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Journal articles on the topic 'Controled radical polymerization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Chen, Mao, Honghong Gong, and Yu Gu. "Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization of Semifluorinated (Meth)acrylates." Synlett 29, no. 12 (2018): 1543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591974.

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Fluorinated polymers are important materials for applications in many areas. This article summarizes the development of controlled/living radical polymerization (CRP) of semifluorinated (meth)acrylates, and briefly introduces their reaction mechanisms. While the classical CRP such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) have promoted the preparation of semifluorinated polymers with tailor-designed architectures, recent development of photo-CRP has led to unpreceden

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2

Jenkins, Aubrey D., Richard G. Jones, and Graeme Moad. "Terminology for reversible-deactivation radical polymerization previously called "controlled" radical or "living" radical polymerization (IUPAC Recommendations 2010)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 2 (2009): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rep-08-04-03.

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This document defines terms related to modern methods of radical polymerization, in which certain additives react reversibly with the radicals, thus enabling the reactions to take on much of the character of living polymerizations, even though some termination inevitably takes place. In recent technical literature, these reactions have often been loosely referred to as, inter alia, "controlled", "controlled/living", or "living" polymerizations. The use of these terms is discouraged. The use of "controlled" is permitted as long as the type of control is defined at its first occurrence, but the

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3

Lowe, A. B., and C. L. McCormick. "Homogeneous Controlled Free Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Media." Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 7 (2002): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02053.

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The ability to conduct controlled radical polymerizations (CRP) in homogeneous aqueous media is discussed. Three main techniques, namely stable free radical polymerization (SFRP), with an emphasis on nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) are examined. No examples exist of homogeneous aqueous NMP polymerization, but mixed water/solvent systems are discussed with specific reference to the NMP of sodium 4-styrenesulfonate. Aqueous ATRP is possible, although monomer choice is l

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4

Save, Maud, Yohann Guillaneuf, and Robert G. Gilbert. "Controlled Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Dispersed Media." Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 10 (2006): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06308.

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Controlled radical polymerization (CRP), sometimes also termed ‘living’ radical polymerization, offers the potential to create a wide range of polymer architectures, and its implementation in aqueous dispersed media (e.g. emulsion polymerization, used on a vast scale industrially) opens the way to large-scale manufacture of products based on this technique. Until recently, implementing CRP in aqueous dispersed media was plagued with problems such as loss of ‘living’ character and loss of colloidal stability. This review examines the basic mechanistic processes in free-radical polymerization in

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5

Braun, Dietrich. "Origins and Development of Initiation of Free Radical Polymerization Processes." International Journal of Polymer Science 2009 (2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/893234.

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At present worldwide about 45% of the manufactured plastic materials and 40% of synthetic rubber are obtained by free radical polymerization processes. The first free radically synthesized polymers were produced between 1910 and 1930 by initiation with peroxy compounds. In the 1940s the polymerization by redox processes was found independently and simultaneously at IG Farben in Germany and ICI in Great Britain. In the 1950s the systematic investigation of azo compounds as free radical initiators followed. Compounds with labile C–C-bonds were investigated as initiators only in the period from t

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6

Monteiro, M. J., R. Bussels, S. Beuermann, and M. Buback. "High Pressure 'Living' Free-Radical Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of RAFT." Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 7 (2002): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02079.

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Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene was studied at high pressure, employing two dithioester RAFT agents with an isopropylcyano (5) and a cumyl (6) leaving group, respectively. The high-pressure reaction resulted in low polydispersity polymer. It was found that controlled polymerizations can be performed at increased pressures with a high degree of monomer conversion, which signifies that high-pressure polymerizations can be utilized for the production of higher molecular weight polystyrene of controlled microstructure. Retardation of styrene polyme

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7

Zhang, Zhenghe, Pengcheng Zhang, Yong Wang, and Weian Zhang. "Recent advances in organic–inorganic well-defined hybrid polymers using controlled living radical polymerization techniques." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 24 (2016): 3950–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00675b.

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Controlled living radical polymerizations, such as ATRP and RAFT polymerization, could be utilized for the preparation of well-defined organic–inorganic hybrid polymers based on POSS, PDMS, silica nanoparticles, graphene, CNTs and fullerene.

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8

Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof. "Radical Nature of Cu-Catalyzed Controlled Radical Polymerizations (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization)." Macromolecules 31, no. 15 (1998): 4710–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma980357b.

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9

Ha, Nguyen Tran, and Duong Ba Vu. "Organic photo-catalyst for controlled synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) using spirooxazine initiator." Tạp chí Khoa học 14, no. 9 (2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54607/hcmue.js.14.9.299(2017).

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Photoinitiated metal-free controlled living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylates was investigated using the nuclear aromatic compound of pyrene. In the presence of photoredox catalysts and UV irradiation, spirooxazine initiator was used as initiator for polymerization of methyl methacrylate with good control over molecular weight in range of 10000 – 14000 g/mol and polydispersity below 1.5. Moreover, the obtained polymer also exhibited photochromic properties under UV irradiation both in solution and in solid state film. We are reliable believe that organic-based photoredox catalysts

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10

Steenbock, Marco, Markus Klapper, and Klaus Müllen. "Triazolinyl radicals - new additives for controlled radical polymerization." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 199, no. 5 (1998): 763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3935(19980501)199:5<763::aid-macp763>3.0.co;2-s.

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11

Steenbock, Marco, Markus Klapper, and Klaus Müllen. "Triazolinyl radicals – new additives for controlled radical polymerization." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 199, no. 5 (1998): 763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1998.021990509.

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12

Yilmaz, Gorkem. "One-Pot Synthesis of Star Copolymers by the Combination of Metal-Free ATRP and ROP Processes." Polymers 11, no. 10 (2019): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101577.

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A completely metal-free strategy is demonstrated for the preparation of star copolymers by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) for the syntheses of block copolymers. These two different metal-free controlled/living polymerizations are simultaneously realized in one reaction medium in an orthogonal manner. For this purpose, a specific core with functional groups capable of initiating both polymerization types is synthesized. Next, vinyl and lactone monomers are simultaneously polymerized under visible light irradiation using specific catal

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13

Jiang, Jianguo, Weifeng Chen, Aimin Cheng, Jin Guo, and Yueshu Liu. "Preparation of Polyacrylamide with Improved Tacticity and Low Molecular Weight Distribution." BIO Web of Conferences 55 (2022): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225501028.

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Polyacrylamide with improved tacticity and low molecular weight distribution was obtained via stereospecific atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using the mixture of Lewis acids Y(OTf)3 and AlCl3 in a certain ratio as stereospecific catalyst and chloroacetic acid/ Cu2O / N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine( TMEDA) as initiating system. The initiating system afforded persistently controlled ATRP of acrylamide with lower polydispersity index ranging from 1.12 to 1.35 as well as a moderate polymerization process. The participation of the mixture of Lewis acids Y(OTf)3 and AlCl3 as stereo

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14

Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof, Takeo Shigemoto, Jean M. J. Fréchet, and Marc Leduc. "Controlled/“Living” Radical Polymerization with Dendrimers Containing Stable Radicals." Macromolecules 29, no. 12 (1996): 4167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9600163.

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15

Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof. "Controlled radical polymerization." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 1, no. 6 (1996): 769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(96)80101-x.

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16

Gaynor, Scott, Dorota Greszta, Daniela Mardare, Mircea Teodorescu, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Controlled Radical Polymerization." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 31, no. 11 (1994): 1561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601329408545868.

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17

Bertin, Denis, and Bernard Boutevin. "Controlled radical polymerization." Polymer Bulletin 37, no. 3 (1996): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00318066.

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18

Eisen, Moris S. "Controlled Radical Polymerizations." Israel Journal of Chemistry 52, no. 3-4 (2012): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201200022.

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19

Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof. "Controlling polymer structures by atom transfer radical polymerization and other controlled/living radical polymerizations." Macromolecular Symposia 195, no. 1 (2003): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200390131.

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20

Nguyen, Duc Hung, and Philipp Vana. "On the Mechanism of Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with Dithiobenzoic Acid as Mediator." Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 8 (2006): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06158.

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Dithiobenzoic acid (DTBA) induces controlled polymerization behaviour in methyl methacrylate polymerization at 60°C, accompanied by a pronounced induction period of several hours. DTBA is partially transformed during this induction period into a dithioester with a tertiary ester group moiety, which constitutes an efficient reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent. The transformation reaction is proposed to proceed via a hydrogen abstraction from DTBA by radicals and subsequent termination of the formed phenylcarbonothioylsulfanyl radical with propagating radicals. The prop

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21

Severin, K., M. Haas, E. Solari, O. Nguyen, S. Gautier, and R. Scopelliti. "RT-Controlled Radical Polymerization." Synfacts 2006, no. 5 (2006): 0446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-934385.

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22

Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof, and James Spanswick. "Controlled/living radical polymerization." Materials Today 8, no. 3 (2005): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(05)00745-5.

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23

Pan, Xiangcheng, Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen, Joachim Laun, Thomas Junkers, Yusuf Yagci, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Photomediated controlled radical polymerization." Progress in Polymer Science 62 (November 2016): 73–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.06.005.

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24

Tasdelen, Mehmet Atilla, Mustafa Uygun, and Yusuf Yagci. "Photoinduced Controlled Radical Polymerization." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 32, no. 1 (2010): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201000351.

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25

Adams, ME, M. Trau, RG Gilbert, DH Napper, and DF Sangster. "The Entry of Free Radicals Into Polystyrene Latex Particles." Australian Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 12 (1988): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9881799.

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Mechanistic understanding of the processes governing the kinetics of emulsion polymerization has both scientific and technical interest. One component of this process that is poorly understood at present is that of free radical entry into latex particles. Measurements were made of the entry rate coefficient as a function of temperature for free radicals entering polystyrene latex particles in seeded emulsion polymerizations initiated by γ-rays. The activation energy for entry was found to be less than 24�3 kJ mol-1, consistent with entry being controlled by a physical (e.g., diffusional ) rath

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26

Tasdelen, Mehmet Atilla, and Yusuf Yagci. "Photochemical Methods for the Preparation of Complex Linear and Cross-linked Macromolecular Structures." Australian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 8 (2011): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch11113.

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In this contribution, the current state of the art is summarized and an overview of photoinitiating systems for both radical and cationic polymerizations and their potential application in the preparation of complex linear and cross-linked macromolecular structures are described. Recent relevant studies have been devoted to developing novel free radical and cationic photoinitiators having spectroscopic sensitivity in the near-UV or visible range. Photoinitiated controlled radical polymerization methods leading to tailor-made polymers with predetermined structure and architecture are briefly pr

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27

Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof. "Transformation of “living” carbocationic and other polymerizations to controlled/“living” radical polymerization." Macromolecular Symposia 132, no. 1 (1998): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19981320111.

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28

Thurecht, Kristofer J., and Steven M. Howdle. "Controlled Dispersion Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 8 (2009): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09081.

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Recent advances in controlled polymerization have led to increased activity in controlled free radical polymerization in unconventional solvents. This short report focuses on the renewed interest in dispersion polymerization in supercritical CO2 brought about by the application of controlled free radical polymerization techniques. The emergence of novel and industrially-applicable materials is discussed, as well as the dependence of material properties and morphology upon factors such as surfactant type and how it is employed during the polymerization.

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29

LIU, PENG, and TINGMEI WANG. "SURFACE-INITIATED ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF HYDROXYETHYL ACRYLATE FROM ACTIVATED CARBON POWDER WITH HOMOGENIZED SURFACE GROUPS." Surface Review and Letters 14, no. 02 (2007): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x07009359.

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The well-defined poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) brushes were grafted from the surfaces of the activated carbon (AC) powder with the controlled/"living" radical polymerization technique. First, surface functional groups of the AC powder were homogenized to hydroxyl groups by oxidizing with nitric acid and then reducing with lithium tetrahydroaluminate ( LiAlH 4) at first. Second, the surface hydroxyl groups were treated with bromoacetylbromide, and the bromoacetyl groups were introduced. And in the third step, the bromoacetyl activated carbon ( BrA-AC ) powder were used as macro-initiators

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30

Sun, Yong Lian, Bo Zhu, Shan Shan Zhou, Bao Lei Chen, Jian Gao, and Yong Wei Li. "The Research Status and Applications of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 978–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.978.

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ATRP is one of the most active fields in polymer science. The feature of ATRP is chain propagation by way of transfer of halide atom with or without the catalysis of transition mental compounds. The termination reaction between radicals is reduced by low concentration of free radicals under the control of the fast transfer. A variety of monomers including styrene, acrylates, methacrylates, and dienes can be used in this technique. ATRP is a simple and inexpensive process for controlled "living" radical polymerization leading to well-defined homopolymers and copolymers. In this paper, the mecha

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31

Bon, Stefan A. F., Michiel Bosveld, Bert Klumperman, and Anton L. German. "Controlled Radical Polymerization in Emulsion." Macromolecules 30, no. 2 (1997): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma961003s.

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32

Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof, Scott Gaynor, Dorota Greszta, Daniela Mardare, and Takeo Shigemoto. "?Living? and controlled radical polymerization." Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 8, no. 4 (1995): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610080414.

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33

Caille, Jean-Raphaël, Antoine Debuigne, and Robert Jérôme. "Controlled Radical Polymerization of Styrene by Quinone Transfer Radical Polymerization (QTRP)." Macromolecules 38, no. 1 (2005): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma048561o.

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34

Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof. "Transition Metal Catalysis in Controlled Radical Polymerization: Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization." Chemistry - A European Journal 5, no. 11 (1999): 3095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3765(19991105)5:11<3095::aid-chem3095>3.0.co;2-#.

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35

Stenzel, Martina H., and Christopher Barner-Kowollik. "The living dead – common misconceptions about reversible deactivation radical polymerization." Materials Horizons 3, no. 6 (2016): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6mh00265j.

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We illustrate common misconceptions and errors when interpreting polymerization data from ‘Living/controlled’ radical polymerization, preferably termed ‘reversible deactivation radical polymerization’ (RDRP). Avoiding the discussed errors leads to better defined materials for soft matter materials applications.

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36

Fantin, Marco, Francesca Lorandi, Armando Gennaro, Abdirisak Isse, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Electron Transfer Reactions in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization." Synthesis 49, no. 15 (2017): 3311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588873.

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Electrochemistry may seem an outsider to the field of polymer science and controlled radical polymerization. Nevertheless, several electrochemical methods have been used to determine the mechanism of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), using both a thermodynamic and a kinetic approach. Indeed, electron transfer reactions involving the metal catalyst, initiator/dormant species, and propagating radicals play a crucial role in ATRP. In this mini-review, electrochemical properties of ATRP catalysts and initiators are discussed, together with the mechanism of the atom and electron transfer

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37

Whitfield, Richard, Nghia P. Truong, and Athina Anastasaki. "Sequence-controlled Polymers via Controlled Radical Polymerization." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 73, no. 4 (2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2019.331.

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38

Steenbock, M., M. Klapper, K. Müllen, C. Bauer, and M. Hubrich. "Decomposition of Stable Free Radicals as “Self-Regulation” in Controlled Radical Polymerization." Macromolecules 31, no. 16 (1998): 5223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma980425u.

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39

Sepulveda, Victor, Ligia Sierra, and Betty López. "Low Dispersity and High Conductivity Poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) Membranes Obtained by Inexpensive Free Radical Polymerization of Sodium 4-styrenesulfonate." Membranes 8, no. 3 (2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes8030058.

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Controlled polymerizations are often used to synthesize polymers with low dispersity, which involves expensive initiators, constrained atmospheres, and multi-step purifying processes, especially with water soluble monomers. These drawbacks make the synthesis very expensive and of little industrial value. In this report, an inexpensive free radical polymerization of sodium 4-styrenesulfonate, using benzoyl peroxide as initiator in water/N,N-dimethylformamide solutions, is presented. After polymerization, an easy fiber precipitation method is implemented to extract and purify the polymer, obtain

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40

Busch, Markus, Marion Roth, Martina H. Stenzel, Thomas P. Davis, and Christopher Barner-Kowollik. "The Use of Novel F-RAFT Agents in High Temperature and High Pressure Ethene Polymerization: Can Control be Achieved?" Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, no. 10 (2007): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch07200.

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Simulations are employed to establish the feasibility of achieving controlled/living ethene polymerizations. Such simulations indicate that reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents carrying a fluorine Z group may be suitable to establish control in high-pressure high-temperature ethene polymerizations. Based on these simulations, specific fluorine (F-RAFT) agents have been designed and tested. The initial results are promising and indicate that it may indeed be possible to achieve molecular weight distributions with a polydispersity being significantly lower than that obs

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41

Price, Mariel J., Katherine O. Puffer, Max Kudisch, Declan Knies, and Garret M. Miyake. "Structure–property relationships of core-substituted diaryl dihydrophenazine organic photoredox catalysts and their application in O-ATRP." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 42 (2021): 6110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py01060c.

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Photoinduced organocatalyzed atom-transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) is a controlled radical polymerization technique that can be driven using low-energy, visible light and makes use of organic photocatalysts.

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42

Grimaud, Thomas, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Controlled/“Living” Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization." Macromolecules 30, no. 7 (1997): 2216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma961796i.

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43

Xia, Jianhui, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Controlled/“Living” Radical Polymerization. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using Multidentate Amine Ligands." Macromolecules 30, no. 25 (1997): 7697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma971009x.

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44

Wang, Hyun Suk, and Athina Anastasaki. "Chemical Recycling of Polymethacrylates Synthesized by RAFT Polymerization." CHIMIA 77, no. 4 (2023): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2023.217.

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Reversing controlled radical polymerization and regenerating the monomer has been a long-standing challenge for fundamental research and practical applications. Herein, we report a highly efficient depolymerization method for various polymethacrylates synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The depolymerization process, which does not require any catalyst, exhibits near-quantitative conversions of up to 92%. The key aspect of our approach is the utilization of the high end-group fidelity of RAFT polymers to generate chain-end radicals at 120 °C. T

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45

Nedeljkovic, Dragutin. "Polystyrene-b-Poly(2-(Methoxyethoxy)ethyl Methacrylate) Polymerization by Different Controlled Polymerization Mechanisms." Polymers 13, no. 20 (2021): 3505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203505.

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Functional polymers have been an important field of research in recent years. With the development of the controlled polymerization methods, block-copolymers of defined structures and properties could be obtained. In this paper, the possibility of the synthesis of the functional block-copolymer polystyrene-b-poly(2-(methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate) was tested. The target was to prepare the polymer of the number average molecular weight (Mn) of approximately 120 that would contain 20–40% of poly(2-(methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate) by mass and in which the polymer phases would be separated. Th

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46

Bompart, Marc, and Karsten Haupt. "Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 8 (2009): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09124.

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Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are tailor-made biomimetic receptors that are obtained by polymerization in the presence of molecular templates. They contain binding sites for target molecules with affinities and specificities on a par with those of natural receptors such as antibodies, hormone receptors, or enzymes. A great majority of the literature in the field describes materials based on polymers obtained by free radical polymerization. In order to solve general problems associated with MIPs, in particular their heterogeneity in terms of inner morphology and distribution of binding

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47

Dadashi-Silab, Sajjad, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Iron Catalysts in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization." Molecules 25, no. 7 (2020): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071648.

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Catalysts are essential for mediating a controlled polymerization in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Copper-based catalysts are widely explored in ATRP and are highly efficient, leading to well-controlled polymerization of a variety of functional monomers. In addition to copper, iron-based complexes offer new opportunities in ATRP catalysis to develop environmentally friendly, less toxic, inexpensive, and abundant catalytic systems. Despite the high efficiency of iron catalysts in controlling polymerization of various monomers including methacrylates and styrene, ATRP of acrylate-

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48

Higashimura, Hideyuki. "Radical-Controlled Oxidative Polymerization of Phenols." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 63, no. 10 (2005): 970–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.63.970.

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49

UEDA, Naoki. "Controlled Radical Polymerization with Iodine Compounds." Kobunshi 48, no. 7 (1999): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.48.513.

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50

SHIGA, Akinobu. "“Radical -Controlled”Oxidative Polymerization of Phenols." Kobunshi 49, no. 4 (2000): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.49.236.

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