Journal articles: 'Controlled Release Topical'

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Tammaro, L., U. Costantino, A. Bolognese, G. Sammartino, G. Marenzi, A. Calignano, S. Tetè, F. Mastrangelo, L. Califano, and V. Vittoria. "Nanohybrids for controlled antibiotic release in topical applications." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 29, no. 4 (April 2007): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.019.

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Utari, Tita Ratya, Muhammad Fariez Kurniawan, and Shylvia Muchsin Andewa. "<strong>The controlled release profile of risedronate emulgel to inhibit relapse movement in orthodontic treatment</strong>." Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 34, no. 1 (April 9, 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol34no1.32628.

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Introduction: Relapse is one of the undesirable effects of orthodontic treatment. Prevention of relapse has been carried out with the use of retainer devices. Several studies also have been carried out to prevent relapse with pharmacological agents such as bisphosphonates. One of the strongest bisphosphonates is risedronate. Systemic use of bisphosphonates can cause bisphosphonate-related necrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). Systemic effects can be minimised by topical preparations locally, where the virgin coconut oil (VCO) emulgel is one of the topical preparations which controls the release of drugs. This study aims to analyse the release profile of risedronate emulgel as a material to inhibit relapse movement. Methods: This research was conducted in an experimental laboratory. Group 1 was emulgel without bisphosphonate risedronate with virgin coconut oil (VCO), Group 2 was VCO emulgel with bisphosphonates risedronate, and Group 3 was a pure bisphosphonate risedronate solution. Each group weighing 100 mg was placed in 10 ml PBS, and the release test was conducted with UV/VIS Spectrophotometer wavelength λ 262 nm at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 96 hours with three replications at each group. Results: Grup 2 yielded a controlled drug release of risedronate until 96 hours, while a pure solution of risedronate resulted in an uncontrolled drug release of risedronate, which was released entirely in 4 hours. Conclusion: Risedronate emulgel with VCO had a controlled drug release compared to pure bisphosphonate solution to potentially be applied topically to inhibit relapse movement.

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Nacht, Sergio. "Use of Topical Controlled-Release Systems in Moisturizers (Abstract)." Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 11, no. 3 (January 1992): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569529209042716.

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Borawake, Payal D., Arumugam Kauslya, Jitendra V. Shinde, and Rajashree S. Chavan. "Microsponge as an Emerging Technique in Novel Drug Delivery System." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i1.4492.

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Numbers of developments are implemented in drug delivery system to achieve the goals of optimized efficacy, cost effectiveness of therapy. One of the latest, novel and highly evolving technologies is microsponge drug delivery system which gives controlled release and site specific delivery of active ingredients. They are highly cross linked, porous and polymeric microspheres with size range of 5-300µm. This system is emerging as valuable option for topical delivery of drugs due to characteristics like decreased side effects, improved stability, better formulation flexibility, superior product performance. It is having number of applications in oral, topical, ocular and biopharmaceuticals delivery. The current review describes microsponge technology and details of the formulation methods, evaluation, programmable release mechanisms and applications. Keywords: Microsponges; Controlled release; Quasi emulsion solvent diffusion; Programmable drug release; Oral administration; Topical drug delivery.

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Alkholifi, Faisal K., Aftab Alam, Ahmed I. Foudah, and Hasan S. Yusufoglu. "Phospholipid-Based Topical Nano-Hydrogel of Mangiferin: Enhanced Topical Delivery and Improved Dermatokinetics." Gels 9, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9030178.

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Mangiferin is a herbal drug that has proven anticancer potential. Owing to its lower aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability, the full pharmacological potential of this bioactive drug has not fully been explored. In the present study, phospholipid-based microemulsion systems were developed to bypass oral delivery. The globule size of the developed nanocarriers was less than 150 nm and the drug entrapment was >75% with a drug loading ~25%. The developed system offered a controlled release pattern following the Fickian drug release. This enhanced mangiferin’s in vitro anticancer activity by four-fold, the cellular uptake was observed to be improved by three-fold on the MCF-7 cells. Ex vivo dermatokinetic studies showed substantial topical bioavailability with a prolonged residence time. The findings provide a simple technique to administer mangiferin via a topical route promising a safer, topically bioavailable and effective treatment option for breast cancer. Such scalable carriers with immense topical delivery potential may provide a better option for present-day topical products of a conventional nature.

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Goudon, Fabien, Yohann Clément, and Lionel Ripoll. "Controlled Release of Retinol in Cationic Co-Polymeric Nanoparticles for Topical Application." Cosmetics 7, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7020029.

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Retinol is a compound used in many skin care formulations to act against skin conditions like acne, wrinkles, psoriasis, and ichthyosis. While retinol is used as an active ingredient, its efficacy is limited by an extreme sensitivity to light and temperature. Retinol can also generate toxicity at high concentrations. Microencapsulation is an alternative method to help overcome these issues. In this study, we develop a new encapsulation of retinol by solvent evaporation using a cationic polymer. We show that our particles have a narrow size distribution (350 nm), can encapsulate retinol with high efficiency, and protect it from oxidation for at least eight weeks. Finally, to demonstrate that the release of retinol from the particles can be controlled, we performed a kinetic study and showed that the particle releases the drug during 18 h.

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Jagdale, Swati C., and Payal V. Kothekar. "Development of Emulgel Delivery of Mupirocin for Treatment of Skin Infection." Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery 15, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207323999200819153404.

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Aim:: To design controlled release topical delivery of mupirocin for the treatment of skin infection. Background:: Mupirocin is an antibacterial drug. Mupirocin works to kill the bacteria, which include strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. It is also used for the treatment of inflammation of a hair follicle. The half-life of mupirocin is only 20-40 min. It has very slight solubility in water. Patent literature had shown work on ointment, antibiotic composition, nasal and topical composition. Emulgel is a duel control release system for the topical delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Objective:: The objective was to formulate emulgel with controlled delivery of mupirocin using Sepineo P 600. Methods:: Soya oil, tween 80 and polyethylene glycol 400 (Oil:Surfactant:Cosurfactant) were used for emulsion formulation. Emulgel was optimized by 32 factorial design. Sepineo P 600 and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K4M were used as independent variables. Drug excipient compatibility analysis was carried out by FTIR, UV and DSC spectra. Emulgel was evaluated for its physical characterization, in vitro release, ex vivo release, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory study. Results:: DSC, UV and FTIR analysis confirmed drug excipient compatibility. FE SEM showed a size range between 228-255 nm. Zeta potential was found to be -25.1 mV, which showed good stability of the emulsion. Design expert software showed F2 as an optimized batch. Release studies indicated that the controlled release of drugs forms Sepineo P 600 gel due to its higher gelling capacity. Batch F2 showed comparable results with marketed formulation against Staphylococcus aureus. For batch F2, 40 μg/ml was the minimal inhibitory concentration. Conclusion:: Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory study proved successful development of stably controlled release mupirocin emulgel.

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Syed Azhar, Sharifah Nurfadhlin Afifah, Siti Efliza Ashari, Syahida Ahmad, and Norazlinaliza Salim. "In vitro kinetic release study, antimicrobial activity and in vivo toxicity profile of a kojic acid ester-based nanoemulsion for topical application." RSC Advances 10, no. 71 (2020): 43894–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra04807k.

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Eftimie Totu, Eugenia, Daniela Mănuc, Tiberiu Totu, Corina Marilena Cristache, Roxana-Mădălina Buga, Fatih Erci, Camelia Cristea, and Ibrahim Isildak. "Considerations on the Controlled Delivery of Bioactive Compounds through Hyaluronic Acid Membrane." Membranes 12, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030303.

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(1) Background: The standard treatment for periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory state caused by the interaction between biofilms generated by organized oral bacteria and the local host defense response, consists of calculus and biofilm removal through mechanical debridement, associated with antimicrobial therapy that could be delivered either systemically or locally. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a hyaluronic acid membrane matrix as a carrier for the controlled release of the active compounds of a formulation proposed as a topical treatment for periodontal disease, and the influence of pH on the complex system’s stability. (2) Methods: The obtained hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel membrane with dispersed melatonin (MEL), metronidazole (MZ), and tetracycline (T) was completely characterized through FTIR, XRD, thermal analysis, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, zeta potential and dielectric analysis. The MTT viability test was applied to check the cytotoxicity of the obtained membranes, while the microbiological assessment was performed against strains of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. The spectrophotometric investigations allowed to follow up the release profile from the HA matrix for MEL, MZ, and T present in the topical treatment considered. We studied the behavior of the active compounds against the pH of the generated environment, and the release profile of the bioactive formulation based on the specific comportment towards pH variation. The controlled delivery of the bioactive compounds using HA as a supportive matrix was modeled applying Korsmeyer–Peppas, Higuchi, first-order kinetic models, and a newly proposed pseudo-first-order kinetic model. (3) Results: It was observed that MZ and T were released at higher active concentrations than MEL when the pH was increased from 6.75, specific for patients with periodontitis, to a pH of 7.10, characterizing the healthy patients. Additionally, it was shown that for MZ, there is a burst delivery up to 2.40 × 10−5 mol/L followed by a release decrease, while for MEL and T a short release plateau was recorded up to a concentration of 1.80 × 10−5 mol/L for MEL and 0.90 × 10−5 mol/L for T, followed by a continuous release; (4) Conclusions: The results are encouraging for the usage of the HA membrane matrix as releasing vehicle for the active components of the proposed topical treatment at a physiological pH.

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Jyoti, Jyoti, and Sandeep Kumar. "INNOVATIVE AND NOVEL STRATEGY: MICROSPONGES FOR TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5 (September 6, 2018): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5.1885.

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Microsponge type of drug delivery is the latest technology which has been introduced in topical skin care, drug products to facilitate the controlled release of the active medicament into the skin in order to reduce systemic exposure and control local cutaneous reactions to active drugs. Microsponge can be loaded into a topical route of drug delivery system for the residue of dosage form of skin and thus controlled release drug delivery system is achieved and in return improving the patient compliance by providing target drug delivery system and prolonging dosage intervals. Microsponge is polymeric delivery systems composed of porous microspheres. They are tiny sponge-like spherical particles and posses large porous surface area. Furthermore, they may enhance stability, reduce side effects, improve patient compliance and modify drug release. Microsponges are the polymer-based microspheres system that has the capacity to entrap a wide variety of substances, and can then be incorporated into a different formulation. Keywords: Microsponge Delivery System, Quasi- emulsion solvent diffusion.

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Maruti, More Swapnil, and Mrunal K. Shirsat. "DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGNING TRANDOLAPRIL TOPICAL FILM FOR MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC STROKE." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, no. 01 (February 10, 2022): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213134.

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Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDs) is novel specified dosage forms, when drug deliver through the skin at controlled rate to the systemic circulation as applied to the intact skin. The present investigation is to prepared transdermal films of trandolapril intended for controlled release polymeric transdermal patch for a care of cardiac patients. The objective of current work is to develop the polymeric transdermal patch for immediate release of drug materials. The transdermal film of trandolapril was prepared by using various combinations of the polymers with solvent evaporation technique. The proposed formulations have a number of variables i.e. plasticizers, penetration enhancers, rate controlling process and adhesion on skin. We may apply biologically active permeation enhancers i.e. Isopropyl myristate, Propylene glycol and Mineral oils etc. The result concluded that polymers chitosan have hydrophilic nature and able to enhance spreadability and dispersibility of the water soluble trandolapril enhanced drug release more than 95.5% within a 6 - 7 h as needed for immediate release. The all evaluation parameters and in-vitro drug release study was used for selection of best polymeric film prepared with chitosan (2%) and PVP (1%) as plasticizer for the preparation of single layered transdermal film as first immediate release layer.

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Castillo-Henríquez, Luis, Pablo Sanabria-Espinoza, Brayan Murillo-Castillo, Gabriela Montes de Oca-Vásquez, Diego Batista-Menezes, Briner Calvo-Guzmán, Nils Ramírez-Arguedas, and José Vega-Baudrit. "Topical Chitosan-Based Thermo-Responsive Scaffold Provides Dexketoprofen Trometamol Controlled Release for 24 h Use." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 2100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122100.

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Chronic and non-healing wounds demand personalized and more effective therapies for treating complications and improving patient compliance. Concerning that, this work aims to develop a suitable chitosan-based thermo-responsive scaffold to provide 24 h controlled release of Dexketoprofen trometamol (DKT). Three formulation prototypes were developed using chitosan (F1), 2:1 chitosan: PVA (F2), and 1:1 chitosan:gelatin (F3). Compatibility tests were done by DSC, TG, and FT-IR. SEM was employed to examine the morphology of the surface and inner layers from the scaffolds. In vitro release studies were performed at 32 °C and 38 °C, and the profiles were later adjusted to different kinetic models for the best formulation. F3 showed the most controlled release of DKT at 32 °C for 24 h (77.75 ± 2.72%) and reduced the burst release in the initial 6 h (40.18 ± 1.00%). The formulation exhibited a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at 34.96 °C, and due to this phase transition, an increased release was observed at 38 °C (88.52 ± 2.07% at 12 h). The release profile for this formulation fits with Hixson–Crowell and Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic models at both temperatures. Therefore, the developed scaffold for DKT delivery performs adequate controlled release, thereby; it can potentially overcome adherence issues and complications in wound healing applications.

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Makhija, Pooja, Himanshu Kathuria, Gautam Sethi, and Bert Grobben. "Polymeric Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Black Tea and Coffee Extracts for Topical Applications." Gels 7, no. 4 (October 21, 2021): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7040174.

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Tea and coffee are popular beverages. Both are also used in topical applications, such as ultraviolet (UV) protection, anti-aging, and wound healing. However, the impact of tea and coffee extract on skin cells is minimally explored. This study investigated the direct exposure of tea and coffee extract on skin cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. It was found that direct exposure of tea and coffee to skin cells can be toxic at a high dose on prolonged exposure (72 h). Therefore, it was hypothesized that a formulation providing a controlled release of tea and coffee could improve their skin compatibility. Thermally cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels loaded with tea and coffee extracts (with and without milk) were formulated and optimized. The release profiles of these hydrogels were studied at varying loading efficiency. Milk addition with tea extract retarded the tea extract release from hydrogel while minimally affecting the coffee release. This effect was due to the molecular interaction of tea with milk components, showing changes in size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index. The release study best fitted the Korsmeyer–Peppas release model. Skin cells exposed to tea or coffee-loaded hydrogel showed normal skin cell morphology under fluorescence microscopic analysis. In conclusion, the hydrogels controlled the tea and coffee release and showed biocompatibility with skin cells. It can potentially be used for skin applications.

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Dawud, Hala, and Aiman Abu Abu Ammar. "Rapidly Dissolving Microneedles for the Delivery of Steroid-Loaded Nanoparticles Intended for the Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (February 4, 2023): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020526.

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Drug delivery through the skin has immense advantages compared to other routes of administration and offers an optimal way to treat inflammatory skin diseases, where corticosteroids are the cornerstone of topical therapy. Still, their therapeutic efficiency is limited due to inadequate skin permeability, potential side effects, and reduced patient compliance. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a drug delivery system consisting of dexamethasone (DEX)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated in sodium alginate (SA) microneedles (MNs) as a minimally invasive dosage form for controlled drug release. Drug-loaded PLGA NPs were prepared by a nanoprecipitation method with a high encapsulation yield. They exhibited a controlled release pattern over 120 h. A modified vacuum-deposition micromolding method was used to load the obtained DEX-NPs into the tips of dissolving MNs. The NP-MNs showed improved insertion capabilities into the skin-simulant parafilm model and enhanced mechanical strength when tested against different static forces compared to their counterparts (SA-MNs). The results of an MN dissolution study following application to ex vivo chicken skin and agarose gel indicate that the NP-loaded segments of MNs dissolve within 15 s, in which the NPs are released into the skin. Taken together, the incorporation of DEX-NPs into SA-MNs could be a promising approach to bypass the limitations of conventional topical treatment of skin diseases, allowing for self-administration, increased patient compliance, and controlled drug release.

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Al-Hamadani, Mustafa H., and Sarmad Al-Edresi. "Formulation and Characterization of Hydrogel of Proniosomes Loaded Diclofenac Sodium." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 01 (June 25, 2022): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.12.1.24.

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Diclofenac Sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. Diclofenac sodium topically (gel 1%) has mild site reactions, with a relatively short duration of action and low permeability need for multiple uses. This study aimed to produce hydrogel of proniosomes to enhancing solubility and permeation of diclofenac topical used. Proniosome was prepared by using the coacervation phase separation method using Span 60 and Tween 80, lecithin and cholesterol. The hydrogel base was prepared from carbopol 940, then Proniosome was mixed in ratio one to one (1:1). Viscosity, release, permeation and stability were assayed. Results revealed a successfully prepared hydrogel loaded with proniosomes, which was consequently loaded with its payload. The release study carried out in vitro revealed a control-released behaviour over 28 hours which was 6 fold higher than the ordinary preparation i.e. lack of proniosomes. To sum up, the hydrogel of Proniosome preparation loading with Diclofenac Sodium was approved to overcome controlled release and skin permeation problems.

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Ash, Dipanjana, Sutapa Biswas Majee, and Dhruti Avlani. "Characterisation of Novel Topical Olive Oil Oleohydrogel Hybrid for Controlled Drug Release." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 64, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47583/ijpsrr.2020.v64i01.024.

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Shields, C. Wyatt, John P. White, Erica G. Osta, Jerishma Patel, Shashank Rajkumar, Nickolas Kirby, Jean-Philippe Therrien, and Stefan Zauscher. "Encapsulation and controlled release of retinol from silicone particles for topical delivery." Journal of Controlled Release 278 (May 2018): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.023.

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Akash, Shahrukh Zaman, Farjana Yesmin Lucky, Murad Hossain, Asim Kumar Bepari, G. M. Sayedur Rahman, Hasan Mahmud Reza, and Shazid Md Sharker. "Remote Temperature-Responsive Parafilm Dermal Patch for On-Demand Topical Drug Delivery." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080975.

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The development of externally controlled drug delivery systems that can rapidly trigger drug release is widely expected to change the landscape of future drug carriers. In this study, a drug delivery system was developed for on-demand therapeutic effects. The thermoresponsive paraffin film can be loaded on the basis of therapeutic need, including local anesthetic (lidocaine) or topical antibiotic (neomycin), controlled remotely by a portable mini-heater. The application of mild temperature (45 °C) to the drug-loaded paraffin film allowed a rapid stimulus response within a short time (5 min). This system exploits regular drug release and the rapid generation of mild heat to trigger a burst release of 80% within 6 h of any locally administered drug. The in vitro drug release studies and in vivo therapeutic activity were observed for local anesthesia and wound healing using a neomycin-loaded film. The studies demonstrated on-demand drug release with minimized inflammation and microbial infection. This temperature-responsive drug-loaded film can be triggered remotely to provide flexible control of dose magnitude and timing. Our preclinical studies on these remotely adjustable drug delivery systems can significantly improve patient compliance and medical practice.

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Mahajan, Suvarnalata S., Rajesh Y. Chaudhari, and Vijay R. Patil. "Formulation and Evaluation of Proniosomal Topical Antifungal Gel of Miconazole Nitrate." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 13, no. 02 (March 3, 2020): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25004/ijpsdr.2021.130203.

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Proniosomal gel formulations of miconazole nitrate (MCZ) were prepared by using combinations of different grades of (non-ionic surfactant) span, cholesterol, and lecithin by coacervation phase separation method. Developed 10 proniosomal gel formulations were characterized for particle size, shape, % entrapment efficiency, drug content, in vitro drug permeation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DSC, stability study. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies confirmed the compatibility of the drug with excipients. The results showed that all the formulations were pale yellow to pale brown in color, pH was is in the range of 5.60 to 7.20, and encapsulation efficiency was found is in the range of 83 to 91.25% and particle size in between 5.81 ± 0.2 to 07.52 ± 0.07. Among the ten formulations MF2, MF3, MF5, MF6, and MF8 showed maximum drug release in a controlled manner at 12 hours of study and developed into carbopol proniosomal topical gel and evaluated for ex-vivo drug permeation. Formulationoptimized formulation C5MF8 showed higher drug permeation 74.19 ± 0.16% at 12 hr. with a flux valueof 6.829 ± 0.12 μg/cm2 /hr. The permeability coefficient of 0.341 ±0.08 cm2 /hrs., higher correlation coefficient R2 0.9944 for zero-order drug release kinetic model, and follows zero-order release kinetics. Among the 5 formulations, optimized carbopol proniosomal topical gel formulation C5MF8 drug release and in-vitro antifungal activity was compared with marketed formulation cream.C5MF8 showed sustain drug release and zone of inhibition value was very near to marketed preparation. Hence it was concluded that developed carbopol proniosomal topical gel had the potential to act as a controlled release drug carrier,which sustains the drug release for many hours and exhibit good antifungal activity

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Laohaprasitiporn, Panai, Yuwarat Monteerarat, Roongsak Limthongthang, Torpon Vathana, and Vajara Wilairatana. "Topical anaesthesia as an adjuvant to local anaesthetic injection in open trigger digit release: a randomized controlled trial." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 45, no. 10 (July 21, 2020): 1066–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193420939494.

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We conducted a randomized controlled trial to compare pain scores and patient satisfaction between topical anaesthetic cream (5% lidocaine-prilocaine cream) versus placebo cream, applied approximately 90 minutes before local anaesthetic injection for open trigger digit release. One hundred participants were enrolled and randomly allocated into the two groups between May 2019 and February 2020. The visual analogue pain scores and satisfaction scores were measured. Most participants were female with Quinnell Grade 2–3 trigger digits. The pain scores during needle injection, local anaesthetic infiltration, the overall pain and satisfaction scores had no statistically significant differences between groups. There was no correlation between duration of topical anaesthetic drug application and pain scores. Subgroup analysis did not show significant differences in pain scores between genders. No complications were found during the study period. The topical anaesthetic drug was ineffective to use on the palmar skin during open trigger digit release surgery. Level of evidence: II

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Parisi, Ortensia, Mariarosa Ruffo, Luca Scrivano, Rocco Malivindi, Antonio Vassallo, and Francesco Puoci. "Smart Bandage Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) for Diclofenac Controlled Release." Pharmaceuticals 11, no. 4 (September 22, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph11040092.

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The aim of the present study was the development of a “smart bandage” for the topical administration of diclofenac, in the treatment of localized painful and inflammatory conditions, incorporating Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) for the controlled release of this anti-inflammatory drug. For this purpose, MIP spherical particles were synthesized by precipitation polymerization, loaded with the therapeutic agent and incorporated into the bandage surface. Batch adsorption binding studies were performed to investigate the adsorption isotherms and kinetics and the selective recognition abilities of the synthesized MIP. In vitro diffusion studies were also carried out using Franz cells and the obtained results were reported as percentage of the diffused dose, cumulative amount of diffused drug, steady-state drug flux and permeability coefficient. Moreover, the biocompatibility of the developed device was evaluated using the EPISKIN™ model. The Scatchard analysis indicated that the prepared MIP is characterized by the presence of specific binding sites for diclofenac, which are not present in the corresponding non-imprinted polymer, and the obtained results confirmed both the ability of the prepared bandage to prolong the drug release and the absence of skin irritation reactions. Therefore, these results support the potential application of the developed “smart bandage” as topical device for diclofenac sustained release.

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Gibson, Jonathan M., and Samantha McGinnigle. "Recent Advances in Topical Therapeutics for Vitreoretinal Diseases." US Ophthalmic Review 8, no. 1 (2015): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/usor.2015.8.1.60.

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Eye drops are convenient for patients, but achieving therapeutic doses and maintaining sustained drug release without frequent re-application to treat diseases of the retina has been largely unsuccessful. Topical administration of drugs is hindered by the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the eye and its highly effective defence mechanisms. Advances in nanotechnology have led to the experimental use of topical permeation-enhancing liposomes, emulsions, and microspheres to enhance absorption and penetration of drugs across membranes; allow controlled release of the drug; and to target drugs at distinct tissues to allow sufficient local bioavailability. In the near future it is hoped that improved technologies may provide means of sustained topical drug delivery for retinal therapy, with improved side-effect profiles and reduced cost compared with currently available clinical treatments.

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Pardeshi, Harshal A., Makarand S. Gambhire, Kishore N. Gujar, and Aniket A. Vaidhya. "Development and Evaluation of Ketoconazole Loaded Nano-sponges for Topical Drug Delivery." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 11, no. 4 (July 31, 2018): 4154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2018.11.4.2.

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Beta-cyclodextrin nanosponges (NS) based hydrogel had been studied as a topical delivery of ketoconazole (KTZ) for effective eradication of cutaneous fungal infection. The purpose of the present study was to develop KTZ loaded NS for topical drug delivery with skin targeting to minimizing the adverse side effects and providing a controlled release. The four types of NS were synthesized by varying the molar ratios of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to diphenylcarbonate (DPC) as a cross linker viz. 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, and 1:8. The KTZ loaded NS shows particle size 274.6-367 nm and high loading efficacy was obtained, FTIR, DSC, XRD studies confirmed the complexation of KTZ with NS. Hydrogel were evaluated comparatively with commercial product with respect to physicochemical properties, ex-vivo skin permeation and skin retention on human cadaver skin and antifungal activity. Ex-vivo study of KTZ-NS hydrogel exhibited controlled drug release up to 8 hrs whereas skin retention studies show avoidance of the systemic uptake and better accumulative uptake of the drug compared to marketed formulation. The zone of inhibition of KTZ-NS hydrogel was higher in comparison with commercial formulation against Candida albicans. These results indicate that the KTZ-NS is having controlled drug release, potential of skin targeting with enhanced antifungal activity.

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Andrýsková, Natália, Paul Sourivong, Melánia Babincová, and Mária Šimaljaková. "Controlled Release of Tazarotene from Magnetically Responsive Nanofiber Patch: Towards More Efficient Topical Therapy of Psoriasis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 21, 2021): 11022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112211022.

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Electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers with embedded magnetic nanoparticles were developed for use in the topical delivery of antipsoriatic drugs. To test a hydrophobic drug, a tazarotene has been used, which is an efficient retinoid derivative. Such a smart hyperthermia nanofiber system with self-generated heat from the incorporated magnetic nanoparticles induced drug release in response to on–off switching of alternating magnetic fields for the delivery of tazarotene through the skin, as quantified using Franz cells. This highly efficient external field-controllable system with minimal skin irritation could create a new avenue for the topical therapy of psoriasis.

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Andriolo, Jessica M., Nathan J. Sutton, John P. Murphy, Lane G. Huston, Emily A. Kooistra-Manning, Robert F. West, Marisa L. Pedulla, M. Katie Hailer, and Jack L. Skinner. "Electrospun Fibers for Controlled Release of Nanoparticle-Assisted Phage Therapy Treatment of Topical Wounds." MRS Advances 3, no. 50 (2018): 3019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.483.

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ABSTRACTBacterial cultures exposed to iron-doped apatite nanoparticles (IDANPs) prior to the introduction of antagonistic viruses experience up to 2.3 times the bacterial destruction observed in control cultures. Maximum antibacterial activity of these bacteria-specific viruses, or phage, occurs after bacterial cultures have been exposed to IDANPs for 1 hr prior to phage introduction, demonstrating that IDANP-assisted phage therapy would not be straight forward, but would instead require controlled time release of IDANPs and phage. These findings motivated the design of an electrospun nanofiber mesh treatment delivery system that allows burst release of IDANPs, followed by slow, consistent release of phage for treatment of topical bacterial infections. IDANPs resemble hydroxyapatite, a biocompatible mineral analogous to the inorganic constituent of mammalian bone, which has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for many biomedical purposes. The composite nanofiber mesh was designed for IDANP-assisted phage therapy treatment of topical wounds and consists of a superficial, rapid release layer of polyethylene oxide (PEO) fibers doped with IDANPs, followed by inner, coaxial polycaprolactone / polyethylene glycol (PCL/PEG) blended polymer fiber layer for slower phage delivery. Our investigations have established that IDANP-doped PEO fibers are effective vehicles for dissemination of IDANPs for bacterial exposure and resultant increased bacterial death by phage. In this work, slower delivery of the phage behind IDANPs was accomplished using coaxial, electrospun fibers composed of PCL/PEG polymer blend.

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Gunasheela S, V. Chandrakala, and S. Srinivasan. "Microsponge: An adaptable topical drug delivery system." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 15, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 396–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.15.1.0694.

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Microsponge a drug delivery system, possesses the versatility to load a wide range of active ingredients due large surface area. it facilitates controlled release of active ingredients and reduces systemic exposure and adverse effect. microsponges are polymeric sponges that consist of interconnecting voids with a flexible structure with a porous surface. Microsponge delivery techniques provides extended product stability, enhanced safety, enhanced formulation flexibility, product efficacy and aesthetic appeal with reduced adverse effects. It is regarded as safe, due to less bacterial contamination as it doesn’t require preservatives in the formulation. Therefore it is used in various sterile formulations like ophthalmic, parenteral etc. This review provides an overview of microsponge technology with its methodology, mechanism, programmable release, characterization and recent data on marketed formulations, their applications, and the list of patents, evaluation and application of microsponges in various aspects. Microsponge are frequently used for topical application but recently used for oral also.

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Lao, Guojuan, Li Yan, Chuan Yang, Liming Zhang, Shaoling Zhang, and Yujun Zhou. "Controlled Release of Epidermal Growth Factor from Hydrogels Accelerates Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 102, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/1020089.

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Background: We sought to develop new recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF)–containing hydrogels and to investigate their biological activity and therapeutic effects on wound healing in diabetic rats. Methods: Levels of rhEGF released from hydrogels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cellular proliferating activity of released rhEGF was evaluated by MTT assay. Fifty-six wounded diabetic rats were randomly divided into four groups with different topical treatment daily. The therapeutic effects were evaluated by wound area measurement, histologic analysis, immunohistochemical assessment of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2, and Western blotting of EGF receptor. Results: The rhEGF released from the hydrogel matrix kept its bioactivity on stimulating proliferation of the BALB/c3T3 cell line. Wound closure rates on postoperative day 14 were 75.8% in the negative control group, 82.83% in the group treated with hydrogel matrix, 85.87% in the group treated with rhEGF-containing hydrogel, and 81.18% in the group treated with rhEGF solution. Compared with hydrogel matrix, rhEGF-containing hydrogel had an additional effect on induction of EGF receptor expression (P < .05). Compared with negative controls, protein expression of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 was higher in the rhEGF-containing groups (P < .05). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen was induced at its highest level on day 7 in the rhEGF-containing hydrogel–treated group (P < .05). Conclusions: These data from in vitro release and diabetic animal models highlight the efficacy of hydrogels as a controlled releasing system for topical application of EGFs. The rhEGF-containing hydrogel we developed holds the merits of prolonged and sustained releasing of bioactive rhEGF and therapeutic potential in enhancing diabetic wound healing. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(2): 89–98, 2012)

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Vu Khue, Nguyen, L. Jung, G. Coupin, and P. Poindron. "Antiinflammatory polymer-bound steroids for topical applications II. Controlled release of the steroids." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 24, no. 2 (February 1986): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1986.080240213.

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Dubey, Pooja, and Pravin Shende. "CDI Cross-linked Nanosponges of Citronella Oil for Controlled Mosquito-repellent Activity." Current Nanomaterials 5, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405461505999200826111952.

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Objectives: Citronella oil is considered one of the effective mosquito- repellent oil and in cooperation of oil into nanosponges will help to prevent its evaporation and enhance its effect. Objective: The objective of the current research was to formulate and characterize CDI cross-linked nanosponges of citronella oil for controlled mosquito-repellent activity. Method: β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges were prepared by polymer condensation method and encapsulated with citronella oil by the sonication method. A topical cream containing citronella oil-based nanosponges was formulated by the phase inversion temperature method. Particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, stability, in vitro release, FTIR and DSC studies were used as characterization parameters. Results: The particle size of citronella oil encapsulated β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges was 23.05±3.88 nm. The zeta potential of nanosponges was sufficiently high to prevent aggregation. In vitro studies revealed the controlled release of citronella oil from the nanosponges for 24 h. FTIR and DSC confirmed the interaction of the citronella oil with the nanosponges. Conclusion: Citronella oil encapsulated nanosponges in the topical formulation is an alternative to synthetic marketed creams for controlled mosquito-repellent activity.

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Kumbhar, M. S., and M. C. Singh. "Development and Evaluation of Dapsone Loaded Topical Liposomes." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (May 31, 2014): 2441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2014.7.2.6.

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Topical liposomal drug delivery is becoming promising system with several advantages like skin deposition, controlled release, targeted action and reduced drug quantity etc. Topical treatments are used for various diseases and disorders. Acne vulgaris is a worldwide skin disease. For acne treatments oral, injectable routes are used but topical route is the better route for site delivery. Dapsone, as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drug has been recommended in topical acne treatment. Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) of dapsone were prepared using conventional thin film hydration method. Optimization techniques were used to determine, formulation with high drug entrapment efficiency and optimum vesicle size. Soya lecithin and cholesterol were used as independent variables. The prepared liposomes were characterized for size, shape, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, in-vitro drug release (by Franz diffusion cell) and skin deposition. Maximum entrapment was found to be 33.44%. In skin permeation study, liposomal gels resulted in significantly slower drug release than equivalent plain gels. Liposomal gels were found to have 2-3 fold increase in the skin deposition than plain gel, indicating liposome forms depots in skin layers and thus providing a better option to deal with skin-cited acne vulgaris. Amongst different storage conditions (kept for 2 months), the liposomes stored at 2 to 8 °C were found to be most stable, as compare to room temperature and 45 °C.

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Yadav, Vishal, Prakash Jadhav, Shailaja Dombe, Anjali Bodhe, and Pranali Salunkhe. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MICROSPONGE GEL FOR TOPICAL DELIVERY OF ANTIFUNGAL DRUG." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 9, no. 4 (July 13, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2017v9i4.17760.

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Objective: The purpose of present study aims to design novel drug delivery system containing oxiconazole nitrate microsponges and to prepare microsponge gel. Oxiconazole nitrate is an antifungal drug used in the treatment of fungal infection having a poor aqueous solubility, side effects and adverse reactions. The microsponge delivery system is unique technology for controlled release of active agents. Methods: The microsponges were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method by using polymer eudragit S-100 and eudragit L-100. All the formulated microsponges were subjected for various evaluation parameters such as production yield, encapsulation efficiency, particle size analysis and in vitro drug release study. The optimised microsponge formulation F3 and F9 were further formulated as gel formulation for topical delivery. Prepared gel was evaluated for physical parameters like pH, spreadability, viscosity, drug content and in vitro diffusion study and compared with the marketed formulation.Results: The Fourier transform infrared radiation measurement (FTIR) and Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) of drug and excipient confirm compatibility. Results revealed that quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method is a suitable technique for the preparation of microsponges as most of the formulations were discrete and spherical in shape with a good production yield of 61.44% to 80.45% and The highest drug release for F3 and F9 formulation was found to be 87.77 % and 83.24 % respectively for the 8 h. The microsponge gel formulation MGI (F3) showed the controlled release of oxiconazole nitrate for 12 h. The drug release data of optimised batch MGI (F3) were fitted into different kinetic models and showed that the drug release from gel formulation follows zero order release.Conclusion: As compared to conventional formulation, the prepared microsponge gel are expected to remain on the skin for a longer time, gradually releasing their contents over the time. Hence, oxiconazole nitrate microsponges and microsponge gel prepared in this study are promising as being more useful than conventional formulation therapy.

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Mosangi, Damodar, Sreejarani Kesavan Pillai, Lumbidzani Moyo, and Suprakas Sinha Ray. "Inorganic layered double hydroxides as a 4-hexyl resorcinol delivery system for topical applications." RSC Advances 6, no. 81 (2016): 77709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19195a.

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In this study, the hydrophobic even skin tone active, 4-hexylresorcinol is intercalated into a Zn–Al layered double hydroxide by co-precipitation method and used as controlled release ingredient in a skin care formulation.

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OKADA, Hiroshi, Shigenobu KIMURA, Isao ISHIKAWA, Satsuki HAGIWARA, Hiroshi HASEGAWA, Makoto KOBAYASHI, Akira YAMAOKA, Masatoshi UEDA, Masao AONO, and Katsumasa MAEDA. "Topical application of the controlled release strips containing ofloxacin(PT-01) in periodontal therapy." Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi (Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology) 30, no. 4 (1988): 1141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2329/perio.30.1141.

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Bellotti, Elena, Morgan V. Fedorchak, Sachin Velankar, and Steven R. Little. "Tuning of thermoresponsive pNIPAAm hydrogels for the topical retention of controlled release ocular therapeutics." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 7, no. 8 (2019): 1276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tb02976h.

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Chantarodsakun, Thanaporn, Thammasit Vongsetskul, Kulachart Jangpatarapongsa, Patoomratana Tuchinda, Sukanda Uamsiri, Chuthamas Bamrungcharoen, Supeecha Kumkate, Pakorn Opaprakasit, and Pramuan Tangboriboonrat. "[6]-Gingerol-loaded cellulose acetate electrospun fibers as a topical carrier for controlled release." Polymer Bulletin 71, no. 12 (September 5, 2014): 3163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-014-1243-x.

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K Chandur, Viresh, Thrishna TK, and Ramkrishna Shabaraya A. "Comparative Characterization of Gel Loaded Ketoprofen Nanosponges for Topical Delivery." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20230108.

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Nanosponges are tiny mesh-like nano porous particular structure in which a large variety of substances can be encapsulated or suspended, and then be incorporated into a dosage form. The aim of the present study was to develop and characterize an optimal stable nanosponges of Ketoprofen by emulsion solvent diffusion method using Ethyl Cellulose as polymer and Polyvinyl Alcohol as surfactant with different concentration and aimed to increase its bioavailability and release the drug in a controlled manner. Formulated nanosponges were evaluated for percentage yield, drug entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, particle size analysis and zeta potential. The FTIR spectra showed stable character of Ketoprofen in mixture of polymers and revealed the absence of drug polymer interactions. Selected F5 formulation showed, Percentage Yield (88 ± 0.16), %EE (86 ± 1.23%), Particle Size (320.7nm) and Zeta Potential of (-24.3mV) respectively and from SEM analysis its concluded that nanosponges are spherical, discrete with smooth surface. Best formulation F5 was loaded into the 1% carbopol 934 P gel which was evaluated for viscosity, spreadability, pH, drug content, in-vitro drug diffusion study, release kinetics, comparative study and stability studies. The release kinetics of the optimized formulation shows zero-order drug release. The stability study indicates no significant change in the in vitro diffusion profile of optimized formulation. Finally we concluded that prepared Ketoprofen nanosponge topical gel showed promising drug release and stability. Key words: Ketoprofen nanosponge, Topical gel, Zeta Potential, Zero order, Carbopol 934 P.

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I. Khalil, Yehia, Abeer H. Khasraghi, and Entidhar J. Mohammed. "Preparation and Evaluation of Physical and, Rheological Properties of Clotrimazole Emulgel." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512) 20, no. 2 (March 29, 2017): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol20iss2pp19-27.

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Recently, emulgel has emerged as one of the most interesting topical preparations in the field of pharmaceutics. In this research clotrimazole was formulated as topically applied emulgel ; different formulas were prepared. The prepared emulgels were evaluated for their physical appearance , rheological behaviour , and in vitro drug release . The influence of the type of gelling agent (carbopol 934 and methyl cellulose), the concentration of both the emulsifying agent (2% and 4% w/w of mixture of span 20 and tween 20) and the oil phase (5% and 7.5% w/w of liquid paraffin) and the type of oil phase (liquid paraffin and cetyl alcohol), on the drug release from the prepared emulgels was investigated. Commercially available topical canestinÂ® cream was used for comparison. All the prepared emulgels showed acceptable physical properties concerning colour, homogeneity, consistency, and pH value. Rheological studies revealed that all emulgels formulations exhibited a shear â€“ thinning behaviour with thixotropy, indicating structural break down of intermolecular interaction between polymeric chains. Clotrimazole emulgels exhibited higher drug release than canestinÂ® cream. The results of in vitro release showed that methyl cellulose â€“ based emulgel gave better release than carbopol 934 â€“ based one. Also it was found that the emulsifying agent concentration had the most pronounced effect on the drug release from the emulgels, followed by the oil phase concentration, which has a retardation effect, and finally the type of the gelling agent. It was suggested that the clotrimazole emulgel formulation prepared with methyl cellulose, with low concentration of oil phase (5%w/w liquid paraffin) and high concentration of emulsifying agent (4%w/w), showed an optimum formula for highest drug release (74.4% after three hours), which followed higuchi diffusion model with a diffusion-controlled mechanism. Key words: Emulgel , carbopol , methyl cellulose , clotrimazole

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Obluchinskaya, Ekaterina D., Olga N. Pozharitskaya, Elena V. Flisyuk, and Alexander N. Shikov. "Formulation, Optimization and In Vivo Evaluation of Fucoidan-Based Cream with Anti-Inflammatory Properties." Marine Drugs 19, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19110643.

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Fucoidan is a polysaccharide found in brown alga with glorious potential for pharmacological activities, among which its anti-inflammatory properties have gained meaningful attention. Due to several advantages of formulations for topical application, this study aimed to develop and optimize a fucoidan-based cream formulation and to investigate its anti-inflammatory potential after topical application in vivo. Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus L. was used. The cream base consisting of olive oil and Kolliphor RH40 was optimized followed by in vitro agar diffusion and drug release studies. The fucoidan-based cream with 13% Kolliphor P 407, 1% Transcutol P, and 5% PEG400 showed good spreadability, washability, and colloidal stability, and it did not irritate the skin. The kinetics of fucoidan release from the optimized cream exhibited the best fit to the Korsmeyer–Peppas and Higuchi models with R2 > 0.99. Fucoidan release was controlled by drug diffusion and anomalous transport provided by the optimized cream base. The formulation was stable and provided high fucoidan release after storage for 1 year. Topical application of the fucoidan-based cream dose-dependently inhibited carrageenan-induced edema and ameliorated mechanical allodynia in rats. The efficacy of the fucoidan-based cream at a high dose was comparable with the efficacy of diclofenac gel. The fucoidan-based cream could be considered a promising anti-inflammatory formulation.

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Gulati, Nikhil, and Vanya Dwivedi. "REVIEW ON OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM AND ITS DEVICES." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 2, no. 3 (February 13, 2018): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v2i3.145.

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Ocular drug delivery system for the treatment of eye diseases has become popular and feasible in the past few years. Improving ocular contact time, enhancing corneal permeability and site specificity are the key points for the optimization of ocular drug delivery. Use of polymers such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer can increase the solution viscosity and decrease the drainage of solution, thereby increasing the contact time and its bioavailabilty. There are various types of ocular drug release system such as ocusert, contact lenses, diffusional inserts which falls under the category of non-erodible ocular controlled release system, lacrisert, soluble ocular delivery implant(SODI), minidisc which falls under the category of erodible ocular controlled release system; nanoparticles; liposomes. Episcleral, intrascleral and suprachoroidal routes have the advantage of bypassing the main barriers to topical drug penetration. This type of delivery system provides a controlled release of drug for a long period of time. This type of delivery system has good patient compliance. Acuvue, lacrisert; biomedics are the most common marketed products of ocular drug delivery system.

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Pawar, Atmaram P., Aditya P. Gholap, Ashwin B. Kuchekar, C. Bothiraja, and Ashwin J. Mali. "Formulation and Evaluation of Optimized Oxybenzone Microsponge Gel for Topical Delivery." Journal of Drug Delivery 2015 (February 18, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/261068.

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Background. Oxybenzone, a broad spectrum sunscreen agent widely used in the form of lotion and cream, has been reported to cause skin irritation, dermatitis, and systemic absorption. Aim. The objective of the present study was to formulate oxybenzone loaded microsponge gel for enhanced sun protection factor with reduced toxicity. Material and Method. Microsponge for topical delivery of oxybenzone was successfully prepared by quasiemulsion solvent diffusion method. The effects of ethyl cellulose and dichloromethane were optimized by the 32 factorial design. The optimized microsponges were dispersed into the hydrogel and further evaluated. Results. The microsponges were spherical with pore size in the range of 0.10–0.22 µm. The optimized formulation possesses the particle size and entrapment efficiency of 72 ± 0.77 µm and 96.9 ± 0.52%, respectively. The microsponge gel showed the controlled release and was nonirritant to the rat skin. In creep recovery test it had shown highest recovery indicating elasticity. The controlled release of oxybenzone from microsponge and barrier effect of gel result in prolonged retention of oxybenzone with reduced permeation activity. Conclusion. Evaluation study revealed remarkable and enhanced topical retention of oxybenzone for prolonged period of time. It also showed the enhanced sun protection factor compared to the marketed preparation with reduced irritation and toxicity.

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Piombino, Claudio, Heiko Lange, Federica Sabuzi, Pierluca Galloni, Valeria Conte, and Claudia Crestini. "Lignosulfonate Microcapsules for Delivery and Controlled Release of Thymol and Derivatives." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 16, 2020): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040866.

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Thymol and the corresponding brominated derivatives constitute important biological active molecules as antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, and antiparasitic agents. However, their application is often limited, because their pronounced fragrance, their poor solubility in water, and their high volatility. The encapsulation of different thymol derivatives into biocompatible lignin-microcapsules is presented as a synergy-delivering remedy. The adoption of lignosulfonate as an encapsulating material possessing relevant antioxidant activity, as well as general biocompatibility allows for the development of new materials that are suitable for the application in various fields, especially cosmesis. To this purpose, lignin microcapsules containing thymol, 4-bromothymol, 2,4-dibromothymol, and the corresponding O-methylated derivatives have been efficiently prepared through a sustainable ultrasonication procedure. Actives could be efficiently encapsulated with efficiencies of up to 50%. To evaluate the applicability of such systems for topical purposes, controlled release experiments have been performed in acetate buffer at pH 5.4, to simulate skin pH: all of the capsules show a slow release of actives, which is strongly determined by their inherent lipophilicity.

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Karole, Sarita, Akash Sagar, Anup K. Chakraborty, and Kavita R. Loksh. "Formulation, development and characterization of topical organogel of mometasone furoate for the treatment of skin disease." Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2022.009.

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Topical glucocorticoid formulations are widely used for effective treatment and control of a variety of dermatoses. Mometasone furoate is a medium potency, synthetic, non-fluorinated topical corticosteroid, indicated for the relief of inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid responsive dermatoses including psoriasis. The percutaneous absorption increases risk associated with systemic absorption of topically applied formulation. Controlled release of the drug to the skin could reduce the side effects while reducing percutaneous absorption. Organogels are semi-solid materials, in which an organic phase is immobilized by a three-dimensional network composed of self-organized system, forming the aqueous phase. The present study deals with the preparation and evaluation of a pluronic lecithin organogel gel containing mometasone furoate for transdermal delivery. Blank pluronic lecithin organogel were prepared using ricinoleic acid as the oil phase. Formulation, Development and Characterization of Topical Organogel of Mometasone Furoate was carried out and evaluated for the treatment of Skin Disease. The absorption maxima of mometasone furoate were determined by running the spectrum of drug solution in double beam ultraviolet spectrophotometer (Labindia UV 3000+) using concentration range of 5-25μg/ml mometasone furoate in 7.4 phosphate buffers. The IR spectrum of sample drug and drug with excipients shows the peak values which are characteristics of the drug. The formulated gel formulation was evaluated with parameter appearance, consistency, drug content pH, viscosity, spreadability, in-vitro release test, washability, extrudability study and stability studies. FT-IR studies revealed no interaction between the drug and excipients. Selected organogels (F3) showed a drug content of 99.45±0.14% and drug release of 99.12 % in10 hrs. The results suggest that the developed organogels formulation containing mometasone furoate can be of actual value for improving the clinical effectiveness in the treatment of psoriasis.

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Khan, Azhar Danish, Neeru Sharma, Vipul Upadhyay, Brij Pal Singh, and Sanjiv Tripathi. "Formulation & Evaluation of a Microsphere Loaded Topical Gel for Acne vulgaris containing Benzoyl Peroxide." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (IJPER) 1, no. 02 (January 8, 2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37021/ijper.v1i2.4.

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Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is a first-line topical treatment in acne vulgaris. It is commonly used in topical formulations for the treatment of acne and athletes foot. Skin irritation is a common side effect, and it has been shown that controlled release of BPO from a delivery system to the skin could reduce the side effect while reducing percutaneous absorption. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to produce Eudragit L 100 microparticles containing BPO which were able to control the release of BPO to the skin. Microspheres were prepared by Solvent Evaporation Technique. Microspheres are optimized on the basis of their properties like Entrapment efficiency, % drug loading, % yield & Particle size. Polymers Ethyl cellulose, Eudragit L100, Eudragit RS 100 were used in the formulations of Microspheres & the optimized batch incorporate in Gel preparation.

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Kusuhara, Hirohisa, Yoshihito Itani, Noritaka Isogai, and Yasuhiko Tabata. "Randomized controlled trial of the application of topical b-FGF-impregnated gelatin microspheres to improve tissue survival in subzone II fingertip amputations." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 36, no. 6 (March 29, 2011): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193411402761.

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We undertook a randomized controlled trial of subzone II fingertip amputations, comparing standard treatment with topical application of gelatin microspheres prepared with basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) to provide a slow, sustained release of b-FGF with microsphere degradation. Forty-eight digits from 42 patients were randomized into the two study arms. The microspheres were applied as a paste on exposed tissue surfaces, whereas standard treatment was without any topical treatment. Patients were treated either with microsurgical revascularization or by simple composite graft, based on the surgeon’s clinical decision. Tissue survival of the replanted fingertips was measured by a blinded evaluator 3 weeks postoperatively. A modest improvement in survival was seen with b-FGF-microsphere application for both revascularized and composite grafted fingertips, though this did not achieve statistical significance. Whether the slow release of b-FGF through a bioresorbable carrier gives any improvement in outcome in patients with subzone II fingertip amputations is unproven.

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S, Muthukumar, Sankar C, Swetha K, Pradeepa R., Muneeswaran B, Noori Irfna Parvin M, and Sangeetha J. "Formulation And Evaluation Of Metronidazole Benzoate Loaded Proniosomes For Topical Delivery." International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 12, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2022.12.1.p55-66.

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In the modern times, vesicular system is a well-known carrier for delivery of drugs. They can carry both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Proniosomes are a vital member of novel drug delivery carriers. The present study was aimed to develop and prepare Metronidazole Benzoate loaded proniosomes with different ratios of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants to prolong the drug release on topical administration. By slurry method, about fourteen formulations were prepared and evaluated for angle of repose, drug content, particle size, hydration rate, encapsulation efficiency, in-vitro release studies & ex-vivo drug permeation studies. The optimized formulation of proniosomes was developed into transdermal patch and was subjected to various evaluation studies. The in-vitro kinetic and diffusion study of the patch showed a release of 80.71% over 12hrs and fitted into zero order and non-fickian diffusion mechanism. It was summed up, that the formulation F12 containing surfactant: cholesterol as 1:1 was the best formulation. Incorporation into proniosomes can lead to reduced dose, improved bioavailability and prolonged release. Further formulating in form of transdermal patch allows controlled release of the drug. UV spectrophotometric method was developed for determining Metronidazole benzoate in 5% ethanol at 309nm. A regression coefficient value of 0.9977 was noticed. The SEM image as well as the FT-IR spectrum of the optimized formulation was taken to support the same. Hence, we conclude that the proniosomal formulation is a vital candidate for transdermal delivery of metronidazole benzoate in the treatment of various systemic as well as topical bacterial infections

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S., Muthukumar, Sankar C., Swetha K., Pradeepa R., Muneeswaran B, Noori Irfna Parvin M., and Sangeetha J. "Formulation And Evaluation Of Metronidazole Benzoate Loaded Proniosomes For Topical Delivery." International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 12, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2022.12.1.p55-66.

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In the modern times, vesicular system is a well-known carrier for delivery of drugs. They can carry both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Proniosomes are a vital member of novel drug delivery carriers. The present study was aimed to develop and prepare Metronidazole Benzoate loaded proniosomes with different ratios of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants to prolong the drug release on topical administration. By slurry method, about fourteen formulations were prepared and evaluated for angle of repose, drug content, particle size, hydration rate, encapsulation efficiency, in-vitro release studies & ex-vivo drug permeation studies. The optimized formulation of proniosomes was developed into transdermal patch and was subjected to various evaluation studies. The in-vitro kinetic and diffusion study of the patch showed a release of 80.71% over 12hrs and fitted into zero order and non-fickian diffusion mechanism. It was summed up, that the formulation F12 containing surfactant: cholesterol as 1:1 was the best formulation. Incorporation into proniosomes can lead to reduced dose, improved bioavailability and prolonged release. Further formulating in form of transdermal patch allows controlled release of the drug. UV spectrophotometric method was developed for determining Metronidazole benzoate in 5% ethanol at 309nm. A regression coefficient value of 0.9977 was noticed. The SEM image as well as the FT-IR spectrum of the optimized formulation was taken to support the same. Hence, we conclude that the proniosomal formulation is a vital candidate for transdermal delivery of metronidazole benzoate in the treatment of various systemic as well as topical bacterial infections.

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47

Jhawat, Vikas, Sumeet Gupta, and Vipin Saini. "Formulation and evaluation of novel controlled release of topical pluronic lecithin organogel of mefenamic acid." Drug Delivery 23, no. 9 (August 5, 2016): 3573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2016.1212439.

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48

Souto, E. B., S. A. Wissing, C. M. Barbosa, and R. H. Müller. "Development of a controlled release formulation based on SLN and NLC for topical clotrimazole delivery." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 278, no. 1 (June 2004): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.02.032.

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49

Vaghasiya, Harshad, Abhinesh Kumar, and Krutika Sawant. "Development of solid lipid nanoparticles based controlled release system for topical delivery of terbinafine hydrochloride." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 49, no. 2 (May 2013): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.013.

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50

Wester, Ronald C., Rajesh Patel, Sergio Nacht, James Leyden, Joseph Melendres, and Howard Maibach. "Controlled release of benzoyl peroxide from a porous microsphere polymeric system can reduce topical irritancy." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 24, no. 5 (May 1991): 720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(91)70109-f.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Controlled Release Topical'

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