Relevant bibliographies by topics / Control variables

Academic literature on the topic 'Control variables'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Control variables"

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Arnold, Paul N. "Control of Study Variables." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 20, no. 6 (November 1994): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-3350(13)80674-8.

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Masket, Samuel. "Control of Study Variables." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 20, no. 6 (November 1994): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-3350(13)80675-x.

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Hatsopoulos, Nicholas G., and William H. Warren. "Do control variables exist?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18, no. 4 (December 1995): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00040851.

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AbstractWe argue that the concept of a control variable (CV) as described by Feldman and Levin needs to be revised because it does not account for the influence of sensory feedback from the periphery. We provide evidence from the realm of rhythmic movements that sensory feedback can permanently alter the frequency and phase of a centrally generated rhythm.
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Albertos, P., F. Morant, J. Picó, and J. Simó. "Adaptive Control Under Partially Measured Control Variables." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 25, no. 8 (June 1992): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)54103-8.

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Shore, Haim. "General control charts for variables." International Journal of Production Research 38, no. 8 (May 2000): 1875–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002075400188645.

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Shore, H. "General control charts for variables." International Journal of Production Research 39, no. 9 (January 2001): 2063–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207540110028137.

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Knudsen, Finn B. "Fermentation Variables and Their Control." Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 43, no. 2 (April 1985): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/asbcj-43-0091.

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Klarmann, Martin, and Sven Feurer. "Control Variables in Marketing Research." Marketing ZFP 40, no. 2 (2018): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2018-2-26.

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García-Bustos, Sandra, Mónica Mite, and Francisco Vera. "Control Charts with Variable Dimension for Linear Combination of Poisson Variables." Quality and Reliability Engineering International 32, no. 5 (November 25, 2015): 1741–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qre.1910.

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Cembrero, J., M. Perales, M. Mollar, and B. Marí. "Obtención de columnas de ZnO. Variables a controlar (I)." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 42, no. 6 (December 30, 2003): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2003.v42.i6.626.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Control variables"

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Böhm, Walter, and Peter Hackl. "CUSUM Chart for Correlated Control Variables." Department of Statistics and Mathematics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1991. http://epub.wu.ac.at/76/1/document.pdf.

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The cumulative sum (CUSUM) technique is well-established in theory and practice of process control. A comprehensive exposition of the method is given, e.g., by Wetherill and Brown (1991). A question that is seldom treated in the literature is that on the effect of serial correlation of the control variable. Johnson and Bagshaw (1974) investigate the effect of correlation on the run length distribution when the control variable follows a first order autoregressive or moving average process. They also give an approximate expression for the average run length of the CUSUM- technique for correlated control variables. In this paper we derive an exact expression for the average run length of a discretized CUSUM-technique, i.e., a technique that uses a scoring system for the observations of the control variable. The scoring system is that suggested by Munford (1980). Our results are derived for a control variable that is assumed to follow a first order autoregressive process and with normally distributed disturbances. After deriving in Section 2 the expression for the average run length we discuss its dependence on the process parameter and give a numerical illustration. In Section 3 we discuss corrections for the CUSUM-technique in order to keep the nominal risk for an out-of-control decision and compare our results with those given by Johnson and Bagshaw (1974). (author's abstract)
Series: Forschungsberichte / Institut für Statistik
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Nandong, Jobrun. "Modelling and control strategies for extractive alcoholic fermentation: partial control approach." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2197.

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The vast majority of chemical and bio-chemical process plants are normally characterized by large number of measurements and relatively small number of manipulated variables; these thin plants have more output than input variables. As the number of manipulated variables restricts the number of controlled variables, thin plant has presented a daunting challenge to the engineers in selecting which measured variables to be controlled. In general, this is an important problem in modern process control today, because controlled variables selection is one of the key questions which must be carefully addressed in order to effectively design control strategies for process plants. While the issue relating to controlled variables selection has remained the key question to be resolved since the articulation of CSD problem by Foss in 1970s, the work described in this thesis points out to another equally important question in CSD, that is, what is the sufficient number of controlled variables required? Thinking over this question leads one to the necessity for gaining a rational understating of the governing principle in partial control design, namely the variables interaction.In this thesis, we propose a novel data-oriented approach to solving the control structure problem within the context of partial control framework. This approach represents a significant departure from the mainstream methods in CSD, which currently can be broadly classified into two major categories as the mathematical-oriented and heuristic-hierarchical approaches. The key distinguishing feature of the proposed approach lies in its adoption of technique based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which is used to systematically determine the suitable controlled variables. Conversely, the determination of the controlled variables in mathematical-oriented and heuristic-hierarchical approaches is done via the mathematical optimization and process knowledge/engineering experience, respectively. It is important to note that, the data-oriented approach in this thesis emerges from the fusion of two important concepts, namely the partial control structure and PCA. While partial control concept provides the sound theoretical framework for addressing the CSD problem in a systematic manner, the PCA-based technique helps in determining not only the suitable controlled variables but also the sufficient number of controlled variables required.Since the classical framework of partial control is not amendable to a systematic way in the identification of controlled variables, it is necessary to develop a new framework of partial control in this thesis. Within this new framework the dominant variable can be clearly defined, and which in turn allows the incorporation of PCA-based technique for the systematic identification of controlled variables.The application of the data-oriented approach is demonstrated on a nonlinear multivariable bioprocess case study, called the two-stage continuous extractive (TSCE) alcoholic fermentation process. The system consists of 5 interlinked units: 2 bioreactors in series, a centrifuge, vacuum flash vessel and treatment tank. The comparison of the two-stage design with that of single-stage design reported in literature shows that: (1) both designs exhibit comparable performance in term of the maximum allowable trade-off values between yield and productivity, and (2) two-stage design exhibits stronger nonlinear behaviour than that of single-stage. Thus, the design of control strategies for the former is expected to be more challenging.Various partial control strategies are developed for the case study, such as basic partial control strategy, complete partial control strategies with and without PID enhancement technique and optimal size partial control strategy. Note that, this system consists of 16 output variables and only 6 potential manipulated variables, which has approximately 4,000,000 control structure alternatives. Therefore, the application of mathematical approach relying on optimization is not practical for this case study – i.e. assuming that evaluation of each alternative takes 30 seconds of optimization time, thus, complete screening will require almost 4 years to complete.Several exciting new insights crystallize from the simulation study performed on the case study, where two of them are most important from the perspective of effective design of partial control strategy: 1) There is an optimal size of partial control structure where too many controlled variables can lead to the presence of bottleneck control-loop, which in turn can severely limit the dynamic response of overall control system. On the other hand, too few controlled variables can lead to unacceptable variation or loss in performance measures. 2) The nature of variables interaction depends on the choice of control structure. Thus, it is important to ensure that the nature of open-loop variables interaction is preserved by the implementation of a particular control strategy. When this is achieved, then we say that this control system works synergistically with the inherent control capability of a given process – i.e. achieving the synergistic external-inherent control system condition.The proposed approach has been successfully applied to the case study, where the optimal partial control structure is found to be 3x3 i.e. 3 controlled variables are sufficient to meet all 3 types of control objectives: overall (implicit) performance objectives, constraint and inventory control objectives. Finally, the proposed approach effectively unifies the advantages of both mathematical-oriented and heuristic-hierarchical approaches, and while at the same time capable of overcoming many limitations faced by these two mainstream approaches.
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Clerget, Charles-Henri. "Contributions au contrôle et à l'optimisation dynamique de systèmes à retards variables." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM053/document.

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Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié le contrôle et l'optimisation de systèmes dynamiques sujets à des retards variables.L'existence de retards, de commande ou d'état, est un problème classique en automatique, susceptible de réduire les performances du système en régime transitoire, voire de remettre en cause la stabilité de contrôleurs en boucle fermée. De tels phénomènes de retards variables jouent un rôle important dans de nombreuses applications en génie des procédés.Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié la régulation en boucle fermée d'un système soumis à des retards de métrologie variables et incertains. Nous avons établi de nouveaux résultats garantissant la stabilité robuste sous certaines conditions explicites sur le gain du contrôleur. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons abordé le problème de l'optimisation dynamique de systèmes présentant des retards variables dépendant de la commande liés à des phénomènes de transport dans des réseaux hydrauliques. Nous avons proposé un algorithme itératif d'optimisation et garanti sa convergence grâce à une analyse détaillée
This Ph.D. work studied the control and optimization of dynamical systems subject to varying time delays.State and control time delays are a well-known problem in control theory, with a potential to decrease performances during transient regimes, or even to jeopardize controllers closed-loop stability. Such variable delays play a key role in many applications in process industries.In a first part, we studied the closed-loop control of a system subject to varying and uncertain metrology delays. We established new results on robust stability under explicit conditions on the controller gain. In a second part, we tackled the problem of the dynamic optimization of systems exhibiting input dependent delays due to transport phenomena in complex hydraulic architectures. We designed an iterative optimization algorithm and guaranteed its convergence through a detailed analysis
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Huang, Yi. "CONTROL OF METAL TRANSFER AT GIVEN ARC VARIABLES." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/4.

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Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is one of the most important welding processes in industrial application. To control metal transfer at given variables is a focus in the field of research and development in welding community. In this dissertation, laser enhanced GMAW is proposed and developed by adding a lower power laser onto the droplet to generate an auxiliary detaching force. The electromagnetic force needed to detach droplets, thus the current that determines this force, is reduced. Wire feed speed, arc voltage, and laser intensity were identified as three major parameters that affect the laser enhanced metal transfer process and a systematic series of experiments were designed and conducted to test these parameters. The behaviors of the laser enhanced metal transfer process observed from high speed images were analyzed using the established physics of metal transfer. In all experiments, the laser was found to affect the metal transfer process as an additional detaching force that tended to change a short-circuiting transfer to drop globular or drop spray, reduce the diameter of the droplet detached in drop globular transfer, or decrease the diameter of the droplet such that the transfer changed from drop globular to drop spray. The enhancement of the laser was found to increase as the laser intensity increased. The larger laser intensity tended to help reduce the size of the droplet detached. The arc voltage affected the metal transfer process through changing the current and changing the gap and possible time interval of the droplet development. A larger arc voltage helped reduce the size of the droplet detached through an increased electromagnetic force. Desired heat input and current/arc pressure waveforms may thus be both delivered and controlled by GMAW through laser enhancement. Laser recoil pressure force was estimated based on the difference of gravitational force with and without laser pulse, and the result was with an acceptable accuracy. Good formation of welds and full penetration of thin plate could be obtained using laser enhanced GMAW. A nonlinear model was established to simulate the dynamic metal transfer in laser enhanced GMAW, and the results agree with the experimental one.
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Wise, Marshall Alan. "Simultaneous process control of several independent quality variables." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41532.

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A method for multivariate quality control with the dual objectives of providing a true level of sampling error probabilities for the joint control of several quality variables while also giving problem diagnoses for the quality variables individually. The method is comprised of an afine transformation of the multiple quality variables which creates a univariate test statistic used to monitor the quality and provide problem diagnoses. In practice, realized values of this statistic would be plotted as a time series on a control chart with multiple diagnosis intervals. For the analysis of the method’s effectiveness, the quality variables are assumed to be independent and normally distributed. The method is shown to be successful in achieving desired sampling error probabilities for any m quality variables in the case of positive shifts in the means of the variables. A second transformed variable is added for the diagnosis of shifts of unrestricted direction, and its effectiveness is analyzed. The sample size requirement of the afine transformation method is compared to the total sample size necessary when a separate Shewhart chart for the mean is maintained for each quality variable with the same overall sampling plan objectives. The power of the method to detect quality problems in general while disregarding specific diagnoses is compared to the power of Hotelling’s T² test for multivariate quality control. A comprehensive evaluation of the relative worth of the two methods is not possible since the T² statistic does not consider diagnoses of the individual quality variables.
Master of Science
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García, Bustos Sandra Lorena. "Control Multivariante Estadístico de Variables Discretas tipo Poisson." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/40592.

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En algunos casos, cuando el número de defectos de un proceso de producción tiene que ser controlada, la distribución de Poisson se emplea para modelar la frecuencia de estos defectos y para desarrollar un gráfico de control. En este trabajo se analiza el control de características de calidad p> 1 de Poisson . Cuando este control se necesita, hay dos enfoques principales: 1 - Un gráfico para cada variable de Poisson, el esquema múltiple.. 2 -. Sólo una gráfico para todas las variables, el sistema multivariable. En este trabajo se desarrolla un nuevo gráfico de control multivariable basado en la combinación lineal de las variables de Poisson, donde esta combinación lineal es optimizada con el fin de mantener un ARL bajo control deseado y de minimizar el ARL fuera de control. Esta optimización se lleva a cabo utilizando un software bajo Windows ©, que también hace una comparación de rendimiento entre este gráfico y otros sistemas para monitorear una serie de variables Poisson. En los otros sistemas se incluye la suma de las variables (gráfico MP) y un conjunto optimizado de gráficos univariados Poisson (esquema múltiple).
García Bustos, SL. (2014). Control Multivariante Estadístico de Variables Discretas tipo Poisson [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/40592
TESIS
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Keating, Katrina Ann. "Noncognitive Variables for Placement| A Randomized Control Trial." Thesis, San Francisco State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10822840.

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This study was born out of a concern that U.S. community colleges were currently using or considering using noncognitive variables for academic placement without an understanding of how students would react to these scales in a high-stakes setting. While the use of noncognitive variables for placement often stems from a desire to overcome the myriad of limitations of content-based placement tests, the researcher was concerned that noncognitive variables had the potential to become an extension of the problems caused by the test.

This study was guided by two research questions: How does the high-stakes nature of academic placement impact student responses on noncognitive scales? How does the context, demand, characteristics, and framing of the noncognitive variables impact stereotype threat, if at all? The researcher performed a random control trial of incoming community college students to determine how they might react to questions about noncognitive variables. One group was told their responses would be used for placement, and the other was told that their responses would be used to improve instruction.

The major findings suggest that initial framing played a role in participant responses and lowered responses on some noncognitive variables, but that the act of having taken a placement test was also a moderator of student behavior and whether or not students believed the initial framing. Stereotype threat susceptibility appeared to have a statistically significant relationship with some participants’ responses on some noncognitive scales, and there was evidence that initial framing was not related. Finally, while participants were generally honest, those who did change their answers did so in a manner that was inconsistent, more so when given high stakes framing.

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MARANHAO, PAULO HENRIQUE COELHO. "CONTROL CHARTS ON TRANSFORMED VARIABLES FOR MONITORING MULTIVARIATE PROCESS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=21881@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
A maioria dos trabalhos que propõem esquemas de Controle Estatístico de Processos Multivariados (CEPM) e que analisam o desempenho desses esquemas considera alterações nas variáveis observadas. Alguns autores mostraram que, quando alterações no vetor de médias de um processo multivariado ocorrem tipicamente em direções previsíveis, a estatística mais eficaz para o monitoramento do processo é o valor da projeção do vetor de observações (ou de sua média amostral) em cada uma dessas direções. Este trabalho propõe um método para o monitoramento de processos multivariados nos quais alterações nos parâmetros do processo são devidas a causas especiais que afetam variáveis não observáveis e ocorrem em direções conhecidas (ortogonais), e compara seu desempenho com o de gráficos de Shewhart nas variáveis observadas, nas componentes principais, e com o de gráficos de T2 no vetor de variáveis observadas. Além disso, é proposto um esquema complementar de monitoramento para detectar alterações em novas direções fora do hiperplano formado pelas direções conhecidas. Resultados obtidos por simulação mostram que o esquema proposto, de gráficos de controle em variáveis transformadas (projeções do vetor de variáveis observadas nas direções conhecidas), tem melhor desempenho na maior parte dos casos analisados. A análise de desempenho é feita supondo deslocamentos da média nas direções conhecidas (já que estes é que são as alterações conhecidas, ocasionadas pelas causas especiais) e/ou aumentos da variância nessas mesmas direções. A comparação é baseada nas probabilidades de alarme falso e de alarme verdadeiro.
Most of the works that propose schemes of Multivariate Statistical Process Control (MSPC) and that analyze the performance of these schemes consider changes in the observed variables. Previous authors have shown that when the shifts in the mean vector of a multivariate process typically occur in predictable directions, the most effective statistics for process monitoring are the values of the projections of the vector of observations (or of the sample average vector) in each of these directions. This paper proposes a method for the monitoring of multivariate processes in which changes in the process parameters are due to special causes that affect non-observable variables and occur in (orthogonal) known directions, and compares its performance with that of Shewharts charts on the observed variables, on the principal components, and with that of T2 charts on the vector of observed variables. In addition, it is proposed a supplementary scheme of monitoring to detect changes in new directions outside of the hyperplane formed by known directions. Results obtained by simulation show that the proposed scheme, consisting of control charts on the transformed variables (projections of the vector of observed variables on the known directions), has better performance in most of the cases analyzed. The analysis of performance is done assuming shifts in the mean of the known directions (since these are the known changes associated to special causes) and/or increases of the variance in these same directions. The comparisons are based on the in-control and out-of-control probabilities of signal.
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Crisóstomo, Tiago Miguel Jacinto. "Firm performance and corporate governance variables - United Kingdom." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11064.

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Mestrado em Finanças
A temática do corporate governance remonta ao século XVIII. Apesar disso, só depois da crise financeira da década de 2000 que afectaram todo o sistema e das graves falências empresariais, o tema voltou à ribalta. Este estudo revisita de forma abrangente a evolução das várias teorias da empresa à luz do desenvolvimento do corporate governance como ciência fundamental para promover e desenvolver a performance no meio empresarial. Para tal, foi analisado o efeito que as variáveis de corporate governance têm na performance das empresas do Reino Unido no período de 2005-2012. Foram considerados cinco mecanismos de controlo empresarial: controlo efectuado aos directores, controlo através da estrutura accionista, controlo interno efectuado pelos "Committees", atribuição do cargo de CEO e Chairman a pessoas distintas e controlo através de remuneração baseada na performance. A estrutura accionista, aliada à atribuição do cargo de CEO e Chairman a pessoas distintas e o controlo através da remuneração baseada na performance, revelaram-se os mecanismos mais significativos na resolução da equação performance governance. Finalmente, e baseado na revisão de literatura e nos resultados obtidos, é possível afirmar que o corporate governance é um processo dinâmico no qual todos os intervenientes devem ser tidos em conta na prossecução do objectivo comum desenvolver um modelo de governance que seja sustentável e benéfico para a sociedade.
The theme of corporate governance dates back to the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, only after the financial crisis in 2000's decade that affected the entire system and the devastating corporate failures, the subject returned to the spotlight. This study revisits in a comprehensive way the evolution of the different theories of the firm in light of the development of corporate governance, as a fundamental science to promote and develop the corporate performance. To this purpose, we examined the effect that corporate governance variables have on the performance of companies in the UK for the period 2005-2012. We considered five mechanisms of corporate control: Board of directors, equity ownership structure, internal control performed by the Board Committees, separation of CEO and Chairman roles, and control through the variable remuneration. Board ownership, together with the separation of CEO and Chairman roles and control through the performance variable remuneration, proved to be the most significant mechanisms in the resolution of the equation performance - governance. Finally, and based on the literature review and the results obtained, it can be stated that corporate governance is a dynamic process in which the different stakeholders should be taken into account in order to achieve a common goal - develop a governance model that is sustainable and beneficial to society.
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Hanson, Robert Alexander. "The application of a single control chart for dependent variables in multivariate quality control." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-040726/.

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Books on the topic "Control variables"

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M, DeRusso Paul, and DeRusso Paul M, eds. State variables for engineers. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1998.

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DeRusso, Paul M. State variables for engineers. Malabar, Fla: Krieger, 1990.

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Lin, Chaung. Self-tuning of design variables for generalized predictive control. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 2000.

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Tagaras, George. Economic acceptance sampling by variables with quadratic quality costs. Fontainebleau: INSEAD, 1992.

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Heckman, James J. Using matching, instrumental variables and control functions to estimate economic choice models. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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Frölich, Markus. A note on parametric and nonparametric regression in the presence of endogenous control variables. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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Mburano, Rwenge. Determinants de la fécondité des mariages selon le milieu d'habitat au Benin: Examen par les variables intermédiaires. [Yaoundé, Cameroon]: Institut de formation et de recherche démographiques, 1994.

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Singh, M. Effect of processing variables on the microstructure and mechanical properties of microporous carbon materials. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Kim, Kyoo il. Revisiting instrumental variables and the classic control function approach, with implications for parametric and non-parametric regressions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.

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Rumrrill, Róger. Narcotráfico y violencia política en la Amazonía Peruana: Dos nuevas variables en la vieja historia de la selva alta y baja del Perú. [Lima?: s.n., 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Control variables"

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Sjoblom, Cecilia, and Georgios Liperis. "Control of Variables." In In Vitro Fertilization, 57–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43011-9_7.

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Amsden, Davida M., Howard E. Butler, and Robert T. Amsden. "Variables Control Charts." In SPC Simplified for Services, 99–136. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3070-7_5.

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Wetherill, G. Barrie, and Don W. Brown. "Inspection by variables." In Statistical Process Control, 269–90. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2949-5_12.

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Oakland, John, and Robert Oakland. "Process control using variables." In Statistical Process Control, 105–48. 7th ed. 7th edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315160511-6.

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Oakland, John, and Robert Oakland. "Variables and process variation." In Statistical Process Control, 84–102. 7th ed. 7th edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315160511-5.

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von Collani, Elart. "Control Charts for Variables." In Teubner Skripten zur Mathematischen Stochastik, 41–67. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-94763-5_4.

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Owen, Mal. "Control charts for variables." In SPC and Continuous Improvement, 99–126. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22419-9_6.

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Hernández-Guzmán, Victor Manuel, and Ramón Silva-Ortigoza. "The State Variables Approach." In Automatic Control with Experiments, 445–509. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75804-6_7.

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D’Ambrosio, Bruce. "Fuzzy Logic Control." In Qualitative Process Theory Using Linguistic Variables, 5–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9671-0_2.

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López, César Pérez. "Variables, Numbers, Operators and Functions." In MATLAB Control Systems Engineering, 23–75. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-0289-0_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Control variables"

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Lewis, Peter A. W., Richard Ressler, and R. Kevin Wood. "Smarter control variables." In the 19th conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/318371.318601.

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Dorf, Richard C., Thomas R. Kurfess, and Mark L. Nagurka. "Exploring Control Design Variables." In 1993 American Control Conference. IEEE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.1993.4793465.

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Willems, Jan C. "Interconnection by sharing variables." In European Control Conference 2007 (ECC). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2007.7068277.

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Albrecht, R. F. "Topologized variables and controls." In 2001 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2001.7076294.

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Soderstrom, Torsten. "Errors-in-variables identification using a Generalized Instrumental Variable Estimation method." In 2010 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2010.5717579.

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Boeira, Emerson C., and Diego Eckhard. "An optimal regularized instrumental variable method for errors-in-variables identification." In 2021 60th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc45484.2021.9683683.

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Jain, Neera, and Andrew G. Alleyne. "Thermodynamics-Based Optimization and Control of Vapor-Compression Cycle Operation: Control Synthesis." In ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-6088.

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This paper considers the implementation of an exergy-based multiple degree of freedom (MDOF) optimization and control methodology for the operation of VCC systems. The optimization problem for the standard VCC is characterized in terms of 4 thermodynamic variables and 1 fluid-dynamic variable. The resulting control problem is then analyzed, and a design variable, Λ, is introduced which allows the user to choose how the optimization variables are projected onto a control space of lower dimension. The potential of this approach to improve operational efficiency, with respect to both first and second law efficiency metrics, is demonstrated on an experimental VCC system through implementation of the proposed optimization using a feedforward plus feedback control architecture.
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Vera, Matias, Roman Osorio-Comparan, Antonio Rienzo, Manuel Duarte-Mermoud, and Gaston Lefranc. "Variables control of a modular greenhouse." In 2017 CHILEAN Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and Communication Technologies (CHILECON). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chilecon.2017.8229636.

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Chen, Han-fu. "Recursive Identification of Errors-in-Variables Systems." In 2006 Chinese Control Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chicc.2006.280993.

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MacCluer, C. R., and Yossi Chait. "Choosing An Inner Product That Separates Variables." In 1989 American Control Conference. IEEE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.1989.4790297.

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Reports on the topic "Control variables"

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Stouli, Sami, and Whitney K. Newey. Control variables, discrete instruments, and identification of structural functions. The IFS, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2018.5518.

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Seginer, Ido, James Jones, Per-Olof Gutman, and Eduardo Vallejos. Optimal Environmental Control for Indeterminate Greenhouse Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1997.7613034.bard.

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Increased world competition, as well as increased concern for the environment, drive all manufacturing systems, including greenhouses, towards high-precision operation. Optimal control is an important tool to achieve this goal, since it finds the best compromise between conflicting demands, such as higher profits and environmental concerns. The report, which is a collection of papers, each with its own abstract, outlines an approach for optimal, model-based control of the greenhouse environment. A reliable crop model is essential for this approach and a significant portion of the effort went in this direction, resulting in a radically new version of the tomato model TOMGRO, which can be used as a prototype model for other greenhouse crops. Truly optimal control of a very complex system requires prohibitively large computer resources. Two routes to model simplification have, therefore, been tried: Model reduction (to fewer state variables) and simplified decision making. Crop model reduction from nearly 70 state variables to about 5, was accomplished by either selecting a subset of the original variables or by forming combinations of them. Model dynamics were then fitted either with mechanistic relationships or with neural networks. To simplify the decision making process, the number of costate variables (control policy parametrs) was recuced to one or two. The dry-matter state variable was transformed in such a way that its costate became essentially constant throughout the season. A quasi-steady-state control algorithm was implemented in an experimental greenhouse. A constant value for the dry-matter costate was able to control simultaneously ventilation and CO2 enrichment by continuously producing weather-dependent optimal setpoints and then maintaining them closely.
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Kim, Kyoo il, and Amil Petrin. A New Control Function Approach for Non-Parametric Regressions with Endogenous Variables. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16679.

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Heckman, James, and Salvador Navarro-Lozano. Using Matching, Instrumental Variables and Control Functions to Estimate Economic Choice Models. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9497.

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Regalbuto, M. C., B. Misra, D. B. Chamberlain, R. A. Leonard, and G. F. Vandegrift. The monitoring and control of TRUEX processes. Volume 1, The use of sensitivity analysis to determine key process variables and their control bounds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10177602.

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Fuchs, Marcel, Ishaiah Segal, Ehude Dayan, and K. Jordan. Improving Greenhouse Microclimate Control with the Help of Plant Temperature Measurements. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604930.bard.

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A model of the energy balance of a transpiring crop in a greenhouse was developed in a format suitable for use in climate control algorithms aimed at dissipating excess heat during the warm periods. The model's parameters use external climatic variables as input. It incorporates radiation and convective transfer functions related to the operation of control devices like shading screens, vents, fans and enhanced evaporative cooling devices. The model identified the leaf boundary-layer resistance and the leaf stomatal and cuticular resistance as critical parameters regulating the temperature of the foliage. Special experiments evaluated these variables and established their relation to environmental factors. The research established that for heat load conditions in Mediterranean and arid climates transpiring crops maintained their foliage temperature within the range allowing high productivity. Results specify that a water supply ensuring minimum leaf resistance to remain below 100 s m-1, and a ventilation rate of 30 air exchanges per hour, are the conditions needed to achieve self cooling. Two vegetable crops, tomato and sweet pepper fulfilled maintained their leaf resistance within the prescribed range at maturity, i.e., during the critical warm season. The research evaluates the effects of additional cooling obtained from wet pad systems and spray wetting of foliage.
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Carrillo-Maldonado, Paul, Karla Arias, Wladimir Zanoni, Zoe Cruz, and Sebastián Ruiz. Local Socieconomic Impacts of Large-scale Mining Projects in Ecuador: The Case of Fruta del Norte. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004693.

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This study seeks to determine whether the Fruta del Norte project affected the main economic and social indicators of the Yantzaza canton, where the large-scale mining project is located. To do so, the analysis centers on key economic variables (such as business productivity and employment) and development variables (such as health and school enrollment). The specific methodology used is a synthetic control model, which enables the generation of a counterfactual for the treated canton. The findings suggest that Fruta del Norte had a positive impact on local economic activity in Yantzaza. The local economic dynamism spurred by Fruta del Norte had positive effects on local formal employment; however, increases in the rates of school dropout and adolescent pregnancy were observed.
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Ruosteenoja, Kimmo. Applicability of CMIP6 models for building climate projections for northern Europe. Finnish Meteorological Institute, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361416.

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In this report, we have evaluated the performance of nearly 40 global climate models (GCMs) participating in Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The focus is on the northern European area, but the ability to simulate southern European and global climate is discussed as well. Model evaluation was started with a technical control; completely unrealistic values in the GCM output files were identified by seeking the absolute minimum and maximum values. In this stage, one GCM was rejected totally, and furthermore individual output files from two other GCMs. In evaluating the remaining GCMs, the primary tool was the Model Climate Performance Index (MCPI) that combines RMS errors calculated for the different climate variables into one index. The index takes into account both the seasonal and spatial variations in climatological means. Here, MCPI was calculated for the period 1981—2010 by comparing GCM output with the ERA-Interim reanalyses. Climate variables explored in the evaluation were the surface air temperature, precipitation, sea level air pressure and incoming solar radiation at the surface. Besides MCPI, we studied RMS errors in the seasonal course of the spatial means by examining each climate variable separately. Furthermore, the evaluation procedure considered model performance in simulating past trends in the global-mean temperature, the compatibility of future responses to different greenhouse-gas scenarios and the number of available scenario runs. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were likewise explored in a qualitative sense, but owing to the non-existence of data from multiple GCMs, these variables were not incorporated in the quantitative validation. Four of the 37 GCMs that had passed the initial technical check were regarded as wholly unusable for scenario calculations: in two GCMs the responses to the different greenhouse gas scenarios were contradictory and in two other GCMs data were missing from one of the four key climate variables. Moreover, to reduce inter-GCM dependencies, no more than two variants of any individual GCM were included; this led to an abandonment of one GCM. The remaining 32 GCMs were divided into three quality classes according to the assessed performance. The users of model data can utilize this grading to select a subset of GCMs to be used in elaborating climate projections for Finland or adjacent areas. Annual-mean temperature and precipitation projections for Finland proved to be nearly identical regardless of whether they were derived from the entire ensemble or by ignoring models that had obtained the lowest scores. Solar radiation projections were somewhat more sensitive.
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Johnson, K. E. Adaptive Torque Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15008864.

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Krishnaprasad, P. S., and Dimitris P. Tsakiris. Nonholonomic Variable Geometry Truss Assemblies. 1. Motion Control. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada453147.

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