Journal articles: 'Controlled and field conditions'

1

Chang, Jer-Chia, and Tzong-Shyan Lin. "Gas exchange in litchi under controlled and field conditions." Scientia Horticulturae 114, no. 4 (November 2007): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2007.06.023.

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Orlowska, Marta, Michel Havet, and Alain Le-Bail. "Controlled ice nucleation under high voltage DC electrostatic field conditions." Food Research International 42, no. 7 (August 2009): 879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2009.03.015.

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Rachenko, M. A., E. N. Kiseleva, A. M. Rachenko, and A. A. Kuznetsov. "Winter hardiness of remontant raspberry under field and controlled conditions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1112, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1112/1/012100.

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Abstract The development of fruit farming, an important branch of agriculture, is impossible without the introduction of new crops and new varieties. Replanted raspberries are a new crop for Siberia. Increased interest in it is determined by its biochemical composition, high productivity, and long fruit-bearing. Large-fruited varieties of European selection of summer fruiting do not always winter in the best way. We were interested in the possibility of expanding the potential of the studied varieties of remontant raspberry in the conditions of the Siberian climate, using it not only in an annual mowed crop but also to find out how realistic it is to get a yield from two-year shoots of remontant raspberry. For this purpose, the winter hardiness of floricans of remontant raspberry varieties was characterized. The most frost-resistant remontant raspberry varieties were identified according to the results of research. Critical negative temperature for all studied varieties and forms of remontant raspberry was determined.

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Arnold, Susan F., Yuan Shao, and Gurumurthy Ramachandran. "Evaluating well-mixed room and near-field–far-field model performance under highly controlled conditions." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 14, no. 6 (May 5, 2017): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2017.1285492.

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Barbetti, MJ, and PGH Nichols. "Susceptibility of subterranean clover varieties to rust under controlled environment and field conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 1 (1991): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910077.

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Thirty-two subterranean clover varieties, comprising 17 commercial cultivars, 1 named variety and 14 promising midseason breeding and introduced lines, were screened for resistance to rust (caused by Uromyces trifolii-repentis) under controlled environment conditions, and where possible, comparisons were made with their performance in field plots. There were large differences between varieties in the incidence and severity of rust on plants. Under controlled environment conditions, cvv. Gingin, Meteora and Enfield, and to a lesser extent Larisa and Trikkala, had the lowest levels of rust leaf infection, the lowest rust pustule densities and the smallest rust pustules. Seaton Park had a relatively low pustule density and CPI 89830F had relatively small pustules. Gingin and Enfield had the least leaf collapse. Green Range was the most susceptible under controlled environment conditions, followed by Bacchus Marsh, Karridale, CPI 47308C and CPI 89841E. Under field conditions, Enfield, Meteora, Trikkala and CPI 89822H were rust free, while Larisa, CPI 47308C, CPI 65328F, 75S13-12, 76841-1, CPI 89830F and CPI 89880J had good resistance. Green Range was clearly the most susceptible under field conditions, followed by Seaton Park, Karridale, Bacchus Marsh, CPI 89774F and CPI 89841E. While there was often good correlation between the field and controlled environment data for the different parameters, the resistance rankings of some varieties varied widely, depending upon whether screened under controlled environment or field conditions. Green Range, Karridale, Seaton Park and CPI 89841E were highly susceptible to rust under both controlled and field conditions, indicating that either environment could be successfully used to identify highly susceptible varieties. The high degree of resistance observed in Enfield, Gingin and Meteora, and to a lesser extent in Larisa and Trikkala, suggests their value as parents in breeding programs for rust resistance.

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Sarkar, Biswajit, and Sirshendu De. "Electric field enhanced gel controlled cross-flow ultrafiltration under turbulent flow conditions." Separation and Purification Technology 74, no. 1 (July 30, 2010): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.05.009.

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Monteiro, José Eduardo B. A., Paulo C. Sentelhas, Mark L. Gleason, Paul D. Esker, and Ederaldo J. Chiavegato. "Development of Ramulosis Disease of Cotton Under Controlled Environment and Field Conditions." Phytopathology® 99, no. 6 (June 2009): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-6-0659.

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Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides, the fungus that causes ramulosis disease of cotton, is widespread in Brazil and can cause severe yield loss. Because weather conditions greatly affect disease development, the objective of this work was to develop weather-based models to assess disease favorability. Latent period, incidence, and severity of ramulosis symptoms were evaluated in controlled environment experiments using factorial combinations of temperature (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C) and leaf wetness duration (0, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 h after inoculation). Severity was modeled as an exponential function of leaf wetness duration and temperature. At the optimum temperature of disease development, 27°C, average latent period was 10 days. Maximum ramulosis severity occurred from 20 to 30°C, with sharp decreases at lower and higher temperatures. Ramulosis severity increased as wetness periods were increased from 4 to 32 h. In field experiments at Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, cotton plots were inoculated (105 conidia ml–1) and ramulosis severity was evaluated weekly. The model obtained from the controlled environment study was used to generate a disease favorability index for comparison with disease progress rate in the field. Hourly measurements of solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, leaf wetness duration, rainfall, and wind speed were also evaluated as possible explanatory variables. Both the disease favorability model and a model based on rainfall explained ramulosis growth rate well, with R2 of 0.89 and 0.91, respectively. They are proposed as models of ramulosis development rate on cotton in Brazil, and weather–disease relationships revealed by this work can form the basis of a warning system for ramulosis development.

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Wang, Xiaoping, Michael P. Dossett, Milton P. Gordon, and Stuart E. Strand. "Fate of Carbon Tetrachloride during Phytoremediation with Poplar under Controlled Field Conditions." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 21 (November 2004): 5744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0499187.

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Ortiz-Ferrara, G., M. G. Mosaad, V. Mahalakshmi, and R. A. Fischer. "Photoperiod and vernalization response of wheat under controlled environment and field conditions." Plant Breeding 114, no. 6 (December 1995): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1995.tb00845.x.

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Frank, A. B., R. E. Barker, and J. D. Berdahl. "Water‐Use Efficiency of Grasses Grown under Controlled and Field Conditions 1." Agronomy Journal 79, no. 3 (May 1987): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900030028x.

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Chu, Xuefeng, G. Padmanabhan, and Daniel Bogart. "Microrelief-Controlled Overland Flow Generation: Laboratory and Field Experiments." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/642952.

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Surface microrelief affects overland flow generation and the related hydrologic processes. However, such influences vary depending on other factors such as rainfall characteristics, soil properties, and initial soil moisture conditions. Thus, in-depth research is needed to better understand and evaluate the combined effects of these factors on overland flow dynamics. The objective of this experimental study was to examine how surface microrelief, in conjunction with the factors of rainfall, soil, and initial moisture conditions, impacts overland flow generation and runoff processes in both laboratory and field settings. A series of overland flow experiments were conducted for rough and smooth surfaces that represented distinct microtopographic characteristics and the experimental data were analyzed and compared. Across different soil types and initial moisture conditions, both laboratory and field experiments demonstrated that a rough soil surface experienced a delayed initiation of runoff and featured a stepwise threshold flow pattern due to the microrelief-controlled puddle filling-spilling-merging dynamics. It was found from the field experiments that a smooth plot surface was more responsive to rainfall variations especially during an initial rainfall event. However, enhanced capability of overland flow generation and faster puddle connectivity of a rough field plot occurred during the subsequent rain events.

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Macdonald, Robert T., J. Christopher Hall, James J. O'Toole, and Clarence J. Swanton. "Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Control with Fluroxypyr." Weed Technology 7, no. 4 (December 1993): 966–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00038094.

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Experiments were conducted under controlled environment and field conditions to evaluate the influence of growth stage and fluroxypyr dosage on control of field bindweed. In controlled environment studies fluroxypyr effectively controlled 8- to 12-leaf field bindweed. Shoot number, length, and dry weight, and root dry weight decreased as herbicide dose increased. The estimated ED50(effective dose for 50% reduction) values for shoot and root dry weight were 50 and 33 g ai/ha, respectively. The ED50for shoot length was 98 g ai/ha. Fluroxypyr was applied at rates from 0.2 to 0.4 kg/ha under field conditions to field bindweed at selected stages of growth. Regardless of herbicide dosage, fluroxypyr applied at the late flowering stage of growth controlled field bindweed better than when applied at the bud or early flower stage. Corn grain yield increased as a function of fluroxypyr dose in 1988 but not in 1987. Dry weight of roots and shoots of field bindweed harvested one year after treatment decreased with increasing rates of fluroxypyr. These studies demonstrate the potential of fluroxypyr for the control of field bindweed.

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Barbetti, MJ, and PGH Nichols. "Susceptibility of subterranean clover varieties to powdery mildew under controlled environment and field conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 1 (1991): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910081.

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Thirty-three subterranean clover varieties, comprising 16 commercial cultivars and 17 promising midseason breeding and introduced lines, were screened for resistance to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe polygonii) under controlled environment conditions, and where possible, comparisons were made with their performance in field plots. There were large differences between varieties in the incidence and severity of powdery mildew on plants. Under controlled environment conditions, Tallarook, CPI 47308C, CPI 89860D, 75S13-12, CPI 6.53284 CPI 89820D and Clare had the lowest levels of leaf infection, the lowest mildew sporulation scores and the least amount of leaf scorching from mildew infection. Karridale had the highest level of leaf infection, followed by 69837-1, 76841-1, Junee, Bacchus Marsh and 69S37-3. Under field conditions, Tallarook, CPI 47308C, CPI 65328A and CPI 65328F were mildew-free, while CPI 89777C, CPI 89860D, CPI 89830F, CPI 89841E, Clare and Rosedale had good resistance. Junee was clearly the most susceptible under field conditions, followed by 76S41-1, 69837-3, Karridale, Bacchus Marsh and 69S37-1. There was generally excellent correlation between the different powdery mildew disease parameters, namely leaf infection, mildew sporulation and leaf scorch, measured under controlled environment conditions, and there was also good overall correlation between controlled environment and field data. Bacchus Marsh, Junee, 69337-1, 69837-3 and 76341-1 were highly susceptible under both controlled environment and field conditions, indicating that either environment could be used to identify highly susceptible varieties. Under controlled environment conditions, a high degree of resistance was observed in Clare, CPI 47308C, CPI 65328A, CPI 89820D, CPI 89860D and 75S13-12, while field plots of the varieties Tallarook, CPI 47308C and CPI 65328A showed a complete absence of powdery mildew. These varieties may have value as parents in breeding programs for powdery mildew resistance.

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14

Barbetti, MJ. "Resistance in annual Medicago species to Phoma medicaginis under controlled environment and field conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 2 (1990): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900209.

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Seven Medicago species, comprising 11 cultivars and 9 seed lines, were screened for resistance to Phoma black stem disease (caused by Phoma medicaginis) at 3 temperature regimes (day/night) of 15/10, 17.5/12.5 and 20/15�C and at 3 plant ages under controlled environment conditions. The same cultivars and lines were screened in the field over 2 seasons. There were large differences among species, and between cultivars and lines of any 1 species, in the severity of Phoma black stem disease on plants 1,4 and 10 weeks of age and at the 3 temperature regimes under controlled environment conditions, and in field screenings. Under controlled environmental conditions the cultivar and line resistance rankings were influenced by plant age, in particular, and also by the temperature regime. Cultivar and line resistance to P. medicaginis on 10-week-old plants under controlled environment conditions was correlated with some field results but resistance to this disease on 1- and 4-week-old plants was not correlated with field data.

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Barbetti, MJ. "Response of subterranean clover varieties to Cercospora disease under a controlled environment and in the field." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 3 (1991): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910333.

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Seventeen commercial cultivars of subterranean clover and 10 introduced lines were screened for resistance to cercospora disease (caused by Cercospora zebrina) under a controlled environment, and responses were compared with their performance in the field. There were large differences between varieties in the severity of cercospora disease under both conditions. There was, overall, good correlation between data from the field and those from the controlled environment for the different parameters. Daliak, Dalkeith, Esperance, Mt Barker, Nungarin and Rosedale were highly susceptible to cercospora disease under both controlled environment and field conditions, while Clare, Larisa, Meteora and Yarloop were assessed as having a high degree of resistance under both conditions. A few individual resistance rankings varied widely between the 2 conditions. The results indicate that controlled conditions can be used to identify resistant lines.

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Kosov, Alexander V., Olga V. Grishenkova, Vladimir A. Isaev, and Yuriy Zaikov. "Simulation of Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Interdependent Nuclei under Potentiostatic Conditions." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 18, 2022): 3603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103603.

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The problem of diffusion-controlled growth following an instantaneous nucleation event was studied within the framework of a new numerical model, considering the spatial distribution of hemispherical nuclei on the electrode surface and the mutual influence of growing nuclei via the collision of 3D diffusion fields. The simulation of the diffusion-controlled growth of hexagonal and random ensembles was performed at the overpotential-dependent number density of nuclei. The diffusion flow to each nucleus within a random ensemble was simulated by the finite difference method using the derived analytical expressions for the surface areas and the volumes formed at the intersection of 3D diffusion fields with the side faces of a virtual right prism with a Voronoi polygon base. The implementation of this approach provides an accurate calculation of concentration profiles, time dependences of the size of nuclei, and current transients. The results, including total current density transients, growth exponents, and nucleus size distribution, were compared with models developed within the concept of planar diffusion zones, the mean-field approximation and the Brownian dynamics simulation method, as well as with experimental data from the literature. The prospects of the model for studying the initial stages of electrocrystallization were discussed.

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Kumar, Dhananjay, Sandeep Kushwaha, Chiara Delvento, Žilvinas Liatukas, Vivekanand Vivekanand, Jan T. Svensson, Tina Henriksson, Gintaras Brazauskas, and Aakash Chawade. "Affordable Phenotyping of Winter Wheat under Field and Controlled Conditions for Drought Tolerance." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060882.

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Drought stress is one of the key plant stresses reducing grain yield in cereal crops worldwide. Although it is not a breeding target in Northern Europe, the changing climate and the drought of 2018 have increased its significance in the region. A key challenge, therefore, is to identify novel germplasm with higher drought tolerance, a task that will require continuous characterization of a large number of genotypes. The aim of this work was to assess if phenotyping systems with low-cost consumer-grade digital cameras can be used to characterize germplasm for drought tolerance. To achieve this goal, we built a proximal phenotyping cart mounted with digital cameras and evaluated it by characterizing 142 winter wheat genotypes for drought tolerance under field conditions. The same genotypes were additionally characterized for seedling stage traits by imaging under controlled growth conditions. The analysis revealed that under field conditions, plant biomass, relative growth rates, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from different growth stages estimated by imaging were significantly correlated to drought tolerance. Under controlled growth conditions, root count at the seedling stage evaluated by imaging was significantly correlated to adult plant drought tolerance observed in the field. Random forest models were trained by integrating measurements from field and controlled conditions and revealed that plant biomass and relative growth rates at key plant growth stages are important predictors of drought tolerance. Thus, based on the results, it can be concluded that the consumer-grade cameras can be key components of affordable automated phenotyping systems to accelerate pre-breeding for drought tolerance.

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Alavi, Sirous H., Joseph A. Mactutis, Scott D. Gibson, A. Thomas Papagiannakis, and David Reynaud. "Performance Evaluation of Piezoelectric Weigh-in-Motion Sensors Under Controlled Field-Loading Conditions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1769, no. 1 (January 2001): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1769-12.

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Haware, M. P. "Screening for Ascochyta Blight Resistance in Chickpea Under Controlled Environment and Field Conditions." Plant Disease 79, no. 2 (1995): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-79-0132.

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Leblanc, Humberto A., Robert L. McGraw, and Pekka Nygren. "Dinitrogen-fixation by three neotropical agroforestry tree species under semi-controlled field conditions." Plant and Soil 291, no. 1-2 (February 2, 2007): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9186-0.

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21

Turner, J. M., K. K. Tanino, and C. Stushnoff. "Evaluation of low temperature hardiness of strawberry plants under field and controlled conditions." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 1123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-151.

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When acclimated strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ’Redcoat’) from the field were placed in a programmable freezer, mother strawberry crowns were as hardy or hardier than daughter crowns when frozen to −11 °C. However, under field conditions, daughter plants expressed consistently greater hardiness than mother plants. Mulching had no effect on daughter plant survival, whereas enhanced mother plant survival was observed. Field-growth habit of mother crowns may be the important factor for consistent winter survival under prairie conditions. A simple scoring system was developed to predict survival of strawberry plants. Key words. Fragaria × ananassa Duch., strawberry, crowns, low temperature hardiness

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Binh, Vu Thien, V. Semet, J. P. Dupin, Ch Adessi, and D. Guillot. "Behavior of the solid-state field-controlled planar emitters under extreme working conditions." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 21, no. 1 (2003): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1540985.

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23

Baroni, Gabriel de Resende, Cristiane de Pieri, Edson Luiz Furtado, and Paulo Henrique Muller da Silva. "Genetic parameters of Eucalyptus pilularis resistance to rust in controlled and field conditions." Australasian Plant Pathology 49, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-019-00671-x.

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Perumal, V. J., and M. A. Maun. "Ecophysiological response of dune species to experimental burial under field and controlled conditions." Plant Ecology 184, no. 1 (October 11, 2005): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-005-9054-7.

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25

Steegmann, A. Theodore, Tian Lin Li, Daniel W. Emmer, Sharon J. Hewner, Xiufen Zhang, and Zunyong Liu. "Work performance of Chinese cycle haulers: Controlled field experiments in normal work conditions." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 98, no. 2 (October 1995): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330980205.

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26

Chua, Lloyd H. C., Melvin C. M. Leong, Edmond Y. M. Lo, Martin Reinhard, Alexander P. Robertson, T. T. Lim, E. B. Shuy, and S. K. Tan. "Controlled field studies on soil aquifer treatment in a constructed coastal sandfill." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 1283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.408.

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A controlled artificial recharge experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil aquifer treatment during percolation of secondary and tertiary (ultrafiltered) treated wastewater through the shallow vadoze zone of a newly constructed coastal sandfill. The sandfill is a reclaimed land constructed from marine sand dredged from the seabed. To obtain 1-D flow, a stainless steel column was driven to a depth of 2.5 m, penetrating the phreatic surface. Wastewater was percolated through the column under fully-saturated and unsaturated conditions. Infiltration rates, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ultra-violet absorption (UVA) were monitored. The wastewaters were recharged at similar infiltration rates of approximately 5.5 m/day and 3.5 m/day under fully-saturated and unsaturated conditions, respectively. In both cases, clogging occurred 40 days after the start of recharge, under saturated conditions. For secondary treated wastewater, DOC concentration (mg/l) reduced by 28% and 13% under unsaturated and saturated conditions, respectively. The corresponding UVA reduction was 19.4% and 14.1%. Similar reductions in DOC were observed for the tertiary treated wastewater; however, the reduction in UVA was higher; 28% and 22% under unsaturated and saturated conditions, respectively. On an mass removal (mg/m2 DOC) basis, DOC reduction appeared to be more significant under unsaturated conditions. This is attributed to the presence of interstitial oxygen.

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Zhang, Xuehua, Ziyang Lu, Huanshu Tan, Lei Bao, Yinghe He, Chao Sun, and Detlef Lohse. "Formation of surface nanodroplets under controlled flow conditions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 30 (July 9, 2015): 9253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506071112.

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Nanodroplets on a solid surface (i.e., surface nanodroplets) have practical implications for high-throughput chemical and biological analysis, lubrications, laboratory-on-chip devices, and near-field imaging techniques. Oil nanodroplets can be produced on a solid–liquid interface in a simple step of solvent exchange in which a good solvent of oil is displaced by a poor solvent. In this work, we experimentally and theoretically investigate the formation of nanodroplets by the solvent exchange process under well-controlled flow conditions. We find significant effects from the flow rate and the flow geometry on the droplet size. We develop a theoretical framework to account for these effects. The main idea is that the droplet nuclei are exposed to an oil oversaturation pulse during the exchange process. The analysis shows that the volume of the nanodroplets increases with the Peclet number Pe of the flow as ∝Pe3/4, which is in good agreement with our experimental results. In addition, at fixed flow rate and thus fixed Peclet number, larger and less homogeneously distributed droplets formed at less-narrow channels, due to convection effects originating from the density difference between the two solutions of the solvent exchange. The understanding from this work provides valuable guidelines for producing surface nanodroplets with desired sizes by controlling the flow conditions.

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Triky-Dotan, Shachaf, Miriam Austerweil, Bracha Steiner, Yitzhak Peretz-Alon, Jaacov Katan, and Abraham Gamliel. "Generation and Dissipation of Methyl Isothiocyanate in Soils Following Metam Sodium Fumigation: Impact on Verticillium Control and Potato Yield." Plant Disease 91, no. 5 (May 2007): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-5-0497.

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The fate of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) was studied in agricultural soils following metam sodium (MS) application in a controlled system and under field conditions as it was related to disease control. Soil samples were collected from 34 field sites in Israel with no history of MS application. The generation and dissipation curves of MITC in these soils, under controlled conditions, varied significantly among the soils, as reflected by the concentration by time (C × T) product. This value was significantly related with the mortality level of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici as a test organism and sand content of the soils. Seven field experiments were conducted in potato fields from 2001 to 2004. The MS treatments significantly reduced Verticillium wilt incidence and severity in five and four experiments, respectively, out of seven. Combining MS with formalin was more effective for controlling disease than MS alone in most cases. A significant relationship was found between mortality of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici in soil samples to which MS was applied under controlled conditions and the incidence of Verticillium wilt disease in the field, and between CMITC × T products and the incidence of Verticillium wilt disease in the field. These tests can be used for preplant assessment of potential MS efficacy.

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Dasare, Shrutee, and Guru Munavalli. "Performance Evaluation of Baffled and Floating Hybrid Constructed Wetland Operated Under Field Conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 170 (2020): 06015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017006015.

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Baffled and Floating Hybrid Constructed Wetland (BFHCW) consisting of constructed wetland with brickbat medium and Floating Treatment Wetland (FTW) was developed and operated under actual field flow conditions. BFHCW was vegetated with dual-species (Typha angustifolia L. and Canna indica). The performance of continuously operated system was evaluated for varied Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR) and Organic Loading Rate (OLR) for a longer period. The system was also assessed for controlled flow rate resulting more uniform OLR and HLR. The results showed that COD removal efficiency was enhanced by 5 to 15% with controlled flow than uncontrolled highly fluctuating flow conditions. HLR has more impact on COD removal than OLR. BFHCW is effective to an extent of 25 to 40% for COD removal. BFHCW is found to be cost effective and reasonably efficient treatment for pretreated domestic wastewater.

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Bollmann, M. P., G. B. Sweet, D. A. Rook, and E. A. Halligan. "The influence of temperature, nutrient status, and short drought on seasonal initiation of primordia and shoot elongation in Pinusradiata." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 5 (October 1, 1986): 1019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-178.

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Effects of temperature-related conditions on primordial initiation and shoot elongation were studied using rooted cuttings of mature Pinusradiata D. Don grown for 12 months in two field locations and three controlled environments. In two of the controlled environments, mean monthly temperatures of the respective field sites were simulated and in the third, a constant day–night temperature regime was set up. For each of the controlled environments there were four subtreatments: (i) frost, (ii) water deficit, (iii) supplementary nutrients, and (iv) control. Plants in relatively warm environments, both field and laboratory, produced more primordia, elongated more, and showed greater apical dominance than those in cool conditions. In the cooler environments, formation of lateral shoots tended to occur later in the growing season. Water deficit and supplementary nutrient subtreatments did not significantly affect growth. Exposure to light frosts reduced internode elongation of the leading shoots of plants grown at relatively warm temperatures. Quantitatively there were significant differences between field- and laboratory-grown plants. Annual primordial production in the field and shoot elongation were 2 and 3 times that obtained under controlled conditions, respectively. Apical dominance in the field was much more pronounced than in the controlled environment. However, the types and patterns of morphological response to temperature were similar in both field and laboratory plants.

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Yu, Xiao Guang, Xu Hao, and Rui Miao. "Numerical Simulation Analysis of H-Beam Steel Controlled Cooling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 1184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.1184.

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The finite element analysis software soft ANSYS is used for researching H-beam hot rolling finite element model, temperature field and stress strain field. Then find the changes law in different water cooling conditions of the temperature field temperature distribution and the stress strain field. Find the heat coefficient of H-beam by using the optimization analysis to reduce the differences of the temperature and the stress strain value, and also reduce the deformation in H-beam cooling process. The controlled cooling parameters of H-beam under optimal conditions are determined by the simulation experiment and comparative analysis. While exploring the changes of H-beam microstructure, stress and hardness can provide the reference for the making and designing of reasonable controlled cooling technology.

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SMITH, D. L., and D. J. HUME. "COMPARISON OF ASSAY METHODS FOR N2 FIXATION UTILIZING WHITE BEAN AND SOYBEAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-002.

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Acetylene reduction estimates of N2 fixation and nodulation by white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) are generally low under field conditions. Recent reports using 15N dilution have resulted in higher estimates. In the work reported here, estimates of white bean N2 fixation determined by acetylene reduction, 15N dilution, and the difference method were compared under field conditions. Difference and acetylene reduction assays were also compared under controlled environment conditions. Soybean (Glycine max), which has given high estimates by all three methods and is generally well nodulated under field and controlled environment conditions, was included as a control. Results from field experiments showed that the 15N dilution and difference method estimates were not different within or between species. Acetylene reduction estimates of N2 fixation for soybean grown in the field or under controlled environment conditions were about half those of the difference assay. This was also true for white bean in the growth room, but in the field the acetylene reduction estimate for white bean was about 10% that of the difference or 15N dilution method. Either the acetylene reduction assay is not applicable to white bean under field conditions, or white bean has access to a source of N not detected by acetylene reduction and not available to soybean or the control plants used in the 15N dilution and difference methods. In support of the latter possibility, white beans grown under controlled environment conditions, without soil N, nodulated and reduced acetylene as well as soybeans grown under the same conditions.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, Glycine max, N2 fixation assay methods, alternate N sources, bean (white), soybean

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Stein, J. L., and Kyung-Chul Shin. "Current Monitoring of Field Controlled DC Spindle Drives." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 108, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3143796.

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Unmanned machine tools as part of an automated factory require reliable inexpensive sensors to provide machine and process information. The electric current in the DC motor of a CNC machine tool can be inexpensively measured and used to calculate loads on the drive system. To characterize the bandwidth, sensitivity and accuracy of current monitoring on a DC field controlled spindle drive of a CNC lathe, a dynamic lumped parameter model of this sensor system is developed. The model is used to identify the system components that have a dominant effect on the behavior of the sensor when the spindle system is operated above the base speed. Tests were conducted to determine the model’s parameters and to verify the model. The bandwidth and sensitivity of this sensor are shown to be spindle speed dependent. High speeds improve sensitivity and reduce bandwidth. Sensitivity and bandwidth vary by factors of 4.3 and 18.5, respectively, over the speed range. The signal to noise ratio is limited by external load induced variations in the spindle system friction. Recommendations concerning machine designs and process operating conditions to improve current monitoring on spindle drives are presented.

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Asnani, Samarth. "Agrotech: Advanced Field Control." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39235.

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Abstract: Agriculture in most countries is largely dependent on the environmental conditions and climate. Real-time remote monitoring of field conditions allows for early detection of unfavorable conditions developing in the field that is generally a laborious task taken up by the farmers themselves. Additionally, with the rapid shift in climatic conditions and issues pertaining to global warming, the rainfall dependent agricultural yield is promptly affected. In this paper, we present a wireless system using nRF24L01 RF modules to monitor the farm environment conditions and operate the final control element aimed at implementing drip irrigation. The proposed system is designed to be economical and having a capacity for further expansion, allowing the widespread devices across the farm to be controlled. The soil sogginess level is measured by a self-made soil moisture sensor. A ball valve is actuated based on the levels of soil moisture, temperature and humidity checked against a set of predefined levels. The collected data is then pushed onto a cloud platform for future study or use. Keywords: Wireless sensor network, real-time monitoring, nRF24L01 RF module, highly economical and efficient system

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Cuena-Lombraña, Alba, Marco Porceddu, Caterina Angela Dettori, and Gianluigi Bacchetta. "Gentiana lutea L. subsp. lutea seed germination: natural versus controlled conditions." Botany 94, no. 8 (August 2016): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0030.

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Gentiana lutea L. subsp. lutea is a geophyte that occurs in the central-southern European mountains. We investigated its germination ecophysiology with the main aim of evaluating seed germination behaviour under controlled and natural conditions. Seeds from four natural sites were tested for germination requirements under a range of different temperatures, and by comparing the results with those obtained under both cold stratification at 5 °C and treatment with GA3. We simultaneously carried out germination tests at each collecting site, and soil temperatures were recorded. Our results indicate that germination under controlled conditions is limited by high temperatures (25 °C), below which GA3 has a remarkable effect on germination percentages. Cold stratification did not have an influence on the germination response, thus suggesting that a temperature of 5 °C is not sufficient to break seed dormancy; this result was supported by soil temperatures. Gentiana lutea created a short-term persistent seed bank, and seeds mainly germinated in their first year. The germination under controlled conditions was similar in all accessions, while different responses were found in the field, where a potential influence of the aspect was observed. These findings underscore the importance of understanding germination behaviour in the field to define the real thermal requirements of a taxon.

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Oluwasanya, Deborah N., Andreas Gisel, Livia Stavolone, and Tim L. Setter. "Environmental responsiveness of flowering time in cassava genotypes and associated transcriptome changes." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 21, 2021): e0253555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253555.

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Cassava is an important food security crop in tropical regions of the world. Cassava improvement by breeding is limited by its delayed and poor production of flowers, such that cassava flowering under field conditions indirectly lengthens the breeding cycle. By studying genotype and environment interaction under two Nigerian field conditions (Ubiaja and Ibadan) and three controlled temperature conditions (22°C/18°C, 28/24°C and 34/30°C (day/night)), we found that while early flowering genotypes flowered at similar times and rates under all growing conditions (unfavorable and favorable field and controlled-temperature environments), late flowering genotypes were environmentally sensitive such that they were substantially delayed in unfavorable environments. On the basis of nodes-to-flower, flowering of late genotypes approached the flowering time of early flowering genotypes under relatively cool Ubiaja field conditions and in growth chambers at 22°C, whereas warmer temperatures elicited a delaying effect. Analysis of transcriptomes from leaves of field and controlled-temperature environments revealed that conditions which promote early flowering in cassava have low expression of the flowering repressor gene TEMPRANILLO 1 (TEM1), before and after flowering. Expression data of field plants showed that the balance between flower stimulatory and inhibitory signaling appeared to correlate with flowering time across the environments and genotypes.

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Azizinia, Shiva, Harbans Bariana, James Kolmer, Raj Pasam, Sridhar Bhavani, Mumta Chhetri, Arvinder Toor, et al. "Genomic Prediction of Rust Resistance in Tetraploid Wheat under Field and Controlled Environment Conditions." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111843.

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Genomic selection can increase the rate of genetic gain in crops through accumulation of positive alleles and reduce phenotyping costs by shortening the breeding cycle time. We performed genomic prediction for resistance to wheat rusts in tetraploid wheat accessions using three cross-validation with the objective of predicting: (1) rust resistance when individuals are not tested in all environments/locations, (2) the performance of lines across years, and (3) adult plant resistance (APR) of lines with bivariate models. The rationale for the latter is that seedling assays are faster and could increase prediction accuracy for APR. Predictions were derived from adult plant and seedling responses for leaf rust (Lr), stem rust (Sr) and stripe rust (Yr) in a panel of 391 accessions grown across multiple years and locations and genotyped using 16,483 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Different Bayesian models and genomic best linear unbiased prediction yielded similar accuracies for all traits. Site and year prediction accuracies for Lr and Yr ranged between 0.56–0.71 for Lr and 0.51–0.56 for Yr. While prediction accuracy for Sr was variable across different sites, accuracies for Yr were similar across different years and sites. The changes in accuracies can reflect higher genotype × environment (G × E) interactions due to climate or pathogenic variation. The use of seedling assays in genomic prediction was underscored by significant positive genetic correlations between all stage resistance (ASR) and APR (Lr: 0.45, Sr: 0.65, Yr: 0.50). Incorporating seedling phenotypes in the bivariate genomic approach increased prediction accuracy for all three rust diseases. Our work suggests that the underlying plant-host response to pathogens in the field and greenhouse screens is genetically correlated, but likely highly polygenic and therefore difficult to detect at the individual gene level. Overall, genomic prediction accuracies were in the range suitable for selection in early generations of the breeding cycle.

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Stamp, P., R. Thiraporn, and G. Geisler. "Relationship Between Early Field Growth of Maize Genotypes and Seedling Traits under Controlled Conditions." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 156, no. 3 (April 1986): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.1986.tb00024.x.

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Xiao, Menghua, Zimei Miao, and Yuanyuan Li. "Changes of Root-Zone Soil Environment in Flooded Paddy Field under Controlled Drainage Conditions." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 26, no. 2 (March 22, 2017): 881–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/66717.

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Kaminski, John E., Peter H. Dernoeden, and Nichole R. O'Neill. "Environmental Influences on the Release of Ophiosphaerella agrostis Ascospores Under Controlled and Field Conditions." Phytopathology® 95, no. 11 (November 2005): 1356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-1356.

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Ophiosphaerella agrostis, the causal agent of dead spot of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), can produce prodigious numbers of pseudothecia and ascospores throughout the summer. The environmental conditions and seasonal timings associated with O. agrostis ascospore release are unknown. The objectives of this research were to (i) determine the influence of light and relative humidity on ascospore release in a controlled environment, (ii) document the seasonal and daily discharge patterns of ascospores in the field, and (iii) elucidate environmental conditions that promote ascospore release under field conditions. In a growth chamber, a sharp decrease (100 to ≈50%; 25°C) in relative humidity resulted in a rapid (1- to 3-h) discharge of ascospores, regardless of whether pseudothecia were incubated in constant light or dark. In the field, daily ascospore release increased between 1900 and 2300 h and again between 0700 and 1000 h local time. The release of ascospores occurred primarily during the early morning hours when relative humidity was decreasing and the canopy began to dry, or during evening hours when relative humidity was low and dew began to form. Few ascospores were released between 1100 and 1800 h when the bentgrass canopy was dry. The release of ascospores also was triggered by precipitation. Of the ascospores collected during precipitation events, 87% occurred within 10 h of the beginning of each event.

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Maloney, E. M., K. Liber, J. V. Headley, K. M. Peru, and C. A. Morrissey. "Neonicotinoid insecticide mixtures: Evaluation of laboratory-based toxicity predictions under semi-controlled field conditions." Environmental Pollution 243 (December 2018): 1727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.008.

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Lalah, Joseph O., Bonface M. Muendo, and Zachary M. Getenga. "The dissipation of hexazinone in tropical soils under semi-controlled field conditions in Kenya." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 44, no. 7 (September 16, 2009): 690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601230903163772.

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Acharya, Bharat Sharma, Elaine Stebler, and Chris B. Zou. "Monitoring litter interception of rainfall using leaf wetness sensor under controlled and field conditions." Hydrological Processes 31, no. 1 (November 21, 2016): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11047.

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Martínez-Bilbao, Alejandro, Amaya Ortiz-Barredo, Emilio Montesinos, and Jesús Murillo. "Venturia inaequalis resistance in local Spanish cider apple germplasm under controlled and field conditions." Euphytica 188, no. 2 (June 16, 2012): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-012-0723-z.

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Shrestha, Anil, and Clarence J. Swanton. "Parameterization of the Phenological Development of Select Annual Weeds Under Noncropped Field Conditions." Weed Science 55, no. 5 (October 2007): 446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-06-176.1.

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Barnyardgrass, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and wild mustard are among the most common weeds in cropping systems throughout North America. Crop and weed competition models that predict phenological development across environments are useful research tools for advancing our knowledge of population dynamics or crop and weed competition. Phenological parameter estimates for such models require verification under field conditions. Field studies were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to determine growth and phenological development of these species under noncropped conditions to compare parameters developed previously from controlled environment studies. Weeds were planted on three separate planting dates in each year. Growth and phenological development were recorded. Number of leaves on the mainstem of all weed species, except common lambsquarters, was not affected by planting dates. Rate of leaf appearance described as a function of days after emergence ranged from 0.48 to 0.89, 0.10 to 0.31, 0.33 to 0.65, and 0.24 to 0.29 leaves d−1 for common lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, redroot pigweed, and wild mustard, respectively. When expressed as a function of growing degree days (GDD), rate of leaf appearance for these species ranged from 0.04 to 0.05, 0.01 to 0.02, 0.04 to 0.07, and 0.02 to 0.03 leaves GDD−1, respectively. Planting date had differential effects on the rate of stem elongation and final plant height of each species in the 2 yr. Final plant biomass was also influenced by the time of planting; in general, weeds planted by mid-May had more biomass than those planted later. Parameters developed to describe phenological development under field conditions were comparable to those reported previously from controlled environment studies. We conclude that phenological parameters quantified under controlled environmental studies were comparable to those developed under field conditions for these weed species. Thus, either experimental method can be used to parameterize weed phenological development to initialize crop and weed competition models with reasonable confidence.

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Hu, Tao, Gérard Lachapelle, and Richard Klukas. "Controlled GPS Signal Simulation for Indoors." Journal of Navigation 60, no. 2 (April 20, 2007): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346330700416x.

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For certain applications such as E911/E999/E112, GPS chipset receiver manufacturers will possibly have to test their products to ensure these fulfill mandated performance specifications for a variety of outdoor and indoor conditions. As opposed to testing in the field, laboratory testing is totally repeatable and controllable, and may be less costly. Hardware GPS signal simulators are now able to simulate signals under a variety of attenuation and multipath conditions. In indoor environments, GPS signals suffer not only from severe attenuation and multipath but from complex variations thereof. A method to simulate indoor GPS signals such that the stochastic characteristics of the simulated signals match those of actual GPS signals received in situ by a high sensitivity GPS receiver in various indoor environments is presented. Probability density functions and correlation coefficients are used to demonstrate the similarity between field and simulated data in terms of signal power fading and estimated pseudorange error. The results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.

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Dimitrijevic, Danica, Branka Janac, M. Andjelkovic, and Tatjana Savic. "Spontaneous locomotor activity of drosophila subobscura under controlled laboratory conditions." Archives of Biological Sciences 65, no. 3 (2013): 977–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1303977d.

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The aim of this research was to examine the temporal patterns of spontaneous locomotor activity in Drosophila subobscura virgin females and males from isofemale lines collected from beech and oak forests and maintained in controlled laboratory conditions for five full-sib inbreeding generations. The flies were monitored in a circular open field arena for 30 min in the morning (8:00 AM, 9:00 AM, 10:00 AM, 11:00 AM). The distance travelled and the mobility of the flies decreased along with the registration time, whereby the slowest decreasing was observed at 8:00 AM. Females showed a greater range of variability in both parameters compared to males. In addition, there was a greater range of variability in the locomotor activities of flies from the oak forest compared to the beech. These findings could be attributed to their specific genetic background.

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Kosová, Klára, Miroslav Klíma, Ilja Tom Prášil, and Pavel Vítámvás. "COR/LEA Proteins as Indicators of Frost Tolerance in Triticeae: A Comparison of Controlled versus Field Conditions." Plants 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040789.

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Low temperatures in the autumn induce enhanced expression/relative accumulation of several cold-inducible transcripts/proteins with protective functions from Late-embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) superfamily including dehydrins. Several studies dealing with plants grown under controlled conditions revealed a correlation (significant quantitative relationship) between dehydrin transcript/protein relative accumulation and plant frost tolerance. However, to apply these results in breeding, field experiments are necessary. The aim of the review is to provide a summary of the studies dealing with the relationships between plant acquired frost tolerance and COR/LEA transcripts/proteins relative accumulation in cereals grown in controlled and field conditions. The impacts of cold acclimation and vernalisation processes on the ability of winter-type Triticeae to accumulate COR/LEA proteins are discussed. The factors determining dehydrin relative accumulation under controlled cold acclimation treatments versus field trials during winter seasons are discussed. In conclusion, it can be stated that dehydrins could be used as suitable indicators of winter survival in field-grown winter cereals but only in plant prior to the fulfilment of vernalisation requirement.

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Colombi, Tino, and Achim Walter. "Root responses of triticale and soybean to soil compaction in the field are reproducible under controlled conditions." Functional Plant Biology 43, no. 2 (2016): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp15194.

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Soil compaction includes a set of underlying stresses that limit root growth such as increased impedance and limited oxygen availability. The aims of the present study were to (i) find acclimations of triticale (× Triticosecale) and soybean (Glycine max L.) roots to compacted soils in the field; (ii) reproduce these under controlled conditions; and (iii) associate these responses with soil physical properties. To this end, plants were grown at two different soil bulk densities in the field and under controlled conditions representing mature root systems and the seedling stage respectively. Diameters, lateral branching densities, the cortical proportion within the total root cross-section and the occurrence of cortical aerenchyma of main roots were quantified. Soil compaction caused decreasing root branching and increasing cortical proportions in both crops and environments. In triticale, root diameters and the occurrence of aerenchyma increased in response to compaction in the field and under controlled conditions. In soybean, these acclimations occurred at an initial developmental stage but due to radial root growth not in mature roots. These results showed that responses of root systems to compacted soils in the field are, to a large extent, reproducible under controlled conditions, enabling increased throughput, phenotyping-based breeding programs in the future. Furthermore, the occurrence of aerenchyma clearly indicated the important role of limited oxygen availability in compacted soils on root growth.

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Geesing, Dieter, Martin Bachmaier, and Urs Schmidhalter. "Field calibration of a capacitance soil water probe in heterogeneous fields." Soil Research 42, no. 3 (2004): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03051.

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Soil water research requires methods to perform accurate measurements. A capacitance probe gauge has characteristics that seem to make it an attractive replacement for neutron scatter gauges to measure soil water content, but there is evidence that capacitance systems should be calibrated for individual soils. Laboratory calibrations and many field calibration methods are costly and time-consuming, and controlled conditions and disturbed soil samples do not always reflect field conditions, and thus, they are inadequate for practical use. The objectives of the present study were (i) to test a simple field calibration method for a recently developed capacitive sensor even under highly variable soil texture conditions, and (ii) to validate this approach under various soil moisture conditions. Soil samples were taken 0.5 m from the access tube of the sensor and a whole field calibration and several site-specific calibrations were developed using 10–142 observations per site under different soil water regimes. A regression of soil water content estimated by sensor reading on water content obtained by core sampling showed no significant difference in the slope and intercept of the 1:1 line when the field calibration was applied. However, the precision of the calibration was only considerably increased if the estimations were based on site-specific calibrations developed on at least 35 observations per site. The precision and accuracy of the calibration equations were not affected when data were obtained only under wet or dry soil conditions. The method presented in this paper is a speedy and cheap way to calibrate capacitance probe sensors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Controlled and field conditions'

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