Journal articles on the topic 'Convective ionospheric storms'
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Makela, Jonathan J., Michael C. Kelley, and Odile de la Beaujardiére. "Convective Ionospheric Storms: A Major Space Weather Problem." Space Weather 4, no. 2 (February 2006): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005sw000144.
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Koucká Knížová, Petra, Kateřina Podolská, Kateřina Potužníková, Daniel Kouba, Zbyšek Mošna, Josef Boška, and Michal Kozubek. "Evidence of vertical coupling: meteorological storm Fabienne on 23 September 2018 and its related effects observed up to the ionosphere." Annales Geophysicae 38, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-73-2020.
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Abstract. A severe meteorological storm system on the frontal border of cyclone Fabienne passing above central Europe was observed on 23–24 September 2018. Large meteorological systems are considered to be important sources of the wave-like variability visible/detectable through the atmosphere and even up to ionospheric heights. Significant departures from regular courses of atmospheric and ionospheric parameters were detected in all analyzed datasets through atmospheric heights. Above Europe, stratospheric temperature and wind significantly changed in coincidence with fast frontal transition (100–110 km h−1). Zonal wind at 1 and 0.1 hPa changes from the usual westward before the storm to eastward after the storm. With this change are connected changes in temperature where at 1 hPa the analyzed area is colder and at 0.1 hPa warmer. Within ionospheric parameters, we have detected significant wave-like activity occurring shortly after the cold front crossed the observational point. During the storm event, both by Digisonde DPS-4D and continuous Doppler sounding equipment, we have observed strong horizontal plasma flow shears and time-limited increase plasma flow in both the northern and western components of ionospheric drift. The vertical component of plasma flow during the storm event is smaller with respect to the corresponding values on preceding days. The analyzed event of an exceptionally fast cold front of cyclone Fabienne fell into the recovery phase of a minor–moderate geomagnetic storm observed as a negative ionospheric storm at European mid-latitudes. Hence, ionospheric observations consist both of disturbances induced by moderate geomagnetic storms and effects originating in convective activity in the troposphere. Nevertheless, taking into account a significant change in the global circulation pattern in the stratosphere, we conclude that most of the observed wave-like oscillations in the ionosphere during the night of 23–24 September can be directly attributed to the propagation of atmospheric waves launched on the frontal border (cold front) of cyclone Fabienne. The frontal system acted as an effective source of atmospheric waves propagating upward up to the ionosphere.
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Kelley, M. C., and R. R. Ilma. "Generation of a severe convective ionospheric storm under stable Rayleigh–Taylor conditions: triggering by meteors?" Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 2 (February 3, 2016): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-165-2016.
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Abstract. Here we report on four events detected using the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) over an 18-year period, in which huge convective ionospheric storms (CISs) occur in a stable ionosphere. We argue that these rare events could be initiated by meteor-induced electric fields. The meteor-induced electric fields map to the bottomside of the F region, causing radar echoes and a localized CIS. If and when a localized disturbance reaches 500 km, we argue that it becomes two-dimensionally turbulent and cascades structure to both large and small scales. This leads to long-lasting structure and, almost certainly, to scintillations over a huge range of latitudes some ±15° wide and to 3 m irregularities, which backscatter the VHF radar waves. These structures located at high altitudes are supported by vortices shed by the upwelling bubble in a vortex street.
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Borchevkina, Olga, Ivan Karpov, Mikhail Karpov, Nina Korenkova, Valery Vlasov, and Vladimir Leshchenko. "IMPACT OF METEOROLOGICAL STORMS ON THE E-REGION OF THE IONOSPHERE IN 2017–2018." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 6, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-64202011.
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The paper presents the results of observations of the sporadic Es layer during the period of meteorological disturbances in Kaliningrad in October 2017 and 2018 under quiet geomagnetic conditions. During the meteorological storms (October 29–30, 2017 and October 23–24, 2018), significant changes occurred in the dynamics of the Es-layer critical frequency. Observations of atmospheric and ionospheric disturbances in the Kaliningrad region show that the delay between the ionospheric response and the moment of maximum disturbances in atmospheric parameters is about 3 hours. These phenomena at the heights of the E-region might have been caused by propagation of acoustic-gravity waves generated by convective processes in the lower atmosphere during periods of a meteorological storm. Intensification of turbulent processes in the lower thermosphere leads to an increase in the atmospheric density and, accordingly, to higher recombination rates. This leads to a rapid decrease in the concentration of ions and, consequently, to a decrease in the critical frequency of the sporadic layer below the sensitivity threshold of ionosondes.
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Borchevkina, Olga, Ivan Karpov, Mikhail Karpov, Nina Korenkova, Valery Vlasov, and Vladimir Leshchenko. "IMPACT OF METEOROLOGICAL STORMS ON THE E-REGION OF THE IONOSPHERE IN 2017–2018." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 6, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/szf-64202011.
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The paper presents the results of observations of the sporadic Es layer during the period of meteorological disturbances in Kaliningrad in October 2017 and 2018 under quiet geomagnetic conditions. During the meteorological storms (October 29–30, 2017 and October 23–24, 2018), significant changes occurred in the dynamics of the Es-layer critical frequency. Observations of atmospheric and ionospheric disturbances in the Kaliningrad region show that the delay between the ionospheric response and the moment of maximum disturbances in atmospheric parameters is about 3 hours. These phenomena at the heights of the E-region might have been caused by propagation of acoustic-gravity waves generated by convective processes in the lower atmosphere during periods of a meteorological storm. Intensification of turbulent processes in the lower thermosphere leads to an increase in the atmospheric density and, accordingly, to higher recombination rates. This leads to a rapid decrease in the concentration of ions and, consequently, to a decrease in the critical frequency of the sporadic layer below the sensitivity threshold of ionosondes.
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Makela, J. J., M. C. Kelley, and S. Y. Su. "Simultaneous observations of convective ionospheric storms: ROCSAT-1 and ground-based imagers." Space Weather 3, no. 12 (December 2005): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005sw000164.
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Kelley, M. C., V. K. Wong, G. A. Hajj, and A. J. Mannucci. "On measuring the off-equatorial conductivity before and during convective ionospheric storms." Geophysical Research Letters 31, no. 17 (September 2004): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020423.
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Kelley, M. C., and E. V. Dao. "Evidence for Gravity Wave Seeding of Convective Ionospheric Storms Possibly Initiated by Thunderstorms." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 123, no. 5 (May 2018): 4046–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017ja024707.
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Anoruo, Chukwuma Moses, Francisca Nneka Okeke, and Kingsley Chukwudi Okpala. "Africa mid and low latitude ionosphere response observed during the geomagnetic storms of July 15 and 9 March 2012 using GPS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2214, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2214/1/012022.
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Abstract In this paper, the initial and recovery phases of July 15 and March 9, 2012 geomagnetic storms in African mid and low latitudes ionosphere has been studied using GPS. We employ relative total electron content (rTEC) variations using 2 stations from the Africa Geodetic Reference Frame (AFREF) to characterize African sector ionosphere responses during both storms. To characterize rTEC, we employ 15-day median-average sliding-window during the storm. Both storms lasted 18 h with Dst minima -139 nT for July 15 and -145 nT for March 9, when solar plasma wind speed recorded 545 km/s and 712 km/s respectively. The recovery phase lasted 48 h for -139 nT storm and 46 h for -145 nT when solar plasma wind speed recorded 485 km/s and 428 km/s respectively. It may be attributed that storm recovery phases do not depend on storm severity but the response of ionosphere during storms. Results show Positive storm dominates during the recovery phase and interplanetary electric field and solar plasma wind speed contribute to storm enhanced density. Ionospheric disturbances observed due to prompt penetration electric field shaped the magnetic field and prompted pre-storm rTEC enhancement. Plasma convection at mid-latitudes of African sector observed rTEC enhancements which did not appear in other studied sector results. Further observations should be carried out using other storms.
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Blagoveshchensky, D. V., M. Lester, V. A. Kornienko, I. I. Shagimuratov, A. J. Stocker, and E. M. Warrington. "Observations by the CUTLASS radar, HF Doppler, oblique ionospheric sounding, and TEC from GPS during a magnetic storm." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 5 (July 28, 2005): 1697–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-1697-2005.
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Abstract. Multi-diagnostic observations, covering a significant area of northwest Europe, were made during the magnetic storm interval (28–29 April 2001) that occurred during the High Rate SolarMax IGS/GPS-campaign. HF radio observations were made with vertical sounders (St. Petersburg and Sodankyla), oblique incidence sounders (OIS), on paths from Murmansk to St. Petersburg, 1050 km, and Inskip to Leicester, 170 km, Doppler sounders, on paths from Cyprus to St. Petersburg, 2800 km, and Murmansk to St. Petersburg, and a coherent scatter radar (CUTLASS, Hankasalmi, Finland). These, together with total electron content (TEC) measurements made at GPS stations from the Euref network in northwest Europe, are presented in this paper. A broad comparison of radio propagation data with ionospheric data at high and mid latitudes, under quiet and disturbed conditions, was undertaken. This analysis, together with a geophysical interpretation, allow us to better understand the nature of the ionospheric processes which occur during geomagnetic storms. The peculiarity of the storm was that it comprised of three individual substorms, the first of which appears to have been triggered by a compression of the magnetosphere. Besides the storm effects, we have also studied substorm effects in the observations separately, providing an improved understanding of the storm/substorm relationship. The main results of the investigations are the following. A narrow trough is formed some 10h after the storm onset in the TEC which is most likely a result of enhanced ionospheric convection. An enhancement in TEC some 2–3 h after the storm onset is most likely a result of heating and upwelling of the auroral ionosphere caused by enhanced currents. The so-called main effect on ionospheric propagation was observed at mid-latitudes during the first two substorms, but only during the first substorm at high latitudes. Ionospheric irregularities observed by CUTLASS were clearly related to the gradient in TEC associated with the trough. The oblique sounder and Doppler observations also demonstrate differences between the mid-latitude and high-latitude paths during this particular storm. Keywords. Ionosphere (Ionospheric disturbances) – Magnetospheric physics (Storms and substorms) – Radio science (Ionospheric propagation)
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Pokhotelov, Dimitry, Isabel Fernandez-Gomez, and Claudia Borries. "Polar tongue of ionisation during geomagnetic superstorm." Annales Geophysicae 39, no. 5 (September 23, 2021): 833–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-833-2021.
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Abstract. During the main phase of geomagnetic storms, large positive ionospheric plasma density anomalies arise at middle and polar latitudes. A prominent example is the tongue of ionisation (TOI), which extends poleward from the dayside storm-enhanced density (SED) anomaly, often crossing the polar cap and streaming with the plasma convection flow into the nightside ionosphere. A fragmentation of the TOI anomaly contributes to the formation of polar plasma patches partially responsible for the scintillations of satellite positioning signals at high latitudes. To investigate this intense plasma anomaly, numerical simulations of plasma and neutral dynamics during the geomagnetic superstorm of 20 November 2003 are performed using the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics Global Circulation Model (TIE-GCM) coupled with the statistical parameterisation of high-latitude plasma convection. The simulation results reproduce the TOI features consistently with observations of total electron content and with the results of ionospheric tomography, published previously by the authors. It is demonstrated that the fast plasma uplift, due to the electric plasma convection expanded to subauroral mid-latitudes, serves as a primary feeding mechanism for the TOI anomaly, while a complex interplay between electrodynamic and neutral wind transports is shown to contribute to the formation of a mid-latitude SED anomaly. This contrasts with published simulations of relatively smaller geomagnetic storms, where the impact of neutral dynamics on the TOI formation appears more pronounced. It is suggested that better representation of the high-latitude plasma convection during superstorms is needed. The results are discussed in the context of space weather modelling.
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Calabia, Andres, Chukwuma Anoruo, Munawar Shah, Christine Amory-Mazaudier, Yury Yasyukevich, Charles Owolabi, and Shuanggen Jin. "Low-Latitude Ionospheric Responses and Coupling to the February 2014 Multiphase Geomagnetic Storm from GNSS, Magnetometers, and Space Weather Data." Atmosphere 13, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040518.
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The ionospheric response and the associated mechanisms to geomagnetic storms are very complex, particularly during the February 2014 multiphase geomagnetic storm. In this paper, the low-latitude ionosphere responses and their coupling mechanisms, during the February 2014 multiphase geomagnetic storm, are investigated from ground-based magnetometers and global navigation satellite system (GNSS), and space weather data. The residual disturbances between the total electron content (TEC) of the International GNSS Service (IGS) global ionospheric maps (GIMs) and empirical models are used to investigate the storm-time ionospheric responses. Three clear sudden storm commencements (SSCs) on 15, 20, and 23 February are detected, and one high speed solar wind (HSSW) event on 19 February is found with the absence of classical SSC features due to a prevalent magnetospheric convection. The IRI-2012 shows insufficient performance, with no distinction between the events and overestimating approximately 20 TEC units (TECU) with respect to the actual quiet-time TEC. Furthermore, the median average of the IGS GIMs TEC during February 2014 shows enhanced values in the southern hemisphere, whereas the IRI-2012 lacks this asymmetry. Three low-latitude profiles extracted from the IGS GIM data revealed up to 20 TECU enhancements in the differential TEC. From these profiles, longer-lasting TEC enhancements are observed at the dip equator profiles than in the profiles of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA) crests. Moreover, a gradual increase in the global electron content (GEC) shows approximately 1 GEC unit of differential intensification starting from the HSSW event, while the IGS GIM profiles lack this increasing gradient, probably located at higher latitudes. The prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) and equatorial electrojet (EEJ) indices estimated from magnetometer data show strong variability after all four events, except the EEJ’s Asian sector. The low-latitude ionosphere coupling is mainly driven by the variable PPEF, DDEF (disturbance dynamo electric fields), and Joule heating. The auroral electrojet causing eastward PPEF may control the EIA expansion in the Asian sector through the dynamo mechanism, which is also reflected in the solar-quiet current intensity variability.
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Ma, S. Y., H. T. Cai, H. X. Liu, K. Schlegel, and G. Lu. "Positive storm effects in the dayside polar ionospheric F-region observed by EISCAT and ESR during the magnetic storm of 15 May 1997." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 9 (September 30, 2002): 1377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1377-2002.
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Abstract. EISCAT/ESR radar data and in situ FAST and POLAR satellite observations are coordinately analyzed to investigate positive ionospheric storm effects in the dayside upper F-region in both the polar cap and the auroral oval during the magnetic storm of 15 May 1997. An ionization enhancement, lasting for about 2.5 h, appeared first over the EISCAT site around magnetic noon; about one hour later, a similar ionization enhancement was also seen over ESR. During the concerned time period ion energy spectra measured on board FAST show clearly continuous energy-latitude dispersion when the satellite passed by over the EISCAT latitude. This implies that EISCAT was located under the polar cusp region which was highly active, and expanded greatly equatorwards due to magnetopause reconnections during long-lasting southward IMF. Simultaneously, soft particles of the magnetosheath precipitated into the F-region ionosphere and caused the positive storm effects over EISCAT. The coincident increase in electron temperature at EISCAT gives additional evidence for soft particle precipitation. Consistently, POLAR UV images show strong dayside aurora extending to as low as 62° N magnetic latitude. The ionization enhancement over ESR, however, seems not to be caused by local particle precipitation, evidenced by a lack of enhanced electron temperature. The observed plasma convection velocity and data-fitted convection patterns by AMIE suggested that it is likely to be a polar patch originating from the cusp region and traveling to the ESR site.Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; particle percipitation) Magnetospheric physics (storms and substorms)
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Unnikrishnan, K., R. Balachandran Nair, and C. Venugopal. "A comparative study of night-time enhancement of TEC at a low latitude station on storm and quiet nights including the local time, seasonal and solar activity dependence." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 11 (November 30, 2002): 1843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1843-2002.
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Abstract. The main characteristics of night-time enhancements in TEC during magnetic storms are compared with those during quiet nights for different seasons and solar activity conditions at Palehua, a low latitude station during the period 1980–1989. We find that the mean amplitude has both a seasonal and solar activity dependence: in winter, the values are higher for weak storms as compared to those during quiet nights and increase with an increase in solar activity. In summer, the mean amplitude values during weak storms and quiet nights are almost equal. But during equinox, the mean amplitude values for quiet nights are greater than those during weak storms. The mean half-amplitude duration is higher during weak storms as compared to that during quiet nights in summer. However, during winter and equinox, the durations are almost equal for both quiet and weak storm nights. For the mean half-amplitude duration, the quiet night values for all the seasons and equinoctial weak storm values increase with an increase in solar activity. The occurrence frequency (in percent) of TEC enhancement during weak storms is greater than during quiet nights for all seasons. The mean amplitude, the mean half-amplitude duration and the occurrence frequency (in percent) of TEC enhancement values are higher during major storms as compared to those during quiet nights. The above parameters have their highest values during pre-midnight hours. From the data analysed, this behaviour is true in the case of major storms also.Key words. Ionosphere (ionospheric disturbances; plasma convection) Magnetospheric physics (storms and substorms)
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Yeoman, T. K., R. V. Lewis, H. Khan, S. W. H. Cowley, and J. M. Ruohoniemi. "Interhemispheric observations of nightside ionospheric electric fields in response to IMF <i>B<sub>z</sub></i> and <i>B<sub>y</sub></i> changes and substorm pseudobreakup." Annales Geophysicae 18, no. 8 (August 31, 2000): 897–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0897-x.
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Abstract. HF radar data during equinoctial, small IMF By conditions have enabled the ionospheric convection during the substorm growth phase and substorm pseudobreakup to be studied in both hemispheres. This has revealed both conjugate and non-conjugate convection behaviour during the substorm growth phase before and after the pseudobreakup onset. The nightside convection pattern is found to respond promptly to the southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) which impacts on the dusk flank of the magnetosphere due to an inclined phase front in the IMF in the case study presented. The subsequent interhemispheric observations of nightside convection are controlled by the IMF By polarity. The time scale for the response to changes in the IMF By component is found to be a little longer than for Bz, and the full impact of the IMF By is not apparent in the nightside convection until after substorm pseudobreakup has occurred. The pseudobreakup itself is found to result in a transitory suppression in the ionospheric electric field in both hemispheres. This flow suppression is very similar to that observed in HF radar observations of full substorm onset, with the exception of a lack of subsequent poleward expansion.Key words: Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere) - Magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions; storms and substorms)
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Dashora, N., S. Sharma, R. S. Dabas, S. Alex, and R. Pandey. "Large enhancements in low latitude total electron content during 15 May 2005 geomagnetic storm in Indian zone." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 5 (May 4, 2009): 1803–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-1803-2009.
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Abstract. Results pertaining to the response of the equatorial and low latitude ionosphere to a major geomagnetic storm that occurred on 15 May 2005 are presented. These results are also the first from the Indian zone in terms of (i) GPS derived total electron content (TEC) variations following the storm (ii) Local low latitude electrodynamics response to penetration of high latitude convection electric field (iii) effect of storm induced traveling atmospheric disturbances (TAD's) on GPS-TEC in equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) zone. Data set comprising of ionospheric TEC obtained from GPS measurements, ionograms from an EIA zone station, New Delhi (Geog. Lat. 28.42° N, Geog. Long. 77.21° E), ground based magnetometers in equatorial and low latitude stations and solar wind data obtained from Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) has been used in the present study. GPS receivers located at Udaipur (Geog. Lat. 24.73° N, Geog. Long. 73.73° E) and Hyderabad (Geog. Lat. 17.33° N, Geog. Long. 78.47° E) have been used for wider spatial coverage in the Indian zone. Storm induced features in vertical TEC (VTEC) have been obtained comparing them with the mean VTEC of quiet days. Variations in solar wind parameters, as obtained from ACE and in the SYM-H index, indicate that the storm commenced on 15 May 2005 at 02:39 UT. The main phase of the storm commenced at 06:00 UT on 15 May with a sudden southward turning of the Z-component of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF-Bz) and subsequent decrease in SYM-H index. The dawn-to-dusk convection electric field of high latitude origin penetrated to low and equatorial latitudes simultaneously as corroborated by the magnetometer data from the Indian zone. Subsequent northward turning of the IMF-Bz, and the penetration of the dusk-to-dawn electric field over the dip equator is also discernible. Response of the low latitude ionosphere to this storm may be characterized in terms of (i) enhanced background level of VTEC as compared to the mean VTEC, (ii) peaks in VTEC and foF2 within two hours of prompt penetration of electric field and (iii) wave-like modulations in VTEC and sudden enhancement in hmF2 within 4–5 h in to the storm. These features have been explained in terms of the modified fountain effect, local low latitude electrodynamic response to penetration electric field and the TIDs, respectively. The study reveals a strong positive ionospheric storm in the Indian zone on 15 May 2005. Consequences of such major ionospheric storms on the systems that use satellite based navigation solutions in low latitude, are also discussed.
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Falayi, E. O., A. B. Rabiu, O. S. Bolaji, and R. S. Fayose. "Response of ionospheric disturbance dynamo and electromagnetic induction during geomagnetic storm." Canadian Journal of Physics 93, no. 10 (October 2015): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2014-0461.
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During geomagnetic storms, the direct penetration of magnetospheric convection electric field and the ionospheric disturbance dynamo (IDD) take place in the ionosphere. In this paper, we studied variability of IDD and electromagnetic induction (EMI) at different latitudinal sectors during the geomagnetic storms on 7 and 8 September 2002 and 20 and 21 November 2003 with high solar wind speed due to coronal mass ejection. This investigation employs geomagnetic field components (H and Z), the geomagnetic indices (Dst, AL, and AU), solar wind speed (Vx), and interplanetary magnetic field (Bz). It was observed that the H component of geomagnetic field decreases across latitudes, and varies with Vx, Bz, Dst, AL, and AU indices throughout the difference phases of the storm. Our result demonstrated the dominance of the IDD during the nighttime compared to the daytime. This implies that neutral dynamic wind is greater at night than during the day. Higher ratio ΔZ/ΔH is observed at nighttime because of the reduction on the E region conductivity, which allowed F region electric fields to dominate.
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Yeoman, T. K., T. Mukai, and T. Yamamoto. "Simultaneous ionospheric and magnetospheric observations of azimuthally propagating transient features during substorms." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 7 (July 31, 1998): 754–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0754-x.
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Abstract. During the 6th August 1995, the CUTLASS Finland HF radar ran in a high time resolution mode, allowing measurements of line-of-sight convection velocities along a single beam with a temporal resolution of 14 s. Data from such scans, during the substorm expansion phase, revealed pulses of equatorward flow exceeding ~600 m s–1 with a duration of ~5 min and a repetition period of ~8 min. Each pulse of enhanced equatorward flow was preceded by an interval of suppressed flow and enhanced ionospheric Hall conductance. These transient features, which propagate eastwards away from local midnight, have been interpreted as ionospheric current vortices associated with field-aligned current pairs. The present study reveals that these ionospheric convection features appear to have an accompanying signature in the magnetosphere, comprising a dawnward perturbation and dipolarisation of the magnetic field and dawnward plasma flow, measured in the geomagnetic tail by the Geotail spacecraft, located at L = 10 and some four hours to the east, in the postmidnight sector. These signatures are suggested to be the consequence of the observation of the same field aligned currents in the magnetosphere. Their possible relationship with bursty Earthward plasma flow and magnetotail reconnection is discussed.Key words. Ionosphere (Auroral · ionosphere) · Magnetospheric Physics (Magnetotail; Storms and substorms)
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Shand, B. A., T. K. Yeoman, R. V. Lewis, R. A. Greenwald, and M. R. Hairston. "Interhemispheric contrasts in the ionospheric convection response to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field and substorm activity: a case-study." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 7 (July 31, 1998): 764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0764-8.
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Abstract. Interhemispheric contrasts in the ionospheric convection response to variations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and substorm activity are examined, for an interval observed by the Polar Anglo-American Conjugate Experiment (PACE) radar system between ~1600 and ~2100 MLT on 4 March 1992. Representations of the ionospheric convection pattern associated with different orientations and magnitudes of the IMF and nightside driven enhancements of the auroral electrojet are employed to illustrate a possible explanation for the contrast in convection flow response observed in radar data at nominally conjugate points. Ion drift measurements from the Defence Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) confirm these ionospheric convection flows to be representative for the prevailing IMF orientation and magnitude. The location of the fields of view of the PACE radars with respect to these patterns suggest that the radar backscatter observed in each hemisphere is critically influenced by the position of the ionospheric convection reversal boundary (CRB) within the radar field of view and the influence it has on the generation of the irregularities required as scattering targets by high-frequency coherent radar systems. The position of the CRB in each hemisphere is strongly controlled by the relative magnitudes of the IMF Bz and By components, and hence so is the interhemispheric contrast in the radar observations.Key words. Magnetospheric physics · Auroral phenomena · Magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions · Storms and substorms
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Freeshah, Mohamed, Xiaohong Zhang, Erman Şentürk, Muhammad Arqim Adil, B. G. Mousa, Aqil Tariq, Xiaodong Ren, and Mervat Refaat. "Analysis of Atmospheric and Ionospheric Variations Due to Impacts of Super Typhoon Mangkhut (1822) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040661.
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The Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWP) is one of the most vulnerable regions that has been hit by typhoons. In September 2018, Mangkhut was the 22nd Tropical Cyclone (TC) over the NWP regions (so, the event was numbered as 1822). In this paper, we investigated the highest amplitude ionospheric variations, along with the atmospheric anomalies, such as the sea-level pressure, Mangkhut’s cloud system, and the meridional and zonal wind during the typhoon. Regional Ionosphere Maps (RIMs) were created through the Hong Kong Continuously Operating Reference Stations (HKCORS) and International GNSS Service (IGS) data around the area of Mangkhut typhoon. RIMs were utilized to analyze the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) response over the maximum wind speed points (maximum spots) under the meticulous observations of the solar-terrestrial environment and geomagnetic storm indices. Ionospheric vertical TEC (VTEC) time sequences over the maximum spots are detected by three methods: interquartile range method (IQR), enhanced average difference (EAD), and range of ten days (RTD) during the super typhoon Mangkhut. The research findings indicated significant ionospheric variations over the maximum spots during this powerful tropical cyclone within a few hours before the extreme wind speed. Moreover, the ionosphere showed a positive response where the maximum VTEC amplitude variations coincided with the cyclone rainbands or typhoon edges rather than the center of the storm. The sea-level pressure tends to decrease around the typhoon periphery, and the highest ionospheric VTEC amplitude was observed when the low-pressure cell covers the largest area. The possible mechanism of the ionospheric response is based on strong convective cells that create the gravity waves over tropical cyclones. Moreover, the critical change state in the meridional wind happened on the same day of maximum ionospheric variations on the 256th day of the year (DOY 256). This comprehensive analysis suggests that the meridional winds and their resulting waves may contribute in one way or another to upper atmosphere-ionosphere coupling.
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Prikryl, P., R. Ghoddousi-Fard, E. G. Thomas, J. M. Ruohoniemi, S. G. Shepherd, P. T. Jayachandran, D. W. Danskin, et al. "GPS phase scintillation at high latitudes during geomagnetic storms of 7–17 March 2012 – Part 1: The North American sector." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 6 (June 2, 2015): 637–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-637-2015.
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Abstract. The interval of geomagnetic storms of 7–17 March 2012 was selected at the Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES) II Workshop for group study of space weather effects during the ascending phase of solar cycle 24 (Tsurutani et al., 2014). The high-latitude ionospheric response to a series of storms is studied using arrays of GPS receivers, HF radars, ionosondes, riometers, magnetometers, and auroral imagers focusing on GPS phase scintillation. Four geomagnetic storms showed varied responses to solar wind conditions characterized by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind dynamic pressure. As a function of magnetic latitude and magnetic local time, regions of enhanced scintillation are identified in the context of coupling processes between the solar wind and the magnetosphere–ionosphere system. Large southward IMF and high solar wind dynamic pressure resulted in the strongest scintillation in the nightside auroral oval. Scintillation occurrence was correlated with ground magnetic field perturbations and riometer absorption enhancements, and collocated with mapped auroral emission. During periods of southward IMF, scintillation was also collocated with ionospheric convection in the expanded dawn and dusk cells, with the antisunward convection in the polar cap and with a tongue of ionization fractured into patches. In contrast, large northward IMF combined with a strong solar wind dynamic pressure pulse was followed by scintillation caused by transpolar arcs in the polar cap.
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Золотухина, Нина, Nina Zolotukhina, Владимир Куркин, Vladimir Kurkin, Неля Полех, Nelya Polekh, Елена Романова, and Elena Romanova. "Backscattering dynamics during intense geomagnetic storm as deduced from Yekaterinburg radar data: March 17–22, 2015." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 2, no. 4 (December 20, 2016): 24–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21740.
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This paper examines the spatio-temporal dynamics of backscattering signals during St. Patrick’s Day two-step intense geomagnetic storm from the Yekaterinburg Coherent Radar (YeKB-radar) data. It is found that a number of ground backscattering signals increased during the initial phase of the storm and decreased during the second step of its main phase and the first two days of its recovery phase. Changes in ionospheric backscattering signals started at the beginning of the main phase. During the first step, a six-hour sequence of ionospheric backscattering signals (BSi-signals), which shifted from far to close ranges while the storm was in progress. During the last 5 hours of the main phase and the first 3 hours of the recovery phase, the YeKB radar observed only signals scattering in the E region of the ionosphere. We conduct a complex analysis of data from the YeKB radar, ground-based ionospheric, riometric, and magnetic stations located within the radar field of view. The analysis shows that the observed backscattering dynamics was caused by the magnetosphere compression, expansion of convection vortices, impact ionization, and changes in atmospheric composition during the initial storm phase, first and second steps of the main phase, and the recovery phase, respectively.
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Золотухина, Нина, Nina Zolotukhina, Владимир Куркин, Vladimir Kurkin, Неля Полех, Nelya Polekh, Елена Романова, and Elena Romanova. "Backscattering dynamics during intense geomagnetic storm as deduced from Yekaterinburg radar data: March 17–22, 2015." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2, no. 4 (February 2, 2017): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24272.
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This paper examines the spatio-temporal dynamics of backscattering signals during St. Patrick’s Day two-step intense geomagnetic storm from the Yekaterinburg Coherent Radar (YeKB radar) data. It is found that a number of ground backscattering signals increased during the initial phase of the storm and decreased during the second step of its main phase and the first two days of its recovery phase. Changes in ionospheric backscattering signals started at the beginning of the main phase. During the first step, there was a six-hour sequence of ionospheric backscattering signals (BSi signals) the range of which decreased while the storm was in progress. During the last 5 hours of the main phase and the first 3 hours of the recovery phase, the YeKB radar observed only signals scattering in the E region of the ionosphere. We conduct a complex analysis of data from the YeKB radar, ground-based ionospheric, riometric, and magnetic stations located within the radar field of view. The analysis shows that the observed backscattering dynamics was caused by the magnetosphere compression, expansion of convection cells, impact ionization, and changes in atmospheric composition during the initial storm phase, first and second steps of the main phase, and the recovery phase respectively.
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Balmforth, H. F., M. A. Clilverd, and A. J. Smith. "A case study of storm commencement and recovery plasmaspheric electric fields near L=2.5 at equinox." Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 7 (June 30, 1994): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0625-z.
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Abstract. Data from the VLF Doppler experiment at Faraday, Antarctica (65° S, 64° W) are used to study the penetration of the high-latitude convection electric field to lower latitudes during severely disturbed conditions. Alterations of the electric field at L-values within the range 2.0 - 2.7 are studied for two cases at equinox (10 - 12 September 1986 and 1 - 3 May 1986). The recovery of the electric field is found to be approximately an exponential function of time. Values for the equatorial meridional E×B drift velocity, inferred from the data, are used as inputs to a model of the plasmasphere and ionosphere. The model and experimental results are used to investigate the post-storm alteration of ionospheric coupling processes. The magnitude of the effect of ionosphere-plasmasphere coupling fluxes on NmF2 values and the O+-H+ transition height is dependent on the local time of storm commencement, and on the orientation of the electric field. The coupling fluxes appear to have a maximum influence on ionospheric content during the main phase of geomagnetic activity that produces outward motion of plasmaspheric whistler ducts.
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Borälv, E., P. Eglitis, H. J. Opgenoorth, E. Donovan, G. Reeves, and P. Stauning. "The dawn and dusk electrojet response to substorm onset." Annales Geophysicae 18, no. 9 (September 30, 2000): 1097–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-1097-4.
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Abstract. We have investigated the time delay between substorm onset and related reactions in the dawn and dusk ionospheric electrojets, clearly separated from the nightside located substorm current wedge by several hours in MLT. We looked for substorm onsets occurring over Greenland, where the onset was identified by a LANL satellite and DMI magnetometers located on Greenland. With this setup the MARIA magnetometer network was located at dusk, monitoring the eastward electrojet, and the IMAGE chain at dawn, for the westward jet. In the first few minutes following substorm onset, sudden enhancements of the electrojets were identified by looking for rapid changes in magnetograms. These results show that the speed of information transfer between the region of onset and the dawn and dusk ionosphere is very high. A number of events where the reaction seemed to preceed the onset were explained by either unfavorable instrument locations, preventing proper onset timing, or by the inner magnetosphere's reaction to the Earthward fast flows from the near-Earth neutral line model. Case studies with ionospheric coherent (SuperDARN) and incoherent (EISCAT) radars have been performed to see whether a convection-induced electric field or enhanced conductivity is the main agent for the reactions in the electrojets. The results indicate an imposed electric field enhancement.Key words: Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; electric fields and currents) - Magnetospheric physics (storms and substorms)
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Foster, J. C., and W. Rideout. "Storm enhanced density: magnetic conjugacy effects." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 8 (August 29, 2007): 1791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-1791-2007.
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Abstract. In the early phases of a geomagnetic storm, the low and mid-latitude ionosphere are greatly perturbed. Large SAPS electric fields map earthward from the perturbed ring current overlapping and eroding the outer plasmasphere and mid-latitude ionosphere, drawing out extended plumes of storm enhanced density (SED). We use combined satellite and ground-based observations to investigate the degree of magnetic conjugacy associated with specific features of the stormtime ionospheric perturbation. We find that many ionospheric disturbance features exhibit degrees of magnetic conjugacy and simultaneity which implicate the workings of electric fields. TEC enhancements on inner-magnetospheric field lines at the base of the SED plumes exhibit localized and longitude-dependent features which are not strictly magnetic conjugate. The SED plumes streaming away from these source regions closely follow magnetic conjugate paths. SED plumes can be used as a tracer of the location and strength of disturbance electric fields. The SED streams of cold plasma from lower latitudes enter the polar caps near noon, forming conjugate tongues of ionization over the polar regions. SED plumes exhibit close magnetic conjugacy, confirming that SED is a convection electric field dominated effect. Several conclusions are reached: 1) The SED plume occurs in magnetically-conjugate regions in both hemispheres. 2) The position of the sharp poleward edge of the SED plume is closely conjugate. 3) The SAPS electric field is observed in magnetically conjugate regions (SAPS channel). 4) The strong TEC enhancement at the base of the SED plume in the north American sector is more extensive than in its magnetic conjugate region. 5) The entry of the SED plume into the polar cap near noon, forming the polar tongue of ionization (TOI), is seen in both hemispheres in magnetically-conjugate regions.
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Fox, N. J., S. W. H. Cowley, V. N. Davda, G. Enno, E. Friis-Christensen, R. A. Greenwald, M. R. Hairston, et al. "A multipoint study of a substorm occurring on 7 December, 1992, and its theoretical implications." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 11 (November 30, 1999): 1369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1369-6.
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Abstract. On 7 December 1992, a moderate substorm was observed by a variety of satellites and ground-based instruments. Ionospheric flows were monitored near dusk by the Goose Bay HF radar and near midnight by the EISCAT radar. The observed flows are compared here with magnetometer observations by the IMAGE array in Scandinavia and the two Greenland chains, the auroral distribution observed by Freja and the substorm cycle observations by the SABRE radar, the SAMNET magnetometer array and LANL geosynchronous satellites. Data from Galileo Earth-encounter II are used to estimate the IMF Bz component. The data presented show that the substorm onset electrojet at midnight was confined to closed field lines equatorward of the pre-existing convection reversal boundaries observed in the dusk and midnight regions. No evidence of substantial closure of open flux was detected following this substorm onset. Indeed the convection reversal boundary on the duskside continued to expand equatorward after onset due to the continued presence of strong southward IMF, such that growth and expansion phase features were simultaneously present. Clear indications of closure of open flux were not observed until a subsequent substorm intensification 25 min after the initial onset. After this time, the substorm auroral bulge in the nightside hours propagated well poleward of the pre-existing convection reversal boundary, and strong flow perturbations were observed by the Goose Bay radar, indicative of flows driven by reconnection in the tail.Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; plasma convection) · Magnetospheric physics (storms and substorms)
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Feldstein, Y. I., V. A. Popov, J. A. Cumnock, A. Prigancova, L. G. Blomberg, J. U. Kozyra, B. T. Tsurutani, L. I. Gromova, and A. E. Levitin. "Auroral electrojets and boundaries of plasma domains in the magnetosphere during magnetically disturbed intervals." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 8 (September 13, 2006): 2243–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-2243-2006.
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Abstract. We investigate variations in the location and intensity of the auroral electrojets during magnetic storms and substorms using a numerical method for estimating the equivalent ionospheric currents based on data from meridian chains of magnetic observatories. Special attention was paid to the complex structure of the electrojets and their interrelationship with diffuse and discrete particle precipitation and field-aligned currents in the dusk sector. During magnetospheric substorms the eastward electrojet (EE) location in the evening sector changes with local time from cusp latitudes (Φ~77°) during early afternoon to latitudes of diffuse auroral precipitation (Φ~65°) equatorward of the auroral oval before midnight. During the main phase of an intense magnetic storm the eastward currents in the noon-early evening sector adjoin to the cusp at Φ~65° and in the pre-midnight sector are located at subauroral latitude Φ~57°. The westward electrojet (WE) is located along the auroral oval from evening through night to the morning sector and adjoins to the polar electrojet (PE) located at cusp latitudes in the dayside sector. The integrated values of the eastward (westward) equivalent ionospheric current during the intense substorm are ~0.5 MA (~1.5 MA), whereas they are 0.7 MA (3.0 MA) during the storm main phase maximum. The latitudes of auroral particle precipitation in the dusk sector are identical with those of both electrojets. The EE in the evening sector is accompanied by particle precipitation mainly from the Alfvén layer but also from the near-Earth part of the central plasma sheet. In the lower-latitude part of the EE the field-aligned currents (FACs) flow into the ionosphere (Region 2 FAC), and at its higher-latitude part the FACs flow out of the ionosphere (Region 1 FAC). During intense disturbances, in addition to the Region 2 FAC and the Region 1 FAC, a Region 3 FAC with the downward current was identified. This FAC is accompanied by diffuse electron precipitation from the plasma sheet boundary layer. Actually, the triple system of FAC is observed in the evening sector and, as a consequence, the WE and the EE overlap. The WE in the evening sector comprises only the high-latitude periphery of the plasma precipitation region and corresponds to the Hall current between the Region 1 FAC and Region 3 FAC. During the September 1998 magnetic storm, two velocity bursts (~2–4 km/s) in the magnetospheric convection were observed at the latitudes of particle precipitation from the central plasma sheet and at subauroral latitudes near the ionospheric trough. These kind of bursts are known as subauroral polarization streams (SAPS). In the evening sector the Alfvén layer equatorial boundary for precipitating ions is located more equatorward than that for electrons. This may favour northward electric field generation between these boundaries and may cause high speed westward ions drift visualized as SAPS. Meanwhile, high speed ion drifts cover a wider range of latitudes than the distance between the equatorward boundaries of ions and electrons precipitation. To summarize the results obtained a new scheme of 3-D currents in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system and a clarified view of interrelated 3-D currents and magnetospheric plasma domains are proposed.
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Borchevkina, Olga, Ivan Karpov, and Mikhail Karpov. "Meteorological Storm Influence on the Ionosphere Parameters." Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11091017.
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This paper presents the observations of ionospheric parameters in Kaliningrad (54° N, 20° E) during a meteorological storm in the Baltic Sea during October 2017 and 2018. Analysis of the total electronic content (TEC) during the storm showed that perturbations of the TEC values from the median can reach two standard deviations of the value. For the critical frequency of the F2 layer, it was 1.5–1.6 times the standard deviations. On days of a meteorological storm, significant changes were noted in the dynamics of the E-layer’s critical frequency. The reasons for the occurrence of the observed phenomena were due to the propagation of acoustic-gravity waves generated by convective processes in the lower atmosphere during periods of a meteorological storm. Spectral analysis of TEC variations revealed an increase in the amplitudes of ionospheric variations 10–16 min over the area of a meteorological storm. The analysis allowed us to conclude that ionospheric perturbations during the meteorological perturbation were caused by increased acoustic-gravity wave (AGW) generation processes in the lower atmosphere. The most likely cause of negative ionospheric disturbances were processes associated with the dissipation of AGW propagating from the area of a meteorological storm and increased turbulence in the lower thermosphere.
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Kavanagh, A. J., F. Honary, I. W. McCrea, E. Donovan, E. E. Woodfield, J. Manninen, and P. C. Anderson. "Substorm related changes in precipitation in the dayside auroral zone – a multi instrument case study." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 9 (September 30, 2002): 1321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1321-2002.
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Abstract. A period (08:10–14:40 MLT, 11 February 1997) of enhanced electron density in the D- and E-regions is investigated using EISCAT, IRIS and other complementary instruments. The precipitation is determined to be due to substorm processes occurring close to magnetic midnight. Energetic electrons drift eastward after substorm injection and precipitate in the morning sector. The precipitation is triggered by small pulses in the solar wind pressure, which drive wave particle interactions. The characteristic energy of precipitation is inferred from drift timing on different L-shells and apparently verified by EISCAT measurements. The IMF influence on the precipitation in the auroral zone is also briefly discussed. A large change in the precipitation spectrum is attributed to increased numbers of ions and much reduced electron fluxes. These are detected by a close passing DMSP satellite. The possibility that these ions are from the low latitude boundary layer (LLBL) is discussed with reference to structured narrow band Pc1 waves observed by a search coil magnetometer, co-located with IRIS. The intensity of the waves grows with increased distance equatorward of the cusp position (determined by both satellite and HF radar), contrary to expectations if the precipitation is linked to the LLBL. It is suggested that the ion precipitation is, instead, due to the recovery phase of a small geomagnetic storm, following on from very active conditions. The movement of absorption in the later stages of the event is compared with observations of the ionospheric convection velocities. A good agreement is found to exist in this time interval suggesting that E × B drift has become the dominant drift mechanism over the gradient-curvature drift separation of the moving absorption patches observed at the beginning of the morning precipitation event.Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; particle precipitation) Magnetospheric physics (storms and substorms)
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Fischer, G., J. A. Pagaran, P. Zarka, M. Delcroix, U. A. Dyudina, W. S. Kurth, and D. A. Gurnett. "Analysis of a long-lived, two-cell lightning storm on Saturn." Astronomy & Astrophysics 621 (January 2019): A113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833014.
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Lightning storms in Saturn’s atmosphere can last for a few days up to several months. In this paper we analyze a lightning storm that raged for seven and a half months at a planetocentric latitude of 35° south from the end of November 2007 until mid-July 2008. Thunderstorms observed by the Cassini spacecraft before this time were characterized by a single convective storm region of ~2000 km in size, but this storm developed two distinct convective storm cells at the same latitude separated by ~25° in longitude. The second storm cell developed in March 2008, and the entire two-cell convective system was moving with a westward drift velocity of about 0.35 deg per day, which differs from the zonal wind speed. An exhaustive data analysis shows that the storm system produced ~277000 lightning events termed Saturn electrostatic discharges (SEDs) that were detected by Cassini’s Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument, and they occurred in 439 storm episodes. We analyzed the SED intensity distributions, the SED polarization, the burst rates, and the burst and episode durations. During this storm Cassini made several orbits around Saturn and observed the SEDs from all local times. A comparison with optical observations shows that SEDs can be detected when the storm is still beyond the visible horizon. We qualitatively describe this so-called over-the-horizon effect which is thought to be due to a temporary trapping of SED radio waves below Saturn’s ionosphere. We also describe the first occurrence of so-called SED pre- and post-episodes, which occur in a limited frequency range around 4 MHz separated from the main episode. Pre- and post-episodes were mostly observed by Cassini located at local noon, and should be a manifestation of an extreme over-the-horizon effect. Combined radio and imaging observations suggest that some decreases in SED activity are caused by splitting of the thunderstorm into a bright cloud and a dark oval.
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Taylor, J. R., T. K. Yeoman, M. Lester, M. J. Buonsanto, J. L. Scali, J. M. Ruohoniemi, and J. D. Kelly. "Ionospheric convection during the magnetic storm of 20-21 March 1990." Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 12 (December 31, 1994): 1174–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-1174-1.
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Abstract. We report on the response of high-latitude ionospheric convection during the magnetic storm of March 20-21 1990. IMP-8 measurements of solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), ionospheric convection flow measurements from the Wick and Goose Bay coherent radars, EISCAT, Millstone Hill and Sondrestrom incoherent radars and three digisondes at Millstone Hill, Goose Bay and Qaanaaq are presented. Two intervals of particular interest have been identified. The first starts with a storm sudden commencement at 2243 UT on March 20 and includes the ionospheric activity in the following 7 h. The response time of the ionospheric convection to the southward turning of the IMF in the dusk to midnight local times is found to be approximately half that measured in a similar study at comparable local times during more normal solar wind conditions. Furthermore, this response time is the same as those previously measured on the dayside. An investigation of the expansion of the polar cap during a substorm growth phase based on Faraday's law suggests that the expansion of the polar cap was nonuniform. A subsequent reconfiguration of the nightside convection pattern was also observed, although it was not possible to distinguish between effects due to possible changes in By and effects due to substorm activity. The second interval, 1200-2100 UT 21 March 1990, included a southward turning of the IMF which resulted in the Bz component becoming -10 nT. The response time on the dayside to this change in the IMF at the magnetopause was approximately 15 min to 30 min which is a factor of ~2 greater than those previously measured at higher latitudes. A movement of the nightside flow reversal, possibly driven by current systems associated with the substorm expansion phases, was observed, implying that the nightside convection pattern can be dominated by substorm activity.
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Grocott, A., S. W. H. Cowley, J. B. Sigwarth, J. F. Watermann, and T. K. Yeoman. "Excitation of twin-vortex flow in the nightside high-latitude ionosphere during an isolated substorm." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 10 (October 31, 2002): 1577–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1577-2002.
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Abstract. We present SuperDARN radar observations of the ionospheric flow during a well-observed high-latitude substorm which occurred during steady northward IMF conditions on 2 December 1999. These data clearly demonstrate the excitation of large-scale flow associated with the substorm expansion phase, with enhanced equatorward flows being observed in the pre-midnight local time sector of the expansion phase auroral bulge and westward electrojet, and enhanced return sunward flows being present at local times on either side, extending into the dayside sector. The flow pattern excited was thus of twin-vortex form, with foci located at either end of the substorm auroral bulge, as imaged by the Polar VIS UV imager. Estimated total transpolar voltages were ~40 kV prior to expansion phase onset, grew to ~80 kV over a ~15 min interval during the expansion phase, and then decayed to ~35 kV over ~10 min during recovery. The excitation of the large-scale flow pattern resulted in the development of magnetic disturbances which extended well outside of the region directly disturbed by the substorm, depending upon the change in the flow and the local ionospheric conductivity. It is estimated that the nightside reconnection rate averaged over the 24-min interval of the substorm was ~65– 75 kV, compared with continuing dayside reconnection rates of ~30–45 kV. The net closure of open flux during the sub-storm was thus ~0.4–0.6 × 108 Wb, representing ~15–20% of the open flux present at onset, and corresponding to an overall contraction of the open-closed field line boundary by ~1° latitude.Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions; plasma convection)
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Gillies, D. M., K. A. McWilliams, J. P. St. Maurice, and S. E. Milan. "Global-scale observations of ionospheric convection during geomagnetic storms." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, A12 (December 2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011ja017086.
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Zaka, K. Z., A. T. Kobea, P. Assamoi, O. K. Obrou, V. Doumbia, K. Boka, B. J. P. Adohi, and N. M. Mene. "Latitudinal profile of the ionospheric disturbance dynamo magnetic signature: comparison with the DP2 magnetic disturbance." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 9 (September 24, 2009): 3523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-3523-2009.
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Abstract. During magnetic storms, the auroral electrojets intensification affects the thermospheric circulation on a global scale. This process which leads to electric field and current disturbance at middle and low latitudes, on the quiet day after the end of a storm, has been attributed to the ionospheric disturbance dynamo (Ddyn). The magnetic field disturbance observed as a result of this process is the reduction of the H component amplitude in the equatorial region which constitutes the main characteristic of the ionospheric disturbance dynamo process, associated with a westward electric current flow. The latitudinal profile of the Ddyn disturbance dynamo magnetic signature exhibits an eastward current at mid latitudes and a westward one at low latitudes with a substantial amplification at the magnetic equator. Such current flow reveals an "anti-Sq" system established between the mid latitudes and the equatorial region and opposes the normal Sq current vortex. However, the localization of the eastward current and consequently the position and the extent of the "anti-Sq" current vortex changes from one storm to another. Indeed, for a strong magnetic storm, the eastward current is well established at mid latitudes about 45° N and for a weak magnetic storm, the eastward current is established toward the high latitudes (about 60° N), near the Joule heating region, resulting in a large "anti-Sq" current cell. The latitudinal profile of the Ddyn disturbance as well as the magnetic disturbance DP2 generated by the mechanism of prompt penetration of the magnetospheric convection electric field in general, show a weak disturbance at the low latitudes with a substantial amplification at the magnetic equator. Due to the intensity of the storm, the magnitude of the DP2 appears higher than the Ddyn over the American and Asian sector contrary to the African sector.
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Burns, G. B., B. A. Tinsley, A. V. Frank-Kamenetsky, O. A. Troshichev, W. J. R. French, and A. R. Klekociuk. "Monthly Diurnal Global Atmospheric Circuit Estimates Derived from Vostok Electric Field Measurements Adjusted for Local Meteorological and Solar Wind Influences." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 2061–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0212.1.
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Abstract Local temperature, wind speed, pressure, and solar wind–imposed influences on the vertical electric field observed at Vostok, Antarctica, are evaluated by multivariate analysis. Local meteorology can influence electric field measurements via local conductivity. The results are used to improve monthly diurnal averages of the electric field attributable to changes in the global convective storm contribution to the ionosphere-to-earth potential difference. Statistically significant average influences are found for temperature (−0.47 ± 0.13% V m−1 °C−1) and wind speed [2.1 ± 0.5% V m−1 (m s−1)−1]. Both associations are seasonally variable. After adjusting the electric field values to uniform meteorological conditions typical of the Antarctic plateau winter (−70°C, 4.4 m s−1, and 623 hPa), the sensitivity of the electric field to the solar wind external generator influence is found to be 0.80 ± 0.07 V m−1 kV−1. This compares with the sensitivity of 0.82 V m−1 kV−1 to the convective meteorology generator that is inferred assuming an average ionosphere-to-ground potential difference of 240 kV taken with the annual mean electric field value of 198 V m−1. Monthly means of the Vostok electric field corrected for the influence of both local meteorology and the solar wind show equinoctial (March and September) and July local maxima. The July mean electric field is greater than the December value by approximately 8%, consistent with a Northern Hemisphere summer maximum. The solar wind–imposed potential variations in the overhead ionosphere are evaluated for three models that fit satellite measurements of ionospheric potential changes to solar wind data. Correlations with Vostok electric field variations peak with a 23-min interpolated delay relative to solar wind changes at the magnetopause.
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Grocott, A., S. W. H. Cowley, and J. B. Sigwarth. "Ionospheric flow during extended intervals of northward but <i>B<sub>y</sub></i> -dominated IMF." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 2 (February 28, 2003): 509–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-509-2003.
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Abstract. We present SuperDARN radar observations of the nightside high-latitude ionospheric flow during two 6-hour intervals of quasi-steady northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). During both intervals (01:30–07:30 UT on 2 December and 21:00–03:00 UT on 14/15 December 1999), the solar wind and IMF remained relatively steady with Bz positive and By negative, such that the IMF clock angle was ~ - 50° to - 60°. Throughout both intervals the radar data clearly indicate the presence of a highly distorted By-dominated twin cell flow pattern, indicative of an open magnetosphere, which is confirmed by DMSP and auroral data. Estimates of the changes in open flux present during each interval indicate approximately balanced dayside and nightside reconnection at rates of ~ 30–35 kV over the full 6 h. However, strong bursts of flow with speeds of over ~ 1000 ms-1 are observed near magnetic midnight on time scales of ~ 1 h, which are associated with increases in the transpolar voltage. These are indicative of the net closure of open flux by recon-nection in the tail. During one large flow burst, the night-side reconnection rate is estimated to have been ~ 1.5 times the dayside rate, i.e. ~ 45–60 kV compared with ~ 30–40 kV. Magnetic bays, which would indicate the formation of a sub-storm current wedge, are not observed in association with these bursts. In addition, no low-latitude Pi2s or geostationary particle injections were observed, although some local, small amplitude Pi2-band (5–50 mHz) activity does accompany the bursts. Coincident measurements of the flow and of the low amplitude magnetic perturbations reveal nightside ionospheric conductances of no more than a few mho, indicative of little associated precipitation. Therefore, we suggest that the flow bursts are the ionospheric manifestation of bursty reconnection events occurring in the more distant geomagnetic tail. The main implication of these findings is that, under the circumstances examined here, the convection cycle is not equivalent to the usual substorm cycle that occurs for southward IMF. Key words. Ionosphere (plasma convection; ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions) – Magnetospheric Physics (magnetotail)
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Prikryl, Paul, Robert G. Gillies, David R. Themens, James M. Weygand, Evan G. Thomas, and Shibaji Chakraborty. "Multi-instrument observations of polar cap patches and traveling ionospheric disturbances generated by solar wind Alfvén waves coupling to the dayside magnetosphere." Annales Geophysicae 40, no. 6 (November 2, 2022): 619–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-619-2022.
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Abstract. During minor to moderate geomagnetic storms, caused by corotating interaction regions (CIRs) at the leading edge of high-speed streams (HSSs), solar wind Alfvén waves modulated the magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. The Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radars (RISR-C and RISR-N), measuring plasma parameters in the cusp and polar cap, observed ionospheric signatures of flux transfer events (FTEs) that resulted in the formation of polar cap patches. The patches were observed as they moved over the RISR, and the Canadian High-Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN) ionosondes and GPS receivers. The coupling process modulated the ionospheric convection and the intensity of ionospheric currents, including the auroral electrojets. The horizontal equivalent ionospheric currents (EICs) are estimated from ground-based magnetometer data using an inversion technique. Pulses of ionospheric currents that are a source of Joule heating in the lower thermosphere launched atmospheric gravity waves, causing traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) that propagated equatorward. The TIDs were observed in the SuperDual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) high-frequency (HF) radar ground scatter and the detrended total electron content (TEC) measured by globally distributed Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers.
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Лунюшкин, Сергей, Sergey Lunyushkin, Владимир Мишин, Vladimir Mishin, Юрий Караваев, Yuriy Karavaev, Юрий Пенских, Yury Penskikh, Вячеслав Капустин, and Vyacheslav Kapustin. "Studying the dynamics of electric currents and polar caps in ionospheres of two hemispheres during the August 17, 2001 geomagnetic storm." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-52201903.
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The magnetogram inversion technique (MIT), developed at ISTP SB RAS more than forty years ago, has been used until recently only in the Northern Hemisphere. In recent years, MIT has been improved and extended to make instantaneous calculations of 2D distributions of electric fields, horizontal and field-aligned currents in two polar ionospheres. The calculations were carried out based on one-minute ground-based geomagnetic measurements from the worldwide network of stations in both hemispheres (SuperMAG). In this paper, this extended technique is used in the approximation of uniform ionospheric conductance and is applied for the first time to calculations of equivalent and field-aligned currents in two hemispheres through the example of the August 17, 2001 geomagnetic storm. We have obtained the main and essential result: the advanced MIT-ISTP can calculate large-scale distributions of ionospheric convection and FACs in the Northern (N) and Southern (S) polar ionospheres with a high degree of expected hemispheric similarity between these distributions. Using the said event as an example, we have established that the equivalent and field-aligned currents obtained with the advanced technique exhibit the expected dynamics of auroral electrojets and polar caps in two hemispheres. Hall current intensities in polar caps and auroral electrojets, calculated from the equivalent current function, change fairly synchronously in the N and S hemispheres throughout the magnetic storm. Both (westward and eastward) electrojets of the N hemisphere are markedly more intense than respective electrojets of the S hemisphere, and the Hall current in the north polar cap is almost twice as intense as that in the south one. This interhemispheric asymmetry is likely to be due to seasonal conductance variations, which is implicitly contained in the current function. From FAC distributions we determine auroral oval boundaries and calculate magnetic fluxes through the polar caps in the N and S hemispheres. These magnetic fluxes coincide with an accuracy of about 5 % and change almost synchronously during the magnetic storm. In the N hemisphere, the magnetic flux in the dawn polar cap is more intense that that in the dusk one, and vice versa in the S hemisphere. These asymmetries (dawn–dusk and interhemispheric) in the polar caps are consistent with the theory of reconnection for IMF By>0 and with satellite images of auroral ovals; both of these asymmetries decrease during the substorm expansion phase.
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Kitanoya, Y., T. Abe, A. W. Yau, T. Hori, and N. Nishitani. "Localized electron density enhancements in the high-altitude polar ionosphere and their relationships with storm-enhanced density (SED) plumes and polar tongues of ionization (TOI)." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 2 (February 21, 2011): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-367-2011.
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Abstract. Events of localized electron density increase in the high-altitude (>3000 km) polar ionosphere are occasionally identified by the thermal plasma instruments on the Akebono satellite. In this paper, we investigate the vertical density structure in one of such events in detail using simultaneous observations by the Akebono and DMSP F15 satellites, the SuperDARN radars, and a network of ground Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, and the statistical characteristics of a large number (>10 000) of such events using Akebono data over half of an 11-year solar cycle. At Akebono altitude, the parallel drift velocity is remarkably low and the O+ ion composition ratio remarkably high, inside the high plasma-density regions at high altitude. Detailed comparisons between Akebono, DMSP ion velocity and density, and GPS total electron content (TEC) data suggest that the localized plasma density increase observed at high altitude on Akebono was likely connected with the polar tongue of ionization (TOI) and/or storm enhanced density (SED) plume observed in the F-region ionosphere. Together with the SuperDARN plasma convection map these data suggest that the TOI/SED plume penetrated into the polar cap due to anti-sunward convection and the plume existed in the same convection channel as the dense plasma at high altitude; in other words, the two were probably connected to each other by the convecting magnetic field lines. The observed features are consistent with the observed high-density plasma being transported from the mid-latitude ionosphere or plasmasphere and unlikely a part of the polar wind population.
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Лунюшкин, Сергей, Sergey Lunyushkin, Владимир Мишин, Vladimir Mishin, Юрий Караваев, Yuriy Karavaev, Юрий Пенских, Yury Penskikh, Вячеслав Капустин, and Vyacheslav Kapustin. "Studying the dynamics of electric currents and polar caps in ionospheres of two hemispheres during the August 17, 2001 geomagnetic storm." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/szf-52201903.
Full textAbstract:
The magnetogram inversion technique (MIT), developed at ISTP SB RAS more than forty years ago, has been used until recently only in the Northern Hemisphere. In recent years, MIT has been improved and extended to make instantaneous calculations of 2D distributions of electric fields, horizontal and field-aligned currents in two polar ionospheres. The calculations were carried out based on one-minute ground-based geomagnetic measurements from the worldwide network of stations in both hemispheres (SuperMAG). In this paper, this extended technique is used in the approximation of uniform ionospheric conductance and is applied for the first time to calculations of equivalent and field-aligned currents in two hemispheres through the example of the August 17, 2001 geomagnetic storm. We have obtained the main and essential result: the advanced MIT-ISTP can calculate large-scale distributions of ionospheric convection and FACs in the Northern (N) and Southern (S) polar ionospheres with a high degree of expected hemispheric similarity between these distributions. Using the said event as an example, we have established that the equivalent and field-aligned currents obtained with the advanced technique exhibit the expected dynamics of auroral electrojets and polar caps in two hemispheres. Hall current intensities in polar caps and auroral electrojets, calculated from the equivalent current function, change fairly synchronously in the N and S hemispheres throughout the magnetic storm. Both (westward and eastward) electrojets of the N hemisphere are markedly more intense than respective electrojets of the S hemisphere, and the Hall current in the north polar cap is almost twice as intense as that in the south one. This interhemispheric asymmetry is likely to be due to seasonal conductance variations, which is implicitly contained in the current function. From FAC distributions we determine auroral oval boundaries and calculate magnetic fluxes through the polar caps in the N and S hemispheres. These magnetic fluxes coincide with an accuracy of about 5 % and change almost synchronously during the magnetic storm. In the N hemisphere, the magnetic flux in the dawn polar cap is more intense that that in the dusk one, and vice versa in the S hemisphere. These asymmetries (dawn–dusk and interhemispheric) in the polar caps are consistent with the theory of reconnection for IMF By>0 and with satellite images of auroral ovals; both of these asymmetries decrease during the substorm expansion phase.
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Feng, Jian, Yuqiang Zhang, Na Xu, Bo Chen, Tong Xu, Zhensen Wu, Zhongxin Deng, et al. "Statistical Study of the Ionospheric Slab Thickness at Yakutsk High-Latitude Station." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (October 24, 2022): 5309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215309.
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The ionospheric equivalent slab thickness (EST, also named τ) is defined as the ratio of the total electron content (TEC) to the F2-layer peak electron density (NmF2), and it is a significant parameter representative of the ionosphere. This paper presents a comprehensive statistical study of the ionospheric slab thickness at Yakutsk, located at the high latitude of East Asia, using the GPS-TEC and ionosonde NmF2 data for the years 2010–2017. The results show that the τ has different diurnal and seasonal variations in high- and low-solar-activity years, and the τ is greatest in the winter, followed by the equinox, and it is smallest in the summer in both high- and low-solar-activity years, except during the noontime of low-solar-activity years. Specifically, the τ in inter of high-solar-activity year shows an approximate single peak pattern with the peak around noon, while it displays a double-peak pattern with the pre-sunrise and sunset peaks in winter of the low-solar-activity years. Moreover, the τ in the summer and equinox have smaller diurnal variations, and there are peaks with different magnitudes during the sunrise and post-sunset periods. The mainly diurnal variation of τ in different seasons of high- and low-solar-activity years can be explained within the framework of relative variation of TEC and NmF2 during the corresponding period. By defining the disturbance index (DI), which can visually assess the relationship between instantaneous values and the median, we found that the geomagnetic storm would enhance the τ at Yakutsk. An example on 7 June 2013 is also presented to analyze the physical mechanism. It should be due to the intense particle precipitation and expanded plasma convection electric field during the storm at high-latitude Yakutsk station. The results would improve the current understanding of climatological and storm-time behavior of τ at high latitudes in East Asia.
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Stolle, C., J. Lilensten, S. Schlüter, Ch Jacobi, M. Rietveld, and H. Lühr. "Observing the north polar ionosphere on 30 October 2003 by GPS imaging and IS radars." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 1 (March 7, 2006): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-107-2006.
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Abstract. The evening of 30 October 2003 was subject to a major storm main phase. For this time, we combine large-scale electron content maps from GPS imaging with time series of electron density and temperature of two EISCAT radars in Tromsø and Svalbard and the Sondrestrom radar, for observing the north polar ionosphere. The GPS assimilations resulted in the image of the electron content trace of an anti-sunward polar Tongue Of Ionisation (TOI) consecutively to 20:00 UT. In combination with the radar observations we concluded that the TOI persisted during the whole period of continuous southward IMF Bz until about 22:40 UT while its largest extension toward the nightside auroral region was found between 21:00-22:00 UT. A typical F region electron temperature of ~2000 K and the plasma velocity of ~800 ms-1 support its convective origin from the dayside mid-latitudes. Due to the structured appearance of the electron content distribution and the radar electron density time series we believe that discrete plasma patches formed inside the anti-sunward drift pattern. After two large oscillations of the IMF Bz the nightside plasma density was observed to re-enhance after 23:00 UT along a longitudinal band below 70 N. Coinciding electron temperatures of ~2000 K suggest again the convective nature of the plasma, while a modified convection pattern is expected.
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Pessi, Antti T., Steven Businger, K. L. Cummins, N. W. S. Demetriades, M. Murphy, and B. Pifer. "Development of a Long-Range Lightning Detection Network for the Pacific: Construction, Calibration, and Performance*." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1132.1.
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Abstract The waveguide between the earth’s surface and the ionosphere allows very low-frequency (VLF) emissions generated by lightning, called sferics, to propagate over long distances. The new Pacific Lightning Detection Network (PacNet), as a part of a larger long-range lightning detection network (LLDN), utilizes this attribute to monitor lightning activity over the central North Pacific Ocean with a network of ground-based lightning detectors that have been installed on four widely spaced Pacific islands (400–3800 km). PacNet and LLDN sensors combine both magnetic direction finding (MDF) and time-of-arrival (TOA)-based technology to locate a strike with as few as two sensors. As a result, PacNet/LLDN is one of the few observing systems, outside of geostationary satellites, that provides continuous real-time data concerning convective storms throughout a synoptic-scale area over the open ocean. The performance of the PacNet/LLDN was carefully assessed. Long-range lightning flash detection efficiency (DE) and location accuracy (LA) models were developed with reference to accurate data from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). Model calibration procedures are detailed, and comparisons of model results with lightning observations from the PacNet/LLDN in correlation with NASA’s Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) are presented. The daytime and nighttime flash DE in the north-central Pacific is in the range of 17%–23% and 40%–61%, respectively. The median LA is in the range of 13–40 km. The results of this extensive analysis suggest that the DE and LA models are reasonably able to reproduce the observed performance of PacNet/LLDN. The implications of this work are that the DE and LA model outputs can be used in quantitative applications of the PacNet/LLDN over the North Pacific Ocean and elsewhere. For example, by virtue of the relationship between lightning and rainfall rates, these data also hold promise as input for NWP models as a proxy for latent heat release in convection. Moreover, the PacNet/LLDN datastream is useful for investigations of storm morphology and cloud microphysics over the central North Pacific Ocean. Notably, the PacNet/LLDN lightning datastream has application for planning transpacific flights and nowcasting of squall lines and tropical storms.
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Kelley, M. C., and J. Retterer. "First successful prediction of a convective equatorial ionospheric storm using solar wind parameters." Space Weather 6, no. 8 (August 2008): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007sw000381.
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Farrugia, C. J., A. Grocott, P. E. Sandholt, S. W. H. Cowley, Y. Miyoshi, F. J. Rich, V. K. Jordanova, R. B. Torbert, and A. Sharma. "The magnetosphere under weak solar wind forcing." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-191-2007.
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Abstract. The Earth's magnetosphere was very strongly disturbed during the passage of the strong shock and the following interacting ejecta on 21–25 October 2001. These disturbances included two intense storms (Dst*≈−250 and −180 nT, respectively). The cessation of this activity at the start of 24 October ushered in a peculiar state of the magnetosphere which lasted for about 28 h and which we discuss in this paper. The interplanetary field was dominated by the sunward component [B=(4.29±0.77, −0.30±0.71, 0.49±0.45) nT]. We analyze global indicators of geomagnetic disturbances, polar cap precipitation, ground magnetometer records, and ionospheric convection as obtained from SuperDARN radars. The state of the magnetosphere is characterized by the following features: (i) generally weak and patchy (in time) low-latitude dayside reconnection or reconnection poleward of the cusps; (ii) absence of substorms; (iii) a monotonic recovery from the previous storm activity (Dst corrected for magnetopause currents decreasing from ~−65 to ~−35 nT), giving an unforced decreased of ~1.1 nT/h; (iv) the probable absence of viscous-type interaction originating from the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability; (v) a cross-polar cap potential of just 20–30 kV; (vi) a persistent, polar cap region containing (vii) very weak, and sometimes absent, electron precipitation and no systematic inter-hemisphere asymmetry. Whereas we therefore infer the presence of a moderate amount of open flux, the convection is generally weak and patchy, which we ascribe to the lack of solar wind driver. This magnetospheric state approaches that predicted by Cowley and Lockwood (1992) but has never yet been observed.
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Eriksson, S., L. G. Blomberg, N. Ivchenko, T. Karlsson, and G. T. Marklund. "Magnetospheric response to the solar wind as indicated by the cross-polar potential drop and the low-latitude asymmetric disturbance field." Annales Geophysicae 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2001): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-649-2001.
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Abstract. The cross-polar potential drop Φpc and the low-latitude asymmetric geomagnetic disturbance field, as indicated by the mid-latitude ASY-H magnetic index, are used to study the average magnetospheric response to the solar wind forcing for southward interplanetary magnetic field conditions. The state of the solar wind is monitored by the ACE spacecraft and the ionospheric convection is measured by the double probe electric field instrument on the Astrid-2 satellite. The solar wind-magnetosphere coupling is examined for 77 cases in February and from mid-May to mid-June 1999 by using the interplanetary magnetic field Bz component and the reconnection electric field. Our results show that the maximum correlation between Φpc and the reconnection electric field is obtained approximately 25 min after the solar wind has reached a distance of 11 RE from the Earth, which is the assumed average position of the magnetopause. The corresponding correlation for ASY-H shows two separate responses to the reconnection electric field, delayed by about 35 and 65 min, respectively. We suggest that the combination of the occurrence of a large magnetic storm on 18 February 1999 and the enhanced level of geomagnetic activity which peaks at Kp = 7- may explain the fast direct response of ASY-H to the solar wind at 35 min, as well as the lack of any clear secondary responses of Φpc to the driving solar wind at time delays longer than 25 min.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (solar wind-magnetosphere interactions; plasma convection) – Ionosphere (electric fields and currents)
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Prikryl, P., R. Ghoddousi-Fard, B. S. R. Kunduri, E. G. Thomas, A. J. Coster, P. T. Jayachandran, E. Spanswick, and D. W. Danskin. "GPS phase scintillation and proxy index at high latitudes during a moderate geomagnetic storm." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 5 (May 6, 2013): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-805-2013.
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Abstract. The amplitude and phase scintillation indices are customarily obtained by specialised GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitors (GISTMs) from L1 signal recorded at the rate of 50 Hz. The scintillation indices S4 and σΦ are stored in real time from an array of high-rate scintillation receivers of the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN). Ionospheric phase scintillation was observed at high latitudes during a moderate geomagnetic storm (Dst = −61 nT) that was caused by a moderate solar wind plasma stream compounded with the impact of two coronal mass ejections. The most intense phase scintillation (σΦ ~ 1 rad) occurred in the cusp and the polar cap where it was co-located with a strong ionospheric convection, an extended tongue of ionisation and dense polar cap patches that were observed with ionosondes and HF radars. At sub-auroral latitudes, a sub-auroral polarisation stream that was observed by mid-latitude radars was associated with weak scintillation (defined arbitrarily as σΦ < 0.5 rad). In the auroral zone, moderate scintillation coincided with auroral breakups observed by an all-sky imager, a riometer and a magnetometer in Yellowknife. To overcome the limited geographic coverage by GISTMs other GNSS data sampled at 1 Hz can be used to obtain scintillation proxy indices. In this study, a phase scintillation proxy index (delta phase rate, DPR) is obtained from 1-Hz data from CHAIN and other GPS receivers. The 50-Hz and 1-Hz phase scintillation indices are correlated. The percentage occurrences of σΦ > 0.1 rad and DPR > 2 mm s−1, both mapped as a function of magnetic latitude and magnetic local time, are very similar.
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Reddy, C. A., and H. G. Mayr. "Storm-time penetration to low latitudes of magnetospheric-ionospheric convection and convection-driven thermospheric winds." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 16 (August 15, 1998): 3075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl02334.
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Parkinson, M. L., G. Chisham, M. Pinnock, P. L. Dyson, and J. C. Devlin. "Magnetic local time, substorm, and particle precipitation-related variations in the behaviour of SuperDARN Doppler spectral widths." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 12 (December 22, 2004): 4103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-4103-2004.
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Abstract. Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (DARN) radars often detect a distinct transition in line-of-sight Doppler velocity spread, or spectral width, from <50ms–1 at lower latitude to >200ms–1 at higher latitude. They also detect a similar boundary, namely the range at which ionospheric scatter with large spectral width suddenly commences (i.e. without preceding scatter with low spectral width). The location and behaviour of the spectral width boundary (SWB) (and scatter boundary) and the open-closed magnetic field line boundary (OCB) are thought to be closely related. The location of the nightside OCB can be inferred from the poleward edge of the auroral oval determined using energy spectra of precipitating particles measured on board Defence Meteorology Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. Observations made with the Halley SuperDARN radar (75.5° S, 26.6° W, geographic; –62.0°Λ) and the Tasman International Geospace Environment Radar (TIGER) (43.4° S, 147.2° E; –54.5°Λ) are used to compare the location of the SWB with the DMSP-inferred OCB during 08:00 to 22:00 UT on 1 April 2000. This study interval was chosen because it includes several moderate substorms, whilst the Halley radar provided almost continuous high-time resolution measurements of the dayside SWB location and shape, and TIGER provided the same in the nightside ionosphere. The behaviour of the day- and nightside SWB can be understood in terms of the expanding/contracting polar cap model of high-latitude convection change, and the behaviour of the nightside SWB can also be organised according to substorm phase. Previous comparisons with DMSP OCBs have proven that the radar SWB is often a reasonable proxy for the OCB from dusk to just past midnight (Chisham et al., 2004). However, the present case study actually suggests that the nightside SWB is often a better proxy for the poleward edge of Pedersen conductance enhanced by hot particle precipitation in the auroral zone. Simple modeling implies that the large spectral widths must be caused by ~10-km scale velocity fluctuations. Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; ionospheremagnetosphere interactions) – Magnetospheric physics (storms and substorms)