Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contrôle descendants'
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Melchior, Meggane. "Caractérisation du contrôle descendant inhibiteur ocytocinergique et de sa modulation par un stress de séparation maternelle néonatale." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ013/document.
Full textOxytocin is a small peptide synthesized in hypothalamic neurons. She is well known for its roles in reproduction and social interactions, especially in mother-infant interactions, but also displays analgesic effects. During this thesis, I tried to get a better understanding of the circuits underlying OT analgesia. Then, I tried to determine if neonatal maternal separation, affecting mother-infant interactions, alters adult pain responses and oxytocin analgesia. This work allowed to identify a subgroup of oxytocinergic neurons in the hypothalamus, able to decrease pain through a dual action. They directly inhibit nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord and control the activity of another population of oxytocinergic neurons releasing the peptide in the bloodstream. Our work on maternal separation shows that it induces nociceptive hypersensitivity at adulthood, and a dysfunction in oxytocin analgesia
Terzulli, Claire. "Effet d’un dispositif d’hypnose en réalité virtuelle sur les douleurs aiguës et sur l’activité du système nerveux autonome chez le sujet sain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022STRAJ054.
Full textHypnosis and virtual reality are part of the panel of non-pharmacological tools that can be used alone or as an adjunct to pharmacological molecules to relieve pain and anxiety in clinical setting. The combination of the two techniques could facilitate hypnosis induction. The company, Hypno VR develops a hypnosis application in virtual reality. The objectives of this thesis were to evaluate the analgesic properties of this application and its effects on physiological parameters (heart rate, respiration and electrodermal activity). The thesis was articulated around three studies. The first one aimed at evaluating the effect of HypnoVR on heat pain thresholds. The second study aimed to evaluate the perception of cold pain and the last one aimed to compare HypnoVR to classical medical hypnosis, on pain thresholds and on the recruitment of descending pain controls. These three studies showed an increase in pain thresholds and a decrease in pain perception. Physiologically, we observed a decrease in heart rate, an increase in heart rate variability, and a decrease in respiratory rate in virtual reality
Chebbi, Raja. "Contrôles descendants de la douleur et symptômes douloureux." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF1DD01.
Full textAbsent
Gautier, Nicolas. "Flow control using optical sensors." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066640/document.
Full textFlow control using optical sensors is experimentally investigated. Real-time computation of flow velocity fields is implemented. This novel approach featuring a camera for acquisition and a graphic processor unit (GPU) for processing is presented and detailed. Its validity with regards to speed and precision is investigated. A comprehensive guide to software and hardware optimization is given. We demonstrate that online computation of velocity fields is not only achievable but offers advantages over traditional particle image velocimetry (PIV) setups. It shows great promise not only for flow control but for parametric studies and prototyping also.A hydrodynamic channel is used in all experiments, featuring a backward facing step for separated flow control. Jets are used to provide actuation. A comprehensive parametric study is effected to determine the effects of upstream jet injection. It is shown upstream injection can be very effective at reducing recirculation, corroborating results from the literature.Both open and closed loop control methods are investigated using this setup. Basic control is introduced to ascertain the effectiveness of this optical setup. The recirculation region created in the backward-facing step flow is computed in the vertical symmetry plane and the horizontal plane. We show that the size of this region can be successfully manipulated through set-point adaptive control and gradient based methods.A physically driven control approach is introduced. Previous works have shown successful reduction recirculation reduction can be achieved by periodic actuation at the natural Kelvin-Helmholtz frequency of the shear layer.A method based on vortex detection is introduced to determine this frequency, which is used in a closed loop to ensure the flow is always adequately actuated. Thus showing how recirculation reduction can be achieved through simple and elegant means using optical sensors. Next a feed-forward approach based on ARMAX models is implemented. It was successfully used in simulations to prevent amplification of upstream disturbances by the backward-facing step shear layer. We show how such an approach can be successful in an experimental setting.Higher Reynolds number flows exhibit non-linear behavior which can be difficult to model in a satisfactory manner thus a new approach was attempted dubbed machine learning control and based on genetic programming. A number of random control laws are implemented and rated according to a given cost function. The laws that perform best are bred, mutated or copied to yield a second generation. The process carries on iteratively until cost is minimized. This approach can give surprising insights into effective control laws
Abdallah, Khaled. "Organisation des contrôles descendants hypothalamiques de la nociception trigéminale chez le rat." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF1DD04.
Full textPain syndroms located in the head, such as migraine, can be particularly invalidating. Sensory inflow generated bynociceptors in the face and meninges activate neurons in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH), within the trigeminal system.There, a network of descending projections from cerebral structures enhance or inhibit the transfer of nociceptive informationto higher centers. However, the functional anatomy of such descending controls of nociceptive information are still ill-defined.Here, we investigated the descending hypothalamic projections to the MDH. Using the retrograde tracer, Fluorogold (FG), we analyzed the organization of hypothalamic projections to MDH. They originate from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), lateral hypothalamic area (LH), perifornical hypothalamic area (PFX), A11 nucleus and retrochiasmatic area (RCA). Within MDH, the V1 area, where primary afferent fibers of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve terminate, receives the strongest hypothalamic projections. Hypothalamic projections to MDH are bilateral. Using double-immunolabelling, we determined the molecular phenotype of A11 nucleus, LH and PFX projecting neurons to MDH. In A11 nucleus, about 60% of projecting neurons to MDH are dopaminergic (DA) and about 10% contain the alphacalcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP). Fifteen percent of LH projecting neurons to MDH and 30% of PFX ones contain orexin. Pain (facial formalin test) elevates Fos expression in A11 nucleus, suggesting that it contributes to pain processing. However, it is worth noting that Fos-immunoreactive neurons are neither DA nor projecting neurons. We combined behavioral and electrophysiological techniques to get further insights into the role of hypothalamic projections on trigeminal pain. Lesion of A11 nuclei, by locally injecting kainic acid or 6-OHDA, reduces spontaneous pain behavior (facial formalin test). To examine whether orexin descending hypothalamic projections control trigeminal pain, we examined the effect of intracisternally applied orexin A on electrophysiological responses of trigeminal neurons to electrical stimulation of their receptive field. Orexin A (0.6 nmol in 5μl) selectively reduces (about 50%) C-fiber-evoked responses but not the windup phenomenon. Several of these results are worth to note. (1) Descending hypothalamic projections predominantly control VI area of MDH, where primary afferent fibers innervating the meninges terminate. (2) The effect of long-lasting dysfunction of A11nucleus suggests that activation of descending DA projections produce a state of hyperalgesia. This is at odds with theconclusion of previous reports on the effects of local administration of DA or acute manipulations of A11 nuclei, suggestingthat descending DA projections rather inhibit nociceptive transmission. Long-lasting dysfunction of descending A11 DAprojections might enable plasticity changes in DH neuronal network. (3) That orexin A selectively inhibits C-fiber-evokedresponses suggests that orexin A selectively controls the transfer of nociceptive information via a presynaptic mechanism
Chovet, Camila. "Manipulation de la turbulence en utilisant le contrôle par mode glissant et le contrôle par apprentissage : de l'écoulement sur une marche descendante à une voiture réelle." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0016/document.
Full textThe present work aims to pre-evaluate flow control parameters to reduce the drag in a real vehicle. Two different actuation mechanisms (Murata’s micro-blower, and air-knives) are characterized and compared to define their advantages and limitations. Murata micro-blowers energized the boundary layer to directly perturb the vortex structures formed in the shear layer region. The air-knife has a rounded surface, adjacent to the slit exit, that could be considered as an active boat-tail (Coanda effect) for drag reduction. Different open-loop and closed-loop control strategies are examined, such as continuous blowing, periodic forcing, sliding mode control (SMC) and machine learning control (MLC). SMC is a robust closed-loop algorithm to track, reach and maintain a predefined set-point; this approach has on-line adaptivity in changing conditions. Machine learning control is a model-free control that learns an effective control law that is judged and optimized with respect to a problem-specific cost/objective function. A hybrid between MLC and SMC may provide adaptive control exploiting the best non-linear actuation mechanisms. Finally, all these parameters are brought together and tested in real experimental applications representative of the mean wake and shear-layer structures related to control of real cars. For the backward-facing step, the goal is to experimentally reduce the recirculation zone. The flow is manipulated by a row of micro-blowers and sensed by pressure sensors. Initial measurements were carried out varying the periodic forcing. MLC is used to improve performance optimizing a control law with respect to a cost function. MLC is shown to outperform periodic forcing. For the Ahmed body, the goal is to reduce the aerodynamic drag of the square-back Ahmed body. The flow is manipulated by an air-knife placed on the top trailing edge and sensed by a force balance. Continuous blowing and periodic forcing are used as open-loop strategies. SMC and MLC algorithms are applied and compared to the open-loop cases. The pre-evaluation of the flow control parameters yielded important information to reduce the drag of a car. The first real vehicle experiments were performed on a race track. The first actuator device concept and sensor mechanism are presented
Roca-Lapirot, Olivier. "Etude des réseaux neuronaux impliqués dans les contrôles descendants inhibiteurs de la douleur." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF1DD02.
Full textDiffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) are very powerful long-lasting descending inhibitory controls which are pivotal in modulating activity of spinal and trigeminal nociceptive neurons. The principal feature of DNIC is that they are subserved by a loop that involves supraspinal structures. In our study, DNIC were measured as in the anesthetized rat by the inhibition of nociceptive activity of trigeminal neurons induced by heterotopic noxious stimulation, as in the awake rat by the decreaseof rubbing response to facial formalin during heteropic noxious stimulation induced by hindpaw formalin injection. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of one of the main nociceptive ascending pathway. NK1- spino-parabrachial, in DNIC. Then, due to relationship between cardiovascular regulation and pain sensitivity, we wanted to know whether DNIC level is dependant on the arterial blood pressure (ABP level. Finally, given that descending inhibitory controls of pain are sustained at least in part by the early-studied serotonergic and noradrenergic system we wanted to study the involvement of the dopaminergic system, in (i) the control of trigeminal nociception, and (ii) the descending pathway of DNIC. All these hypotheses were tested by mean of behavioral; electrophysiological and anatomical (immunocytochemical) approaches. Our results first demonstrated that the activation of NK1-expressing dorsal horn neurones and lateral parabrachial area (LPB) neurones partly sustained the development of DNIC, suggesting that the LPB was specifically involved in the ascending pathway of DNIC. Secondly, we showed that tonic decrease of arterial blood pressure induced by a NO deliver, sodium nitroprusside, led to a significant decrease of DNIC. Thirdly, we showed that the dopaminergic modulation of trigeminal niciception was D2 receptor-dependant, and superficial laminae-specific. We showed that spinal trigeminal nucleus received direct projections from the hypothalamic, A11 dopaminergic nucleus, and that its inhibition induced a potentiation of the C-fiber-evoked trigeminal synaptic field. Finally, we showed that the descending pathway of DNIC was dependant on the A11 nucleus D2 receptors activation. To onclude, this study suggest that (i) ascending pathway of DNIC involves NK1-expressing dorsal horn and LBP neurones activation, (ii) DNIC development depends on cardiovascular signals integration, and (iii) A11 to trigeminal nucleus dopaminergique projections are involved in both control of trigeminal nociception and descending pathway of DNIC
Alkhoury, Abboud Cynthia. "Contrôle peptidergique de la douleur : modulation des voies descendantes par les systèmes relaxine." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0133.
Full textChronic pain often accompanied by anxiety and depression is a global scourge. The modulation of pain by neuropeptides (NP) is well known at the level of primary afferents and the spinal cord. However, little data is available on their role in pain in the brain. The relaxin family includes relaxin, which is present in the central nervous system (CNS) and has antifibrotic properties, and relaxin-3, which is strictly expressed in the CNS and has anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. Our objective is to study the modulation of pain by the neuropeptides relaxin and relaxin-3 in a mouse model of persistent inflammatory pain.Our results show that not only the relaxin-3 / RXFP3 system, but also the relaxin / RXFP1 system, which is still poorly explored in the CNS, have analgesic effects in conditions of inflammatory pain. The sites of action of these peptide systems include cortical (cingulate cortex, claustrum) and subcortical (amygdala) regions that regulate descending pathways and sensory integration in the spinal cord. Our data highlight the therapeutic potential of this peptide family, whose role in pain has never been tested before
Breton, Jean-Didier. "Le contrôle descendant ocytocinergique : Modulation du système nociceptif et effet antinociceptif de l'ocytocine." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/BRETON_Jean-Didier_2006.pdf.
Full textBouhassira, Didier, and Pierre Buser. "Approche fonctionnelle des controles inhibiteurs descendants s'exercant sur la transmission medullaire des messages nociceptifs." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066431.
Full textBreton, Jean-Didier Poisbeau Pierrick. "Le contrôle descendant ocytocinergique Modulation du système nociceptif et effet antinociceptif de l'ocytocine /." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2007. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/624/01/Breton2006.pdf.
Full textHulot, Florence. "Des chaînes aux réseaux trophiques : rôle de la diversité fonctionnelle dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066440.
Full textWigley, Benjamin Joseph. "Savanna woody plant community and trait responses to bottom-up and top-down controls, with a specific focus on the role of mammalian herbivory." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10133/document.
Full textSavannas are complex ecosystems affected by several bottom-up (e.g. soil nutrient availability and rainfall) and top-down (e.g. fire and herbivory) drivers. However, the relative importance of bottom-up vs. top-down drivers in influencing savanna dynamics is still widely debated. Within the top-down (disturbance) category of drivers, the role of mammal browsers in particular in driving savanna functioning is still not well understood. Two approaches were adopted to determine the role of disturbance in savannas. Firstly, by using a comparative approach, I attempted to address the so-called ‘savanna problem’ by investigating how savanna woody plant community compositions and key plant traits relating to the leaves, stems, architecture, and defence are influenced by soil nutrient status, rainfall, fire and browsing. Sixteen sites were selected along gradients of these four drivers from savanna parks throughout South Africa and Zimbabwe. The dominant woody species (species that accounted for >80% of standing biomass) at each site were identified and sampled for the key leaf and stem traits relating to plant functioning, palatability, architecture, physical and chemical defences. Measurements were undertaken for each species in order to determine both meso-browser and mega browser impact. Transects were undertaken in order to determine the relative abundance and the effects of fire on each species at each site. Due to the current lack of standardized soil sampling protocols in the ecological literature, and uncertainty around the definition of what denotes a fertile or infertile soil, I propose a number of standardized protocols and sampled according to these established protocols in order to accurately determine the soil nutrient status at each site. Following this, the relationships between climatic variables and soil nutrients with both species means and community weighted means for eight key leaf traits were explored. Although some significant relationships were found between savanna leaf traits of woody plants, climate, soil nutrients and their interactions, these tended to be weaker than those found in meta-analyses. These broad-scale studies usually include sites from many biome types, many of which are from temperate regions where inherent levels of disturbance are typically much lower than in African savannas. The high levels of disturbance typically found in African savannas are thought to partially account for the high within site variability found in leaf traits and the weak relationships found between leaf traits, soil nutrients and rainfall. To assess the importance of resources vs. disturbance in savannas functioning, the effects of soil nutrients, rainfall, fire and both meso-browser and mega-browser impact on twenty savanna woody plant traits relating to plant palatability, chemical and structural defences were explored. Structural defences were found to be more strongly correlated with soil characteristics than chemical defences, while browser impact was found to be strongly correlated with structural defences but not with chemical defences. Actual browser utilisation tended to be more predictable for meso-browsers than mega-browsers. Secondly using an experimental approach, two sets of herbivore exclosures were utilized to directly test how mammal browsers influenced woody species distributions, abundance, population structure and plant traits relating to palatability and defence. The effects of three longterm herbivore exclosures in the Kruger National Park on savanna woody plant community compositions, population demographics and densities were determined. Browsers were found to have significant impacts on species distributions, densities and population structures by actively selecting for species with favourable traits, particularly higher leaf N. An interaction between browsers and fire which limited the recruitment of seedlings and saplings into larger size classes was also demonstrated… [etc]
Guerreiro, covita João. "Role of relaxin-3/RXFP3 forebrain networks in the descending control of pain in the mouse." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0121.
Full textPain is a complex biological phenomenon that is beneficial and necessary for our survival, warning of changes and hazards in the environment that compromise optimal function. However, continuous activation of pain signalling systems results in maladaptive changes characterized by altered tissue and organ structure and activity. Pain lasting more than 3 months is termed chronic pain and it is under these conditions that it becomes a major burden for affected individuals. Chronic pain is also accompanied by serious social and economic burdens, making research in this field a high priority globally.The central nervous system (CNS) acts as a major control centre for nociceptive signal transmission, decoding pain for its sensory-discriminative and aversive components, i.e., deciphering the type of pain (pinch, burn, etc.), its location in the body, and its associated hedonic value, respectively. Once the information is decrypted, neural signals from the brain to the periphery act in accordance with the provided stimulus based on past and current experiences.The nociceptive signal is modulated at every step of this process by an abundance of neurochemical signals, including neuropeptides. The presence of neuropeptides and/or their receptors in areas linked to nociceptive processing and transmission suggests putative roles for these systems in the control of nociception.Relaxin-3 is a neuropeptide that is mainly synthesized in a hindbrain region known as the nucleus incertus (NI). Since its discovery, relaxin-3 has been linked to the control of a wide range of behaviours such as anxiety-like behaviours, arousal, and reward-seeking, through activation of the Gi/o-protein-coupled receptor, RXFP3. These putative roles of relaxin-3/RXFP3 signalling suggest a possible link between RXFP3 activation and modulation of pain sensitivity.Therefore, my initial studies assessed the effect of RXFP3 activation and inhibition on mechanical and thermal pain sensitivity in normal and persistent pain conditions. These studies demonstrated that central administration of the RXFP3 agonist peptide, RXFP3-A2, via intracerebroventricular (icv) injection, produced relief of mechanical, but not thermal, pain sensation. Moreover, icv injection of the RXFP3 antagonist peptide, R3(B1-22)R, augmented mechanical and thermal pain sensitivity. These data suggest that relaxin-3/RXFP3 signalling has a tonic action in maintaining mechanical and thermal pain thresholds, and the potential for activation of RXFP3 to produce pain relief.Additionally, I examined the possible involvement of different brain areas in these effects, by assessing the number of c-Fos-positive cell nuclei under different conditions. However, these studies revealed no difference in the number of c-Fos-positive cell nuclei or staining intensity in the vehicle- and RXFP3 agonist-treated mice.Further characterization of pain circuit-related brain areas using multiplex in situ hybridization revealed that RXFP3 mRNA is expressed within discrete populations of neurons in these areas. I also evaluated possible co-expression of RXFP3 mRNA with somatostatin and parvalbumin mRNA, and determined the relative proportion of RXFP3 mRNA expression in populations of neurons that express these transcripts.Finally, I examined the possible presence of comorbid anxiety in mice subjected to the persistent pain protocol. However, anxiety-like behaviour was not altered in mice with persistent hindpaw pain, suggesting this model does not display produce anxiety, and that effects of RXFP3 modulation observed specifically targeted nociceptive transmission.Overall, my findings implicate the relaxin-3/RXFP3 system in control of pain transmission, providing new opportunities for the development of therapeutic tools for pain management, by targeting a neuropeptide system that impacts several behaviours that are altered in chronic pain conditions
Barek, Stéphane. "Etude des effets de la stimulation corticale sur les mécanismes des contrôles descendants chez le rat par enregistrements macro physiologiques." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077115.
Full textAbout to clarify the pathway of antalgic cortical stimulation, this work discussed the effects of transcranial stimulation on the jaw opening reflex (JOR) and somatosensory tooth pulp evoked potentials (TPEP). Mainfindings showed: - a relation between the components of the JOR and the TPEP. - JOR excitatory and inhibitory effects directly depending from the neurons involved in this reflex and from the pre-synaptic controls of the periodontal afferent inputs. -a synaptic neuroplasticity phenomenon at the level of JOR inter neurons;- a anti nociceptive like effect on the cortical evoked potentials after the stimulation of the somatosensory cortex. This work underline the presence of neuroplasticity phenomenons, at the different levels of neuronal circuit involved in the JOR, in rat. Results showed that similar phenomenon could be present at the brain nervous central System level after repeated stimulations of the sensorymotor cortex to which the stimulation duration is the most important paradigm. This could be similar to the anti nociceptive effects observed in man after transcranial stimulations and underlies the hypothesis of a induced neuroplasticity after transcranial stimulation
SCHNEIDER, CYRIL. "Transition de l'appui a la phase pendulaire au cours de la chute avant chez l'homme : programmation, retroaction et controles descendants." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112252.
Full textOueghlani, Zied. "Contrôle afférent du réseau locomoteur lombaire chez le rat néonatal intact et spino-lésé." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0347/document.
Full textLocated within the spinal cord, the locomotor central pattern generators (CPGs) organize the rhythmical activation of limb muscles according to specific gait pattern requirements. These CPGs are under the control of supraspinal centers that are involved in the motivational aspect of locomotor behavior, and their activity is constantly modulated by sensory inputs to adapt the locomotor activities to environmental changes. The aim of my doctoral work was to further understand the dynamic interactions between (1) the supraspinal centers, (2) the CPGs and (3) the sensory inputs in both healthy and spinalized newborn rats. Using the isolated brainstem / spinal cord preparation as an in vitro experimental model, we first showed that manipulating the periodicity and the relative durations of left and right descending reticulospinal commands at the brainstem level is efficient to set the locomotor speed and sustain directional changes. We next established the interaction between the descending serotonergic pathways and sensory feedback to shape the spinal locomotor outputs during the first postnatal week. Finally, by combining behavioral, neurochemical and electrophysiological techniques, we showed different but complementary effects of monoaminergic neuromodulators (serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine) in the expression of locomotor behavior after a spinal cord injury. Our work brings additional data to better understand the afferent control of locomotor spinal CPGs in healthy and spinalized newborn rats
Iglesias, Caroline. "Interactions entre la commande motrice descendante et les afférences proprioceptives et cutanées sur les interneurones spinaux au cours du mouvement chez l'homme." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066053.
Full textFaumont, Serge. "Mécanismes cellulaires impliqués dans la sélection de programmes moteurs multiples par un même système de contrôle descendant : appproches électrophysiologique, pharmacologique et immunohistochimique." Bordeaux 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR10620.
Full textSujar, Garrido Patricia. "Active control of the turbulent flow downstream of a backward facing step with dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2265/document.
Full textThis thesis is part of an international project (MARS) to improve air transport efficiency by active flow control strategy. In this context, the presented experimental works are focused on a surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) as a solution to control the turbulent flow separation downstream a backward-facing step (BFS) at Reh = 30000. Two different plasma discharges are investigated: an ac-DBD resulting in a electrohydrodynamic force and a ns- DBD producing a pressure wave. Thanks to the versatility of plasma discharges and in order to optimize its effects on the flow, different locations of the DBD actuator have been investigated. Furthermore, an extended parametric study regarding the input variables of the discharge has been carried out by stereoscopic PIV. Among the obtained results, the mean reattachment length has been reduced up to 20%. In addition, other averaged quantities such as Reynolds stress components, the kinetic energy and the vorticity thickness of the separated shear layer have been analyzed to provide more extended information about the effects of the DBD actuator. The last part includes a dynamical analysis of the modifications produced by an optimal actuation. For that aim, the dominant structures are investigated by their signature in the frequency domain and by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). All the results lead to the definition of an optimal actuation for which the mean reattachment position is reduced and the vortex shedding street can be reinforced by a lock-on control mechanism
Labroquère, Jérémie. "Optimisation de dispositifs de contrôle actif pour des écoulements turbulents décollés." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4096/document.
Full textActive flow control strategies, such as oscillatory blowing / suction, have proved their efficiency to modify flow characteristics for various purposes (e.g. skin friction reduction, separation delay, etc.) in case of rather simple configurations. To extend this approach to industrial cases, the simulation of a large number of devices at real scale and the optimization of parameters are required. The objective of this thesis is to set up an optimization procedure to solve this category of problems. In this perspective, the organization of the thesis is split into three main parts. First, the development and validation of an unsteady compressible turbulent flow solver using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) using a Mixed finite-Element/finite-Volume (MEV) framework is described. A particular attention is drawn on synthetic jet numerical model implementation by comparing different models in the context of a simulation over a flat plate. The second axis of the thesis describes and validates the implementation of a Gaussian Process surrogate model based global optimization method including an approach to account for some numerical errors during the optimization. This EGO (Efficient Global Optimization) method, is validated on noisy 1D and 2D analytical test cases. Finally, the optimization of two industrial relevant test cases using a synthetic jet actuator are considered: a turbulent flow over a NACA0015 for which the time-averaged lift is regarded as the control criterion to be maximized, and an incompressible turbulent flow over a Backward Facing Step for which the time-averaged recirculation length is minimized
Marrot, Franck. "Développement d'une boucle expérimentale de contrôle actif sur un écoulement de type marche descendante en vue de piloter les couplages aéroacoustiques et modifier le mélange diphasique." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ESAE0022.
Full textYuan, Mingru. "Étude d'un échangeur de chaleur fluidisé multicellulaire à circulation interne contrôlée par une vanne non mécanique en forme de V." Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD350.
Full textLeblanc, Émilie. "Suivez le guide : études comportementales et électrophysiologiques du rôle des contrôles attentionnels descendants dans le déploiement de l’attention visuospatiale." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3492.
Full textContingent involuntary orienting is a phenomenon in which endogenous and exogenous attentional mechanisms interact, such that an item captures attention only if it shares an attribute that is relevant for the task at hand. Hence, top-down attentional control settings are established endogenously in favour of the relevant attribute, but stimuli sharing this attribute draw attention to their location involuntarily. The present thesis explores three aspects of this phenomenon. First, by studying the time course of this contingent capture effect, and by measuring event-related potentials (ERPs) to capturing distractors, it has been established that the performance deficits linked to contingent capture are in fact due to a deployment of visuospatial attention to the location of the distractor. Moreover, this spatially selective processing of the capturing distractor can be modulated if the distractor shares another target attribute, beside the target defining attribute. The ERP technique also permitted the dissociation of the contingent involuntary orienting hypothesis and the pure capture with brief attentional dwell time hypothesis. According to the latter interpretation, only salient singletons have the ability to capture attention at preattentive stages of processing. Therefore, top-down attentional control settings serve only to disengage attention from the location of such singletons when they do not share target features. The present results argue against this interpretation, because a deployment of visuospatial attention, indexed by the presence of the N2pc, was observed only in response to peripheral distractors sharing the target-defining attribute, even when all items in the stimulus displays were equated in terms of bottom-up salience. Lastly, when alphanumeric category was used to define the target, it was shown that top-down attentional control settings in favour of such conceptual attributes could be successfully implemented and used to guide visuospatial attention in an exogenous fashion, providing further evidence against the pure capture hypothesis.
Chen, Tsay-Juin, and 陳在鈞. "Neural Network Cascade Steepest Descendant Learning Algorithm with application on Precise Temperature Control Control of Injetion Molding Barrel System." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97187407721790547040.
Full text國立中興大學
機械工程學系
86
"類神經網路"以其良好之非線性映射能力,己經被廣泛的應用於系統模式 建立、模糊隸屬函數調整、文字辨識及複雜之非線性系統控制 ?等方面 。本論文主要目的乃是希望將類神經網路應用於極非線性之射出成型機料 管系統鑑別與精密溫度控制上。為了對料管系統做更完整之鑑別,本研究 嘗試在類神經網路EBP(誤差逆傳遞學習法則)架構之下,由一階逼進著手 ,在簡單的原則下,以最陡負梯度法則及參數上下限設定的方式,針對每 一次權值更新,找出增進模式或批次模式相對應之最佳學習參數 及學習 慣量 參數值,使得網路能在最少的次數下收斂,且能有不錯的重現性, 電腦模擬證明本研究所提出之新法則在收斂速度與學習成功率上,皆較其 他方法優異。在本研究之第二部分,我們先將所發展之新類神經網路學習 法則應用於射出成型機料管系統之模擬上,實際實驗結果證明,本研究所 提出之新方法確實可對複雜之料管系統做有效的鑑別。完成之類神經網路 料管模式則進一步用來做為類神經網路式參數自調PID控制器之依據,實 際實驗結果亦證明此參數自調PID控制器能將料管溫度控制於 +0.5~-0.5 度內 Artificial neural networks, with its high learning and nonlinear mapping ability, have been successfully applied to many system identification and control problems. The goal of this thesis is to apply the neural network techniques to the system identification and precise temperature control of the extremely nonlinear injection molding barrel system.In order to complete the system identification work as accuracy as possible, we propose a new and efficient multilayer neural network learning algorithm first. In this new learning algorithm (Cascade steepest descendant learning algorithm) the steepest descendant method is used to search the optimal learning constant ηand momentum term αfor each weights updating process. The well known Delta learning rule is then employed to modify the connecting weights in terms of the optimal ηand α. Computer simulations show that the proposed new algorithm outmatches other learning algorithms both in converging speed and success rate.In the second part of this research, we first apply the new neural network learning algorithm to the identification of the injection molding barrel system. Real experiment results demonstrate that the new algorithm can precisely identify the complicate barrel system. Further more, a self-tuning PID controller based on the trained neural network barrel model for precise temperature control is developed. Real experiments show that the proposed self-tuning PID controller can precisely control the barrel temperature within 0.5 degree.
Missaghi, Kianoush. "Contrôle nerveux de la respiration chez la lamproie." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20282.
Full textGariépy, Jean-François. "Organisation et modulation du réseau neuronal de la respiration chez la lamproie." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8816.
Full textThe neural control of breathing is currently investigated on multiple animal models such as frogs and rats. We have used the lamprey as an experimental model to characterize the brainstem neural networks involved in the genesis and modulation of the respiratory rhythm. We have first characterized a new population of respiratory neurons in the paratrigeminal respiratory group (pTRG). The pTRG is a region that was shown to be essential to respiratory rhythmogenesis in lampreys. We have shown that the pTRG contains a group of neurons with complex axonal arborisations, including bilateral projections to the motoneuron pools of the brainstem that activate gills, as well as bilateral projections connecting the pTRGs on the two sides of the brainstem. These results suggest that pTRG neurons could participate in the descending control of respiratory motoneurons as well as the bilateral synchrony of the respiratory rhythm. We have then studied the neural mechanisms by which respiration is increased during locomotion. We have shown that the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), in addition to its role in controlling locomotion, also increases breathing during locomotion. Neurons in the MLR are anatomically segregated, those projecting to the respiratory centers being located more dorsally. We have abolished the contribution of the dorsal part of the MLR to respiratory changes by injecting glutamate receptor blockers locally in semi-intact preparations. We have shown that during swimming episodes, a major part of the respiratory effect is dependent on the dorsal part of the MLR. Our results confirm that the respiratory rhythm is generated by a rostrolateral region in the pons of lampreys and show that connections from locomotor centers can directly activate this region. These connections could be implicated in the increase of breathing activity related to locomotion.
Marouf, Rafik. "L’effet du vieillissement normal sur les mécanismes centraux de la régulation de la douleur." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13552.
Full textElderly have to deal daily with chronic pain. The diffuse inhibitory descending controls (DNIC) are much involved in the pain control. It was shown that the DNIC recruitment was lower in elderly than in young population, using the analgesic effect of the heterotopic noxious counter stimulation (HNCS), a protocol allowing testing the efficiency of the DNIC. However, the studies assessing the central sensitization by the temporal summation of pain after repetitive stimuli have reported mixed results, the effect of age is still unclear. In addition, there is an age-related decline of an important component, which has an influence on pain perception, the cognitive resources and especially the cognitive inhibition. The goal of this work is to understand the underling mechanisms of the chronic pain related to the normal aging, which can leads to a new therapeutic perspectives. First, the recruitment of the CIDN was compared between healthy young and elderly participants using the HNCS, and the central sensitization was tested using TS. The sural nerve electric shock stimulation was chosen, because it allows us to have two measures, the pain rating and the nociceptive spinal reflex (RIII), an indicative measure of the nociception. Our participants were also invited to participate in a cognitive task (the Stroop), to assess the cognitive inhibition. Second, the efficacy of the CIDN and the cognitive inhibition in elderly and young participants was tested, but this time in a magnetic resonance imaging session. We have wanted to test the association between these two-psychophysics measures, with the cortical thickness of the regions involved into these two processes, and the effect of the normal aging on them. The results have showed a less recruitment of the DNIC in elderly in the HNCS experiment. Also, the elderly have performed less than young in the cognitive inhibition. In addition, a correlation between the cognitive inhibition and the modulation of the RIII-reflex was found. For the TS experiment, no difference was shown between the two groups, suggesting that aging may affect differently the mechanisms involved in endogenous pain modulation. The morphometric study has showed a global diminution of the cortical thickness with aging. Furthermore, there was an association, between the HNCS analgesia and the performance in cognitive inhibition, and between theses two processes and the cortical thickness of the left lateral OFC. These results suggest an eventual existence of at least a partial neuronal common network for the sensorial and cognitive descending inhibitory control. This thesis has showed that the effect of normal aging on the central mechanisms of the pain regulation might be not uniform. Also, on one hand a correlation between the endogenous modulation of pain and cognitive inhibition was reported, and on the other hand that these two processes would be related to the same cortical area. Together, these findings would help to develop new therapeutic methods and offer more options to the management of pain in the elderly.