Relevant bibliographies by topics / Control over life

Academic literature on the topic 'Control over life'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Control over life"

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Maksudyan, Nazan. "Control over Life, Control over Body: female suicide in early republican Turkey." Women's History Review 24, no. 6 (February 24, 2015): 861–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2014.994858.

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Ytreberg, Espen. "Control over Stories of Illness and Life." Nordicom Review 40, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nor-2019-0023.

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Abstract This article discusses the relationship between nonprofessional media participation and the professional handling of participants. It expands on the case of “Karen”, who related her life-threatening illness and patient experience in a broad range of media before transitioning into professional communications work for a health organization that required her to recruit other patient-participants. The article contributes to research on media participation by focusing on the blurred boundaries between professionals and nonprofessionals. It describes how relationships between the two can be characterized by tensions and dilemmas that are closely tied to issues of status and control. Karen’s case is instructive in the particular light it sheds on such matters and on how control over the mediated telling of a life story is exercised.
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Fischer, John Martin. "ABORTION, AUTONOMY, AND CONTROL OVER ONE'S BODY." Social Philosophy and Policy 20, no. 2 (July 2003): 286–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052503202120.

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It is often thought that if a developing human being is considered a “person” from the beginning, then it would follow that abortion (at any time) would be impermissible. For, after all, a person has a stringent right to life, and because life is a prerequisite for enjoying any other goods, it is plausible that the right to life is a “basic” or “fundamental” one, not easily overridden by other considerations. The right to life, it would seem, could not be outweighed by another individual's preferences, even preferences about what should happen in or to her body.
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Albertini, Julien, and Anthony Terriau. "Informality over the life-cycle." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 105 (August 2019): 182–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2019.06.007.

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Lundbäck, Bo, Eva Rönmark, Anne Lindberg, Ann-Christin Jonsson, Lars-Gunnar Larsson, and Mark James. "Asthma control over 3years in a real-life study." Respiratory Medicine 103, no. 3 (March 2009): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.10.015.

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Butler, Declan. "France seeks to tighten its control over life sciences." Nature 374, no. 6519 (March 1995): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374206a0.

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Blaine, Richard. "How PD gave me more control over my life." Dialysis & Transplantation 40, no. 8 (August 2011): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dat.20604.

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Bugental, Daphne B., Jay Blue, and Michael Cruzcosa. "Perceived control over caregiving outcomes: Implications for child abuse." Developmental Psychology 25, no. 4 (July 1989): 532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.532.

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Hairault, Jean-Olivier, Francois Langot, and Thepthida Sopraseuth. "Unemployment fluctuations over the life cycle." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 100 (March 2019): 334–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2019.01.001.

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Pfrimer, Matheus Hoffmann, and Ricardo César Barbosa Júnior. "Neo-Agro-Colonialism, Control over Life, and Imposed Spatio-Temporalities." Contexto Internacional 39, no. 1 (April 2017): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2017390100001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Control over life"

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Cassidy, Gale L. "Gender differences in perceived control over life." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0006/MQ32473.pdf.

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Odendaal, M. M. "The estimation and management of cost over the life cycle of metallurgical research projects." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10262009-134111.

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Keister, Emily Kim. "Russian Parenting: Interactions with Relational Aggression over Time." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2183.

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The current study considers Russian parenting (psychological control) and child relational aggression across a decade. We used parent and child driven path analyses to test whether peer-directed and romantic relational aggression is associated with psychological control both concurrently as well as longitudinally. Using AMOS, parent and child driven models were compared and the parent driven models were found to have more significant concurrent and longitudinal linkages. Maternal psychological control was significantly stable over time; relational aggression was also stable over time for girls. Maternal psychological control at Time 1 was associated with relational aggression for girls at Time 1 and with peer-directed and romantic relational aggression for boys and girls at Time 2. Paternal psychological control was also associated with relational aggression for boys and girls at Time 2. Consistent with previous research, psychological control is particularly associated with relational aggression.
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López, Gómez María Andreé 1985. "Employment over the life course as a determinant of health : evidence from the Spanish WORking life Social Security (WORKss) cohort study based on the Continuous Working Life Sample (CWLS)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456237.

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Background: Recent labor market changes as a consequence of a more globalized economy have modified employment and working conditions, well-known determinants of health. In order to study the consequences of these changes and cumulative exposures to them it is necessary to have access to longitudinal data on employment. Methods: We constructed a longitudinal cohort based on 4% annual representative samples of members of the social security system in Spain from 2004 to 2013. The sample started with 1,022,779 individuals in 2004 and provides administrative data covering 32 years of information on employment and pensions. We assessed the association of employment, unemployment and inactivity on mortality among workers with at least 10 years of information on employment history. We also assessed the applicability of latent growth modeling (LGM) to construct heterogeneous working life trajectories. Results: Being employed longer over the working life was associated with decreased risk of mortality. More time spent in unemployment and inactivity and more spells in either state were associated with a higher risk of mortality in men only, associations were stronger for temporary workers. The LGM statistical approach was suitable for constructing different working life trajectories for their use in working life history and health analysis. Findings may help plan labor and social policies that protect workers in the shift from stable to flexible employment arrangements and they shed light on the effects of cumulative employment conditions on health.
Antecedentes: Una economía altamente globalizada ha causado recientes cambios en el mercado laboral que han modificado condiciones de trabajo y de empleo, ambas importantes determinantes de la salud. Es necesario tener acceso a datos longitudinales sobre el empleo de las personas para poder estudiar las consecuencias de estos cambios y la exposición acumulada a los mismos. Métodos: Hemos contruído una cohorte longitudinal con muestras representativas y transversales del 4% de miembros de la seguridad social en España de 2004 a 2013. La muestra inició con 1.022.779 individuos en 2004 y contiene información sobre empleo y pensiones. Analizamos la asociación de empleo, desempleo e inactividad sobre la mortalidad de trabajadores con al menos 10 años de historia laboral. También hemos estimado la aplicabilidad de la técnica estadística de modelos de clases latentes (latent growth modeling) (LGM) para contruir trayectorias laborales heterogeneas. Resultados: Se encontró asociación entre estar empleado durante un mayor tiempo en la vida laboral y un menor riesgo de mortalidad. Más tiempo en desempleo e inactividad y más episodios en cualqueira de estos dos estados se encontró asociado con un mayor riesgo de mortalidad en hombres solamente, las asociaciones fueron más fuertes en trabajadores temporales. El método estadístico LGM fue adecuado para la construcción de diferentes trayectorias laborales para su uso en el análisis de historia laboral y salud. Los resultados de esta tesis tienen el potencial de ayudar a planificar políticas sociales y laborales que protejan a los trabajdores en el cambio de empleo estable a flexible. También esclarecen sobre los efectos acumulados de condiciones de empleo sobre la salud.
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Miguéis, Soraia. "Expectativas generalizadas de controlo em cuidadores informais de pacientes com demência." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15378.

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O objectivo deste estudo consistiu em verificar qual o efeito que as expectativas generalizadas de controlo possuem na percepção de sobrecarga e qualidade de vida dos cuidadores informais de pacientes com demência. Participaram 130 cuidadores que prestavam cuidados há pelo menos 6 meses. Diferentes escalas estandardizadas foram utilizadas para medir o estado cognitivo e funcional do paciente. Na avaliação psicológica do cuidador, utilizou-se a escala de avaliação da sobrecarga de Zarit, na avaliação da qualidade de vida a World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Bref, a Escala de ansiedade-depressão de Goldberg e por fim, a Bateria de Escalas de Expectativas Generalizadas de Controlo, para avaliar as suas expectativas de controlo perante o cuidado prestado. Os resultados parecem mostrar que as expectativas de auto-eficácia e contingência são preditoras da diminuição de sobrecarga no cuidador informal, o Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico é preditor do aumento da sobrecarga e, por fim, a sobrecarga e a expectativa de desamparo aprendido predizem a diminuição da qualidade de vida do cuidador informal; ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of the generalized expectations of control upon the over-burden feeling and quality of life of the informal caregivers of patients with dementia. 130 caregivers who was taking care of patients for at least six months participated in the study. Were used NPI-Q, MMSE, CDR and the Barthel index in the evaluation of the patient. In the psychological evaluation of the caregiver, we used the Zarit's burden evaluation scale; the WHOQOL-Bref in life's quality evaluation; the Goldberg anxiety-depression scale, and at last, the BEEGC-20, to evaluate their generalized expectations of control upon the given care. The results seem to shows that expectations of self-efficacy and contingency are predictors of decreased over-burden on informal caregivers, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory is a predictor of increased over-burden, and finally, over-burden and the expectation of indefension predict decreased quality of life of informal caregivers.
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KATAYAMA, Masaaki, Takaya YAMAZATO, and Yuzo OHTOMO. "An Access Control Method for Multipoint Cyclic Data Gathering over a PLC Network." IEEE, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14463.

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Elgazzar, Hesham, and Viktor Ansnaes. "Concrete Cracks in Composite Bridges : A Case Study of the Bothnia Line Railway Bridge over Ångermanälven." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-100831.

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Cracks in the concrete slab of continuous composite bridges are common due to the tensile stresses at the supports. These bridges are allowed to crack as long as the cracking is controlled and not exceeding the design crack width (according to Bro 94 the crack should be injected if they are bigger than 0.2 mm). The Ångermanälven Bridge (railway bridge part of the Bothnia line project) was designed with big edge beams of width 1.2 m, 40 % of the total area of the concrete deck cross-section. During the final inspection cracks larger than the design crack width (0.3 mm according to Bro 94) were observed over the supports.In this thesis the design and the construction procedure of the bridge is studied to clarify the causes of the cracking in the edge beam. The objectives of this thesis were addressed through a literature study of the different types of cracks and the Swedish bridge codes. The expected crack width was calculate according to the same code, using a 2-D FEM model for the moment calculation, and compared with the crack width measured at the bridge.The result of the calculations shows that tensile stress due to ballast and only restraining moment due to shrinkage is not big enough to cause the measured crack width. Shrinkage force and temperature variation effects may have contributed to the concrete cracking in the edge beams. The large cross-section area of the edge beams indicates that it should be designed as part of the slab, taking that into consideration, 1.1 % reinforcement ratio in the edge beams is believed to limit the crack width to the code limits (0.3 mm).
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Youhnovski, Sagon Anne-Laure. "Le droit de la vie humaine. Contribution à l'étude des relations entre la vie humaine et le droit." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2021_in_youhnovski_a_l.pdf.

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Le big-bang provoqué par la rencontre de la vie humaine et du droit a entraîné la création d’une multitude de prescriptions juridiques ayant la vie humaine pour objet. Malgré leur caractère hétérogène, il est possible de discerner une structure commune à laquelle elles sont rattachées, offrant aux relations entre la vie humaine et le droit une certaine stabilité de même qu’une unité. Le droit de la vie humaine constitue la notion structurante de cette relation. Mobilisé comme nouvelle clé de lecture de leur relation, le droit de la vie humaine doit permettre d’identifier l’ensemble des dynamiques qui les font osciller.Précisément, le droit de la vie humaine est traversé par des courants contraires. Un premier élan emploie le droit comme instrument au service de l’intensification du respect accordé à la vie. Un second courant libéral tend à solliciter l’exercice d’une maîtrise sur la vie, reflet du mouvement de subjectivisation des droits et libertés fondamentaux dont la valorisation de l’autonomie personnelle constitue le ferment. Le droit de la vie humaine possède donc une double nature, le droit au respect de la vie forgeant sa nature objective, le droit sur la vie dévoilant sa nature subjective. D’emblée, ces deux droits pourraient sembler antagonistes. Vérifier le degré de subjectivisation du droit de la vie humaine permet toutefois de nuancer l’influence de ce phénomène à son égard. Chargé d’instaurer un juste équilibre entre ces deux pôles, l’État s’érige en gardien du respect de la vie, le déploiement du régime de maîtrise sur la vie étant contrôlé, voire réfréné. Les rapports de force qui s’affrontent au sein du droit de la vie humaine se révèlent être disproportionnés au profit du droit au respect de la vie. Le dédoublement du droit de la vie humaine permet au droit au respect de la vie et au droit sur la vie de coexister sans provoquer leur neutralisation mutuelle
The big bang caused by the meeting of human life and law has led to the creation of several legal prescriptions that have human life as their object. Despite their heterogeneous nature, it is possible to outline a common structure, enabling stability and unity in the relationship between human life and law. The law of human life is the structuring concept of this relationship. Mustered as a new key to reading their relationship, the law of human life should make it possible to identify all the dynamics that make them oscillate.Precisely, the law of human life is subject to opposing currents. A first trend uses the law as an instrument to increase the respect for life. A second liberal current tends to solicit the exercise of control over life, reflecting the movement towards the subjectivisation of fundamental rights and freedoms, to which the valorisation of personal autonomy provides fertile ground. The law of human life thus has a dual nature, the right to respect for life forging its objective nature, the right over life revealing its subjective nature. These two rights are seemingly antagonistic. However, taking into account the degree of subjectivisation of the law of human life allows us to qualify the influence of this phenomenon on it. The State, charged with the task of striking a balance between these two poles, sets itself up as the guardian of respect for life, with the deployment of the regime of control over life being controlled or even curbed. The balance of power within the law of human life turns out to be disproportionate to the right to respect for life. The duplication of the law of human life allows the right to respect for life and the right over life to coexist without causing their mutual neutralisation
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Toscano, Anna. "Clinical and psychological factors associated with Health-related Quality of Life and treatment choice at cancer diagnosis and over the disease course." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT1034/document.

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Les progrès thérapeutiques et le diagnostic plus rapide ont permis d'améliorer le taux de survie de nombreux cancers. Il est donc de plus en plus nécessaire de trouver un moyen d'aider les patients à maintenir une bonne santé psychologique et à améliorer leur Qualité de Vie Liée à la Santé (QVLS). Les croyances des patients (Locus De Contrôle, LDC) et les stratégies de coping sont des variables psychologiques pouvant influer sur la QVLS des patients. Les liens entre l’évolution de la QVLS et du LDC et du coping ont été étudiés chez des patients atteints d'un cancer du sein ou d'un mélanome au cours des deux ans suivant le diagnostic. Afin d'évaluer si les croyances des patients jouent également un rôle dans les choix thérapeutiques, l'association entre le choix du traitement au moment du diagnostic d’un cancer de la prostate et les croyances des patients et d'autres variables médicales et psychologiques, a été étudiée. Certains types de LDC ou stratégies de coping ont une influence sur l’évolution de la QVLS pour le cancer du sein et le mélanome alors que certains ont une influence uniquement pour l’un des deux cancers. De plus, la QVLS n’évolue pas de la même façon pour ces deux cancers. La croyance que les médecins peuvent avoir le contrôle sur la santé du patient était négativement associée au choix d’un traitement plus invasif au moment du diagnostic d’un cancer de la prostate. Il semble que les psychothérapies basées sur le coping ou le LDC devraient être spécifiques au type de cancer et au temps depuis le diagnostic. Ce travail renseigne également sur l’importance de considérer les aspects psychologiques de la relation médecin-patient dans la décision médicale partagée
Advances in treatment and faster diagnosis have helped improve the survival rate for many cancers. Therefore, the need to find a way to help patients to maintain good psychological health and to increase Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) has become essential. The patients’ beliefs (Locus of Control, LOC) and the coping strategies are psychological variables can have an impact on patients’ HRQoL. The association of changes in HRQoL over time and coping and LOC was assessed in breast cancer and melanoma patients during 2 years post-diagnosis. In order to study if the patients’ beliefs also play a role in treatment decision making, the association between the treatment choice at diagnosis and patients’ beliefs and other medical and psychological variables was assessed. Some LOC sub-dimensions or coping strategies have an association with HRQoL change for breast cancer and melanoma, whereas some of them have an association only with one cancer type. Moreover, HRQoL does not evolve in the same way for both types of cancer. The belief of the control of the doctors on patient’s health was negatively associated with radical treatment choice. It seems that psychological therapies, that consider the patients’ coping strategies and beliefs, should be specific according to the type of cancer and time post-diagnosis. This work has also highlighted the importance of considering the psychological aspects of the doctor-patient relationship in shared medical decision making
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Tfwala, Ncamsile C. "Women's control over sexual matters in traditional marriages : a development perspective." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3179.

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The main objectives of the study are to determine the extent of control women have over sexual matters in Swazi traditional marriages; to identify the factors influencing the extent of control women have over sexual matters in traditional marriages; and to analyse the consequences of women’s lack of control over sexual matters on the women themselves, their families and their communities with regard to development. Reviewed literature and identified themes were verified in the field through focused group discussions and key informant interviews. The study revealed that women in traditional marriages do not have control over their sexuality because of the obligations and cultural practices inherent in the marriage restricting women’s involvement in decision making in sexual matters. This position undermines the social and economic development of women, families and communities. It is therefore recommended that cultural practices be amended to improve the status of women in decision making.
Development Studies
M.A. (Social Sciences)
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Books on the topic "Control over life"

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Shattering the gods within: Victory over the powers that control us. Chicago: Moody Press, 1994.

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Lantz, William C. The fifty-one percent principle: Taking control over your response to life. Tulsa, Okla: Honor Books, 1994.

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My cup runneth over: The life of Angelica Cookson Potts. New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 2003.

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Macleod, William M. M.I.N.D. over weight®: How to stay slim the rest of your life. Maplewood, N.J: W.G.M. Pub. Co., 1985.

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Logue, Barbara J. Last rights: Death control and the elderly in America. New York: Lexington Books, 1993.

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1952-, Blumenthal Susan J., and Kupfer David J. 1941-, eds. Suicide over the life cycle: Risk factors, assessment, and treatment of suicidal patients. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990.

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Logue, Barbara. Last rights: Death control and the elderly in America. New York: Lexington Books, 1993.

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Last rights: Death control and the elderly in America. New York: Lexington Books, 1993.

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1948-, Hock Roger R., ed. It's my life now: Starting over after an abusive relationship or domestic violence. New York: Routledge, 2000.

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1948-, Hock Roger R., ed. It's my life now: Starting over after an abusive relationship or domestic violence. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Control over life"

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Roberts, Donald R. "The DDT Story: Environmentalism Over Rights to Health and Life." In Vector Biology, Ecology and Control, 15–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2458-9_2.

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Bechtel, William, and Leonardo Bich. "Organisms Need Mechanisms; Mechanisms Need Organisms." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 85–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46917-6_5.

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AbstractAccording to new mechanists, mechanisms explain how specific biological phenomena are produced. New mechanists have had little to say about how mechanisms relate to the organism in which they reside. A key feature of organisms, emphasized by the autonomy tradition, is that organisms maintain themselves. To do this, they rely on mechanisms. But mechanisms must be controlled so that they produce the phenomena for which they are responsible when and in the manner needed by the organism. To account for how they are controlled, we characterize mechanisms as sets of constraints on the flow of free energy. Some constraints are flexible and can be acted on by other mechanisms, control mechanisms, that utilize information procured from the organism and its environment to alter the flexible constraints in other mechanisms so that they produce phenomena appropriate to the circumstances. We further show that control mechanisms in living organisms are organized heterarchically—control is carried out primarily by local controllers that integrate information they acquire as well as that which they procure from other control mechanisms. The result is not a hierarchy of control but an integrated network of control mechanisms that has been crafted over the course of evolution.
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Behrendt, Sebastian, Michael Martin, Alexander Puchta, Robin Ströbel, Johannes Fisel, Marvin C. May, Philipp Gönnheimer, Jürgen Fleischer, and Gisela Lanza. "Software-Defined Manufacturing for the Entire Life Cycle at Different Levels of Production." In Advances in Automotive Production Technology – Towards Software-Defined Manufacturing and Resilient Supply Chains, 25–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27933-1_3.

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AbstractIncreasingly volatile markets, higher numbers of product variants and more sophisticated customer demands lead to a soaring complexity of productions themselves and their operations. An enabling technology that allows to cope with this increased complexity is digitization, as it enables data capturing and data driven analysis in production. Software-defined manufacturing (SDM) empowers to fully use the potential of digitization by decoupling physical production hardware and the associated control software. This enables an increase in the versatility of existing resources through automated generation of software for instantiations and interventions in production control. With the aim of enlarging the abstraction and decoupling capabilities of SDM, this paper presents a concept to use SDM at different abstraction levels of the production over the whole life cycle. The different abstraction levels, i.e. machine, production system and production network, are decoupled based on a service-oriented approach that defines interactions between these abstraction levels. The requirements to implement this approach are determined for the different levels where special notice is given to changing requirements over the life cycle of the production. With respect to the requirements, recommendations are given considering the integration of the concept in existing productions. Finally, potential benefits of this concept are discussed.
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Lachman, Margie E., Christopher B. Rosnick, and Christina Röcke. "The rise and fall of control beliefs and life satisfaction in adulthood: Trajectories of stability and change over ten years." In Aging and cognition: Research methodologies and empirical advances., 143–60. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11882-007.

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Murphy-Graham, Erin. "Life Skills Education for Urban Youth in Honduras and Guatemala: A Capability Analysis of the Sports-Based Job Training Program A Ganar." In Life Skills Education for Youth, 147–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85214-6_7.

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AbstractDrawing upon an extensive case study of a sports-based, life skills job training program for at-risk youth in Honduras and Guatemala, this chapter examines how program participants described the process of building skills, and how, if at all, this skill-building led to greater well-being. Second, it asks, to what extent are these experiences of program participants aligned with theories of education within the capability approach? These questions are addressed through a qualitative case study that was embedded within an experimental design (a randomized control trial) that took place over 5 years in urban areas of Honduras and Guatemala. The analysis suggests that the combination of exposure to new ideas and information in the three phases of the A Ganar program, coupled with concrete opportunities to test out such ideas, enabled youth to experience changes in their attitudes and behaviors around work, around themselves, and to develop new relationships and friendships. Based on these empirical results, the chapter identifies several elements that might better inform life skills education research and practice in s in the future. These include: (1) conceptualizing life skills as preconditions of capabilities (some of which might be better classified as values); (2) conceptualizing life skills as both ends and means of interventions, and (3) giving more consideration to the conversion factors, meaning the ability to convert resources into functionings, that limit the robustness of capabilities that life skills programs develop.
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Kamm, F. M. "Direction and Distribution in Life." In Almost Over, 121–41. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190097158.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 distinguishes qualitative aging from becoming older in years by considering the fictional case of Benjamin Button. It then considers the significance and necessity at a given time of death in lives with different aging trajectories. There follows a discussion of better and worse distributions of goods and bads within lives, both on the assumption that we have and do not have control over the total of goods and bads and the length of life. Finally the chapter considers how the difference between conditional and categorical goods may affect appropriateness of tradeoffs between quantity and quality of life.
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Powers, Madison. "Control over the Future." In A Livable Planet, 249–62. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197756003.003.0009.

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Abstract This chapter argues that the root of our ecological predicament is not simply that the affluent consume too much, but that they control too much. Decisions about the basis of modern life and the fate of the planet carry too much risk or too much uncertainty to be left to a free market free-for-all, where the rule of the economically stronger routinely prevails. For example, concentrated wealth has an outsized effect on public investment and tax policy, channeling resources toward some economic beneficiaries and clustering ecological burdens elsewhere. An ecologically oriented human rights agenda, by contrast, can redistribute power, redefine state responsibility for securing human rights, and remove key social investment decisions from the discretion of private entities. The chapter concludes with an assessment of impediments to and limitations of a human rights approach, but it explains why there is no readily available alternative, given the time remaining for action.
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"Theories of Self-Control and Behavior." In Self-Control and Crime Over the Life Course, 19–48. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483397726.n2.

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"What Leads to Self-Control Change?" In Self-Control and Crime Over the Life Course, 142–78. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483397726.n6.

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"What Are the Consequences of Low Self-Control." In Self-Control and Crime Over the Life Course, 49–76. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483397726.n3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Control over life"

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Tan, Kaikun, Zhan xiong Chen, Xucheng Liu, Yuebang He, Peng Chen, Anastasios Bezerianos, and Hongtao Wang. "A Wearable Integrated System for Monitoring the Elder's Physiological Information, Falling Over Alarm and Life Entertainment." In 2018 37th Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/chicc.2018.8483771.

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Galina, Merkuryeva,. "Simulation-Based Analysis and Optimisation of Planning Policies Over the Product Life Cycle within the Entire Supply Chain." In Information Control Problems in Manufacturing, edited by Bakhtadze, Natalia, Chair Dolgui, Alexandre and Bakhtadze, Natalia. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090603-3-ru-2001.00096.

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Schatz, M., S. Yang, W. Chen, F. Allen-Ramey, S. Sajjan, and R. Zeiger. "The Relationship of Changes in Asthma Control to Changes in Asthma Quality of Life over Time." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a4320.

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Sheng, Shuangwen, and Robert X. Gao. "Multi-Time Scale Modeling Strategy for Bearing Life Prognosis." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2680.

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Prediction of a bearing service life is traditionally achieved by empirical or physical models, which have their own strengths and limitations. In an effort to combine the strengths of these modeling approaches, this research investigates the concept of Multi-Time Scale Modeling (MTSM). Specifically, a MTSM strategy for bearing life prognosis is developed by correlating experimentally acquired bearing vibration data with physics based model of microscopic growth of crack size. The strategy is composed of a fast scale empirical model (e.g., root mean square value of vibration), a slow scale physical model (e.g., change of crack length over one loading cycle), and a model coupling mechanism (e.g., bidirectional mapping functions). The fast and slow scale models are obtained by polynomial regression analysis and using the concept of the Paris Law, respectively. The coupling mechanism is established through introduction of dynamic mass into the model. The improvement in bearing service life prediction, obtained by the presented MTSM strategy is experimentally validated.
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Pavlushkov, Aleksadr Rudolfovich. "Peasant Public Control over the Observance of Church Rules of Everyday Life in the XVIII-XIX Centuries." In All-Russian scientific conference. Publishing house Sreda, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-101386.

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Hesselink, Bert, Wim Freriks, Mark van der Burg, and John van Dijk. "BridgeDoctor, life cycle costs of bridges under control." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.0663.

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<p>The Netherlands is a densely-populated country, with many rivers and roads. As a result, there are many intersections between roads and waterways, and these intersections are heavily used. Movares is a Dutch engineering consultancy and we can draw on over 100 years’ experience with a wide range of bridges and viaducts. We are among the Netherlands’ leading consultants in the field of movable bridges. Our knowledge and experience put us in a perfect position to look after bridges from initial design through to end of service life.</p><p>Many Dutch bridges – both movable and fixed – were built in the 1950s and 1960s, and were not designed for today’s increased, heavier traffic. They are showing symptoms of fatigue and/or no longer conform (demonstrably) to current requirements. As a result, they need to be replaced. The availability of infrastructure is of great economic importance</p><p>At the same time, safety must be guaranteed. Our philosophy: “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it!” Our ap-proach – the BridgeDoctor® – allows us to establish the condition of a bridge with the aid of a rapid analysis. In many cases, we can use smart measures to extend the life of a bridge, allowing it to remain in service for several more decades.</p><p>By an inventory based on available information. The aim is to gain insight into the status of the bridges now, but also in the future. On this basis it is possible to predict when the bridge needs to be replaced or, and of course, how and when to intervene constructively. This inventory provides quick answers to questions such as: which bridge is constructively safe and which bridge should be tackled first?</p><p>Maintenance also prevents emergency repairs and saves a lot of money (emergency repair = costly and timely maintenance can lead to less maintenance.</p>
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Khalil, Mohamed, Ioannis Kouroudis, Roland Wüchner, and Kai-Uwe Bletzinger. "Optimal Sensor Configuration for Fatigue Life Prediction in Structural Applications." In ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-8909.

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Abstract Structural health monitoring is spreading widely across engineering domains. Its added value is not restricted to observing structural behavior, but crosses over to enabling the assessment of structural integrity under varying operating conditions. Damage prognosis is one vital demand from structural health monitoring solutions. Many methods have been developed to update damage predictions based on sensor data, nonetheless the selection and positioning of sensors to alleviate the prediction errors remains a question under investigation. In this work, an optimal sensor placement method is proposed for fatigue damage prediction in structures. An optimization problem is formulated to minimize the a-posteriori damage estimation error based on a Kalman filter. The derivation of the objective function is presented, along with a discussion of algorithm-related issues. Finally, the mentioned damage prediction approach is applied to two structures to verify the adequacy of the sensor configurations proposed by the method.
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Yang, Jie, and Guoming G. Zhu. "Predictive Boundary Management Control of a Hybrid Powertrain." In ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2014-6009.

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Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is capable of improving fuel economy with reduced emissions over traditional vehicles powered by the internal combustion engine alone. However the HEV durability is significantly limited by the battery useful life; and the battery life could be significantly reduced if it was operated over its allowed charging or discharging limits, which could occur especially at extremely low battery temperatures, leading to permanent battery damage and reduced battery life. In order to extend the battery life, this paper proposed a battery boundary management control strategy based upon the predicted desired torque to proactively make the engine power available to reduce future battery over-discharging. The proposed control strategy was validated in simulations and its performance was compared with the baseline control strategy under US06, and other four typical city and highway driving cycles. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy is very effective when the battery temperature is under zero Celsius degree, and the over-discharged power is reduced more than 65% under aggressive US06 and ARB02 driving cycles, 45% under highway and city FTP and city NYCC driving cycles, and 30% under highway IM240 driving cycle, respectively.
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Buschek, Johannes, Kristian Manthey, Andreas Eckardt, Ralf Reulke, and Gerhard Kahmen. "In-orbit real-time CMOS TDI detector validation and control to meet constant imaging quality over the mission life time." In Earth Observing Systems XXVII, edited by James J. Butler, Xiaoxiong (Jack) Xiong, and Xingfa Gu. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2631978.

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Panov, V. "Distributed Network System for Real-Time Model Based Control of Industrial Gas Turbines." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45298.

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This paper describes the development of a distributed network system for real-time model based control of industrial gas turbine engines. Distributed control systems contribute toward improvements in performance, testability, control system maintainability and overall life-cycle cost. The goal of this programme was to offer a modular platform for improved model based control system. Hence, another important aspect of this programme was real-time implementation of non-linear aero-thermal gas turbine models on a dedicated hardware platform. Two typical applications of real-time engine models, namely hardware-in-the-loop simulations and on-line co-simulations, have been considered in this programme. Hardware-in-the-loop platform has been proposed as a transitional architecture, which should lead towards a fully distributed on-line model based control system. Distributed control system architecture offers the possibility of integrating a real-time on-line engine model embedded within a dedicated hardware platform. Real-time executing models use engine operating conditions to generate expected values for measured and non-measured engine parameters. These virtual measurements can be used for the development of model based control methods, which can contribute towards improvements in engine stability, performance and life management. As an illustration of model based control concept, the example of gas turbine transient over-temperature protection is presented in this study.
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Reports on the topic "Control over life"

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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Scotland: The Roman Presence. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.104.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Scotland in the Roman world: Research into Roman Scotland requires an appreciation of the wider frontier and Empire-wide perspectives, and Scottish projects must be integrated into these wider, international debates. The rich data set and chronological control that Scotland has to offer can be used to inform broader understandings of the impact of Rome.  Changing worlds: Roman Scotland’s rich data set should be employed to contribute to wider theoretical perspectives on topics such as identity and ethnicity, and how these changed over time. What was the experience of daily life for the various peoples in Roman Scotland and how did interactions between incomers and local communities develop and change over the period in question, and, indeed, at and after its end?  Frontier Life: Questions still remain regarding the disposition and chronology of forts and forces, as well as the logistics of sustaining and supplying an army of conquest and occupation. Sites must be viewed as part of a wider, interlocking set of landscapes, and the study of movement over land and by sea incorporated within this. The Antonine Wall provides a continuing focus of research which would benefit from more comparison with frontier structures and regimes in other areas.  Multiple landscapes: Roman sites need to be seen in a broader landscape context, ‘looking beyond the fort’ and explored as nested and interlocking landscapes. This will allow exploration of frontier life and the changing worlds of the Roman period. To do justice to this resource requires two elements: o Development-control archaeology should look as standard at the hinterland of forts (up to c.1 km from the ‘core’), as sensitive areas and worthy of evaluation; examples such as Inveresk show the density of activity around such nodes. The interiors of camps should be extensively excavated as standard. o Integrated approaches to military landscapes are required, bringing in where appropriate topographical and aerial survey, LIDAR, geophysics, the use of stray and metal-detected finds, as well as fieldwalking and ultimately, excavation.  The Legacy of Rome: How did the longer term influence of the Romans, and their legacy, influence the formation, nature and organisation of the Pictish and other emergent kingdoms?
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Egemen Okte, Aravind Ramakrishnan, Qingwen Zhou, and Watheq Sayeh. Truck Platooning on Flexible Pavements in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-010.

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Truck platoons have many benefits over traditional truck mobility. Truck platoons have the potential to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption between 5% and 15%, based on platoon configuration. In Illinois, trucks carry more than 50% of freight tonnage and constitute 25% of the traffic on interstates. Therefore, expected fuel savings would be significant for trucks. Deployment of truck platoons within interstate highways may have a direct effect on flexible pavement performance, as the time between consecutive axle loads (i.e., resting time) is expected to decrease significantly. Moreover, platoons could potentially accelerate pavement damage accumulation due to trucks’ channelized position, decreasing pavement service life and increasing maintenance and rehabilitation costs. The main objective of this project was to quantify the effects of truck platoons on pavements and to provide guidelines to control corresponding potential pavement damage. Finite-element models were utilized to quantify the impact of rest period on pavement damage. Recovered and accumulated strains were predicted by fitting exponential functions to the calculated strain profiles. The results suggested that strain accumulation was negligible at a truck spacing greater that 10 ft. A new methodology to control pavement damage due to truck platoons was introduced. The method optimizes trucks’ lateral positions on the pavements, and an increase in pavement service life could be achieved if all platoons follow this optimization method. Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis were conducted for fully autonomous, human-driven, and mixed-traffic regimes. For example, for an analysis period of 45 years, channelized truck platoons could save life cycle costs and environmental impacts by 28% and 21% compared with human-driven trucks, respectively. Furthermore, optimum truck platoon configuration could reduce life cycle costs and environmental impacts by 48% and 36%, respectively, compared with human-driven trucks. In contrast, channelized traffic could increase pavement roughness, increasing fuel consumption by 15%, even though platooning vehicles still benefit from reduction in air drag forces. Given that truck platoons are expected to be connected only in the first phase, no actions are required by the agency. However, in the second phase when truck platoons are also expected to be autonomous, a protocol for driving trends should be established per the recommendation of this study.
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Tyson, Paul. Orchestrated Irrationality: Why It Exists and How It Might Be Resisted. Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp13en.

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Orchestrated irrationality in our public discourse is produced by technologically enhanced and commercially purposed atomization and tribalism. Public discourse now leans away from a humane, free, and reasoned political rationality and towards self-interested, calculative, herd conformism. The bulls and bears of consumer society have largely displaced the civic logic of the liberal democratic pursuit of the common good. The power interests that govern global consumerism are enhanced by subordinating the common good ends of genuinely political life to the self-interested and profit driven dynamics of the market. Orchestrated irrationality in our public discourse makes politics into a meaningless theatre of incommensurate tribal interest narratives, which is a convenient distraction from the collaborative consolidation of market power and state control. This orchestrated irrationality can only be combatted by seeking to de-atomize citizens and de-tribalize the public square in order to recover the priority of political life over market and authoritarian power in our public discourse. That is, a postcapitalist civilization that is oriented to a genuinely political and universally moral rationality must replace the present global order. Once we can identify the problem and the direction of cure for orchestrated irrationality, we can then take steps towards a different civilizational life-world.
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Marques, Isabel, Maria Luisa Teixeira, and Fernanda Nogueira. Dignity in Health Services: Study from Different Perspectives and Stakeholders. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.4.0011.

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Review question / Objective: Research Question: What are the main concepts of dignity used in the literature related to health care and what are the gaps in theoretical and empirical studies that make it possible to propose effective strategies to promote the dignity of patients and users? The scoping review aims to (1) provide a comprehensive, bibliometric overview of dignity in Health, (2) point out the thematic trends, research topics, theories, methods presented in the studies, countries, authors, (3) contribute to the development of emerging issues and opportunities within dignity in health to identify gaps in the literature and guide future research directions and recommendations to decision makers in Health. Background: Positive results in health come from factors such as appreciation and respect, participation in decisions, positive self-esteem, and the ability to exercise control over one's own life, indicating that the patient's perception of their own dignity is a central element of care. It is a complex concept, difficult to define due to lack of clarity as to what it implies.
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Gómez, José Ramon, Ana R. Rios, Leandro Alves, Walter Vergara, and Paul Isbell. Societal Benefits from Renewable Energy in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009155.

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Population growth and advances in quality of life in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) will require the region to rapidly increase its energy supply, even if major improvements in energy efficiency are attained. The region is characterized by a low-carbon power matrix and a potential to produce over 78 PWh from non-traditional renewable energy technologies (NRETs). However, bias toward fossil fuels and the perceived cost disadvantages prevent further market entry of renewable energy. Additional (societal) benefits of employing renewables are considerable but typically left out of cost comparisons. A consideration of these benefits may offer a rationale to promote investment and support regulations that would contribute to the deployment of these NRET technologies. We quantify societal benefits in terms of avoided costs (climate change avoided costs, avoided pollution control costs, avoided energy security costs) and economic benefits (improvements in the balance of payments and job creation). Results indicate that societal benefits are sufficiently large enough to compensate the cost disadvantage of solar and wind energy against fossil alternatives, justifying the eventual wholesale entry of these options.
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DeAnna, Dixon, and Hodo Wayne. Finite element analysis of quoin block deterioration and load transfer mechanisms in miter gates : pintle and pintle connections. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40842.

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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) currently operates and maintains approximately 193 commercially active lock sites with 239 locks and dams spanning nearly 12,000 miles. These networks of water channels are used to transport 600 million tons of domestic cargo, generating $405 billion in revenue annually. Nearly 60% of these structures in operation are over 50 years old and have reached design life. A failure of the miter gates could result in a major negative impact on the economy and on the ability to maintain flood control. Administrators need recommendations to better prioritize maintenance and repair of the USACE miter gates. This work investigated the influence of miter gate’s quoin block degradation on load transfer to the pintle and/or pintle connections. Results of finite element analysis are reported for the quoin block degradation simulated levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%. The parametric study shows the overstressed regions are the pintle neck and bolt-hole regions. To improve pintle designs so they may better mitigate detrimental environmental based deterioration effects, this work recommends (1) increasing the thickness of the bolt-hole connection region and (2) adding ribbing reinforcement around the neck area of the pintle.
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Bano, Masooda. Curricula that Respond to Local Needs: Analysing Community Support for Islamic and Quranic Schools in Northern Nigeria. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/103.

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Involving local communities in school management is seen to be crucial to improving the quality of education in state schools in developing countries; yet school-based management committees remain dormant in most such contexts. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with a rich network of community-supported Islamic and Quranic schools in the state of Kano in northern Nigeria—a sub-Saharan African region with very low education indicators, low economic growth, and political and social instability—this paper shows how making school curricula responsive to local value systems and economic opportunities is key to building a strong sense of community ownership of schools. Under community-based school management committees, control over more substantive educational issues—such as the content of school curricula and the nature of aspirations and concepts of a good life that it promotes among the students—remains firmly in the hands of the government education authorities, who on occasion also draw on examples from other countries and expertise offered by international development agencies when considering what should be covered. The paper shows that, as in the case of the urban areas, rural communities or those in less-developed urban centres lose trust in state schools when the low quality of education provided results in a failure to secure formal-sector employment. But the problem is compounded in these communities, because while state schools fail to deliver on the promise of formal-sector employment, the curriculum does promote a concept of a good life that is strongly associated with formal-sector employment and urban living, which remains out of reach for most; it also promotes liberal values, which in the local communities' perception are associated with Western societies and challenge traditional values and authority structures. The outcomes of such state schooling, in the experience of rural communities, are frustrated young people, unhappy with the prospect of taking up traditional jobs, and disrespectful of parents and of traditional authority structures. The case of community support for Islamic and Quranic schools in northern Nigeria thus highlights the need to consider the production of localised curricula and to adjust concepts of a good life to local contexts and economic opportunities, as opposed to adopting a standardised national curriculum which promotes aspirations that are out of reach.
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Bano, Masooda. Curricula that Respond to Local Needs: Analysing Community Support for Islamic and Quranic Schools in Northern Nigeria. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/103.

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Involving local communities in school management is seen to be crucial to improving the quality of education in state schools in developing countries; yet school-based management committees remain dormant in most such contexts. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with a rich network of community-supported Islamic and Quranic schools in the state of Kano in northern Nigeria—a sub-Saharan African region with very low education indicators, low economic growth, and political and social instability—this paper shows how making school curricula responsive to local value systems and economic opportunities is key to building a strong sense of community ownership of schools. Under community-based school management committees, control over more substantive educational issues—such as the content of school curricula and the nature of aspirations and concepts of a good life that it promotes among the students—remains firmly in the hands of the government education authorities, who on occasion also draw on examples from other countries and expertise offered by international development agencies when considering what should be covered. The paper shows that, as in the case of the urban areas, rural communities or those in less-developed urban centres lose trust in state schools when the low quality of education provided results in a failure to secure formal-sector employment. But the problem is compounded in these communities, because while state schools fail to deliver on the promise of formal-sector employment, the curriculum does promote a concept of a good life that is strongly associated with formal-sector employment and urban living, which remains out of reach for most; it also promotes liberal values, which in the local communities' perception are associated with Western societies and challenge traditional values and authority structures. The outcomes of such state schooling, in the experience of rural communities, are frustrated young people, unhappy with the prospect of taking up traditional jobs, and disrespectful of parents and of traditional authority structures. The case of community support for Islamic and Quranic schools in northern Nigeria thus highlights the need to consider the production of localised curricula and to adjust concepts of a good life to local contexts and economic opportunities, as opposed to adopting a standardised national curriculum which promotes aspirations that are out of reach.
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Rahman, Mohammad, Ahmed Ibrahim, and Riyadh Hindi. Bridge Decks: Mitigation of Cracking and Increased Durability—Phase III. Illinois Center for Transportation, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-022.

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Early-age cracking in concrete decks significantly reduces the service life of bridges. This report discusses the application of various concrete mixtures that include potential early mitigation ingredients. Large-scale (7 ft × 10 ft) experimental bridge prototypes with similar restraint conditions found in actual bridges were poured with different concrete mixtures to investigate mitigation techniques. Portland cement (control), expansive Type K cement, internally cured lightweight aggregate (LWA), shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA), and gypsum mineral were investigated as mitigating ingredients. Seven concrete mixtures were prepared by using individual ingredients as well as a combination of different ingredients. The idea behind combining different mitigating techniques was to accumulate the combined benefit from individual mitigating materials. The combined Type K cement and LWA mixture showed higher concrete expansion compared with mixtures containing Portland cement, Type K cement, LWA, and SRA in the large-scale experimental deck. Extra water provided by LWA significantly enhanced the performance of Type K cement’s initial expansion as well as caused larger total shrinkage over the drying period. A combination of Type K cement and gypsum mineral showed insignificantly higher expansion compared with the individual Type K mixture. Overall, the experimental deck containing SRA showed the least total shrinkage compared with other mixtures. Finite-element modeling was performed to evaluate and predict concrete stress-strain behavior due to shrinkage in typical bridges. A parametric study using finite-element analysis was conducted by altering the structure of the experimental deck. More restraint from internal reinforcement, less girder spacing, larger girder flange width, and more restrictive support conditions increased the concrete tensile stress and led to potential cracking in the concrete deck.
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Bobashev, Georgiy, John Holloway, Eric Solano, and Boris Gutkin. A Control Theory Model of Smoking. RTI Press, June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0040.1706.

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We present a heuristic control theory model that describes smoking under restricted and unrestricted access to cigarettes. The model is based on the allostasis theory and uses a formal representation of a multiscale opponent process. The model simulates smoking behavior of an individual and produces both short-term (“loading up” after not smoking for a while) and long-term smoking patterns (e.g., gradual transition from a few cigarettes to one pack a day). By introducing a formal representation of withdrawal- and craving-like processes, the model produces gradual increases over time in withdrawal- and craving-like signals associated with abstinence and shows that after 3 months of abstinence, craving disappears. The model was programmed as a computer application allowing users to select simulation scenarios. The application links images of brain regions that are activated during the binge/intoxication, withdrawal, or craving with corresponding simulated states. The model was calibrated to represent smoking patterns described in peer-reviewed literature; however, it is generic enough to be adapted to other drugs, including cocaine and opioids. Although the model does not mechanistically describe specific neurobiological processes, it can be useful in prevention and treatment practices as an illustration of drug-using behaviors and expected dynamics of withdrawal and craving during abstinence.
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