Academic literature on the topic 'Control room safety measures'
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Journal articles on the topic "Control room safety measures"
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Zhang, Xinying, Han Ying, Qin Yan, and Minghui Zhao. "The Infection Control Measures Taken in MRI Examination During the COVID-19 Pandemic Prevention and Control Period." Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcnr.v7i1.4702.
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Objective: To optimize the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detection process in view of the COVID-19 pandemic, standardize and strengthen the infection control and management MRI rooms. Methods: According to the Technical Guide for COVID-19 Prevention and Control in Medical Institutions (3rd Edition), with reference to the current COVID-19 infection control plan, there are three aspects involved in the planning of MRI examination: MRI room management, medical staff management and protection, and patient management, especially the use of full plastic nose strip medical masks. Infection prevention measures are formulated, scientific prevention and control are made, and accurate policies are implemented. Results: MRI examination was carried out according to the infection control and management of MRI room plan during the epidemic, so as to ensure the safety of examination, the safety of patients and the safety of medical staff and no cross infection in hospital. Conclusion: The implementation of proper infection prevention measures during MRI examination in light of COVID-19 ensures that patients wear medical surgical masks with full plastic nose strips throughout the process to avoid cross-infection, ensure the safety of doctors and patients, and maintain the health of the population.
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Abdelati, Inaam, Maha Ali, Yousif A, and Amany El-berdan. "NURSES’ COMPLIANCE WITH INFECTION CONTROL MEASURES AND BARRIERS TO PRECAUTIONS IN THE DELIVERY ROOM." Volume-10 : Issue 1, July, 2018 10, no. 1 (July 15, 2018): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2018.v10i01.014.
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Background: Nurses play crucial role in avoiding hospital procured infections, by guaranteeing that all viewpoints of their nursing practice is prove based, and also through nursing inquire research and understanding instruction. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the nurse's compliance with infection control measures and-barrier precautions in delivery room. Methods: Research design: An exploratory design had been chosen for carrying out our paper. Setting: The study was carried out in four hospitals in Damietta governorate. Subjects: 51 on duty nurses were taken at the time of the study. Tools of data collection: Data were collected using self-administers questioners. Results: Findings revealed the existence of poor standard precautions (100%). There is connection between age, education level, work involvement experience, and compliance with standard safety measures and precautions at p<0.05. At the same time significant relation between training courses and compliance to standard precautions was p<0.05. Conclusion: The nurses in the current study faced a lot of barriers that posed a hindrance in implementing the infection control measures, such as in situations like: emergency situation, lack of equipment & supplies, lack of infection control measures, lack of periodical infection and control training course. Recommendations: Strategic plan to overcome obstacles & barriers that hinder nurses to compliance with infection control measures should be conducted. It is essential to consider the national standards of infection prevention adopted by the ministry of health in delivery room of all hospital in Damietta governorate.
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Dian, Fransiska, Bagaswoto Poedjomartono, and Toto Trikasjono. "Analisis Keselamatan Radiasi Tindakan Radiologi Intervensional dan Kateterisasi Jantung Vaskular di Cath-Lab Room RSUP Dr. Sardjito." Jurnal Radiologi Indonesia 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33748/jradidn.v1i1.2.
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Background: Attention control in interventional radiology is not yet optimal if compared with diagnostic radiology, but the risk of radiation in interventional radiology is greater than the diagnostic radiology.Objective: To evaluate the level of radiation safety measures by conducting analysis on interventional radiology and vascular cardiac catheterization both therapy and diagnosis in Cath-Lab Room, especially in the Cath-Lab Room 2 of Radiology Unit, RSUP Dr. Sardjito.Materials and methods: Evaluation is done on the structural design of retaining, the leakage rate of X-ray machine, the environmental rate of radiation exposure and dose of radiation workers by comparing between the data with theory.Results: Most of the thick primary and secondary structural barrier has a thickness sufcient although there are still some parts are less. Average of environmental radiation exposure rate is 0,01664 ?R/hr. Then, average of radiation leak rate is 9,225 mR/hr. The average dose received by the doctors and assistants are still far from 20 mSv/year as Dose Value Limit, that is 19,2242 ?Sv/measures for physicians and 9,403 ?Sv/measures for the assistant. The number of measure in the Cath-Lab Room 2 so as not to exceed the NBD 20 mSv/year is a 1.040 measure by doctor and 1.305 act by assistant.Conclusions: In general, the examination room and X-ray machine in Cath Lab Room 2 of Radiology Unit, RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta is in a safe condition to operate. Designing of structural barrier, control of environmental radiation exposure rates and the rate of leakage of X-ray machine, and the use of personal protection equipment can reduce radiation dose of Cath-Lab Room 2 sta? in to the lowest possible value so as to ensure the safety of sta? and the community around the Cath-Lab Room 2.
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Brandhorst, Sebastian, and Annette Kluge. "Unintended Detrimental Effects of the Combination of Several Safety Measures—When More Is Not Always More Effective." Safety 7, no. 2 (May 12, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety7020037.
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To ensure safety-related behavior in risky operations, several safety measures, such as safety-related rules and safety management systems including audits, rewards, and communication, are implemented. Looking at each single measure, it is reasonable to assume that each one leads to rule compliance, but how do they interact? In an experimental study, we varied (1) the salience of either safety, productivity, or both, (2) the reward for the compliance and punishment for a violation, (3) the communication of audit results (result- or process-based), and (4) the gain and loss framing of performance indicators. In a 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial between-group design, 497 engineering students in the role of Control Room Operator participated in a five hour simulation of a production year of a chemical plant. Looking at single effects, salient safety goals led to a low number of rule violations compared to the salience of production goals. Interestingly, the interaction of several measures showed that particular combinations of measures were highly detrimental to safety, although altogether, they were assumed to reduce risks. For practice, this means that the effects of safety measures depend on their particular combination and can lead to unwanted effects.
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He, Liwen, Yingcheng Dai, Sheng Xue, Chunshan Zheng, Baiqing Han, and Xin Guo. "Study on Gas Control Methods Optimization for Mining Safety." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (December 21, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4594330.
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Effective gas control is of significance for safe efficient coal mining in Haizi Coal Mine and other mines with similar geological conditions. This study concentrates on gas control theories and techniques in multiple coal seams of Haizi Coal Mine (No. 7, No. 8, No. 9, and No. 10 coal seam from top to bottom). To minimize risk of high gas emission and outburst hazard, No. 10 seam was mined first as a protective seam prior to the mining of its overlying outburst-prone No. 7, No. 8, and No. 9 seam. Four gas drainage measures were determined for gas control, including cross-measure boreholes into overlying coal seams, surface goaf wells, roof boreholes, and roof gas drainage roadway. These gas control measures, if implemented through entire coal seam extraction, would be possibly uneconomic. An investigation was undertaken to analyze effects of those four measures on gas emission, methane concentration, and gas drainage quantity in No. 2 1024 mining panel of No. 10 seam. Results indicate that the highly expensive gas drainage measure of a roof roadway has poor drainage performance and could be effectively replaced by roof boreholes. When adopting the optimized combination of gas drainage measures, drainage efficiency of No. 7 seam, No. 8 seam, and No. 9 seam could reach 58.64% and decrease gas pressure to be below 0.74 MPa. Outcomes of this study could provide beneficial guidance not only for gas drainage design optimization in Haizi Coal Mine but also for other multiple-seam mines with similar mining and geological conditions, for increasing gas drainage efficiency and guaranteeing mining safety.
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Khattar, Prerna. "A Smart Helmet for Secure Monitoring of Miner Data to Improve Safety." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 2812–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41393.
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Abstract: In recent times, mining has been a dangerous activity taking a severe toll on the lives of miners. Underground mining hazards include gas poisoning, suffocation, roof collapse, and gas explosion. This project aims to develop a smart helmet based on Zigbee wireless technology to build wireless sensor networks for real-time surveillance and monitoring hazardous gases and abnormal levels of temperature and humidity in the mine. These three parameters are continuously being detected using the gas sensor(s), temperature and humidity sensor, and if the predefined limit is crossed, a buzzer and LED will be initiated. Two infrared sensors, one inside and one on the surface of the helmet, are placed to check if the helmet is properly placed and to detect collision from falling debris, respectively. These values are continuously being transmitted to the control room for monitoring. In case of any hazardous situation, the led and buzzer are activated in the control room as well as on the miner’s helmet. The helmet is powered by the energy generated from piezoelectric sensors placed in the miner’s shoes, which work on the principle of vibration detected from the miner’s movement. The safety measures included in our project can drastically help us avoid mining accidents and thus saving invaluable lives. Keywords: Smart helmet, Zigbee Technology, Gas sensor, Temperature and Humidity sensor, Infrared Sensor, Coal mines, Safety
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Bogari, Ahmed Fouad, Nada Mohmmad Alharbi, Mohammed Abdulrahman Alaqlan, Turki Salem Aljaza, Ali Ibrahim Alibrahim, Fadwa Ahmed Ali, Ibrahim Saad Alduhayshi, et al. "Protocols and safety measurements used in intubation of COVID-19 patients." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220008.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many countries to pose an emergency to contain the contamination and prevent the further spread of the infection. In this context, many societies and research papers were published to optimize guidelines and protocols for patients undergoing surgery and subsequent intubation. Accordingly, infection control is a critical approach to reduce the rate of contamination and risk of catching infections for suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients. As a result, various guidelines were discussed in the current literature review, including guidelines to the patient, healthcare workers, operating room, anesthesia equipment, and patient transportation. For instance, healthcare workers can protect themselves from catching infections by wearing personal protective equipment and conducting adequate disinfection measures following each operation, in addition to the proper disposal of the contaminated objects. Strictly following these protocols should be done to reduce the risk of contamination in the operating room and enhance the outcomes of the patients and healthcare workers.
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Shoaib, Shameen, Syed Wahajuddin, Sobia Majeed, Sobia Naseem Siddiqui, Afsheen Shoaib, Fauzia Hashmi, Muhammad Jamaluddin, and Syed Khurram Fareed. "Safety Measures for Operating Team and Operation Theater During the Current Scenario of COVID-19." BioSight 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/bios.v1i2.10.
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The COVID-19 has become a major threat to Pakistan and worldwide, and has become a significant issue for global health, economy and societies. This rapid spread was occurred from Wuhan, China to most of the part of the world. To elaborate the concept and recommendations regarding the safety precautions in operation theater (O.T) and inside associated team during the current scenario of COVID-19. Many research and review articles were studied to collect information about Covid-19 and strategies published in various journals using the search engine, PubMed and Medline. The COVID-19 has significantly changed all aspects of daily life around the world since very start of this year 2020. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), a novel corona virus, has been infected many healthcare workers. In this perspective, hospitals need a strategy to manage their resources, staff and supplies so that patients receive optimal treatment. A decision tree algorithm was developed that defined the recommendations for safety measures in operation theater and operating procedures, these include identifying and developing an isolation room, administrative measures such as transformations in working flow and procedures, introducing personal protective equipment for the employees and formulating anesthetic clinical guidelines. These control actions are essential to enhance the excellence of care provided to COVID-19 patients and to minimize the risk of spread to other patients or staff. The operating room is a dynamic environment with numerous staff like anesthesiologists, physicians, nurses, O.T attendants and technicians; however, we agree that the containment steps are important in order to improve the standard of treatment provided to COVID-19 patients and to minimize the chance of viral spread to patients other than COVID-19 and hospital staff.
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Darvish Moghaddam, Sodaif, Mohammad Javad Zahedi, Mahdieh Dalili, and Mostafa Shokoohi. "Compliance of Healthcare Professionals with Safety Measures for Control of Hepatitis Viruses in Hemodialysis Centers: An Experience from Southeast Iran." Hepatitis Research and Treatment 2012 (November 8, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/415841.
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Introduction. Noncompliance with the recommended infection control measures by the healthcare professionals (HCPs) plays a major role in transmission of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses in hemodialysis (HD) wards. This study aimed to determine the compliance rate of the HCP with safety measures in the HD wards in southeast Iran. Patients and Methods. A total of 208 patients were enrolled. Adherence of HCPs with standard infection control measures was assessed. Results. Sixty-one HCPs with a mean age of 32.4 ± 11.2 years old were responsible for healthcare services. Compliance with the following items was weak: not sharing medications trolley (29.8%), disinfecting the shared instruments (46.2%), using single use materials for many patients (52.4%), carrying used materials in disposable containers (51.9%), not returning of unused materials to the clean room (55.3%), and adherence to hand washing (58.7%). Periodic monitoring for HBV and HCV was performed on 100% and 69.7% of the patients, respectively. Less than 2/3 of HCPs participated in the retraining courses. Conclusion. Compliance of HCPs with safety measures for viral hepatitis prevention was partly inadequate in HD wards. Emphasis on retraining of HCPs and official supervision would be effective steps in the reduction of viral dissemination.
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Iyengar, Venkatesh, and Ibrahim Elmadfa. "Food Safety Security: A new Concept for Enhancing Food Safety Measures." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 82, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000114.
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The food safety security (FSS) concept is perceived as an early warning system for minimizing food safety (FS) breaches, and it functions in conjunction with existing FS measures. Essentially, the function of FS and FSS measures can be visualized in two parts: (i) the FS preventive measures as actions taken at the stem level, and (ii) the FSS interventions as actions taken at the root level, to enhance the impact of the implemented safety steps. In practice, along with FS, FSS also draws its support from (i) legislative directives and regulatory measures for enforcing verifiable, timely, and effective compliance; (ii) measurement systems in place for sustained quality assurance; and (iii) shared responsibility to ensure cohesion among all the stakeholders namely, policy makers, regulators, food producers, processors and distributors, and consumers. However, the functional framework of FSS differs from that of FS by way of: (i) retooling the vulnerable segments of the preventive features of existing FS measures; (ii) fine-tuning response systems to efficiently preempt the FS breaches; (iii) building a long-term nutrient and toxicant surveillance network based on validated measurement systems functioning in real time; (iv) focusing on crisp, clear, and correct communication that resonates among all the stakeholders; and (v) developing inter-disciplinary human resources to meet ever-increasing FS challenges. Important determinants of FSS include: (i) strengthening international dialogue for refining regulatory reforms and addressing emerging risks; (ii) developing innovative and strategic action points for intervention {in addition to Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) procedures]; and (iii) introducing additional science-based tools such as metrology-based measurement systems.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Control room safety measures"
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Fraher, Richard Louis. "Optimizing roof control using probabilistic techniques in roof failure prediction." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062009-020200/.
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Zhao, Dong. "Exploring Construction Safety and Control Measures through Electrical Fatalities." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71712.
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Globally, construction is considered a hazardous industry with a disproportionate amount of fatal and non-fatal injuries as compared to other industries. Electrocution is named as one of the "fatal four" causes for construction injuries by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). In the United States, an average of 47.9% electrical fatalities occurred in the construction industry from 2003 to 2012, according to the U.S. Department of Labor. These fatalities include both electrical workers and non-electrical workers. Such a disproportionate rate suggests a need of research to improve construction safety and reduce injuries due to electrocution. However, there is a lack of understanding of causation mechanisms surrounding fatal accidents by electrocution using a systems approach; and there is a disconnection between the mechanism of fatal electrocution accidents and the associated control measures, which may lead to less effective prevention in construction.
This dissertation has three objectives, including: (a) establishing a sociotechnical system model that reflects the electrocution occurrence in the U.S. construction industry and identify the associations among its internal subsystems; (b) determining specific electrocution patterns and associated mechanism constraints; and (c) examining hierarchy of control (HOC) measures and determining their appropriateness.
Findings from his research include: (a) the identification of three system patterns of electrocution in construction work systems and the associations between personnel, technological, organizational/managerial subsystems, and the internal and external environment for each of the three patterns, using a macroergonomics framework; (b) the identification of five features of work, and map out their decision-making chains, critical decision-making points and constraints, as an interpretation of electrocution mechanisms in the workplace; and (c) revealing that behavioral controls remain prevalent in electrical hazard mitigation even though the knowledge of construction safety and health has increased in the past decades, and that the effectiveness of controls is not statistically different by construction type nor occupation.
Based on these findings, the research also suggests corresponding mitigation recommendations that construction managers shall strictly follow HOC rules by giving priority to higher level of controls and upgrading the industry's prevention strategy by introducing more technological innovations and encouraging prevention through design (PtD) strategies.Ph. D.
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Fulcher, TJ. "The development of an interlock and control system for a clinical proton therapy system." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1483.
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Thesis (Masters Diploma (Technology))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 1995The development of a 200 MeV clinical proton therapy facility at the National Accelerator Centre required an interlock and control system to supervise the delivery of radiation to a patient. The interlock and control system is responsible for ensunng that nobody enters the treatment vault during an irradiation, the extraction of the beamstop devices 'from the beam-line to allow the irradiation of the patient and the insertion of those beam-stop devices when an error condition is detected. Because of its nature, the interlock and control system should be designed so that in the event of an error condition being detected, it should fail to a safe state. This is achieved by modelling the interlock and control system with an appropriate modeling method. This thesis describes a graphical modelling method called Petri-nets, which was used to model the system, and the software developed from the model.
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Norris, Shaun Peter. "The adequacy of traffic control measures during road works." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/11520.
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Workers have the right to a safe working environment. This right is encapsulated in the Bill of Rights (1996) wherein strong emphasis is placed on the right to a healthy and safe work environment. The construction industry has been labeled as dangerous owing to regular incidents, serious accidents, and fatalities. Road workers’ safety is at high risk in road construction areas, as they perform their work activities alongside moving vehicles that are often large and sometimes moving at high speed. It was determined that very few secondary sources provided information regarding the safety of South African road construction workers. Therefore, the knowledge obtained from this study contributes to the body of knowledge on the subject matter. To collect data, three descriptive surveys were conducted on two different road construction projects within the Eastern Cape. The survey participants included engineering consultants, contractors, traffic safety officers, general road construction workers, as well as random motorists driving through the work zone. Further data was collected from a speed measuring instrument placed in the work zone of the Port Elizabeth. The findings of this research report indicate that road users are not cognizant of the risk to workers in the work zone and that signage and advance warning signs alone are not sufficient to slow motorists’ speed. A further significant threat to road worker safety, is plant operator visibility. This study recommends that government and construction firms educate the public regarding the risks associated with speeding through a work zone. Construction firms should use electronic speed measuring devices prior to the work zone to make road users aware of their speed in relation to the speed limit. To limit plant related accidents, companies should install sensors or cameras on the rear and side panels of plant, so that plant operators have all round vision. Furthermore, road workers could be educated on the controlled use of their mobile phones to reduce the risks associated with the use of mobile phones inside work zones.
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Guan, Wenyang. "Adaptive QoS control of DSRC vehicle networks for collaborative vehicle safety applications." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42507.
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Road traffic safety has been a subject of worldwide concern. Dedicated short range communications (DSRC) is widely regarded as a promising enabling technology for collaborative safety applications (CSA), which can provide robust communication and affordable performance to build large scale CSA system. The main focus of this thesis is to develop solutions for DSRC QoS control in order to provide robust QoS support for CSA. The first design objective is to ensure robust and reliable message delivery services for safety applications from the DSRC networks. As the spectrum resources allocated to DSRC network are expected to be shared by both safety and non-safety applications, the second design objective is to make QoS control schemes bandwidth-efficient in order to leave as much as possible bandwidth for non-safety applications. The first part of the thesis investigates QoS control in infrastructure based DSRC networks, where roadside access points (AP) are available to control QoS control at road intersections. After analyse DSRC network capabilities on QoS provisioning without congestion control, we propose a two-phases adaptive QoS control method for DSRC vehicle networks. In the first phase an offline simulation based approach is used to and out the best possible system configurations (e.g. message rate and transmit power) with given numbers of vehicles and QoS requirements. It is noted that with different utility functions the values of optimal parameters proposed by the two phases centralized QoS control scheme will be different. The conclusions obtained with the proposed scheme are dependent on the chosen utility functions. But the proposed two phases centralized QoS control scheme is general and is applicable to different utility functions. In the second phase, these configurations are used online by roadside AP adaptively according to dynamic traffic loads. The second part of the thesis is focused on distributed QoS control for DSRC networks. A framework of collaborative QoS control is proposed, following which we utilize the local channel busy time as the indicator of network congestion and adaptively adjust safety message rate by a modified additive increase and multiplicative decrease (AIMD) method in a distributed way. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed QoS control schemes.
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Mowrey, James A. "Control system modeling for a boiling water reactor." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17083.
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Salikin, Md Saion. "An improved system of damage limitation for better risk control in radiological protection near environmental level." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13372.
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In radiological protection, models are used to assess radiation risk by means of extrapolation from high dose and dose rate to low dose and dose rate. In this thesis five main biophysical models of radiation action have been evaluated, appraised and inter-compared. The five models are lethal and potentially lethal (LPL) by Curtis, pairwise lesion interaction (PLI) by Harder, cellular track structure (CTS) by Katz, hit size effectiveness (HSE) by Bond and Varma and track core (TC) by Watt. Each model has been developed based on certain underlying mechanisms or phenomena, to permit interpretation and prediction on the induction of a specified biological endpoint such as cell reproductive death, chromosome aberrations and mutations. Biological systems of interest are, for example, mammalian cells containing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Evidence is mounting that double strand breaks in the DNA are the critical lesions for various biological end points. To proceed with this work the TC model has been chosen. Cancer induction by ionising radiation is the stochastic effect of prime concern in radiological protection. Cancer induction cannot be avoided entirely but its frequency of occurrence may be reduced to acceptable level by lowering the amount of radiation received. The methods of assessment developed by ICRP, in terms of the cancer risk coefficients, are presented in this thesis. In the conventional (legal) system of dosimetry, radiation is quantified by the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass of tissue. Quality factors, superseded by radiation weighting factors, are needed to account for the quality dependence on radiation type. As an alternative, a new dosimetry system is proposed here which is based on the mean free path for primary ionisation along particle tracks and the integral fluence generated by the radiation field, whether directly or indirectly ionising radiation. From the study of cellular data, the mean free path for primary ionisation along particle tracks (lambda) emerges as a parameter which best unifies biological damage data. Radiation effect is found to depend, not on the energy transferred but to depend mainly on the frequency and spatial correlation of interactions. Maximum effect occurs when lambda is equal to lambda0 (2 nanometre, nm). The term 'Absolute Biological Effectiveness' (ABE) is introduced as a parameter which indicates the probability to induce a specified effect, per unit incident fluence. In this endeavour, only direct effects are considered in deriving ABE values for various radiations. However other factors such as indirect effects, inter-track action, repair processes and radiation rate, can be incorporated later if required, in the derivation of ABE. ABE values for photons up to 60Co i.e 1253 keV and neutrons up to 105 keV, have been calculated and presented in this thesis. An attempt has been made to re-express the cancer risk coefficients, derived by ICRP, in the new dosimetry system, in terms of the ABE (Absolute Biological Effectiveness). The hypothesis put forward in this thesis is that the induction of a specified biological-end-point in a biological system due to ionising radiations, is determined not by the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass (dose), but rather by the number of events (ionizations) spatially correlated, along the primary radiation track. Based on this hypothesis, a new unified dosimetry system, independent of radiation type, is proposed. Suggestions are made for possible measuring instruments which have the equivalent response characteristics, namely maximum efficiency of detection for the mean free path Success in devising such types of instrument would ensure the practicability of the new dosimetry system, in operational radiological protection.
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Schnetzler, Linda A. "Planning the reduction of the impact of airport hazards." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21622.
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Park, Yongro. "A statistical process control approach for network intrusion detection." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6835.
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Intrusion detection systems (IDS) have a vital role in protecting computer networks and information systems. In this thesis we applied an SPC monitoring concept to a certain type of traffic data in order to detect a network intrusion.
We developed a general SPC intrusion detection approach and described it and the source and the preparation of data used in this thesis. We extracted sample data sets that represent various situations, calculated event intensities for each situation, and stored these sample data sets in the data repository for use in future research.
A regular batch mean chart was used to remove the sample datas inherent 60-second cycles. However, this proved too slow in detecting a signal because the regular batch mean chart only monitored the statistic at the end of the batch. To gain faster results, a modified batch mean (MBM) chart was developed that met this goal. Subsequently, we developed the Modified Batch Mean Shewhart chart, the Modified Batch Mean Cusum chart, and the Modified Batch Mean EWMA chart and analyzed the performances of each one on simulated data. The simulation studies showed that the MBM charts perform especially well with large signals ?the type of signal typically associated with a DOS intrusion.
The MBM Charts can be applied two ways: by using actual control limits or by using robust control limits. The actual control limits must be determined by simulation, but the robust control limits require nothing more than the use of the recommended limits. The robust MBM Shewhart chart was developed based on choosing appropriate values based on batch size. The robust MBM Cusum chart and robust MBM EWMA chart were developed on choosing appropriate values of charting parameters.
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Ekström, Ellen. "Using Shared Priorities to Support Training of Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Crews." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-120076.
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Swedish nuclear power plant control room crews have training sessions in full scope simulators every year. These sessions are designed to prepare operators to cope with incidents and accidents. The aim is to develop operators’ knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to operate the nuclear power plant in a safe manner. Training sessions is an opportunity to practice and develop the crews’ teamwork, decision processes and working strategies. The purpose of this study was to explore if and how the instrument Shared Priorities can support training of nuclear power plant control room crews. Shared Priorities is an instrument to measure teams’ shared awareness of a situation and has in earlier studies been used in military and student teams. During the simulator re-training period of control room crews, 14 crews used the instrument Shared Priorities in one or two of their training scenarios. The instrument consists of two steps. Firstly, crew members generate and prioritise a list of five items they think are most important for the crew to cope with in the scenarios current situation. They also rank another crew member’s list. Secondly, the crews and instructors perform a focus group discussion based on the generated lists. Results from questionnaires, focus group discussions and an interview with instructors showed that operators and instructors believe that Shared Priorities can support their training in several ways. Crews see meetings and other disseminations of information as an essential part of maintaining shared understanding of different situations. They believe the instrument may help crews reflect upon and develop their meeting procedures. Operators and instructors also believe that by using the instrument it can help crews to increase their understanding of having a shared situation understanding and shared vision. However the procedure when using Shared Priorities has to be modified in order to be able to support crews’ training in an optimal way.
Books on the topic "Control room safety measures"
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Hallbert, B. P. A study of control room staffing levels for advanced reactors. Washington, D.C: Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2000.
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Uhrig, Robert E. WTEC monograph on instrumentation, control, and safety systems of Canadian nuclear facilities. Baltimore, Md: International Technology Research Institute, JTEC/WTEC Program, Loyola College in Maryland, 1993.
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Institute, American National Standards. IEEE guide to evaluation of man-machine performance in nuclear power generating station control rooms and other peripheries. New York, NY: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1988.
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Barczak, Thomas M. Practical considerations in longwall face and gate road support selection and utilization. Washington, D.C. (2401 E St., N.W., Washington 20241): U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1989.
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Barczak, Thomas M. Practical considerations in longwall face and gate road support selection and utilization. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Interior, 1989.
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Moebs, Noel N. Coal mine roof instability: Categories and causes. Pgh. [i.e. Pittsburgh] Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1986.
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Molinda, G. M. Geologic hazards and roof stability in coal mines. Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, 2003.
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Mei ceng ding ban wen ding xing ping jia, yu ce li lun yu fang fa. Beijing: Di zhi chu ban she, 2009.
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Kennedy, W. G. Lessons learned in process control at the Halden Reactor Project. Washington, DC: Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation ; Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1989.
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Kennedy, W. G. Lessons learned in process control at the Halden Reactor Project. Washington, DC: Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation ; Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Control room safety measures"
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Bali, Rishi Kumar. "Operating Room Protocols and Infection Control." In Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Clinician, 173–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1346-6_9.
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AbstractIn the modern day’s Oral and Maxillofacial surgical practice, complex surgical and aesthetical procedures are being carried out associated with an increased risk of infectious complications. Therefore, to ensure better outcomes of the surgical procedures, it is absolutely necessary that appropriate measures must be taken to decrease the incidence of associated infections. The practices to be carried out for infection control include proper scrubbing procedures for both patient and the operator, specific protocols to be followed by the operating personnel at the time of procedures, proper handling of the instruments and maintaining an aseptic environment throughout the procedure. The main aim of this chapter is to provide information on the preoperative, operative and post-operative protocols that should be adhered to improve the safety of the patients undergoing surgical procedures.
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Reis, Cristina, Eliana Carpinteiro, Paula Braga, L. F. Sanches Fernandes, and Carlos Oliveira. "Sustainable Safety Measures Applied in Construction." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 125–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14730-3_14.
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Yadav, Bikarama Prasad, Sanket Shitole, Pradeep Kumar, Vishal Kumar Singh, and Robin V. John Fernandes. "Material Handling Hazards and Control Measures in Construction Industry." In Advances in Construction Safety, 201–6. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4001-9_16.
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Tan, Ke, Yongbin Sun, and Weihua Chen. "Concept of Advanced Back-up Control Panel Design of Digital Main Control Room." In Progress of Nuclear Safety for Symbiosis and Sustainability, 27–31. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54610-8_3.
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Rastogi, Aayush, Albert V. Rajan, and Mainak Mukherjee. "A Review of Vehicular Pollution and Control Measures in India." In Advances in Health and Environment Safety, 237–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7122-5_24.
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Sepanloo, Kamran, and Reza Jafarian. "Analysis of Cognitive Activities of Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Operators in Case of Abnormal Conditions." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 266–71. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_43.
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Boring, R. "As Low As Reasonable Assessment (ALARA): Applying discount usability to control room verification and validation." In Risk, Reliability and Safety: Innovating Theory and Practice, 950–55. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315374987-143.
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Guo, Mei-ling, and Shui-ping Huang. "Safety problems and control measures in the construction of the building project." In Green Building, Environment, Energy and Civil Engineering, 1–4. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315375106-2.
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Kulmyrzaev, Asylbek. "Urgent Measures to Improve Food Quality and Safety Control in the Kyrgyz Republic." In Strategies for Achieving Food Security in Central Asia, 3–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2502-7_1.
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Pouyakian, Mostafa, Ashkan Khatabakhsh, Mohammad Yazdi, and Esmaeil Zarei. "Optimizing the Allocation of Risk Control Measures Using Fuzzy MCDM Approach: Review and Application." In Linguistic Methods Under Fuzzy Information in System Safety and Reliability Analysis, 53–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93352-4_4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Control room safety measures"
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All Dhanhani, Salem, and Ivan Novendri. "Resilience Control Room Operator During Pandemic Covid-19." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207235-ms.
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Abstract The control room acts as a central nervous system facility. This is where important decisions, using complex systems, are made every day. The actions of control room operators have a direct impact on uptime, production yields, quality, and industrial plant safety. In addition, long working hours per shift result in fatigue, irregularity of circadian rhythms and sleep cycles, and decreased cognitive performance at the end of day and night shifts. Fatigue causes decreased alertness, attention span, poor memory, and concentration and affect other mental factors. ADNOC Gas Processing established Fatigue Risk Management Taskforce (FRMT) to adapt practices to the specific conditions and create a safer working environment, leading to happier and healthier employees and an overall community. In industries that run continuous and heavy-duty plants such as Oil, gas, and petrochemical, shift work ensures production flow. After the outbreak of Covid-19, business needs to adapt quickly so that their activities can run. The finding suggests that the workers' cognitive performance is reduced, shown by the increase of triggered alarm by the average of 14.39% higher than before the outbreak of Covid-19. However, with the ability to adapt and implement control and monitoring measures, the number of alarm rate gradually decreased. The study framework was proven to be a valuable tool that decision-makers can use, especially to measure the performance of control room workers and their psychological fatigue affected by the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Sakuma, Tomohide, Kazuo Kitamura, Hiroki Okamoto, Tadashi Nakao, and Hiroshi Watanabe. "Modernization Project of Ikata Unit 1/2 Main Control Room Using Full Digital Control Board." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75278.
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The Mitsubishi Group and Japanese PWR utilities have been engaged in a continual process of main control board design improvement. Advanced main control boards with fully digital instrumentation and touch operation technology have been adopted in newly constructed plants. Moreover, instrumentation and control systems have been fully digitalized and applied not only to non-safety systems but to safety systems as well. Such a system in general is referred to as a fully digital system. From this time forward, the application of this fully digital system will become mainstream with the modernization of existing plants. Yet, unlike newly constructed plants, restrictions unique to existing plants will need to be taken into consideration. In the construction of Ikata Units 1 and 2 of Shikoku electric power co., measures such as those described below were implemented so as to achieve standardization with future construction in mind: (1) A thorough interface check was conducted to ensure compatibility with sections outside the scope of modernization. Additionally, to minimize the affect modernization had on the operating system, the system was verified by operators and verification results were reflected in the board layout, system specifications, and the like. (2) Due to limited space for board installation, a plan was devised for housing a processor and determining the remote input/output board location. (3) Onsite tests was minimized in order to complete construction within a short period of time, i.e., within the regularly scheduled inspection period, and the degree of completion of the product was enhanced prior to shipment by a full combination test conducted at the plant. In addition, the local construction period was shortened by devising a plan for installing the board and conducting interface tests during the previous regularly scheduled inspection and the current regularly scheduled inspection.
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Li, Li, Zhang Shengtao, Xu Zhao, and Du Yu. "Study on the Operating Strategy Optimization of Moving to Remote Shutdown Station When Main Control Room Is Un-Inhabitable." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81480.
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For PWR, remote shutdown station (RSS) is a redundant control mean to shut down the reactor when main control room (MCR) inhabitation is challenged (e.g. fire, smoke...). Nowadays, due to nuclear power plants control measures were improved with DCS system, a full function DCS RSS was equipped and more essential equipment could be controlled on RSS. Under operating conditions that prohibit nuclear power plant operators to stay in the main control room, the operators should move to RSS and shutdown the reactor to ensure plant safety following <Moving to remote shutdown station when main control room is un-inhabitable operating strategy> (RSS strategy for short) to fallback the plant from power operation to cold shutdown. The original operating strategy by nature circulation is no longer the best choice both for operation safety and economy efficiency, and an optimized new strategy should be raised. Based on the former reason, an optimized operation strategy was raised in this paper. In the optimized strategy, all plant normal standard operation modes were considered as initial conditions, rather than only considering power operation condition in the original one. The fallback mode and fallback strategy for each initial condition was also designed and optimized. To accelerate the depression and heat removal process, a forced circulation operation strategy is adopted when the reactor coolant pumps are available, and less local operation was included by taking advantages of the full function operating measures on RSS. To simplify the whole procedure structure, the operation modules of other general operating procedures are reused. To validate the effectiveness of the optimized operating strategy, a full scope PWR simulation tool was employed to make thermo hydraulic calculation validation of the reactor response and also the remote control station HMI supporting validation. By simulating the original strategy and the optimized one and related analysis, we found that the optimized strategy is effective, and able to be executed based on the remote control station hardware. By executing the optimized strategy, the unit can fall back to the cold shutdown condition safely and a few hours were saved compared with the original strategy. The optimized strategy had already been implemented on real PWR nuclear power plant.
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Matsuda, Akihiro, Takashi Ishibashi, and Susumu Tsuchino. "Safety Evaluation of Nuclear Plant Fire Using CFD Analysis." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16683.
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In this paper, investigations of the safety of electrical cables in nuclear plant fire were described by CFD analysis and by flammability tests of power and control cables. For CFD analysis, thermal configurations of a nuclear power plant room in a fire accident was calculated by the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). For flammability tests of cables, the cone-calorimeter test machine was modified to use the cable tray type specimen. The modified cone-calorimeter test machine is able to test the flammability of cables and insulation resistance from room temperature to 800°C. In the flammability test, electric power and control cables of the polyethylene sheathed cables which had been applied to the nuclear plants were adopt. The cable specimens of which length were 600mm, were fixed on a cable tray specimen. The temperature of the cable specimens was raised to from 200 to 570°C using the cone-type electrical heater. During the tests, electrical resistance and temperature was measured to evaluate safety of insulation resistance of cables. As results, the destruction of the insulation resistance of a polyethylene sheathed control cable was observed in the examinations, temperatures of which were 400°C and 500°C. In the numerical simulation using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), an electrical switchgear room in nuclear plants was supposed as an evaluation model. As the fire source, fire in motor control cabinet in the switchgear room on nearby cable tray was applied to CFD analysis. From the results of numerical simulations, the heat configuration and temperature in the switchgear room was evaluated and radiation heat from fire to the cable trays was calculated. Considering these results given by flammability tests of electrical cables and CFD analysis, the safety of a switchgear room in nuclear plants was shown.
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Khoori, Ziad, and Ivan Novendri. "Doing the Right Things Through Operator Proactive Monitoring." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207475-ms.
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Abstract Operator Proactive Monitoring is one of the critical paths to Ensure Safe Production. The objective is to ensure that facilities are proactively monitored to retain the best possible level of situational awareness. It is achieved by monitoring and control the unit and equipment to avoid exceeding a safe limit while meeting all operational and business targets. It promotes early detection & appropriate intervention to an arising abnormal situation. Operator Proactive Monitoring covers a wide range of activities from a control room and field operation. ADNOC Gas Processing, in line with the digital transformation program, has enterprise assets/equipment through implementing Operator Proactive Monitoring for control room and field operator. Operator rounds play an essential role in improving plant reliability and safety. This research aims to measure the effectiveness of the Operator Proactive Monitoring by the Ruwais NGL Operation division at ADNOC Gas Processing. By "doing the right thing," Operator Proactive Monitoring effectively supports and improves process safety culture in the operation business of Ruwais Plant division of ADNOC Gas Processing.
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Bra¨hler, Georg, K. Froschauer, P. Welbers, and D. Boyes. "The PBMR Fuel Plant: Proven Technology in Advanced Safety Environment." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58060.
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The PBMR Fuel Plant (PFP), to be constructed at the Pelindaba site near Johannesburg will fuel the first South African Pebble Bed Modular Reactor. The qualification of the PBMR fuel shall be based on past experience with fuel which was produced in the German NUKEM/HOBEG plant and irradiated in the German AVR reactor. Accordingly, the PFP must produce the same fuel as the German plant did, and consequently, the design of the PFP has in essence to be a copy of the NUKEM/HOBEG plant. As a reminder this plant had been operated in accordance with the German regulatory rules which were defined in the years 1970/80. Since then, the requirements with regard to radiological protection, criticality safety and emission control have been significantly tightened, and of course the PFP must be designed in accordance with the most advanced international norms and standards. The implications which follow from these two potentially conflicting requirements, as defined above, are highlighted, and technical solutions are presented. Hence, the change from administrative criticality safety control to technical control, i.e. the application of safe geometry as far as possible, and the introduction of technical solutions for the remaining safe mass regime will be described. A lot of equipment in the Kernel area and in the recycling areas needed to be redesigned in safe geometry. The sensitive processes for Kernel Calcining, for the Coating and the Overcoating remain under safe mass regime, but the safety against criticality is completely independent from staff activities and based on technical measures. A new concept for safe storage of large volumes of Uranium-containing liquids has been developed. Also, the change from relatively open handling of Uranium to the application of containment enclosures wherever release of radioactivity into the room atmosphere is possible, will be addressed. This change required redesign of all process steps requiring the handling of dry Uranium oxides and uncoated Kernels. Finally, the introduction of processes for the near-total recycling of Uranium and chemicals, as well as for decontamination and purification of liquid and gaseous effluents will be presented. These processes were not available from NUKEM/HOBEG fuel facility and needed to be developed now, also following the above mentioned requirements, with respect to criticality safety and radiological protection.
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Alonso, Pedro Trueba, Juan Carlos Valdivia, Luís Fernández Illobre, and Mark Hulsmans. "HFE Safety Evaluation in Angra-1 NPP for the Preparation and Inclusion of a Chapter 18 in the Plant Final Safety Analysis Report." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30816.
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Angra-1 Nuclear Power Station (Westinghouse PWR-600 MW, 2 loops) started commercial operation in 1985, being property of Eletronuclear, subsidiary of Eletrobras in Brazil. Angra-1 has been preparing the necessary measures to renew the operating license and to apply for a lifetime extension up to 60 years. Among the many activities to perform, there are some related to fulfilling the requirements of the Brazilian regulator, the CNEN. These include requirements related to Human Factors Engineering (HFE) that included the preparation of a Chapter 18 of HFE, to become part of the plant’s Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR). In the framework of the Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation (INSC), created and funded by the European Union (EU) to enhance nuclear safety world-wide, cooperation activities between the EU and the Government of Brazil were set up in 2009. One of the INSC projects funded was to support the Brazilian nuclear operator of Angra-1 in the field of HFE. In 2010, the implementation of the project was awarded to a consortium lead by Tecnatom for performing a HFE Safety Evaluation to the plant and to provide support for preparing this Chapter 18. For this Project a specific methodology was developed for the execution of the Safety Evaluation. The methodology has been developed for evaluating — from the HFE viewpoint — a plant in operation, from the beginning of commercial operation until nowadays, including the design modifications performed to date. The obtained results have been used for developing the aforementioned Chapter 18. The main results of the Project Execution have been: 1. The developed methodology has made it possible to perform a comprehensive HFE evaluation of Angra-1, including the analysis of Post-TMI requirements, the design included in the current FSAR, the existing Angra-1 procedures and the verification of the current Main Control Room. 2. Technical support has been provided to Angra-1 for the preparation of Chapter 18 of the FSAR, following the structure of NUREG-0711, and using the results of the HFE Safety Evaluation. 3. An Action Plan has been developed for identifying and addressing in the future all those deficiencies found during the HFE Safety Evaluation, as well as those activities that are the consequence of the new FSAR Chapter 18.
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Parekh, Mithil, Yuan Gao, Mariana Jockenhoevel-Barttfeld, and Karl Waedt. "Confluent Modeling of Heterogeneous Safety and Operational I&C Systems." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67333.
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Individual systems or groups of systems related to the safety and operational I&C, and Electrical Systems (ES) are gradually replaced in existing Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) as part of modernization projects. Modernizations are usually scheduled over multiple years. Different automation platform generations and safety-related product families are deployed to progressively replace legacy systems. Typically, each of the new I&C platforms and products have their own set of engineering tools. One challenge for the modernization of installed systems is the safety and security approval of these heterogeneous systems by regulatory bodies. A NPP consists of systems manufactured by different vendors which target different application domains, like Category A according to IEC 61226 for a Reactor Protection System, Category C for some Control Room Data Processing Systems or non-classified for auxiliary systems. Thus, replacing a legacy system by introducing a new one might bring in unknown risks, especially when the new system has more complex interfaces, e.g. when replacing an analog system by a digital system. Moreover, considering the time and budget limitations, commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and software are also involved in modernization projects. In contrast to specialized equipment, vulnerabilities for COTS are widespread. On the other hand, existing security measures/mitigations are also required to reflect the system’s changes, e.g. mitigations for known vulnerabilities of COTS systems. In order to make an overall and integrated safety analysis after a system change in the frame of a modernization project, it is necessary to jointly consider these I&C systems targeting different application domains, in addition to the physical aggregates, like sensors, pumps and valves that interact with the physical processes. The restrictive deployment of wireless technologies may also be modeled and analyzed. While wireless is not deployed by legacy systems, it is being covered by new nuclear IEC standards, as some utilities intend to simplify selected I&C maintenance procedures that involve temporary data collection. The key modeling concepts consider new developments in the critical infrastructure and industrial automation domain. With the integrated modeling approach, different disciplines can be addressed, like probabilistic and deterministic safety analyses, security assessments, need for testing and specialized trainings.
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Liu, Fei, Zhijian Zhang, and Minjun Peng. "Research on the Computerized Symptom-Oriented Procedures of Nuclear Power Plants." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48072.
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New methods of information presentation and interface design are changing the working conditions in the modern Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) control room. Symptom-oriented EOPs (SOPs) with their structures and practical application are described. The Computerized Symptom-oriented Operating Procedures (CSOP) is researched, which can help the operator analyze all the symptom signals of steam generator tubes rupture (SGTR) and provide the computerized procedures corresponding to the symptom signals. This paper analyzes the accident of SGTR; the accident management of SGTR is important in reactor safety because SGTR is one of the relatively high-frequency events in pressurized water reactors PWRs. The symptom signals of SGTR and the possible accidents corresponding to the symptom signals are analyzed. The homologous measures of symptoms are summarized. The disposal of SGTR adopts the method of based on symptoms. The programs are developed by VxWorks that is a real-time operating system. The debugging of programs is processed on simulator. The test results indicated that the programs can provide operating procedures according to the symptoms of accidents. After adopting the Computerized Emergency Operating Procedures, the labor intensity and mental burden of operators are lightened. Computerized Emergency Operating Procedures can enhance the reliability, safety and efficiency of Nuclear Power Plant.
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Wang, Haibin, Nikoletta Trivyza, Evangelos Boulougouris, and Foivos Mylonopoulos. "Comparison of Decarbonisation Solutions for Shipping: Hydrogen, Ammonia and Batteries." In SNAME 14th International Marine Design Conference. SNAME, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/imdc-2022-297.
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Recent regulations are targeting the carbon footprint of ships and the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has set a target to reduce the GHG emissions by 50% until 2050, compared to the 2008 levels. Therefore, attention has been placed on the variety of available fuels and technologies that can be potential pathways for decarbonisation and special focus has been given to developing practical design options for the new generation ships. Shipping applications of batteries, hydrogen and ammonia powered fuel cells have a critical role to meet the IMO requirements by 2050. Hydrogen and batteries are emerging technologies that can be effective solutions, especially for short shipping routes. On the other hand, ammonia is also an attractive alternative option and with further development, it can potentially be utilised for ocean-going vessels. However, safety and risk assessments must be performed to support the endorsement of any new marine system design. Therefore, this work aims to guide safe and practical design solutions that can comply with the decarbonising regulatory framework. Therefore, a qualitative Hazard Identification (HAZID) approach was conducted for potential solutions with hydrogen, battery and ammonia and guidance for potential safe designs were proposed. Considering the lack of past accident statistics due to the novelty of applications, the HAZID results were discussed with experts. Hydrogen is usually stored in liquefied form in double-walled super-insulated tanks to reduce the risk of large accumulations of gas in the air, in case of potential leakage, which can induce fire (4-75% gas concentrations in the air) or explosion risks (18-59% gas concentrations in the air). Fuel cells, which produce the electricity required, should be placed within gastight enclosures in a well-ventilated space with redundant hydrogen or ammonia detection systems. Batteries use stored energy to produce electric energy, however, their use is associated with high fire risk. They are placed in battery holds/compartments in which fire doors and effective firefighting systems are mandatory to prevent the escalation of fire in adjacent places and reduce the fire duration respectively. Leakage in the fuel cell room due to pipe damage and fire in the battery room was considered the most severe hazards for hydrogen and battery version respectively. On the other hand, ammonia is considered as a low reactive gas and explosion should be a concern of only enclosed spaces at concentrations close to the stoichiometry. However, ammonia is a highly toxic gas and in high concentration, it can even be even fatal. Therefore, one of the main hazards for ammonia is the ammonia leakage from different parts of the system that can lead to injuries or fatalities to the crew due to the high toxicity of ammonia. This can be prevented with various measures, among which are sufficient ventilation and identification of hazardous zones. Overall, all the designs seem feasible in terms of safety provided that proper safety measures are considered. Redundancy of equipment and proper arrangement of safety valves, ventilation and detection systems as well as firefighting protection are amongst the most effective risk control options to mitigate the hazards.
Reports on the topic "Control room safety measures"
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Le Blanc, Katya, Jeffrey Joe, Brandon Rice, Thomas Ulrich, and Ronald Boring. Benefits of Advanced Control Room Technologies: Phase One Upgrades to the HSSL, Research Plan, and Performance Measures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1196559.
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Ferrell, C., and L. Soffer. Resolution of Unresolved Safety Issue A-48, Hydrogen control measures and effects of hydrogen burns on safety equipment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5559964.
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Verdam, Mathilde, Jae-Yung Kwon, Lara Russel, Véronique Sébille, Mirjam Sprangers, and Rick Sawatzky. The impact of response shift on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs): A systematic review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.2.0024.
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Review question / Objective: Are the serum levels of estrogens (estrone, estradiol, estriol), gonadotropins (FSH, LH), or other hormones altered after intravaginal application of estriol for the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause? Condition being studied: The aim of this review is to study whether the vaginal application of estriol has any effects on the serum levels of different sex hormones, mainly estriol, estradiol, and FSH, as those have been previously used as proxies for the safety of similar estrogenic products. Study designs to be included: Included: RCTs, controlled studies, head-to-head comparisons, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, quasi-experimental studies (intervention/no control).
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Fan, Yihua, Xiaoyin Zhao, Xiaoxu He, and Huixin Chen. Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal compound in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis: A protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0153.
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Review question / Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal compound in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis. Eligibility criteria: 1.1.1 Literature type Randomized controlled trials of treating AGA with Chinese herbal compound alone, whether blind or not, was limited to Chinese literature and English literature.1.1.2 SubjectsThe time of onset, gender, and age of patients diagnosed with acute gouty arthritis were not restricted.1.1.3 Intervention measures The treatment group was treated with traditional Chinese medicine compound, which could be proprietary Chinese medicine, self-made prescription or classic prescription, and the dosage form could be traditional decoction, granule or pill, while the control group was treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory painkillers, and the frequency, dosage and course of use were not limited.1.1.4 Outcome indicators(1) Main outcome measures: total response rate; (2) Secondary outcome indicators: visual analog scale (VAS), TCM syndrome score, blood uric acid, ESR, CRP, and incidence of adverse reactions.
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Fan, Yihua, Xiaoyin Zhao, Xiaoxu He, and Huixin Chen. Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal compound in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis: A protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0153.
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Review question / Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal compound in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis. Eligibility criteria: 1.1.1 Literature type Randomized controlled trials of treating AGA with Chinese herbal compound alone, whether blind or not, was limited to Chinese literature and English literature.1.1.2 SubjectsThe time of onset, gender, and age of patients diagnosed with acute gouty arthritis were not restricted.1.1.3 Intervention measures The treatment group was treated with traditional Chinese medicine compound, which could be proprietary Chinese medicine, self-made prescription or classic prescription, and the dosage form could be traditional decoction, granule or pill, while the control group was treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory painkillers, and the frequency, dosage and course of use were not limited.1.1.4 Outcome indicators(1) Main outcome measures: total response rate; (2) Secondary outcome indicators: visual analog scale (VAS), TCM syndrome score, blood uric acid, ESR, CRP, and incidence of adverse reactions.
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Nguyen, Thi Dien, Thi Minh Hanh Nguyen, Thi Minh Khue Nguyen, and Ayako Ebata. Policies to Improve Migrant Workers’ Food Security in Vietnam. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.019.
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Migrant workers in Vietnam make up 7.3 per cent of the population. Despite rapid economic growth, they suffer from precarious working conditions and food insecurity, which Covid-19 control measures have exacerbated. Urgent action is needed to improve migrant workers’ access to nutritious food during crises and increase resilience to future economic shocks through: (1) short-term responses that provide nutritious food; (2) improving living conditions through effective enforcement of existing policies; (3) expanding coverage of the government social safety net; and (4) progressive reform of labour law to reduce their vulnerability to job loss and increase their bargaining power.
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.
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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.
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Tang, Jiqin, Gong Zhang, Jinxiao Xing, Ying Yu, and Tao Han. Network Meta-analysis of Heat-clearing and Detoxifying Oral Liquid of Chinese Medicines in Treatment of Children’s Hand-foot-mouth Disease：a protocol for systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.1.0032.
Full textAbstract:
Review question / Objective: The type of study was clinical randomized controlled trial (RCT). The object of study is the patients with HFMD. There is no limit to gender and race. In the case of clear diagnosis standard, curative effect judgment standard and consistent baseline treatment, the experimental group was treated with pure oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine(A: Fuganlin oral liquid, B: huangzhihua oral liquid, C: Lanqin oral liquid, D: antiviral oral liquid, E: Huangqin oral liquid, F: Pudilan oral liquid, G: Shuanghuanglian oral liquid.)and the control group was treated with ribavirin or any oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine. The data were extracted by two researchers independently, cross checked and reviewed according to the pre-determined tables. The data extraction content is (1) Basic information (including the first author, published journal and year, research topic). (2) Relevant information (including number of cases, total number of cases, gender, age, intervention measures, course of treatment of the experimental group and the control group in the literature). (3) Design type and quality evaluation information of the included literature. (4) Outcome measures (effective rate, healing time of oral ulcer, regression time of hand and foot rash, regression time of fever, adverse reactions.). The seven traditional Chinese medicine oral liquids are comparable in clinical practice, but their actual clinical efficacy is lack of evidence-based basis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use the network meta-analysis method to integrate the clinical relevant evidence of direct and indirect comparative relationship, to make quantitative comprehensive statistical analysis and sequencing of different oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine with the same evidence body for the treatment of the disease, and then to explore the advantages and disadvantages of the efficacy and safety of different oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine to get the best treatment plan, so as to provide reference value and evidence-based medicine evidence for clinical optimization of drug selection. Condition being studied: Hand foot mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in pediatrics caused by a variety of enteroviruses. Its clinical manifestations are mainly characterized by persistent fever, hand foot rash, oral herpes, ulcers, etc. Because it is often found in preschool children, its immune system development is not perfect, so it is very vulnerable to infection by pathogens and epidemic diseases, resulting in rapid progress of the disease. A few patients will also have neurogenic pulmonary edema Meningitis, myocarditis and other serious complications even lead to death, so effectively improve the cure rate, shorten the course of disease, prevent the deterioration of the disease as the focus of the study. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has played an important role in the research of antiviral treatment. Many clinical practices have confirmed that oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine can effectively play the role of antiviral and improve the body's immunity.
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Usai, Jannet, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Herbal Medicines Registration Process for Zimbabwe Overview of the Process. Purdue University, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317434.
Full textAbstract:
Unregistered traditional medicines pose a huge public health threat as the safety and efficacy of these products is unknown. The issue this study addresses is the inadequate regulatory measures for herbal medicines in Zimbabwe. This project was done to describe the current registration process of traditional medicines in Zimbabwe, and to identify the gaps and opportunities they present to improve the regulatory landscape. Regulations and laws governing the registration of herbal medicines in the country and published research on legislation of herbal medicines were reviewed. Two parallel regulatory bodies both registering and controlling the sale of herbal medicines were identified. The Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) and the Traditional Medical Practitioners Association (TMPA) both derive their authority to regulate from the ministry of health and were established through the act of parliament which gives these authorities power to regulate the quality and sale of traditional medicines without giving a prescriptive way of doing it. The registration process, and product evaluations for the two authorities are different. While the MCAZ has a clearly defined registration process, the TMPA does not. However, MCAZ has not been very successful in registering local products with the majority of the registered herbal products being imports and only 2% of total registered products being local herbs. As a recommendation, there is need for collaboration between the regulatory bodies for consistence in quality of herbal products on the market and to improve registration of local herbal products. Developing monographs for local herbs commonly used in the country will also assist local manufacturer to fulfill the quality requirements and successful compilation of dossiers for product registration.
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McPhedran, R., K. Patel, B. Toombs, P. Menon, M. Patel, J. Disson, K. Porter, A. John, and A. Rayner. Food allergen communication in businesses feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tpf160.
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Background: Clear allergen communication in food business operators (FBOs) has been shown to have a positive impact on customers’ perceptions of businesses (Barnett et al., 2013). However, the precise size and nature of this effect is not known: there is a paucity of quantitative evidence in this area, particularly in the form of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The Food Standards Agency (FSA), in collaboration with Kantar’s Behavioural Practice, conducted a feasibility trial to investigate whether a randomised cluster trial – involving the proactive communication of allergen information at the point of sale in FBOs – is feasible in the United Kingdom (UK). Objectives: The trial sought to establish: ease of recruitments of businesses into trials; customer response rates for in-store outcome surveys; fidelity of intervention delivery by FBO staff; sensitivity of outcome survey measures to change; and appropriateness of the chosen analytical approach. Method: Following a recruitment phase – in which one of fourteen multinational FBOs was successfully recruited – the execution of the feasibility trial involved a quasi-randomised matched-pairs clustered experiment. Each of the FBO’s ten participating branches underwent pair-wise matching, with similarity of branches judged according to four criteria: Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) score, average weekly footfall, number of staff and customer satisfaction rating. The allocation ratio for this trial was 1:1: one branch in each pair was assigned to the treatment group by a representative from the FBO, while the other continued to operate in accordance with their standard operating procedure. As a business-based feasibility trial, customers at participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were automatically enrolled in the trial. The trial was single-blind: customers at treatment branches were not aware that they were receiving an intervention. All customers who visited participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were asked to complete a short in-store survey on a tablet affixed in branches. This survey contained four outcome measures which operationalised customers’: perceptions of food safety in the FBO; trust in the FBO; self-reported confidence to ask for allergen information in future visits; and overall satisfaction with their visit. Results: Fieldwork was conducted from the 3 – 20 March 2020, with cessation occurring prematurely due to the closure of outlets following the proliferation of COVID-19. n=177 participants took part in the trial across the ten branches; however, response rates (which ranged between 0.1 - 0.8%) were likely also adversely affected by COVID-19. Intervention fidelity was an issue in this study: while compliance with delivery of the intervention was relatively high in treatment branches (78.9%), erroneous delivery in control branches was also common (46.2%). Survey data were analysed using random-intercept multilevel linear regression models (due to the nesting of customers within branches). Despite the trial’s modest sample size, there was some evidence to suggest that the intervention had a positive effect for those suffering from allergies/intolerances for the ‘trust’ (β = 1.288, p<0.01) and ‘satisfaction’ (β = 0.945, p<0.01) outcome variables. Due to singularity within the fitted linear models, hierarchical Bayes models were used to corroborate the size of these interactions. Conclusions: The results of this trial suggest that a fully powered clustered RCT would likely be feasible in the UK. In this case, the primary challenge in the execution of the trial was the recruitment of FBOs: despite high levels of initial interest from four chains, only one took part. However, it is likely that the proliferation of COVID-19 adversely impacted chain participation – two other FBOs withdrew during branch eligibility assessment and selection, citing COVID-19 as a barrier. COVID-19 also likely lowered the on-site survey response rate: a significant negative Pearson correlation was observed between daily survey completions and COVID-19 cases in the UK, highlighting a likely relationship between the two. Limitations: The trial was quasi-random: selection of branches, pair matching and allocation to treatment/control groups were not systematically conducted. These processes were undertaken by a representative from the FBO’s Safety and Quality Assurance team (with oversight from Kantar representatives on pair matching), as a result of the chain’s internal operational restrictions.