Relevant bibliographies by topics / Controlling Election

Academic literature on the topic 'Controlling Election'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Controlling Election"

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Yangyue, Liu. "Controlling Cyberspace in Malaysia." Asian Survey 54, no. 4 (July 2014): 801–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2014.54.4.801.

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This paper examines how Internet control strategy in Malaysia was shaped by particular forms of online political contention and by a well-coordinated online civil society. It also traces the shift of this strategy to more covert means in the 2011 Sarawak State election.
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Kasim, Aminuddin, and Supriyadi Supriyadi. "Money Politics Pada Pemilu 2019." Jurnal Adhyasta Pemilu 2, no. 1 (December 6, 2021): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55108/jap.v2i1.36.

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The one of legal functions performed by the Election Law is the function of controlling behavior in the context of social and political life . To carry out this function , the Election Law formulates imperative norms so that political behavior complies with election law . The imperative norm is in the form of rules that prohibit money politics during the campaign , the quiet period and when the ballot takes place . Then, if there is a violation of the rule of law , the culprit will face legal proceedings to obtain criminals sanctions in the form of prisons and fines. Identification of the problem in this research is: why the imperative norms of the Election Law are not effective in preventing the practice of money politics, and what factors influence the weak power of the electoral law imperatives so that massive money politics practices occur? That problem is discussed and analyzed in this article. The author uses normative jurisdiction research, besides that the writer also uses the imperative theory of Edward A. Ross, Achmad Ali’s legal function theory and Jimly Asshiddiqie’s law enforcement theory. From this study the authors found that when the 2019 Concurrent Elections took place, the imperative norm was not effective in controlling political behavior expected by the Election Law. The practice of massive money politics took place so that the process of democracy and the 2019 Simultaneous Elections occurred.
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Alvarez, R. Michael, and Thad E. Hall. "Controlling Democracy: The Principal?Agent Problems in Election Administration." Policy Studies Journal 34, no. 4 (November 2006): 491–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2006.00188.x.

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Lichtman, Allan J. "The Keys to the White House." International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change 1, no. 1 (January 2010): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssc.2010092903.

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The Keys to the White House are an index-based prediction system that retrospectively account for the popular-vote winners of every US presidential election from 1860 to 1980 and prospectively forecast the winners of every presidential election from 1984 through 2008. The Keys demonstrate that American presidential elections do not turn on events of the campaign, but rather on the performance of the party controlling the White House. The Keys hold important lessons for politics in the United States and worldwide. A preliminary forecast based on the Keys indicates that President Obama is a likely winner in 2012, but also reveals the specific problems at home at abroad that could thwart his re-election.
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Yap, Yi Sheng. "The Whos and the Whys Behind Donald Trump’s Victory in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): e001532. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i6.1532.

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Given the unexpected victory of Donald Trump in the 2016 United States (U.S.) Presidential Election, this study aims to examine the 2016 electorate, unfolding the factors behind Trump’s victory, especially how different groups of people voted in the election. Hence, this paper addresses two questions, the “who” and “why” in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election - who voted for The Apprentice’s talk show host, Donald Trump, to be the most influential individual globally, and why did they do so? A logistic regression model is deployed to model survey data from the 2016 American National Election Studies, a series of election studies conducted since 1948 on public opinion in the U.S. presidential elections. This empirical methodology determined the socio-economic and political factors underlying these voters’ preferences. The findings showed that racial identity, education level, and income level on a demographic basis were crucial in determining voting choice while controlling for the respondents’ party affiliation. On an issue basis, voters were primarily dissatisfied with Obama’s performance and were attracted to Trump’s conservative tones and his exuberant personality, which resembles leadership qualities to his supporters.
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Claypool, Heather M., Alejandro Trujillo, Michael J. Bernstein, and Steven Young. "Experiencing vicarious rejection in the wake of the 2016 presidential election." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 23, no. 2 (November 9, 2018): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430218798702.

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Presidential elections in the United States pit two (or more) candidates against each other. Voters elect one and reject the others. This work tested the hypothesis that supporters of a losing presidential candidate may experience that defeat as a personal rejection. Before and after the 2016 U.S. presidential election between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, voters reported their current feelings of rejection and social pain, along with potential predictors of these feelings. Relative to Trump supporters, Clinton (losing candidate) supporters reported greater feelings of rejection, lower mood, and reduced fundamental needs post-election, while controlling for pre-election levels of these variables. Moreover, as self–candidate closeness and liberal political orientation increased, so too did feelings of rejection and social pain among Clinton supporters. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding human sensitivity to belonging threats and for the vicarious rejection literature.
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Hartlyn, Jonathan, Jennifer McCoy, and Thomas M. Mustillo. "Electoral Governance Matters." Comparative Political Studies 41, no. 1 (October 17, 2007): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414007301701.

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This article provides a systematic cross-national analysis of the role of electoral administration in explaining acceptable democratic presidential elections in 19 countries in Latin America since the year 1980 or the first pivotal, transitional election. The authors provide two alternative measures of election administration, one focused on the degree of partisanship or professional independence and another on formal—legal institutional independence, as well as on other key factors, to test partial proportional odds-ordered logit models predicting the probability of an acceptable, flawed, or failed electoral process. The results show an important positive role for professional, independent electoral commissions on electoral outcomes in Latin America, controlling for other socioeconomic and political factors; formal-legal independence matters when the rules of the game are likely to be respected. In addition, low-quality elections are found disproportionately where incumbents seek reelection and where victory margins are extremely wide rather than narrow.
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Susila Wibawa, Kadek Cahya. "Pengawasan Partisipatif untuk Mewujudkan Good Governance dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Umum Serentak di Indonesia." Administrative Law and Governance Journal 2, no. 4 (November 3, 2019): 615–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/alj.v2i4.615-628.

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Abstract The holding of the first simultaneous elections in Indonesia is full of the complexity of the problems. Bawaslu, as an institution tasked with overseeing the implementation of the election, has limitations in terms of area coverage, personnel, objects of oversight are very much. Supervision outside the Bawaslu needs to be strengthened to realize quality elections. The urgency of public participation in the supervision of simultaneous election is not only will strengthen the oversight capacity of the holding of elections, but an oversight by civil society also encourages the expansion of the area of supervision. Participatory oversight by the public is one of the important pillars in carrying out the controlling function of the simultaneous election. Supervision by the public (participatory) is part of the implementation of good governance in the holding of simultaneous elections in Indonesia. The level of community participation is closely related to the level of public trust, legitimacy, accountability, public service quality, and preventing public disobedience. Keywords: Information disclosure, public service, good governance. Abstrak Penyelenggaraan pemilu serentak pertama di Indonesia penuh dengan kompleksitas permasalahannya. Bawaslu sebagai lembaga yang bertugas untuk mengawasi penyelenggaraan pemilu tersebut memiliki keterbatasan dalam hal jangkauan wilayah, personil, obyek pengawasan yang sangat banyak. Pengawasan di luar Bawaslu perlu untuk diperkuat untuk mewujudkan pemilu yang berkualitas. Urgensi keterlibatan atau peran serta masyarakat dalam pengawasan pemilu serentak, tidak saja akan memperkuat kapasitas pengawasan terhadap penyelenggaraan pemilu, namun pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh civil society pun mendorong perluasan terhadap wilayah pengawasan. Pengawasan partisipatif oleh masyarakat merupakan salah satu pilar penting dalam menjalankan fungsi controlling terhadap pemilu serentak. Pengawasan yang dilakukan masyarakat (partisipatif) merupakan bagian dari pelaksanaan good governance dalam penyelenggaraan pemilu serentak di Indonesia. Tingkat partisipasi masyarakat sangat berhubungan dengan tingkat kepercayaan masyarakat (public trust), legilimasi (legitimacy), tanggung gugat (accountability), kualitas layanan pablik (public servis quality) dan mencegah gerakan pembangkangan publik (public disobedience). Kata Kunci: Pemilu serentak; pengawasan partisipatif; pemilu; Bawaslu; good governance.
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Kurniasih, Dewi. "Pendidikan Politik Pemilih Muda Dalam Pemilihan Kepala Desa Serentak di Kabupaten Bandung 2019." Indonesian Community Service and Empowerment (IComSE) 1, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/icomse.v1i1.2791.

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ABSTRACT Young voters in the head of village election simultaneously 2019’s are a new generation of voters who have different characteristics and characters, backgrounds, experiences and challenges from the previous generation of voters. Most of them come from among students, have good economic status, and generally live in urban or surrounding areas. They are very open to learning new, critical and independent things. The contribution of young voters in the field of village politics is based on the role of youth as controlling agents. Young voters, especially in villages, can provide insight to village communities regarding the head of village elections so that the community can actively participate in village head elections in order to minimize abstentions. The role of political education for young voters is very important to be implemented in achieving a high level of success in the head of village election simultaneously in Bandung Regency in 2019. Key words: political education, young voters, the head of village election ABSTRAK Pemilih muda pada pilkades serentak di Kabupaten Bandung tahun 2019 adalah generasi baru pemilih yang memiliki sifat dan karakter, latar belakang, pengalaman dan tantangan yang berbeda dengan para pemilih generasi sebelumnya. Sebagian besar di antara mereka berasal dari kalangan pelajar, berstatus ekonomi baik, dan pada umumnya tinggal di kawasan perkotaan atau sekitarnya. Mereka sangat terbuka untuk mempelajari hal-hal yang baru, kritis dan juga mandiri. Kontribusi pemilih muda dalam bidang politik desa berlandaskan atas peran pemuda sebagai Agen controlling. Pemilih muda terutama di desa dapat memberikan wawasan kepada masyarakat desa terkait pemilihan kepala desa agar masyarakat dapat turut aktif berpartisipasi dalam pemilihan kepala desa guna meminimalisir golput. Peran pendidikan politik bagi pemilih muda sangat penting untuk dilaksanakan dalam mencapai tingkat kesuksesan yang tinggi pada pilkades serentak di Kabupaten Bandung Tahun 2019. Kata kunci: pendidikan politik, pemilih muda, pemilihan kepala desa
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Rocca, Michael S., and Jared W. Clay. "Allocating Unlimited Money: What Explains Super PAC Spending in Congressional Elections?" Forum 19, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/for-2021-0016.

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Abstract How do Super PACs allocate their resources? The question is both timely and relevant, particularly as we reflect on the ten-year anniversary of the Citizens United ruling. Super PACs now outspend – sometimes by huge margins, as in the 2016 presidential election – all other groups’ independent expenditures including those of parties, unions, and 501(c) organizations. The issue is especially important in congressional politics, where Super PACs have an opportunity to shape the institution every two years through congressional elections. Utilizing outside spending data from the Center for Responsive Politics, we analyze four U.S. House election cycles since the Supreme Court’s landmark 2010 Citizens United ruling (2012–2018). The likelihood that Super PACs invest in a race is strongly determined by the electoral context, even after controlling for the legislative influence of the incumbent member of Congress.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Controlling Election"

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ABOUEIMEHRIZI, MOHAMMAD. "Election Control via Social Influence." Doctoral thesis, Gran Sasso Science Institute, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12571/21656.

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In the past, the power of news dissemination was under a few people's control, like newspapers' editors and TV channels. Thanks to social networks, this power is in the hand of everyone now. Social networks became very popular as soon as they were launched, and many societies extensively welcomed them. They have provided an engaging environment so that people can share their moments with their relatives, friends, colleagues, and even their unseen friends (so-called virtual friends) as their `followers.' In this virtual world, people can also share their opinions with their followers by broadcasting a message. Diffusing information and news among the followers will affect them and slightly change their opinions. When a follower is influenced, she may shares/retweets/forwards the message to her own followers and cause more propagation. There are many shreds of evidence that a message shared by few people (even in some cases one person) has been watched by millions of users and went viral. Hence, social media is an inseparable part of our life that can provide many opportunities, e.g., teaching, entertainment, news, and give us the power of sharing our experiences. Researchers have shown that many people prefer to get news from social networks rather than related websites as they are speedy tool to provide news from everywhere. Therefore, social media is considered one of the most effective tools to manipulate the users' opinions, and it is an attractive means of election control for political campaigns/parties/candidates. As a real example, in the 2016 US presidential election, it has been shown that 92% of Americans saw and remembered pro-Trump fake news stories, 23% remembered pro-Clinton false news, and a very high portion of them believed the news. Moreover, the campaigns can use social influence in order to polarize the users such that a voter receives specific messages in support/oppose of a candidate/party and not all possible messages. These activities impair the integrity of the elections and our democracies because people should have access to all reliable news from different perspectives to make a fair judgment. In this thesis, we investigate the computational aspects of this problem and study different manipulators' strategies to understand how they work. Our goal is to prevent malicious activities as they have enough potential to cause drastic consequences for any society. We study different aspects of controlling elections utilizing social influence. First, we consider a multi-winner election control where some parties are running for an election, and more than one candidate will be selected as winners. There is a social network of voters and an attacker trying to bribe some users/voters to start a diffusion process and spread a message among them; her goal is to change the voters' opinion regarding a target party. In the constructive model, the attacker tries to maximize the number of winners in the target party, while in the destructive case, she wants to minimize it. In this model, we present some hardness results, approximation guarantee, and polynomial-time algorithms regarding different structures (e.g., graphs, trees, and arborescent), objective functions, diffusion models (e.g., linear threshold and independent cascade models), and different configurations of influencing voters. Second, we investigate a single-winner election control problem where the attacker does not know the exact voters' preference list; instead, she has/guesses a probability distribution over all candidates for each voter. In this case, we show that the problem is at least as hard to approximate as the Densest-k-subgraph problem, which is hard to approximate for some constant under the exponential time hypothesis. Then we consider a lightly relaxed version and present some hardness and constant factor approximation algorithms for some objective functions regarding both constructive and destructive models. We also examine some real-world social networks and experimentally show that our algorithm works well. Finally, we present a Stackelberg game variation for competitive election control where there are two players called attacker and defender. They have a budget and the number of their seed nodes should not exceed their budget. The attacker plays first and selects a set of seed nodes to start a diffusion and change the voters' opinion. She knows that the defender is aware of everything and plays afterward. When the attacker's diffusion process is finished, the defender selects her seed nodes to cancel the attacker's influence over the infected voters. Indeed, the attacker tries to maximize the number of infected voters after both diffusion processes, while the defender attempts to minimize it. For simplicity, we first investigate the influence maximization model of this problem and then extend it to the election control through social influence for a single-winner election control problem regarding plurality scoring rule under the independent cascade model. We show that the attacker's problem is $Sigma_2^p$-hard when the defender is able to find an optimal strategy. We also show the same hardness result regarding any approximation algorithm. Moreover, we show that the defender's problem is NP-hard to approximate within any factor $alpha geq 1$. Since the problems are inapproximable, we consider a relaxed version in which the defender selects her seed nodes based on a probability distribution over the nodes, and the attacker is aware of the distribution. In the relaxed model, we give a constant-factor approximation algorithm for the attacker's problem. We also simulate our results and show that the attacker can activate many voters even when the defender can find the optimal solution. Moreover, we show that the greedy influence maximization algorithm works very well for the defender.
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Tambone, Julia. "Are Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton Controlling the Stock Market? An Analysis of the 2016 Presidential Election's Impact on Stock Market Volatility." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/936.

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Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump ran highly controversial campaigns in the 2016 Presidential Election, which then leaves us with the question of what impact is this having on the current economy? Prior analysis of political influence on the stock market tells us that isolating political impact on the stock market is nearly impossible. However, there are clearly defined 4-year cycles in stock prices that seem to correspond with election years. In this paper, I create my own index of stocks in the four major U.S. industries and measure both day-to-day and intraday volatility in stock prices across three comparable time periods: the year leading up to the 2016 election, all election years excluding the 2016, and all non-election years. I found that the 2016 election year was significantly less volatile than both prior election years as well as non-election years, suggesting that the 2015-2016 election year was not a closely contested race.
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Negri, Carlotta. "Controlling electron transport : quantum pumping and single-electron tunneling oscillations." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14670/document.

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Exploiter des effets dépendants du temps pour induire et contrôler des courants à travers des conducteurs mésoscopiques et nanoscopiques est un enjeu majeur dans le domaine du transport quantique. Dans cette thèse, nous considérons deux systèmes de taille nanométrique pour lesquels un courant est induit grâce au couplage entre champs extérieurs dépendants du temps et le transport d'électrons. Nous étudions d'abord un problème de pompage quantique au sein d'un système à trois sites en configuration d'anneau, en considérant la possibilité d'induire un courant continu par modulation temporelle des paramètres de contrôle. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à la transition entre régime adiabatique et antiadiabatique en présence d'un mécanisme de dissipation modélisé par un couplage entre le système et un bain extérieur.Nous montrons que le modèle dissipatif admet une solution analytique complète valable pour la composante DC du courant à fréquence arbitraire. Ceci nous permet de bien comprendre comment le courant induit dépend de la fréquence de pompage. Nous nous concentrons ensuite sur un autre système de contrôle du courant exploitant le phénomène des oscillations tunnel à un électron (SETOs). Contrairement au cas précédent, ici la circulation d'un courant continu à travers un circuit comportant une jonction tunnel produit, pour le régime approprié, un courant quasi-périodique d'électrons. On étudie le spectre de bruit à température nulle d'une jonction tunnel dans différents environnements résistifs dans le but de déterminer les limites du régime des SETOs et de quantifier leur degré de périodicité. Nous généralisons par la suite les résultats à température finie et discutons des effets des fluctuations quantiques
Exploiting time-dependent effects to induce and control currents through mesoscopic and nano\-scopic conductors is a major challenge in the field of quantum transport. In this dissertation we consider two nanoscale systems in which a current can be induced through intriguing mechanisms of coupling between excitations by external fields and electron transport.We first study a quantum pumping problem, analyzing the possibility to induce a DC response to an AC parametric driving through a three-site system in a ring configuration. We are interested in particular in the crossover between adiabatic and antiadiabatic driving regimes and in the presence of dissipation, which is accounted for by coupling with an external bath. We show that for a clever choice of this coupling the dissipative model admits a full analytical solution for the steady state current valid at arbitrary frequency, which allows us to fully understand the pumping-frequency dependence of the induced current. We then focus on a different current-controlling scheme exploiting the phenomenon of single-electron tunneling oscillations (SETOs). In this case, opposite to what happens for pumping, an AC effect, an almost periodic current of single electrons, arises through a tunnel junction circuit as a consequence of a DC bias. We study the zero-temperature noise spectrum of a tunnel junction in different resistive environments with the aim to determine the boundaries of the SETOs regime and quantify their quality in terms of periodicity. We then discuss the finite-temperature generalization and the possibility to account for the effects of quantum fluctuations
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Blair, Amber Dawn. "Controlling electron transfer at sensitized TiO₂ surfaces." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52946.

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A series of three bis-tridentate ruthenium(II) complexes containing one cyclometalating ligand with terminal triphenylamine (TPA) substituents have been synthesized and characterized for insight into electron transfer reactions at TiO₂ surfaces. The structure of each complex conforms to a molecular scaffold formulated as [Ru(II)(TPA-2,5-thiophene-pbpy)(H₃tctpy)] (pbpy = 6-phenyl-2,2’-bipyridine; H₃tctpy = 4,4’,4”-tricarboxy-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine), where an electron-donating group (EDG) or an electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is installed about the anionic ring of the pbpy ligand and methyl groups surrounding the TPA-thiophene bridge. Modification of the anionic ring of the pbpy chelated with EDGs and EWGs enables the modulation of the Ru(III)/Ru(II) redox potential over 140 mV. This property offers the opportunity to turn on and off intramolecular hole transfer. Pulsed light laser excitation of the sensitized thin film resulted in rapid excited state injection and in some cases hole transfer to TPA [TiO₂(e⁻)/Ru(III)−TPA → TiO₂(e⁻)/Ru(II)−TPA･⁺. The rate constants for charge recombination of [TiO₂(e⁻)/Ru(III)−TPA → TiO₂/Ru(II)−TPA and TiO₂(e⁻)/Ru(II)−TPA･⁺ → TiO₂/Ru(II)−TPA] were drastically affected by modification of the bridging unit and can be modulated over 5.2 – 6.2×10⁵ s ⁻¹ and 1.7 – 5.1×10⁴ s⁻¹ respectively.
Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
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Murdia, Chitraang. "Controlling light emission with shaped electron wavefunctions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120216.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 65-67).
The extent to which can one change the nature of spontaneous emission from a free electron by shaping the its wavefunction has been a long-standing question. In this work, we use both a semi-classical formalism and a QED formalism to show that Bremsstrahlung radiation can be tailored by altering the electron superposition states. Using the semi-classical formalism, we show that wavefunction shaping can greatly enhance the collimation of radiation from electron beams passing through spatially periodic electromagnetic fields, such as those in undulators. Moreover, the radiation from rapidly decelerated shaped electrons can be made directional and monochromatic. Using the QED formalism, we show that the radiation can be markedly different from an incoherent sum of the radiations of the two states because of interference between the scattering amplitudes from the two components of the superposition. The ability to control free electron spontaneous emission via interference may eventually result in a new degree of control over radiation over the entire electromagnetic spectrum in addition to the ability to deterministically introduce quantum behavior into normally classical light emission processes.
by Chitraang Murdia.
S.B.
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Stano, Peter. "Controlling electron quantum dot qubits by spin-orbit interactions." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=983802254.

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Olshansky, Lisa. "Kinetics and dynamics controlling proton-coupled electron transfer in ribonucleotide reductase." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101552.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions comprise a fundamental mechanism for energy transduction in nature. In catalyzing the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) performs reversible, long-range PCET over a pathway of redox active amino acids ([beta]-Y₁₂₂ >/< [beta]-Y₃₅₆ >/< [alpha]-Y₇₃₁ >/< [alpha]-Y₇₃₀ >/< [alpha]-C₄₃₉) that spans ~35 Å and two subunits. As such, RNR serves as a paradigm for the study of PCET in biology. Subunit interaction dynamics, examined by fluorescence spectroscopy, exposed mechanisms underlying allosteric control over PCET and contributed to an expanded kinetic model for turnover. Trapped meta-stable states of the active [alpha]₂[beta]₂ complex are dictated by the translocation of a single charge and attenuate dissociation 10⁴-fold. These trapped states were leveraged to resolve the stoichiometric distribution of the Y¹²²* cofactor from its ensemble average of 1.2 Y*/[beta]₂ , revealing that [beta]₂ contain either 2 or 0 Y*. Circumventing rate-limiting conformational changes that gate turnover, photoinitiated RNRs were prepared to allow photochemically driven Y₃₅₆ oxidation, and spectroscopic resolution of the ensuing reactivity. A series of photoRNRs containing unnatural FnYs (n = 2-3) and W in place of [beta]-Y₃₅₆ were prepared. All of these photo[beta]₂s give rise to transient absorption (TA) spectra consistent with their oxidized forms and undergo photochemically driven turnover. Time-resolved emission spectroscopy allowed examination of ET kinetics as a function of driving force within the [alpha]/[beta] subunit interface. Marcus-inverted kinetics were observed, providing reorganization and electronic coupling energies. Comparing ET and PCET kinetics as a function of pH, buffer concentration, oligomeric state, and buffer isotopic composition revealed new insights into biological control over PCET reactions and implicate a role of [alpha]₂ in facilitating proton transfer from [beta]-Y₃₅₆ Single wavelength TA kinetics provided direct measure of the rate constant for PCET through a, assignment of the rate-determining step as 3'-C-H bond cleavage by C₄₃₉ , and a lower bound of 7 for the associated 1° KIE. The pKa of proton acceptor(s) at the subunit interface, and the relative energies of individual radical intermediates were determined, revealing matched tuning to the surrounding environment and highlighting the subtlety of precision control underlying RNR catalysis.
by Lisa Olshansky.
Ph. D.
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Kender, William Theodore. "Controlling Excited State Electron Delocalization via Subtle Changes to Inorganic Molecular Structures." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1534271989190317.

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Coote, Tashni-Ann. "Substituent Effects on Exchange Coupling: Controlling the Interactions between Unpaired Electrons." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-02282007-131000/.

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Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel high-spin species are critical for advancing the field of molecular magnetism, and subsequently creating new magnetic materials. As a means of grasping an understanding of how it is that one can control the electronic, hence magnetic interactions within a high-spin species, this study focuses on structure- property relationships in a series of bis(semiquinone) biradicals. The biradical moiety is the simplest of exchange-coupled systems. As electron-withdrawing, -donating and neutral substituents are placed on the coupler or spin carrier fragment of the biradicals under study, it is shown that there is a substituent effect operating within the series of ferromagnetically coupled m-phenylene bis(semiquinone) moieties.
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Kling, Nora G. "Controlling the dynamics of electrons and nuclei in ultrafast strong laser fields." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16821.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Physics
Itzik Ben-Itzhak
One ultimate goal of ultrafast, strong- field laser science is to coherently control chemical reactions. Present laser technology allows for the production of intense (>10[superscript]13 W/cm[superscript]2), ultrashort ( 5 fs), carrier-envelope phase-stabilized pulses. By knowing the electric field waveform, sub-cycle resolution on the order of 100's of attoseconds (1 as=10[superscript]-18 s) can be reached -- the timescale for electron motion. Meanwhile, the laser field strengths are comparable to that which binds electrons to atoms or molecules. In this intense-field ultrashort-pulse regime one can both measure and manipulate dynamics of strong-field, quantum-mechanical processes in atoms and molecules. Despite much progress in the technology, typical durations for which lasers can be reliably locked to a specific carrier-envelope phase ranges from a few minutes to a few hours. Experiments investigating carrier-envelope phase effects that have necessarily long data acquisition times, such as those requiring coincidence between fragments originating from the same atom or molecule, are thus challenging and uncommon. Therefore, we combined the new technology for measuring the carrier-envelope phase of each and every laser shot with other single-shot coincidence three-dimensional momentum imaging techniques to alleviate the need for carrier-envelope phase stabilized laser pulses. Using phase-tagged coincidence techniques, several targets and laser-induced processes were studied. One particular highlight uses this method to study the recollision process of non-sequential double ionization of argon. By measuring the momentum of the two electrons emitted in the process, we could study their energy sharing. Furthermore, by selecting certain carrier-envelope phase values, and therefore laser pulses with a particular waveform, events with single recollision could be isolated and further analyzed. Another highlight is our studies of carrier-envelope phase effects in the dissociation of the benchmark H[subscript]2[superscript[+] ion beam. Aided by near-exact quantum mechanical calculations, we could identify interfering pathways which lead to the observed spatial asymmetry. These and other similar experiments are described in this thesis as significant steps toward their ultimate control.
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Books on the topic "Controlling Election"

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María, Maravall José, and Sanchez-Cuenca Ignacio, eds. Controlling governments: Voters, institutions, and accountability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Wu, Jie Qiang. Spin relaxation mechanisms controlling magnetic-field dependent radical pair recombination kinetics in nanoscopic reactors. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre Verlag, 1993.

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Oloka-Onyango, Joseph. Controlling Consent: Uganda's 2016 Elections. Africa World Press, 2017.

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Sa´nchez-Cuenca, Ignacio, and Jose Maria Maravall. Controlling Governments: Voters, Institutions, and Accountability. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Maravall, Jose Maria, and Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca. Controlling Governments: Voters, Institutions, and Accountability. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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Bergman, Elizabeth, Dari Sylvester Tran, and Philip Yates. Voter Identification. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190934163.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 examines the role of voter identification requirements to register and cast a ballot in the 2016 U.S. election. Evidence is drawn from a county-level data set based on public records of votes cast for the two major party candidates to investigate the effects of lax and strict voter registration requirements in 50 U.S. states plus D.C. on the number of votes won by Clinton and Trump at county level, controlling for the demographic characteristics of counties, such as educational and poverty levels. The study concludes that, even with these controls, the type of voter ID laws did significantly impact the outcome; in the 2016 election, the estimates suggest that voter ID laws increased GOP support by 1.8% and lowered support for Democrats by 0.7%. In close contests, this made a difference, with voter ID significantly influencing the vote in favor of the GOP.
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Maravall, José María, and Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca. Controlling Governments: Voters, Institutions, and Accountability. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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Maravall, José María, and Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca. Controlling Governments: Voters, Institutions, and Accountability. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Maravall, José María, and Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca. Controlling Governments: Voters, Institutions, and Accountability. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Green, Steven K. The Third Disestablishment. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190908140.001.0001.

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The Third Disestablishment: Church, State, and American Culture, 1940–1975 examines the formative period in the development of modern church–state law. It discusses the cultural background for the Supreme Court’s adoption of separation of church and state as the controlling constitutional construct and then the popular response to that adoption. This cultural backdrop included a period of heightened tensions between institutional Protestantism and Catholicism, a conflict that did not dissipate until after the election of John F. Kennedy and the reforms of Vatican II. The book then considers the decline of church–state separation as a legal principle and a cultural value, a process that began in the 1960s with the rise of social welfare legislation under the Great Society.
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Book chapters on the topic "Controlling Election"

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Yokoyama, H., Y. Nambu, and T. Kawakami. "Controlling Spontaneous Emission and Optical Microcavities." In Confined Electrons and Photons, 427–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1963-8_15.

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Whitford, David, David W. Concar, Yuan Gao, Gary J. Pielak, and Robert J. P. Williams. "Factors Controlling the Rates of Electron Transfer in Proteins." In Trace Elements in Man and Animals 6, 29–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0723-5_10.

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Churilov, G. N. "Controlling Role of Electron Concentration in Plasma-Chemical Synthesis." In Hydrogen Materials Science and Chemistry of Carbon Nanomaterials, 45–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2669-2_3.

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Piedade, Rodrigo, and Leonel Sousa. "Configurable Embedded Core for Controlling Electro-Mechanical Systems." In Reconfigurable Computing: Architectures and Applications, 18–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11802839_3.

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Paschke, K. D. "Controlling helicity-correlated beam asymmetries in a polarized electron source." In Proceedings of The 3rd Workshop From Parity Violation to Hadronic Structure and more..., 249–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74413-9_45.

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Fukuzumi, Shunichi. "Roles of Metal Ions in Controlling Bioinspired Electron-Transfer Systems. Metal Ion-Coupled Electron Transfer." In Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, 49–154. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470440124.ch2.

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Schütz, Martin J. A. "Superradiance-like Electron Transport Through a Quantum Dot." In Quantum Dots for Quantum Information Processing: Controlling and Exploiting the Quantum Dot Environment, 27–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48559-1_2.

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Mihr, Anja. "“Glocal” Governance in the OSCE Region: A Research Proposal." In Between Peace and Conflict in the East and the West, 287–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77489-9_16.

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Abstract“Think global, act locally,” is the essence of glocalization and of glocal governance. Glocal governance means that local stakeholders, such as business, civil society, city councils, authorities and activists actively participate in decision-making processes. Different stakeholders, local, international and domestic ones, make decisions on common rules and regulations while operating, controlling, implementing and enforcing them locally—and wherever needed. Many of these decisions are taken in light of and in accordance with global or international standards. Such standards can be universal UN human rights norms that are, for example, enshrined in international human rights treaties and agreements, and WTO trade norms on tax regulation or copyrights and laws. Global norms can be international customary law, such as humanitarian law or the law of the sea, general guidelines, recommendations or rules and standards on security and elections as set by the OSCE.
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Xie, X., S. Roither, D. Kartashov, L. Zhang, E. Persson, S. Gräfe, M. Schöffler, J. Burgdörfer, A. Baltuška, and M. Kitzler. "Controlling and Reading Interference Structures Created by Strong Field Ionizing Attosecond Electron Wave Packets." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 193–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28948-4_32.

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Shtern, Yury I., Ya S. Kozhevnikov, I. S. Karavaev, V. M. Rykov, and M. Yu Shtern. "Electron Thermostating Elements for Controlling Consumption of Heat Transfer Agent in the Heating Systems." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 191–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45677-5_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Controlling Election"

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Rodina, Anita, and Annija Karklina. "Control Over Legality of Parliamentary Elections in a State Governed by the Rule of Law." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.14.

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The article examines the genesis of control over the legality of the Saeima (the parliament of the Republic of Latvia) elections, particularly focusing on the judicial review of the Saeima elections. The particularities of the control over elections, which differentiate them from typical administrative legal proceedings, are highlighted in the publication. The article presents findings of the case law regarding the limits of controlling the legality of elections and the cases when the court could revoke a decision by the Central Election Commission on approving the results of the Saeima elections. In view of the fact that sometimes the regulation set out in the Saeima Election Law has been criticised in the Latvian legal science, namely, that the legality of elections is controlled by the Department of Administrative Cases of the Supreme Court’s Senate rather than the Constitutional Court, the authors examine the models of controlling the legality of elections found in various states and provide their assessment of whether the control functions should be transferred into the jurisdiction of the Latvian Constitutional Court.
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Wu, Junlin, Andrew Estornell, Lecheng Kong, and Yevgeniy Vorobeychik. "Manipulating Elections by Changing Voter Perceptions." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/79.

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The integrity of elections is central to democratic systems. However, a myriad of malicious actors aspire to influence election outcomes for financial or political benefit. A common means to such ends is by manipulating perceptions of the voting public about select candidates, for example, through misinformation. We present a formal model of the impact of perception manipulation on election outcomes in the framework of spatial voting theory, in which the preferences of voters over candidates are generated based on their relative distance in the space of issues. We show that controlling elections in this model is, in general, NP-hard, whether issues are binary or real-valued. However, we demonstrate that critical to intractability is the diversity of opinions on issues exhibited by the voting public. When voter views lack diversity, and we can instead group them into a small number of categories---for example, as a result of political polarization---the election control problem can be solved in polynomial time in the number of issues and candidates for arbitrary scoring rules.
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Main, John A. "Control of Distributed Actuators Without Electrodes." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0178.

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Abstract Presented in this paper is a new method for application of control signals to piezoelectric material patches that eliminates the need for both distributed electrodes and wire leads. The aim of this new method is to provide a design solution for smart structural applications that require a very high spatial resolution over a relatively large area. In such applications smart material patches with distributed electrodes are often an impractical choice because the number of separate electrodes and wire leads is driven extremely high. This paper presents a smart material control concept that eliminates the need for separate electrodes and leads by using an electron gun to deposit control charges directly on the surface of the piezoelectric material. Since piezoelectric materials are dielectrics a surface charge accumulates due to the incident electron beam. Both positive and negative electric displacements can be applied by controlling the energy of the incident electrons. Also, charge can be applied over an area a few microns wide or centimeters wide by controlling the divergence of the electron beam with electron optics. The impact of these characteristics of electron gun control on the design of smart structural systems is discussed. The general concept of the electron beam controlled adaptive plate is presented in this paper along with an engineering analysis that focuses on the materials, system, and control aspects of this new smart structures paradigm.
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Niikura, Hiromichi. "Controlling attosecond electron wave packet in a molecule." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.2014.09.wed.p3.6.

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Nabet, Bahram, Pouya Dianat, Kiana Montazeri, and Zhihuan Wang. "Opto-plasmonic devices: controlling light with electrons." In Micro- and Nanotechnology Sensors, Systems, and Applications X, edited by M. Saif Islam, Achyut K. Dutta, and Thomas George. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2303420.

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Tien, A. C., X. Liu, and G. Mourou. "UV pulse assisted ultrashort laser pulse induced breakdown in fused silica." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1996.fe.38.

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Laser induced breakdown by ultrashort pulses in optically transparent materials has become increasingly interesting. As has been shown[1], avalanche ionization is the dominant mechanism for laser induced breakdown in such materials for pulsewidth down to ~ 100 fs, and multiphoton ionization is responsible for the initial electron generation. The breakdown threshold for the avalanche process is a function of the initial free electron density n0. By controlling the initial seed electron density, one may vary the breakdown threshold value. We have performed a pump-probe experiment on fused silica (SiO2) to test this hypothesis. A UV “pump” pulse, illuminating the same location, generates seed electrons for the later-arrived IR pulse by two-photon absorption. By varying the delay between the two pulses so that the UV pulse arrives before and after the IR pulse, we can observe the difference in the breakdown thresholds.
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OYADIJI, S. O. "CONTROLLING TUBE VIBRATIONS USING ELECTRO-RHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS." In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777546_0020.

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Mišljen, Petar, Miloš Pavić, Nikola Radostavljević, and Katarina Nestorović. "Continuous Controlling of Electro-Pneumatical Servo Actuators." In 32nd International Congress on Process Engineering. Union of Mechanical and Electrotechnical Enigeers and Technicans of Serbia (SMEITS), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/ptk.019.32.1.83.

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Lei, A. L., L. H. Cao, X. Q. Yang, K. A. Tanaka, R. Kodama, X. T. He, K. Mima, et al. "Spatially controlling fast electron transport relevant to fast ignition." In The Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO/PACIFIC RIM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleopr.2009.5292728.

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Brown, K. R. "Controlling and measuring a single donor electron in silicon." In PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS: 27th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors - ICPS-27. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1994655.

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Reports on the topic "Controlling Election"

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Kolarzik, Nina, and Aram Terzyan. The State of Human Rights and Political Freedoms in Belarus: Was the Crisis Inevitable? Eurasia Institutes, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47669/psprp-4-2020.

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The rule of Alexander Lukashenko in Belarus has created one of the most resilient authoritarian regimes in post-communist Europe. Meanwhile, the turmoil triggered by the 2020 presidential election has put in the spotlight the mounting challenges facing Lukashenko’s authoritarian rule. This paper investigates the state of human rights and political freedoms in Belarus, focusing on the main rationale behind the turmoil surrounding the 2020 presidential election. It concludes that the political crisis following the elections is the unsurprising consequence of Lukashenko’s diminishing ability to maintain power or concentrate political control by preserving elite unity, controlling elections, and/or using force against opponents.
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Tao, Nongjian. Controlling Electron Transfer through Single Molecules. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada374725.

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Terzyan, Aram. Belarus in the Wake of a Revolution: Domestic and International Factors. Eurasia Institutes, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47669/eea-3-2020.

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This paper explores the political landscape of Belarus in the aftermath of the 2020 presidential elections, with a focus on both domestic and international factors behind the ongoing crisis. Lukashenko’s regime has a long record of sustaining its power by preserving elite unity, controlling elections, and/or using force against opponents. Therefore, massive fraud characterizing the 2020 presidential elections and brutal suppression of peaceful protests in its aftermath came as no surprise. Against this backdrop, the anti-government protests following the presidential elections raised a series of unanswered questions regarding both their domestic and foreign policy implications. The biggest question is whether the Belarusian civil society and opposition will prove powerful enough to overcome state repression and change the status quo in Europe’s “last dictatorship”. Worries remain about the Belarusian opposition’s emphasis on foreign policy continuity, meaning that Belarus is bound to remain in the orbit of the Russian authoritarian influence. The total fiasco of post-Velvet Revolution Armenian government both in terms of domestic and foreign policies, among others, further reveals the excruciating difficulties of a democratic state-building within the Russia-led socio-political order.
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Greenfield, S. R., D. J. Gosztola, and M. R. Wasielewski. Molecular systems for ultrafast optical switching: Controlling electron transfer reactions with femtosecond laser pulses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10141178.

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Jantzen, C., J. Zamecnik, and C. Herman. ELECTRON EQUIVALENTS MODEL FOR CONTROLLING REDUCTION-OXIDATION (REDOX)) EQUILIBRIUM DURING HIGH LEVEL WASTE (HLW) VITRIFICATION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1159459.

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McGee, Steven, Ronald I. Greenberg, Lucia Dettori, Andrew M. Rasmussen, Randi Mcgee-Tekula, Jennifer Duck, and Erica Wheeler. An Examination of Factors Correlating with Course Failure in a High School Computer Science Course. The Learning Partnership, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51420/report.2018.1.

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Across the United States, enrollment in high school computer science (CS) courses is increasing. These increases, however, are not spread evenly across race and gender. CS remains largely an elective class, and fewer than three-fourths of the states allow it to count towards graduation. The Chicago Public Schools has sought to ensure access for all students by recently enacting computer science as a high school graduation requirement. The primary class that fulfills the graduation requirement is Exploring Computer Science (ECS), a high school introductory course and professional development program designed to foster deep engagement through equitable inquiry around CS concepts. The number of students taking CS in the district increased significantly and these increases are distributed equitably across demographic characteristics. With ECS serving as a core class, it becomes critical to ensure success for all students independent of demographic characteristics, as success in the course directly affects a student’s ability to graduate from high school. In this paper, we examine the factors that correlate with student failure in the course. At the student level, attendance and prior general academic performance correlate with passing the class. After controlling for student characteristics, whether or not teachers participated in the professional development program associated with ECS correlates with student success in passing the course. These results provide evidence for the importance of engaging teachers in professional development, in conjunction with requiring a course specifically designed to provide an equitable computer science experience, in order to broaden participation in computing.
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Banin, Amos, Joseph Stucki, and Joel Kostka. Redox Processes in Soils Irrigated with Reclaimed Sewage Effluents: Field Cycles and Basic Mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695870.bard.

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The overall objectives of the project were: (a) To measure and study in situ the effect of irrigation with reclaimed sewage effluents on redox processes and related chemical dynamics in soil profiles of agricultural fields. (b) To study under controlled conditions the kinetics and equilibrium states of selected processes that affect redox conditions in field soils or that are effected by them. Specifically, these include the effects on heavy metals sorption and desorption, and the effect on pesticide degradation. On the basis of the initial results from the field study, increased effort was devoted to clarifying and quantifying the effects of plants and water regime on the soil's redox potential while the study of heavy metals sorption was limited. The use of reclaimed sewage effluents as agricultural irrigation water is increasing at a significant rate. The relatively high levels of suspended and, especially, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in effluents may affect the redox regime in field soils irrigated with them. In turn, the changes in redox regime may affect, among other parameters, the organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of the root zone and trace organic decomposition processes. Detailed data of the redox potential regime in field plots is lacking, and the detailed mechanisms of its control are obscure and not quantified. The study established the feasibility of long-term, non-disturbing monitoring of redox potential regime in field soils. This may enable to manage soil redox under conditions of continued inputs of wastewater. The importance of controlling the degree of wastewater treatment, particularly of adding ultrafiltration steps and/or tertiary treatment, may be assessed based on these and similar results. Low redox potential was measured in a field site (Site A, KibutzGivat Brenner), that has been irrigated with effluents for 30 years and was used for 15 years for continuous commercial sod production. A permanently reduced horizon (Time weighted averaged pe= 0.33±3.0) was found in this site at the 15 cm depth throughout the measurement period of 10 months. A drastic cultivation intervention, involving prolonged drying and deep plowing operations may be required to reclaim such soils. Site B, characterized by a loamy texture, irrigated with tap water for about 20 years was oxidized (Time weighted average pe=8.1±1.0) throughout the measurement period. Iron in the solid phases of the Givat Brenner soils is chemically-reduced by irrigation. Reduced Fe in these soils causes a change in reactivity toward the pesticide oxamyl, which has been determined to be both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. Reaction of oxamyl with reduced-Fe clay minerals dramatically decreases its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells. Some other pesticides are affected in the same manner, whereas others are affected in the opposite direction (become more cyto- and genotoxic). Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) are abundant in the Givat Brenner soils. FeRB are capable of coupling the oxidation of small molecular weight carbon compounds (fermentation products) to the respiration of iron under anoxic conditions, such as those that occur under flooded soil conditions. FeRB from these soils utilize a variety of Fe forms, including Fe-containing clay minerals, as the sole electron acceptor. Daily cycles of the soil redox potential were discovered and documented in controlled-conditions lysimeter experiments. In the oxic range (pe=12-8) soil redox potential cycling is attributed to the effect of the daily temperature cycle on the equilibrium constant of the oxygenation reaction of H⁺ to form H₂O, and is observed under both effluent and freshwater irrigation. The presence of plants affects considerably the redox potential regime of soils. Redox potential cycling coupled to the irrigation cycles is observed when the soil becomes anoxic and the redox potential is controlled by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This is particularly seen when plants are grown. Re-oxidation of the soil after soil drying at the end of an irrigation cycle is affected to some degree by the water quality. Surprisingly, the results suggest that under certain conditions recovery is less pronounced in the freshwater irrigated soils.
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