primary α plates form predominantly on β grain boundaries, whereas the bainitic α plates nucleate both at grain boundaries and intragranularly. It is shown that the morphological transition with decreasing temperature is associated with a change in transformation mechanism. The EPMA results show that the primary α plates are formed by a partitioning transformation. In contrast, the growth of the bainitic α plates is partitionless, followed by a post-transformation redistribution of Fe. This mechanism is similar to bainite in steel. The Fe diffusion from the supersaturated bainitic α plates to the β matrix causes the observed dilatation signal. The results of dilatometry in conjunction with optical microscopy indicate that a low misfit between the lattice structures exists, which is favourable for a partitionless transformation to occur at a low undercooling below T0.

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17

Svoboda, Roman, Pavla Pustková, and Jiří Málek. "Volume relaxation of a-Se studied by mercury dilatometry." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 352, no. 42-49 (November 2006): 4793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.03.115.

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18

Kanwal, Tehreem, Rub Nawaz Shahid, Naeem Ul Haq Tariq, Fahad Ali, M. A. Rafiq, Muhammad Iqbal, J. I. Akhter, and Bin Awais Hasan. "A Comparison of the Electrical and Thermal Behavior of ZrO₂-Ni Interpenetrating Phase Composite Produced by Microwave and Conventional Sintering." Key Engineering Materials 510-511 (May 2012): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.510-511.293.

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The ceramic-metal composites that have all phases continuous throughout the structure are known as Interpenetrating Phase Composites (IPCs) and they have many applications in various fields. In this investigation ZrO2-Ni IPCs of varied compositions were synthesized using tubular furnace and microwave furnace routs. Samples were Characterized using BET surface area, Pycnometer density, dilatometry and scanning electron microscopy. The Electrical parameters of the composites were measured using impedance spectrometer. Results indicate that threshold percolation reached at 40 volume percent of Ni in both cases. Moreover, no significant difference was observed in BET surface area and CTE of composites prepared by conventional and microwave sintering processes.

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19

Lichtner, Aaron, Denis Roussel, Daniel Röhrens, David Jauffres, Julie Villanova, Christophe L. Martin, and Rajendra K. Bordia. "Anisotropic sintering behavior of freeze-cast ceramics by optical dilatometry and discrete-element simulations." Acta Materialia 155 (August 2018): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.06.001.

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20

Togashi, M. M., C. P. F. Perdomo, and R. H. G. A. Kiminami. "Densification kinetics of nano-hematite using microwave assisted dilatometry." Ceramics International 46, no. 18 (December 2020): 28546–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.08.012.

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21

Kiefer, Dominik, Jens Gibmeier, and Andreas Stark. "Determination of Temperature-Dependent Elastic Constants of Steel AISI 4140 by Use of In Situ X-ray Dilatometry Experiments." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 2378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102378.

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In situ dilatometry experiments using high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction in transmission mode were carried out at the high energy material science beamline P07@PETRAIII at DESY (Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron) for the tempering steel AISI 4140 at defined mechanical loading. The focus of this study was on the initial tempering state ( f e r r i t e ) and the hardened state ( m a r t e n s i t e ). Lattice strains were calculated from the 2D diffraction data for different h k l planes and from those temperature-dependent lattice plane specific diffraction elastic constants ( D E C s ) were determined. The resulting coupling terms allow for precise stress analysis for typical hypoeutectoid steels using diffraction data during heat treatment processes, that is, for in situ diffraction studies during thermal exposure. In addition, by averaging h k l specific Y o u n g ′ s m o d u l i and P o i s s o n r a t i o s macroscopic temperature-dependent elastic constants were determined. In conclusion a novel approach for the determination of phase-specific temperature-dependent DECs was suggested using diffraction based dilatometry that provides more reliable data in comparison to conventional experimental procedures. Moreover, the averaging of lattice plane specific results from in situ diffraction analysis supply robust temperature-dependent macroscopic elastic constants for martensite and ferrite as input data for heat treatment process simulations.

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22

Brillo, Jürgen, and Ivan Egry. "Density and excess volume of liquid copper, nickel, iron, and their binary alloys." International Journal of Materials Research 95, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2004-0128.

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Abstract The densities of liquid copper, nickel and iron and their binary alloys have been measured over a wide temperature range, including the undercooled regime. A non-contact technique was used, consisting of electromagnetic levitation and optical dilatometry. In all cases the density was a linear function of temperature. On the other hand, the concentration dependence was only linear for Fe –Ni, whereas Fe –Cu and Cu–Ni are characterized by a positive or negative excess volume respectively.

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23

Poloczek, Łukasz, Łukasz Rauch, Marek Wilkus, Daniel Bachniak, Władysław Zalecki, Valeriy Pidvysotsk’yy, Roman Kuziak, and Maciej Pietrzyk. "Physical and Numerical Simulations of Closed Die Hot Forging and Heat Treatment of Forged Parts." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010015.

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The paper describes physical and numerical simulations of a manufacturing process composed of hot forging and controlled cooling, which replace the conventional heat treatment technology. The objective was to investigate possibilities and limitations of the heat treatment with the use of the heat of forging. Three steels used to manufacture automotive parts were investigated. Experiments were composed of two sets of tests. The first were isothermal (TTT) and constant cooling rate (CCT) dilatometric tests, which supplied data for the identification of the numerical phase transformation model. The second was a physical simulation of the sequence forging-cooling on Gleeble 3800, which supplied data for the validation of the models. In the numerical part, a finite element (FE) thermal-mechanical code was combined with metallurgical models describing recrystallization and grain growth during forging and phase transformations during cooling. The FE model predicted distributions of the temperature and the austenite grain size in the forging, which were input data for further simulations of phase transformations during cooling. A modified JMAK equation was used to calculate the kinetics of transformation and volume fraction of microstructural constituents after cooling. Since the dilatometric tests were performed for various austenitization temperatures before cooling, it was possible to include austenite grain size as a variable in the model. An inverse algorithm developed by the authors was applied in the identification procedure. The model with optimal material parameters was used for simulations of hot forging and controlled cooling in one of the forging shops in Poland. Distributions of microstructural constituents in the forging after cooling were calculated. As a consequence, various cooling sequences during heat treatment could be analyzed and compared.

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24

Maisuradze, Mikhail V., and Maksim A. Ryzhkov. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Strength Alloyed Steel for Aerospace Application." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.351.

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The high strength aerospace steel alloyed with Cr, Mn, Si, Ni, W and Mo was studied. The austenite transformations under continuous cooling conditions were investigated using the dilatometer analysis at the cooling rates 0.1...30 °C/s. The mechanical properties of the studied steel were determined after the conventional quenching and tempering heat treatment. The dependences of the mechanical properties on the tempering temperature were obtained. The novel quenching and partitioning heat treatment was applied to the steel under consideration. The microstructure and the mechanical properties were studied after three different modes of the quenching and partitioning (QP) treatment: single-stage QP, two-stage QP and single-stage QP with subsequent tempering (QPT).

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25

Delgado, José A., Lizette Morejón Alonso, Juliana Nacimento, Karla P. Macedo, Alexandre Antunes, Marize Varella, Adrian Alfonso, Salvador Martínez, and Maite García-Vallès. "Sintering Behavior of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 631 (November 2014): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.631.207.

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The synthesis of nanoparticles appropriate for the preparation of nanostructured hydroxyapatite ceramics intended for bone repairs and regeneration is an interesting field of biomaterials research today. In this work nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite were obtained by the precipitation method using conventional magnetic stirring (A) and ultra turrex homogenizer (T1) accompanied with surfactant (T2) and dispersant agents (T3). In all cases, powders with nanometric dimensions were obtained and the unique calcium phosphate phase detected was hydroxyapatite (HAp). The powders sintering behaviour was studied. The ceramics obtained from powders prepared by magnetic stirring (A) showed the best values of final density (96.7 %) which it was in agreement with the lowest temperature of the beginning of shrinking (648.6 °C) during sintering determined by dilatometry. Nanostructured nature of these ceramics was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

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26

Restivo, Thomaz Augusto Guisard, D. W. Leite, and Sonia Regina Homem de Mello-Castanho. "Advanced Multi-Metallic SOFC Anode Development by Mechanical Alloying Route." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 865–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.865.

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Anodes composed of Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilised zirconia) cermets are the key material to allow direct biofuel feeding to Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) devices due to its internal reforming capability. The main challenge among these materials is related to carbon deposition poisoning effect when C-bearing fuels are feed. The work deals with these issues by alloying Ni with some metals like Cu to conform a multi-metallic anode material. Mechanical alloying (MA) at shaker mills is chosen as the route to incorporate the metal and ceramic powders in the anode material, also leading to better sintering behaviour. A projected cermet material is conceived where a third metal can be added based on two criteria: low Cu solubility and similar formation enthalpy of hydrides regarding Ni. Refractory metals like Nb, W and Mo, seems to fulfil these characteristics, as well as Ag. The MA resulted powder morphology is highly homogeneous showing nanometric interpolated metal lamellae. The sintering behaviour is investigated by conventional dilatometry as well as by stepwise isothermal dilatometry (SID) quasi-isothermal method to determine the sintering kinetic parameters. Based on these tools, it is found the Cu additive promotes sintering to obtain a denser anode and therefore allowing lower process temperatures. The consolidation is achieved through the sintering by activated surface (SAS) method allied to liquid phase sintering process, where the third metal additive also has influenced. The final cermet can be obtained at one sole process step, dispensing pore-forming additives and reduction treatments. The sintered microstructure demonstrates the material is homogeneous and possesses suitable percolation networks and pore structure for SOFC anode applications.

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27

Wentzcovitch, Alexandre, Francisco Ambrozio Filho, Luís Carlos Elias da Silva, and Maurício David Martins das Neves. "Sintering of AISI M₂ High Speed Steel with the Addition of NbC." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.90.

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The influence of adding 6 wt% (NbC) niobium carbide on the sintering temperature and microstructure of high speed steel - AISI M2(0.87% C, 5.00% Mo, 6.00% W, 4,00% Cr, 2.00% V and Fe bal.) powder was studied. The starting material was obtained by vacuum melting followed by atomization in water. The samples were axially cold compacted in a cylindrical matrix and then vacuum sintered at 1250 and 1350 °C. Dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicated an increase in sintering temperature with addition of niobium to the AISI M2steel. Optical and scanning electron microscope observations revealed a microstructure with uniformly distributed niobium carbides.

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28

Brillo, Jürgen, Ivan Egry, and Taishi Matsushita. "Density and excess volumes of liquid copper, cobalt, iron and their binary and ternary alloys." International Journal of Materials Research 97, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 1526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2006-0238.

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Abstract The densities of liquid copper, cobalt, and iron, their binary and ternary alloys have been measured over a temperature range including the undercooled regime. A non-contact technique was used, consisting of electromagnetic levitation combined with optical dilatometry. For all samples, the density was a linear function of temperature. The concentration dependence was studied by means of the excess volume which was negligible for Co– Fe and positive for Cu– Fe, Cu– Co, and Cu–Co – Fe. The density of the ternary alloy could be predicted from the excess volumes of the binary phases without the need to introduce any ternary interactions.

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Gierl-Mayer, Christian, and Herbert Danninger. "Dilatometry Coupled with Mass Spectrometry as Instrument for Process Control in Sintering of Powder Metallurgy Steels." Materials Science Forum 835 (January 2016): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.835.106.

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The production of ferrous powder metallurgical parts by the press-and-sinter route becomes more and more attractive. Today, parts are produced for loading requirements that until now only could be fulfilled by conventional produced steel components. The high mechanical properties that must be attained require the use of alloying elements so far not common in powder metallurgy because of their high affinity for oxygen. The sintering of chromium containing steels is a challenge for the whole production process, because the reduction of the surface oxides is critical for successful sintering.Dilatometry can be a useful instrument to control the sintering behaviour of the materials, especially the combination with mass spectrometry allows analysing the very complex sintering process and simultaneously monitoring the solid-gas reactions. This work shows that the sintering atmosphere plays a major role in the entire process. Degassing and deoxidation processes during sintering are demonstrated for different alloying systems (Fe, Fe-C, Fe-Mo-C, Fe-Cr-Mo-C). Dilatometry coupled with MS is shown to be a very good instrument for process control of the sintering process. The generated analytical data can be related to the mechanical properties of the sintered steels if the size of the specimen is large enough.

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30

Hantel, M. M., V. Presser, J. K. McDonough, G. Feng, P. T. Cummings, Y. Gogotsi, and R. Kötz. "In Situ Electrochemical Dilatometry of Onion-Like Carbon and Carbon Black." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 159, no. 11 (2012): A1897—A1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.006212jes.

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GEOFFROY, Thomas, Jean-Christophe RIOU, Yves BIENVENU, Corinne PONS, Sylvain MEILLE, and Eric BAILLY. "Towards High Temperature Electronic Modules in which all Components would be attached using Silver Sintering." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2016, HiTEC (January 1, 2016): 000216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2016-hitec-216.

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Abstract This article points out the fact that conventional low temperature silver sintering processes do not seem to satisfy the needs for reliability when they are used to assemble passive components (such as multilayers ceramic capacitors) in electronic modules undergoing wide amplitude thermal cycles (−65°C / +200°C). These processes indeed lead to very porous microstructures of silver which favors rapid fatigue cracks propagation [1], [2], [3]. Even if these types of porous microstructures may be suitable for die attach, tests presented in this paper show they cannot resist to the levels of thermomechanical stress reached in attachment joints of multilayers ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). To find process parameters minimizing porosity in attachment joints of capacitors, measurements of the shrinkage of silver during sintering have been carried out by dilatometry. Then the impact of densification of attachment joints on the ageing behavior and on the mechanical behavior of assemblies has been assessed in this study.

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Smith, A. W. F., D. N. Crowther, P. J. Apps, and Philip B. Prangnell. "Ultra-Fine Grained High Carbon Steel by Innovative Deformation." Materials Science Forum 550 (July 2007): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.550.301.

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It is well known that the refinement of grain size in metals leads to a significant improvement in specific mechanical properties. Processing schedules have been investigated aimed at producing an homogeneous ultra-fine ferrite and spheroidised carbide aggregate microstructure in high carbon (CMn) steels (0.6-1.2wt%C), via conventional ‘warm’ rolling and innovative Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE). Suitable deformation schedules were determined from dilatometry and thermo-mechanical Gleeble simulations. Evidence of an ultra-fine ferrite and carbide aggregate microstructure following ‘warm’ rolling was observed. A significant improvement in tensile strength, particularly proof stress was also noted in comparison to material deformed at higher temperatures. Concurrent ECAE experiments investigated microstructural evolution with incremental strain. Extensive analysis was carried out using various techniques, including high resolution Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD). Evidence of ferrite grain refinement was noted in a eutectoid composition steel. A sub-micron ferrite structure was observed following high strains (ε~3.33) and the mechanical properties exhibited a marked increase in tensile strength.

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Leonhartsberger, Johann G., Harald Salhofer, Reinhard Schwödiauer, Simona Bauer-Gogonea, Siegfried Bauer, Reinhard Forstner, Gerhard Eder, Mika Paajanen, Hannu Minkkinen, and Jakko Raukola. "Capacitance Dilatometry for the in-situ Controlled Expansion Process of Cellular Polymer-Filler Composites (Ferroelectrets)." Ferroelectrics 331, no. 1 (March 2006): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190600737735.

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Hsieh, Peter Y. "Sintering and collapse of synthetic coal ash and slag cones as observed through constant heating rate optical dilatometry." Fuel 235 (January 2019): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.055.

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Schmidtseifer, N., and S. Weber. "Handling of Blackplate in Metallographic Preparation and Heat Treatment Optimization via Quenching Dilatometry." Practical Metallography 56, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/147.110554.

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36

Pieczonka, Tadeusz, and Jan Kazior. "Microstructure Evolution during Sintering of Aluminium in Nitrogen." Advanced Materials Research 811 (September 2013): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.811.64.

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High purity aluminium powder was sintered in a dilatometer in flowing high purity nitrogen. The distinct shrinkage segments observed on the dilatometry curves were the basis of experiments consisting of interrupted sintering. In this way compacts with microstructure frozen at different steps of sintering cycle were produced. Optical microstructure examinations and LECO analysis of nitrogen content showed the development of aluminium nitriding. Additionally, X-ray diffraction was used to examine phases appearing in the system investigated. Microstructure analysis of structural components revealed evidence that isothermal sintering proceeds in the presence of a liquid phase, despite taking place below the melting point of aluminium. It seems that aluminium nitrogen interactions are responsible for the appearance of this phase, which is accompanied by extensive shrinkage.

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Hanamura, Toshihiro, Shiro Torizuka, Soutaro Tamura, Shohei Enokida, and Hiroshi Takech. "Effect of Austenite Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties in Air-Cooled 0.1C-5Mn Martensitic Steel." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1027.

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In 0.1C-5Mn steels, 5%Mn addition increases hardening ability and makes 100% martensitic transformation even in air cooling without water quenching. Their Ms and Mf temperatures are in the range of 350-250°C, and subzero treatment is not needed. This makes it possible to measure Ms and Mf temperatures accurately by dilatometry. Utilizing a newly developed experimental technique that makes it possible to examine phase transformation behavior and conduct tensile testing with the same specimen, we examined these relationships with identical specimens and obtained the following results. Ms temperature decreases as much as 40 K with a decrease in austenite grain size from 254 to 30 m. Regarding martensite structure, the packet size and the block length decrease, while the lath width does not change, with the refinement of austenite grain size by about one tenth. True stress - true strain curves obtained up to fracture elucidates that the austenite refinement substantially improves true fracture strength and greatly increases true fracture strain of martensite, potentially invalidating the conventional concept of a trade-off balance between strength and ductility.

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Gualtieri, Alessandro F. "Thermal Behavior of the Raw Materials Forming Porcelain Stoneware Mixtures by Combined Optical and In Situ X-Ray Dilatometry." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 90, no. 4 (April 2007): 1222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01614.x.

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Elliot, Mark S., and Wilson C. K. Poon. "Conventional optical microscopy of colloidal suspensions." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 92, no. 1-3 (September 2001): 133–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-8686(00)00070-1.

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Fogassy, Elemér, and Dávid Kozma. "Non-Conventional Agents for Optical Resolutions." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 276, no. 1-2 (February 1996): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259608039358.

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41

Da¨ndliker, R., S. Gray, F. Clube, H. P. Herzig, and R. Vo¨lkel. "Non-conventional techniques for optical lithography." Microelectronic Engineering 27, no. 1-4 (February 1995): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9317(94)00090-h.

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42

Rebouças, L. B., M. T. Souza, F. Raupp-Pereira, and A. P. Novaes de Oliveira. "Characterization of Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics produced from a Brazilian spodumene concentrate." Cerâmica 65, no. 375 (September 2019): 366–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132019653752699.

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Abstract Glass-ceramics in the LAS (Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2) system with high thermal shock resistance were successfully obtained using Brazilian spodumene concentrate as the main raw material (80-70 wt%). Two compositions (Li2O.Al2O3.nSiO2) were produced with n= 2 and 4, near to the stoichiometric compositions of β-eucryptite and β-spodumene. The characteristic temperatures of parent glasses were determined by contact dilatometry, differential scanning calorimetry and heating microscopy. The crystallization mechanism and the effect of the nucleating agent (TiO2.2ZrO2) required to promote volume crystallization in the parent glasses were investigated. Microstructural and structural changes with temperature were also evaluated by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The obtained glass-ceramics presented coefficients of thermal expansion between -0.370x10-6 and 4.501x10-6 °C-1 in the 22 to 700 °C range.

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43

Pujante, Jaume, David Frómeta, Eduard Garcia-Llamas, Maria Gimenez, and Daniel Casellas. "Hot Stamped Aluminium for Crash-Resistant Automobile Safety Cage Applications." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.445.

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Hot stamping, also known as press hardening in the context of sheet steel, has steadily gained relevance in the automotive industry, starting off as a specialist application and turning into a staple technique in the production of safety cage products in little more than a decade. However, despite the weight reduction offered by martensitic steels, further improvement could be obtained by substituting these components by high-performance aluminium. In this regard, the very same process of hot stamping could be employed to attain the required combination of shape complexity and mechanical properties at a reasonable cost for mass-market application, if the limitations imposed by cycle time and process window could be overcome. In this work, the feasibility of hot stamping of 6000-series aluminium alloy sheet is studied, first in dilatometry experiments and later in semi-industrial conditions in a pilot facility. A cycle time shortening strategy is employed, and compared to the conventional thermal cycle in terms of implementation and obtained results. In addition to basic characterization, aluminium thus processed is studied in terms of fracture toughness, in order to obtain data relevant to crashworthiness that can be readily compared with alternative materials.

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Okamoto, Hiromi. "Conventional and Unconventional View of Chiro-Optical Effects (Optical Activity)." Molecular Science 15, no. 1 (2021): A0119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3175/molsci.15.a0119.

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45

Würschum, Roland, Bernd Oberdorfer, Eva-Maria Steyskal, Wolfgang Sprengel, Werner Puff, Philip Pikart, Christoph Hugenschmidt, and Reinhard Pippan. "Free volumes in bulk nanocrystalline metals studied by the complementary techniques of positron annihilation and dilatometry." Physica B: Condensed Matter 407, no. 14 (July 2012): 2670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2012.01.090.

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46

Görlitz, C., and H. Ruppersberg. "The relaxation of melt-spun amorphous Ni35Ti65 ribbons investigated by dilatometry, electrical resistivity and calorimetry techniques." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 150, no. 1-3 (November 1992): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(92)90164-f.

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47

Macaigne, Rodolphe, Sylvain Marinel, Dominique Goeuriot, Christophe Meunier, Sébastien Saunier, and Guillaume Riquet. "Microwave sintering of pure and TiO2 doped MgAl2O4 ceramic using calibrated, contactless in-situ dilatometry." Ceramics International 42, no. 15 (November 2016): 16997–7003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.07.206.

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48

Prasad, P. V. Datta, M. Ramakrishna Nanchara Rao, J. Lalithakumari, and V. G. K. M. Pisipati. "Simultaneous characterisation and dilatometry studies on liquid crystalline N-( p - n -decyloxy and undecyloxybenzylidene)- p -toluidines." Physics and Chemistry of Liquids 47, no. 2 (April 2009): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00319100701548376.

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49

da Costa Caldas, Thaís Cristina, Alline Sardinha Cordeiro Morais, S. N. Monteiro, and C. M. F. Vieira. "Characterization and Thermal Behavior of Red Ceramic Incorporated with Flat Glass Waste." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 999–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.999.

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The amount of discarded glass wastes is increasing in Brazil and becoming of environmental concern. A possible solution is to incorporate into construction products such as clayey ceramics. Thus, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the firing behavior of a kaolinitic clayey body from Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ incorporated with flat glass waste (FGW) from civil construction. The characterization of the FGW was done by X-ray Fluorescence and optical dilatometry. Compositions were prepared with 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 wt.% of FGW incorporated into the clayey body. Specimens were prepared by uniaxial press-molding and then fired at 850 and 1050°C.The microstructural changes due to the firing process were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (DRX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the glass waste has a potential to be successfully employed in a clayey ceramic formulation for civil construction products.

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da Silva, Elisabete Pinto, Wei Xu, Cecilia Föjer, Yvan Houbaert, Jilt Sietsma, and Roumen H. Petrov. "Combined Martensite and Bainite Formation from Austenite Decomposition in HSLA Steel." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.682.

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Recent studies have shown the possibility to induce time-dependent phase transformations during isothermal treatment between the martensite start (MS)temperature and martensite finish(Mf,)temperature, i.e. after initial martensite formation. Such treatments result in specific complex microstructures consisting of bainite, martensite and retained austenite, depending on the holding temperature and time. However, the nature of the isothermal transformations belowMSis not completely understood and issues like isothermal formation of martensite and bainite formation are still under discussion. The purpose of this study is to investigate the phase transformations from austenite, subsequent to initial martensite formation, during isothermal treatments at different temperatures of HSLA steel. The microstructure development was monitored by means of dilatometry and microstructural characterization of the transformation products by Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Backscatter Diffraction and X-ray diffraction. The phase transformations and complex competition and interactions between the different transformation mechanisms are discussed.

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