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Du, Lianxiang. "Laboratory investigations of controlled low-strength material." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3031045.
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Wagstaff, Kevin Bjorn. "Evaluation of Passive Force on Skewed Bridge Abutments with Controlled Low-Strength Material Backfill." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5824.
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Although its use has become more widespread, controlled low-strength material, or CLSM, has fallen through the crack between geotechnical engineering and materials engineering research. The National Ready Mix Association states that CLSM is not a low strength concrete, and geotechnical engineers do not consider it as a conventional aggregate backfill. The use of CLSM as a bridge abutment backfill material brings up the need to understand the passive force versus backwall displacement relationship for this application. To safely account for forces generated due to seismic activity and thermal expansion in bridge design, it is important to understand the passive force versus backwall displacement relationship. Previous researchers have pointed out the fallacy of designing skewed bridges the same as non-skewed bridges. They observed that as the bridge skew angle increases, the peak passive force is significantly diminished which could lead to poor or even unsafe performance. The literature agrees that a displacement of 3-5% of the wall height is required to mobilize the peak passive resistance. The shape of the passive force displacement curve is best represented as hyperbolic in shape, and the Log Spiral method has been confirmed to be the most accurate at predicting the peak passive force and the shape of the failure plane. All of the previous research on this topic, whether full-scale field tests or large-scale laboratory tests, has been done with dense compacted sand, dense granular backfill, or computer modeling of these types of conventional backfill materials. However, the use of CLSM is increasing because of the product's satisfactory performance as a conventional backfill replacement and the time saving, or economic, benefits. To determine the relationship of passive force versus backwall displacement for a CLSM backfilled bridge abutment, two laboratory large-scale lateral load tests were conducted at skew angles of 0 and 30°. The model backwall was a 4.13 ft (1.26 m) wide and 2 ft (0.61 m) tall reinforced concrete block skewed to either 0 or 30°. The passive force-displacement curves for the two tests were hyperbolic in shape, and the displacement required to reach the peak passive resistance was approximately 0.75-2% of the wall height. The effect of skew angle on the magnitude of passive resistance in the CLSM backfill was much less significant than for conventional backfill materials. However, within displacements of 4-5% of the backwall height, the passive force-displacement curve reached a relatively constant residual or ultimate strength. The residual strength ranged from 20-40% of the measured peak passive resistance. The failure plane did not follow the logarithmic spiral pattern as the conventional backfill materials did. Instead, the failure plane was nearly linear and the failed wedge was displaced more like a block with very low compressive strains.
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Laws, Paul. "Corrosion fatigue performance of welded high strength low alloy steels for use offshore." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359541.
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Das, Shagata. "Performance Enhancement Of Controlled Low-Strength Grout Material (CLSM) For Annulus Voids Of Sliplined Culverts." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron162828626290938.
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Cawood, Gareth James. "Design of a low-cost autonomous guided cart for material handling." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015.
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This dissertation covers the design and manufacture of an autonomous guided cart (AGC) for use in the material handling industry. General Motors South Africa (GMSA) requires a low-cost AGC for use in their Struandale plant. A budget of R35 000 per unit was proposed. The researcher, in collaboration with staff at GM, compiled a list of engineering requirements for the AGC. After research into the unique problems of the project, an examination of a previous design attempt by staff of GM Thailand, the researcher developed a new design, the subject of this report. Different solutions for each design problem were investigated before the design was finalised. A three-wheeled vehicle was designed making use of two motors in a differential-drive setup to control motion. Navigation is via a line-following mechanism, using an induction sensor-array in conjunction with a pre-laid metallic strip. To aid the design, the system was modelled to understand the different control elements at play. The researcher developed software for several aspects of the design: for the PLC controlling the system and motors; for a microcontroller that communicates with the PLC and a wireless module; for a computer server that communicates with a second wireless device, receiving information from the PLC; and a web interface to view this information. These form the SCADA integration of the project. The final product meets the GMSA specifications. It is a robot capable of towing a trolley of mass not exceeding 350 kg. While the robot is able to navigate a pre-laid route, it cannot reliably stop at marked locations. It is possible to monitor the system via a web-interface. The robot is capable of operating for an entire 8-hour shift before the batteries need to be recharged. The total cost of the prototype was R26 340.
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Black, Rebecca Eileen. "Large-Scale Testing of Low-Strength Cellular Concrete for Skewed Bridge Abutments." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7708.
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Low-strength cellular concrete is a type of controlled low-strength material (CLSM) which is increasingly being used for various modern construction applications. Benefits of the material include its ease of placement due to the ability of cellular concrete to self-level and self-compact. It is also extremely lightweight compared to traditional concrete, enabling the concrete to be used in fill applications as a compacted soil would customarily be used. Testing of this material is not extensive, especially in the form of large-scale tests. Additionally, effects of skew on passive force resistance help to understand performance of a material when it is used in an application where skew is present. Two passive force-deflection tests were conducted in the structures lab of Brigham Young University. A 4-ft x 4-ft x 12-ft framed box was built with a steel reaction frame on one end a 120-kip capacity actuator on the other. For the first test a non-skewed concrete block, referred to as the backwall, was placed in the test box in front of the actuator. For the second test a backwall with a 30° skew angle was used. To evaluate the large-scale test a grid was painted on the concrete surface and each point was surveyed before and after testing. The large-scale sample was compressed a distance of approximately three inches, providing a clear surface failure in the sample. The actuator provided data on the load applied, enabling the creation of the passive force-deflection curves. Several concrete cylinders were cast with the same material at the time of pouring for each test and tested periodically to observed strength increase.The cellular concrete for the 0° skew test had an average wet density of 29 pounds per cubic foot and a 28-day compressive strength of 120 pounds per square inch. The cellular concrete for the 30° skew test had an average wet density of 31 pounds per cubic foot and a 28-day compressive strength of 132 pounds per square inch. It was observed from the passive force deflection curves of the two tests that skew decreased the peak passive resistance by 29%, from 52.1 kips to 37 kips. Various methods were used to predict the peak passive resistance and compared with observed behavior to verify the validity of each method.
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Remund, Tyler Kirk. "Large-Scale Testing of Low-Strength Cellular Concrete for Skewed Bridge Abutments." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7213.
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Low-strength cellular concrete consists of a cement slurry that is aerated prior to placement. It remains a largely untested material with properties somewhere between those of soil, geofoam, and typical controlled low-strength material (CLSM). The benefits of using this material include its low density, ease of placement, and ability to self-compact. Although the basic laboratory properties of this material have been investigated, little information exists about the performance of this material in the field, much less the passive resistance behavior of this material in the field.In order to evaluate the use of cellular concrete as a backfill material behind bridge abutments, two large-scale tests were conducted. These tests sought to better understand the passive resistance, the movement required to reach this resistance, the failure mechanism, and skew effects for a cellular concrete backfill. The tests used a pile cap with a backwall face 5.5 ft (1.68 m) tall and 11 ft (3.35 m) wide. The backfill area had walls on either side running parallel to the sides of the pile cap to allow the material to fail in a 2D fashion. The cellular concrete backfill for the 30° skew test had an average wet density of 29.6 pcf (474 kg/m3) and a compressive strength of 57.6 psi (397 kPa). The backfill for the 0° skew test had an average wet density of 28.6 pcf (458 kg/m3) and a compressive strength of 50.9 psi (351 kPa). The pile cap was displaced into the backfill area until failure occurred. A total of two tests were conducted, one with a 30° skew wedge attached to the pile cap and one with no skew wedge attached.It was observed that the cellular concrete backfill mainly compressed under loading with no visible failure at the surface. The passive-force curves showed the material reaching an initial peak resistance after movement equal to 1.7-2.6% of the backwall height and then remaining near this strength or increasing in strength with any further deflection. No skew effects were observed; any difference between the two tests is most likely due to the difference in concrete placement and testing.
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Shah, Jigar. "Laboratory Characterization of controlled low-strength material and its application to construction of flexible pipe drainage system." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1172866182.
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Drury, J. A. "An investigation into the fatigue and corrosion fatigue properties of two high strength low alloy steels and their HAZ's." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332936.
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Aigbomian, Eboziegbe Patrick. "Development of wood-crete building material." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13445.
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Main concerns in the building industry includes the development of alternative building materials that reduces the amount of energy spent during manufacturing process and easier to work with. Wood-crete is a composite material developed in this study, made up of wood waste (sawdust), paper, tradical lime and water. Wood-crete is developed to provide an alternative material in construction solving problems associated with the delivery of low-cost housing across all income earners, reducing the amount of energy spent during manufacturing process of construction materials and the ease with which these construction materials are developed and solve issues related to waste management. This thesis presents the processing technologies, factors which affect the performance and properties of wood-crete. Wood-crete properties were found to be closely related to the composition of the constituent elements though compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were low when compared to other building materials like concrete and steel. In a bid to improve the strength of the developed wood-crete, the properties were investigated based on the modification of sawdust by hot water boiling and alkaline treatments which help to modify cellulose fibre surface to reduce the hydrophilic nature of sawdust thereby improving the sawdust-matrix bonding. It was found that the surface modification, processing of cellulosic fibril and the extraction of lignin and hemi-cellulosic compounds with alkali had an effect on the compressive strength of wood-crete, with treating sawdust with 4% NaOH at 140mins of boiling time achieving the highest compressive strength and boiling sawdust from 100mins to 140mins had a gradual increase in compressive strength but reduced at higher boiling time. Furthermore, treating sawdust with NaOH more than 4% weakened the individual wood particles thus leading to poor strength of wood-crete. Additionally, the properties of wood-crete were investigated based on the type of wood sawdust – hardwood (beech and oak) and softwood (pine and cedar). Apart from individual wood density having a significant effect on the density of wood-crete, other factors such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose contents including fibre length of individual wood species affect the strength properties of wood-crete. The compressive strength of wood-crete was closely related to the wood species, with highest compressive strength of 3.93MPa recorded for hardwood wood-crete compared to 1.37MPa and 0.26MPa of wood-crete from softwood and mixed wood respectively. Results from thermal conductivity tests on wood-crete also show that wood-crete blocks can be produced with good insulating properties for building construction. Addition of different types of paper fibres to reduce the density of wood-crete and improve the insulating properties of composite developed also had a dominant influence on both strength and thermal conductivity, reflecting its effect on the structure of composite and contribution of self strength of paper fibres. The addition of various percentages of waste paper (de-fibred) had a significant influence on the thermal conductivity of wood-crete with 75% addition of waste paper achieving a thermal conductivity value of 0.046W/mK performed with the TCi thermal conductivity analyser. Thermal conductivity results for wood-crete made from hardwood and softwood sawdust was closely related to the chemical composition of various wood species, with softwood wood-crete having about 20% lower thermal conductivity compared to hardwood wood-crete. The developed wood-crete was able to withstand impact load and considered, like hempcrete, most suitable for wall panelling or other non- and semi-structural applications with good thermal insulating properties. Findings of this study provides an alternative new material for the construction industry and an important background for achieving better strength of wood-crete, choosing what type of sawdust to be used for development of wood-crete and for directing a better use of this potential material with very small embodied energy and carbon negative.
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Slagle, Adam Christopher. "Low Frequency Noise Reduction Using Novel Poro-Elastic Acoustic Metamaterials." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64200.
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Low frequency noise is a common problem in aircraft and launch vehicles. New technologies must be investigated to reduce this noise while contributing minimal weight to the structure. This thesis investigates passive and active control methods to improve low frequency sound absorption and transmission loss using acoustic metamaterials. The acoustic metamaterials investigated consist of poro-elastic acoustic heterogeneous (HG) metamaterials and microperforated (MPP) acoustic metamaterials. HG metamaterials consist of poro-elastic material with a periodic arrangement of embedded masses acting as an array of mass-spring- damper systems. MPP acoustic metamaterials consist of periodic layers of micro-porous panels embedded in poro-elastic material. This thesis examines analytically, experimentally, and numerically the behavior of acoustic metamaterials compared to a baseline poro-elastic sample. The development of numerical techniques using finite element analysis will aid in understanding the physics behind their functionality and will influence their design. Design studies are performed to understand the effects of varying the density, size, shape, and placement of the embedded masses as well as the location and distribution of microperforated panels in poro- elastic material. An active HG metamaterial is investigated, consisting of an array of active masses embedded within poro-elastic material. Successful tonal and broadband noise control is achieved using a feedforward, filtered-x LMS control algorithm to minimize the downstream sound pressure level. Low-frequency absorption and transmission loss is successfully increased in the critical frequency range below 500 Hz. Acoustic metamaterials are compact compared to conventional materials and find applications in controlling low-frequency sound radiation in aircraft and launch vehicles.Master of Science
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Miner, Dustin David. "The Effect of Flowable Fill on the Lateral Resistance of Driven-Pile Foundations." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3308.pdf.
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Tang, Zhenghua. "Optimising the transformation and yield to ultimate strength ration of Nb-Ti micro-alloyed low carbon line pipe steels through alloy and microstructural control." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07212007-110711.
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Lizarralde, Jon Mikel. "Non-destructive testing of thin strip material : Implementation of the 3MA technique at a steel producing company." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24256.
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This study is an initial attempt to investigate the possibility of substituting conventional laboratory destructive testing techniques at Sandvik's strip steel production facilities with the 3MA (Micro-magnetic Multi-parameter Microstructure and Stress Analysis) NDT (nondestructive testing) technique. The interest for the research comes from various problems with the actual destructive testing method. Sandvik manufactures thin strip steel (among other products) and controls the quality of its product by taking samples from the ends of the strip and measuring the sample's material properties in a separate laboratory. Hence, the sample preparation process is time and material consuming, and the results obtained from the laboratory measurements are not always representative of the real values along the whole length of the strip (usually several kilometers). Therefore, the present project involves the correlation between three material properties (Vickers hardness, tensile strength and carbide density) and a selection of micro-magnetic parameters measured with the 3MA-II equipment manufactured by the Fraunhofer IZFP institute. The 3MA-II system is based on four measuring techniques (harmonic analysis, magnetic Barkhausen noise, incremental permeability and Eddy current testing) and is capable of recording up to 41 micro-magnetic parameters. Samples of two different steel grades (composition) were used in the study. The results for hardness and tensile strength (average relative errors of 1.04% and 0.78%, respectively) corroborated the applicability of the 3MA technique to steel strip inspection. Thus, the implementation of this technique would lead to an improvement in the company's energy efficiency and sustainability. However, finding a good correlation between micromagnetic parameters and material properties is not always possible and, in the case of carbide density, no reliable correlation was achieved. So, further experiments are proposed for future studies regarding carbide density and other material properties.
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Cruz, Magnus Geder Henz. "Estudo da substituição de aço convencional por aço de baixa liga e alta resistência (BLAR) em módulo estrutural." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2006. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/136.
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Foram estudados dois tipos de aços, aço convencional ZAR 230 (ZAR - Zincagem de alta resistência) e aço microligado ZSTE 380 (segundo norma SEW 093), sendo que foram avaliadas as suas propriedades mecânicas visando a substituição do aço convencional por aço microligado na estrutura tubular de uma carroceria para veículos de transporte coletivo de passageiros. O aço convencional vem sendo utilizado pela indústria de carrocerias há vários anos, já o aço microligado é utilizado basicamente em estruturas específicas que requeiram boas propriedades mecânicas e conseqüentemente redução de peso. A análise de viabilidade para a substituição de aço convencional por aço microligado em um módulo estrutural completo requereu uma série de ensaios: ensaios padronizados em laboratório foram executados para avaliação de suas principais propriedades mecânicas e químicas; ensaios de nós estruturais submetidos a uma carga forneceram informações para o uso em software de elementos finitos tanto para execução de cálculos estruturais, quanto para calibração de resultados. Os módulos estruturais foram preparados de acordo com as regulamentações ECE R66-00 (mercado europeu) e CONTRAN 811/96 (mercado brasileiro) e foram ensaiados exaustivamente até se obter o melhor resultado de deslocamento comparativamente aos dois materiais analisados. A validação da estrutura tubular foi obtida com a utilização do software Ansys Workbench 9.0 e a confecção de estrutura representativa de uma carroceria ensaiada conforme regulamentação CONTRAN 811/96.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-05T19:51:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Magnus Geder Henz Cruz.pdf: 4706762 bytes, checksum: 44526b5417018356b3a33f57c828c75e (MD5)
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Two kinds of steel were studied, conventional steel ZAR 230 (a standard for high strength galvanizing) and microalloyed steel ZSTE 380 (according to the regulation SEW 093). The study of its mechanical properties aimed to replace the steel for microalloyed steel in bodywork s tubular structure for collective transport vehicles of passengers. The conventional steel has been used for the bodywork industry for years, and the microalloyed steel is basically used in specific structures, those who require good mechanical properties and mass reduction. The analysis of the feasibility for the replacement of conventional steel for microalloyed steel in a complete structural model requires a series of tests. Lab tests were done to evaluate their main mechanical and chemical properties. The tests of the structural nodes and the structural behaviour when subjected to a load provided information to be used in the finite elements method software to do structural calculation and to calibrate the results. The structural modules were prepared according to the regulations ECE R66-00 (European market) and CONTRAN 811/96 (Brazilian market) and these modules were tested exhaustively to achieve the best displacement between the two materials that were analysed comparatively. The validation of the tubular structure was obtained using the software Ansys Workbench 9.0 and the production of the representative structure of a bodywork tested according the regulation CONTRAN 811/96.
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Le, Guen Marie-Pierre. "Etude et réalisation d'un générateur de courant : application à l'étude des mécanismes d'approche à la saturation dans les tores ferrimagnétiques polycristallins magnétiquement doux." Brest, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BRES2038.
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Conception d'un generateur de courant sinusoidal de periode 20 ms variant de 0 a 100 a, realise autour d'un circuit integre. Application a l'etude de tore en ferrites grenats (yig) et spinelles (nizn) entre la temperature ambiante et la temperature de curie. Verification de la loi de neel pour les materiaux poreux. Observation d'une anomalie pour les materiaux denses. Interpretation des phenomenes
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Chen, Pen-Lin, and 陳本霖. "Reuse of Stone Sludge in Control Low Strength Material." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rzjub5.
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碩士大漢技術學院
土木工程與環境資源管理研究所
102
ABSTRACT To achieve sustainable development, nations are actively transforming industrial waste into resources. In Taiwan, copious quantities of marble waste are produced annually. Recycling this waste into usable resources would reduce the amount of refuse and advance the goal of sustainable development. Accordingly, in this study, we explored the use of marble waste sludge in controlled low-strength material (CLSM) by replacing the fine aggregates in CLSM with an equal weight of marble waste. The pipe flow, chloride ion content, and compressive strength of nine CLSM mixtures were tested to examine the influence of marble waste sludge on CLSM characteristics. The results show that when 30%~90% (by weight) of the fine aggregates in CLSM were replaced with marble waste sludge, the CLSM pipe flow ranged between 20 cm and 22 cm, which complies with construction standards in Taiwan. Increasing the proportion of marble waste sludge decreased CLSM compressive strength. When 90% of fine aggregates were replaced with marble waste, the compressive strengths on Days 1 and 28 were 12 kgf/cm2 and 82 kgf/cm2, respectively, which conform to required specifications. However, the final setting time spans as much as 15 hours, which would require attention in practical applications. The chloride-ion content of CLSM substantially increased when cement accelerators were used; thus, the amount of cement accelerator used should not exceed 4% of cement weight. High proportions of marble waste resulted in decreased chloride-ion content in CLSM, but the amount of binder and coarse aggregates had limited effect on chloride-ion content.
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張家瑋. "The Mechanical Behaviors of The Control Low Strength Material." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02735203095812807028.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系碩士班
91
”Control Low Strength Material” is a self-compacted material. It is used primarily as a backfill material. This study investigate the mechanical behaviors of CLSM by experiment. The relationship is between the size of specimen and the uniaxial compressive strength are discussed first. Then the mechanical behaviors are investigated. The stress-strain curve of CLSM are obtained by the uniaxial compressive test. The elastic modulus is discussed by using the stress-strain curves. Two different mixtures Portland cement and Soil Amelioration are also used. The test results have been compared and discussed.
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Chen, Kung-Chen, and 陳坤辰. "Effect of Electric Arc furnane Slag as Coarse Aggregate for Control Low Strength Material." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7j2463.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
105
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the use of arc furnace ballast to replace the coarse-grained materials for CLSM characteristics under different standard requirements. The control of low-strength backfill material (CLSM) To reflect the spirit of low cost, environmental protection, waste recycling and sustainable use. The research part can be divided into two parts: the first part is for the arc furnace ballast instead of coarse aggregates for the CLSM of the new filling, liquidity and other properties to be discussed, the second part is for hard solid concrete Observations of mechanical properties such as compressive strength at different ages. The test results show that the arc furnace ballast is roughly in line with the requirements of alternative control low-strength backfill material coarse aggregate. And the appropriate level of the ballast can also be mixed into a suitable control of low-strength backfill materials, and even the strength of the development of natural particles than the control of low-strength backfill material is better. It is feasible to make controlled low strength backfill material by replacing the coarse aggregate with electric arc furnace and to optimize the amount of 75%.
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Chang, Ke-Chih, and 張格誌. "A Study on Recycling Incinerator Fly Ash and Production of Geopolymer Control Low Strength Material." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d2xvh3.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
資源工程研究所
104
Incineration has become an important treating method for combustible solid wastes, especially in municipal areas due to the increasing difficulty to get suitable sites for traditional landfill. It is estimated that there are about 0.3 million tons of incinerator fly ashes generated annually in Taiwan. However, these incinerator fly ashes contain large amount of hazardous materials such as chloride and heavy metals. If these hazardous materials cannot be carefully treated, it will cause detrimental secondary contamination. The objective of this research work is trying to use a saving water attrition scrubbing method to wash incinerator fly ashes in order to removal chloride and heavy metals. The washed fly ashes will be the raw material for making geopolymer control low strength material. Experimental results show that during washing process, an attrition scrubbing and stirring technology with liquid to solid ratio of 4, the heavy metal can be removed and achieved the standard of TCLP. Althought the total chloride in washed incinerator fly ash olny removed 87%. The washed incinerator fly ash can be reused as raw material for geopolymer control low strength material(CLSM). The geopolymer CLSM show great properties.
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Lin, Yi-Siang, and 林義翔. "The Feasibility Study Of Using Granite Saw Sludge For Manufacturing Control Low Strength Material And High Performance Concrete." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00384460375736351190.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
96
This study main focuses on using granite saw sludge (GSS) for producing control low strength material (CLSM) as well as high performance concrete (HPC). The parameters for CLSM group are three water-to-cement ratios (w/c) as well as three GSS replacement ratio. The parameters for HPC are three powder material series with GSS, and three water-to-binder ratio (w/b) to cover the strength range from normal to high strength HPC. The result indicates GSS is an inert mineral admixture, and the reactivity is mainly due to the action of lime. The use of GSS for making CLSM meets the workability requirement (revision slump flow greater than 150 mm) and initial setting time requirement (less than 7 hours) besides the group of GSS replacement of sand is more than 10%. The unit weight of every group is less than 2000 kg/m3. Besides the group with w/c=2.0 and GSS replacement of 10% sand, the one-day compressive strength meets the requirement (greater than 7 kgf/cm2). The 28-day compressive strength is smaller than the maximun requirement of 90 kgf/cm2. The GSS hence can be used for producing satisfied HPC, however GSS should be used with pozzolanic material for making a durable one. Keyword: granite saw sludge (GSS), control low strength material (CLSM), high performance concrete (HPC), inert mineral admixture, revision slump flow, initial setting time, durable.
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Hsieh, Wei-Chi, and 謝偉祺. "Study of Controlled Low Strength Material Properties." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18896924141635776660.
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碩士國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
98
For the pipeline backfill material, to improve the road using CLSM backfill quality of service, monitoring the Settlement amount of CLSM to compare the usefulness. CLSM is a material with high water-cement mixture, higher than normal concrete big settlement. CLSM settlement amount due on time has not been established, testing understanding in this experiment. The purpose of this study but to have different mixture CLSM, shrinkage and water cement ratio and loaded with or without compared to the settlement amount. Research the relationship between the mixture at the subsidence and construction quality. The results show that, the settlement amount will tend to gradually slow after 5 to 7 days, load carrying capacity of the CLSM in the settlement not much impact.
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CHING, TSENG YU, and 曾玉卿. "Producing controlled low strength material using water purification sludge." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47611863724770689619.
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碩士正修科技大學
營建工程研究所
103
Controlled low strength material (CLSM) is composed of water, cementitious materials (cement and pozzolan), coarse and fine aggregates (or other by-products), and other chemical admixtures. It is flowable, self compacting, and used primarily as a backfill instead of a compacted fill in trenches or numerous applications.
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Jun-JieLin and 林俊傑. "Application of Slags to the Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM)." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/v5gf9v.
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Dingrando, Jeffrey Scott. "Beneficial reuse of foundry sands in controlled low strength material." 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/48043591.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1999.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-106).
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Chang, Hsien-Chang, and 張憲章. "The Feasibility Study of Using Desulfurization Gypsumfor Controlled Low Strength Material." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/694mp4.
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Chan, Meng-Huang, and 詹孟晃. "The Model for the Mechanical Behavior of Controlled Low Strength Material." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59876075624526252518.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系碩士班
91
Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) is a self-compacted, flowable material. Present paper discusses the mechanical behaviors of CLSM. The stress-strain curves are obtained by the uniaxial compression test. The Popovics'''''''' constitutive equation is modified for CLSM by present paper. Also, present paper develops a constitutive model for CLSM. The theoretical results of both models are compared with experimental data. The results are satisfactory. The relationship between the ultimate stress and the corresponding strain is defined in terms of ultimate stress by researchers. The formula derived by Hungarian Code is modified for CLSM by present paper. This formula is used with the constitutive equation to describe the mechanical behaviors of CLSM. The results show that the present model predicts the mechanical behavior of CLSM well.
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Lu, Yi-Hsuan, and 呂佾軒. "Engineering Properties of High Volume Volcanic Mud Controlled Low Strength Material." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8z749w.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
103
This study arms to reuse of the volcanic mud in the controlled low strength material (CLSM). The volcanic mud was collected from the farm site in the Wandan, Pingtung County, Taiwan. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the engineering properties of controlled low strength material (CLSM) containing high level of volcanic mud. First the volcanic mud was tested for its basic characteristics in order to develop a way for material preprocessing. And then the CLSM mixtures were designed. The test variable included two water-to-binder ratios (0.83 and 1.15), six volcanic mud replacement ratios (10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and slag mixed alkali agent (NaOH) of difference concentrations as alkali-activated materials for the production of volcanic mud CLSM specimens in order to investigate its influence on engineering properties. The test results showed that the properties of volcanic mud were close to those of ordinary fine aggregates. However, its small particle size made it easily adhere more water and is unfavorable to the workability of CLSM. Therefore, when the CLSM with the volcanic mud and without any additions, it required additional 40% of water to maintain its workability. The volcanic mud CLSM has better workability than that of controlled sample duce to the high water content, and it also decae the water bleed of CLSM with the mud. However, with the increase of volcanic mud replaced fine aggregate proportion, the strength reduced obviously. But it was still within the standard range between 20 to 90 kgf⁄cm2. The CLSM containing alkali-activated binder materials displayed good workability and it has significant effects on strength development. The analysis suggested CLSM containing volcanic mud featured low material costs, indicating a more economic choice.
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Su, Pei-Shu, and 蘇培碩. "Application of CFB Ash with Recycled Aggregates on Controlled Low-Strength Material." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w95tjc.
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碩士國立交通大學
土木工程系所
103
Domestic construction and public works mostly use concrete as the main material, however many of the greenhouse gases generated in the production process of the concrete materialt. In recent years, industrial waste such as the slag, fly ash can be used as the composition of the concrete relevant material to reduce carbon dioxide production and reuse of industrial waste, in order to achieve environmental protection and carbon reduction. This research uses CFB hydration ash, desulfurization slag, coal ash aggregates and waste concrete four different aggregates with different ratios used to produce CLSM. Cementitious materials is made form CFB ash, cement, slag three combinations with each other. 64 different sets of CLSM mix design more tested, water-cement ratio 0.69. Each proportion was tested for complace with the construction specifications. Tests performed for each proportion are: Slump flow test, Ball Drop test, Method of test for the water soluble chloride ion content of fresh concrete, the compressive strength of each age (7,14,28,56 days) and strain test of each age (1 to 7, 14,28,56 days).
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LIANG, KAI-YAO, and 梁凱堯. "Study of the Properties of Controlled Low Strength Material using CFBC Ash." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77447198574965778109.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
102
Recently, circulating fluidized bed combustion technology has been used by the power generation industry due to the acceptance of various fuels, low pollution and high combustion efficiency. The aim of this study is to investigate the properties of controlled low strength materials using hydrated cfbc ash and ggbs. Testing variables include water/binder ratio (1, 0.69), cement/ggbs ratio (1:9、2:8、4:6) and hydrated cfbc ash/sand ratio (0:10、6:4、4:6、10:0). According to the specification of Chapter 03377 of construction regulation issued by PCC, chloride ion content measurement, flow measurement, ball drop test, compressive strength test and shrinkage deformation measurement were performed. Resting results indicate that the performance of mixtures B2Ⅲ and B1Ⅱ are satisfied with the requirements of Chapter 03377. Both mixtures slightly swell. Reduction of carbon dioxide release is around 46~67% in comparison with the controlled mixture which illustrates the advantages of preservation of natural resource and protection of global environment by using cfbc ash and ggbs in CLSM.
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Tsai, Fu-Yuan, and 蔡福源. "Experimental study of water purification sludge applied to controlled low strength material." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72636146391446726609.
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碩士國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
102
The process of water purification produces sludge easily, and such water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) classified as inorganic sludge containing lower organic,otherwise, the properties and production of sludge is different with different water source, pharmacies and treatments in every water purification plants. The study investigate that using WTPS produced by water treatment plants and applying Controlled Low Strength materials(CLSM) to replace fine aggregate of concrete and conduct related materials analysis, material ratio analysis, production analysis of plant production. With the result of research, in the three chose water treatment plants the median diameter of WTPS is between 0.007 mm ~ 0.010 mm and the specific gravity is like normal soil is between 2.63~2.73. With researches, using dispersant processing WTPS producing cement paste is more proper pre-production. According to test set CLSM of proportion of the production, and compressive strength is between 50 kgf/cm²~75kgf/cm². It’s meeting the engineering requirements of CLSM. WTPS to replace fine aggregate proportion to the test results of 30％ and 40％ of the best meet the needs. It suggests that the proportion replace 30％ slag for fine aggregate can get the highest value. If use WTPS contained molysite to produce CLSM, only adjust proper accelerating agent to meet the needs. Through the concrete mixing plant to process production analysis of plant production, can know that cement mortar made from WTPS have lower compression strength than cement mortar made in School laboratory, but it still compliance with CLSM standard. It can show WTPS can use in CLSM for engineering applications.
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Deng, An. "Excess foundry sand characterization and experimental investigation in controlled low-strength material." 2004. http://www.etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-545/index.html.
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CHENG, CHANG YU CHIH, and 張有志成. "Engineering Characteristics of Inorganic Sludge Used as Aggregate of Controlled Low Strength Material." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17116946553671406018.
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碩士正修科技大學
營建工程研究所
102
This article discusses the engineering characteristics of inorganic sludge used as aggregate of controlled low strength material, tried to inorganic sludge and waste glass, after drying, grinding into powder, mixed with water glass, cement, slag, fly ash and other pozzolanic materials and water are translated into ball aggregate of different sizes through extrusion, injection molding, rubbing and granulation, then cured 28days used as coarse and fine aggregate of concrete. and then made into a recycled concrete and CLSM material discuss the relations among time of maintenance, compression strength, elasticity modulus. A series of tests are made to obtain the regression curves as references for engineering and construction. The results show that, C10-F40-Y44-GC5-G1 used as yellow inorganic sludge granulation ratio, C10-F40-B44-GC5-G1 used as black inorganic sludge granulation ratio,both used as coarse and fine aggregate of concrete, its composition and strength was general aggregate similar. In the sludge concrete aspects, elastic modulus, dynamic modulus, pressure velocity increase with the square root of the compressive strength. yellow inorganic sludge aggregate concrete elastic modulus value is between 8700 fc' ~ 8718.3 fc', dynamic modulus is between 37461 fc' ~ 39317 fc', black inorganic sludge aggregate concrete elastic modulus value is between 8711.2 fc' ~ 8732.3 fc', dynamic modulus is between 33792 fc' ~ 36932 fc'. In the CLSM aspects, mixed 16 ratios, after cured 1day, compressive strength between 7.4kgf/cm2 ~ 34.5kgf/cm2 far more than 3 ~ 7 kgf/cm2 all can meet specifications requirements. elastic modulus, dynamic modulus, pressure velocity increase with the square root of the compressive strength. yellow inorganic sludge aggregate concrete elastic modulus value is between 8039.6 fc' ~8046.4 fc', dynamic modulus is between 22954 fc' ~ 24655 fc', black inorganic sludge aggregate concrete elastic modulus value is between 6073 fc' ~ 6094.9 fc', dynamic modulus is between 19665 fc' ~ 20853 fc',cured 28 days, measured dynamic elastic modulus Ed = 2 ~ 5Es, very close to the Japan Society of Civil Engineers pointed out that the use of Ed = 2Es soft rock during earthquake.
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Hu, Jie-Heng, and 胡家珩. "Study on the Feasibility of the Controlled Low Strength Material from Flood Sludge." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29985228870107659318.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
98
The paper studied on the feasibility of the flood sludge from the 88 water disaster occurred in Taiwan in 2009 being used as a controlled low strength materials (CLSM). Firstly, a CLSM mix design procedure was proposed with fixed water/cement ratio W/C=1.8, three sample sets with cement amount C=180, 210, 240 kg were chosen. In each set, 5 samples were made by replacing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% aggregate by flood sludge. Each sample was then performed the tests of unit weight, air content, flow consistency, setting time and compressive strength. The former two tests were used to revise the mix design, the latter three tests were used for evaluating the feasibility of each mix sample used as a CLSM. The test results showed that, when the flood sludge replacement K was larger, the air content and setting time became larger, but the unit weight and flow consistency became smaller. Except the mix samples of C=210 kg with K=0% and C=240 kg with K=0%, in which aggregate segregation occurred, compressive strength became smaller. The mix sample of C=210 kg with K=100% could satisfy the requirements of 15~20 cm flow consistency, setting time less than 12 hours, and 20~50 kgf/cm² 28-day compressive strength, which were proposed by the Public Construction Commission of Executive Yuan for pipe and trench re-filling. In addition, the mix samples of C=180 kg with K=50% and C=210 kg with K=75% could satisfy the requirement of 20~30 cm flow consistency. Therefore, the best sample was C=210 kg with K=100% for normal flowing replacement, and C=210 kg with K=75% for high flowing replacement when the replacement amount of sludge was considered.
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Chen, Tze-Yi, and 陳澤毅. "Effect of MagneticWater on Engineering Properties ofControlled Low Strength Material with Fly ash." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78514594965278837806.
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碩士雲林科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
97
The objective of this research main discussion regards magnetic water and makes fly ash Applies of feasibility study in the Controlled Low Strength Material（CLSM）;This may promote the reject to use and to improve the road backfill and the trench backfill quality again. This may promote the reject to use and to improve the road backfill and the trench backfill quality again. In the research coordinates quality of demand the present CLSM baseline group, the objects of this paper are to discussion including workability damage, hydration reaction, fresh mixing strategy, Concrete micro structure, fresh properties and mechanics properties. The physical principle out of after water is cut by the magnetic force line, the water molecular arranges neater,and of magnetic water relative gravitation relatively little, apt to enter grout body react than water that does not magnetize, make water function completeness,and then improve the intensity of Concrete, fly ash be concrete admixture it can reduce the hydration heat to low, increase the compressive strength, durability and saving cost of concrete. Furthermore, it can avoid that pollution problems of the fly ash, become the re-usable material. The result of the research shows, part of the workability that the magnetic water can raise the workability of the CLSM and accelerate hydration and shorten the setting time, magnetic field intensity heavy magnetic water is higher speed to have to CLSM flow ability, and W/B =1.6 and 1.7, because have enough water, concrete workability can promote 8~20%,the question to reduce, CLSM can all reach Construction and Planning Administration grade to put quietly for 45 minutes；part of the compressive strength, the compressive strength raise apparently at 0.4T magnetization and each replacing amount higher than none magnetizing 20% to 30%；fly ash it can not develop good early-age strength, the fly ash replace cement (, 30%~70%) that lower than without groups；part of the concrete micro structure, We can clearly observe the waste fly ash proceeds to the condition of the pozzolanic reaction in the CLSM and the mixing magnetic water can accelerate hydraulic reaction and make hydration products advancement by TG. Let show the fly ash and magnetic water consume the CH and precede to the condition of the pozzolanic reaction in the CLSM by the X-rays diffraction analysis experiments.
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Wang, kai-Ming, and 王凱民. "Effect of CFBC Ash used for Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) for Backfills." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d869ye.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
105
This research is for the purpose of discussing domestically uses the circulation type fluidized bed (Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion, after CFBC) burns has the industry sideline product substitution potential of for the concrete packing material, appraised the controllability low intensity backfill material (CLSM) allocated proportion burns the incineration in the present project use using the circulation fluid bed the latent use, allocated proportion of in the controllability low intensity backfill material uses the common plumbing engineering backfill use the F level ash or completely replaces take the part the use as the CFBC ash, reaches to in the allocated proportion to pick the different proportion to substitute directly the thin aggregate packing material experiment minute to mix the result newly. This research the controllability low intensity backfill material allocated proportion in the cement, the water consumption and the hydrogel compared to in does not change under the principle, the CFBC ash don't by 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% proportion substitutes for the first wife to fly the ash F of level compared to the use, with in addition directly uses 0% in the CLSM allocated proportion, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% CFBC ash amount used acts as the thin aggregate packing material, carries on various allocated proportions design to mix CLSM to collapse the fluidity, to fall newly sinks the quantity and the different stadium the compressive strength test. This research trial result showed that,Newly mixes in the controlled low strength material allocated proportion the packing material to use CFBC the ash substitution part F level to fly the ash, 28th the days compressive strength it finally request are can conform to the Executive Yuan Publicworks Committee construction summary standard 03377th chapter of stipulation to be smaller than 80kgf/cm2 to stipulate, demonstrated utilizes the CFBC ash in controlled low strength material should for have the potential to perform converting into resources of sideline product the utilization.
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Huang, Yu-Ming, and 黃御銘. "Using thermal-treated sewage sludge as controllable low-strength cement material : A feasibility study." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75082785736828983370.
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碩士國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
104
Along with the developing economy and the growing environmental awareness, the cost of dealing with lives sewage and industrial waste is increasing, and will be increased faster. Nowadays the purpose of dealing with domestic underground sewage, except for final process; if we can use other methods to recycle domestic underground sewage, not noly we can decrease the usage of land volume to bury the waste, but also reach a better effect of recycling the resource. This study plans to use two different processes to deal with the waste, and used the already dealed-with sewage sludge to replace the used fine aggregates in high performance low intensity cement material (CLSM) To investigate the Properties Differences of dealed with stuff, using different processes; and the possibility to replacing nature aggregates to post-making CLSM. Lastly, test the influences to CLSM with different replacing ratios, to find out the best replacing ratio. The result shows that the properties of processed sewage sludge,Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOC) from Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant and Yeh Ming Industrial are both lower the relative regulatory compliance of industril waste and soil. Regarding solid volatile organice compounds and Three-component, the result shows that due to Yeh Ming Industrial’s heat treatment process equipment operation temperature is higher than Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant’s, therefore, Yeh Ming can effectively transfer organics into inorganics after processing. The result of using processed end product to replace CLSM nature aggregates shows: Using Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant processed end product to replace CLSM sample, when nature aggregates replace rate is 10%, will generate peculiar smell and sample can not meet CLSM’s dry standard regarding 12 hour droptest. So the determination is: Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant’s processed end product is not suitable for replacing CLSM. Where as Yeh Ming Industrial, the tailing material after heat processing, the 10% and 30% nature aggregates replace rate meet CLSM standard in 12-hour drop test and 28-day compression test. But when the nature aggregates replace rate is 50%, the compression density doesn’t meet CLSM standard, and seemed to be broken easily. As the viewpoint of CLSM stand, although the experiment value of 10% nature aggregates replace rate is better than 30% nature aggregates replace rate, due to the purpose of this experiment is to study resource recycling, therefore, the best analysis data of this study is to use 30% nature aggregates replace rate ratio.
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Wang, Jhih-Kai, and 王致凱. "Application of Co-Firing Fly Ash with Recycled Aggregates on Controlled Low-Strength Material." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43034585815748675306.
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碩士國立交通大學
土木工程系所
104
Our country’s energy depend on fossil fuels deeply, where coal accounts for overall energy supply for a large proportion, and coal-fired boilers are also widely used in industry; however, currently, the capacity of the waste landfill for the coal-fired boilers is limited in Taiwan, and the site can not be effectively reused when it saturated, so it is necessary to advocate the coal-fired boiler industry to practice the recycling use of the by-products not only to increase the value and the recyclability of the industrial waste, but to reach the goal of coal reduction, environmental protection and sustainable development, which can lessen the impact on the natural environment. This experiment explores the Fly Ash by Company C , the 25% Co-Firing Fly Ash by Company C , the Bottom Ash by Company Y and recycled coarse aggregate concrete by using these four recycled materials with different ratio into the Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM). Additionally, the experiment shows the process of using the recycled aggregates to partially replace the natural coarse and fine aggregates; as for the binder, cement, the fly ash of class F by Formosa Plastic Group, the fly ash by Company C and the 25% co-firing fly ash by Company C are used with compatible ratio to combine with each other. The tests of the research involve 22 different CLSM ratios. The water and binder ratios are 1.02 and the relative humidity of the curing conditions are 100% and 80%. The results are to test whether each ratio under different curing conditions fits the condition of CLSM’s Construction Specifications of Public Works and also to observe the durability. Tests performed for each proportion are: Slump flow test, Ball Drop test, Method of test for the water soluble chloride ion content of fresh concrete, the compressive strength of each age (7, 14, 28, 56, 90 days), the splitting tensile strength of each age (7, 14, 28, 56, 90 days) and strain test of each age (1 to 7, 14, 28, 56, 90 days). Take these results to observe the difference between each CLSM ratios and reference groups. And test whether each ratio fits the condition of CLSM’s Construction Specifications of Public Works. Furthermore through this research to observe the feasibility of recycled materials on CLSM . In order to achieve recycling objectives of sustainable development. Keywords：CLSM, recycled coarse aggregate concrete, recycled aggregates,curing condition
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his-ming, Wang, and 王錫銘. "Study on Refilled Low Strength Recycle Material are Being Substituted for Near Bridge Abutment." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90543767861355450742.
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碩士國立宜蘭大學
土木工程學系碩士班
97
A bridge is a structure built to connect two separate ends to provide passage for people and vehicles. A slab connection is a common auxiliary that connects the bridge deck and the approach. The primary purpose of a slab connection is to connect the bridge abutment with structures on both sides of the abutment and to mitigate differential settlement in refilled soil so that the approach can smoothly connect the bridge deck and the abutment top, providing smooth passage for all vehicles crossing the bridge. Nevertheless, the tops of the said structures are to be refilled to an elevation level equivalent to the bridge deck or the road, using earth, stones or gradation materials. This is to be done after the completion of construction at the abutment top, abutment wall and retaining wall for the approach, for greater convenience in subsequent concreting and bitumen laying of the road surface. However, due to many subjective and objective constrains, the actual rolling compaction process during the refilling cannot achieve a 100% compaction degree, even when the process is implemented in strict accordance with regulations. Therefore, even if a slab connection is adopted as the cushion, the uneven settlement between bridge deck and approach slab may still result in differences in elevation level, degrading the driving experience on the bridge or even jeopardizing user safety. The most common solution for differential settlement between bridge deck and approach slab is the slab connection. However, it has been pointed out in many studies that other solutions are required for the issues caused by a slab connection. These issues are caused by the settlement of the slab connection and the refill materials beneath the slab connection. Therefore, if the properties of the refill materials can be directly improved and the existing in-situ materials can be recycled, settlement can be decreased without using any proprietary instruments, and the smooth joint between bridge deck and approach slab can be guaranteed. This study proposes an improved CLSM that enables use of "low strength recycled materials" in construction in Taiwan, so that solutions can be found for bridge deck construction as well as for issues in future maintenance and management.
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Liao, Chung Liang, and 廖崇良. "Application of By-products from paper industry with Recycled Aggregates on Controlled Low-Strength Material." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5t5955.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
土木工程系所
104
In recent years, because of the high fuel cost, the factories of the nation have gradually altered the boiler manufacturing process from the fuel oil-fired boilers to the coal-fired boilers; however, currently, there are certain limitations and difficulties in finding and building the waste landfill for the coal-fired boilers in Taiwan. In addition to the lack of the location for the waste landfill and the overexploitation of the natural aggregates in the nation, it is necessary to advocate the coal-fired boiler industry to practice the recycling use of the by-products not only to increase the value and the recyclability of the industrial waste, but to reach the goal of coal reduction, environmental protection and sustainable development, which can lessen the impact on the natural environment. This experiment explores the Fly Ash by Yuen Foong Yu, the Bottom Ash by Yuen Foong Yu, the Bottom Ash by Cheng Loong and recycled coarse aggregate concrete by using these four recycled aggregates with different ratio into the CLSM. Additionally, the experiment shows the process of using the recycled aggregates, YBA, ZBA and recycled aggregate concrete to partially replace the natural coarse and fine aggregates; as for the binder, concrete, the fly ash and YFA are used with compatible ratio to combine with each other. The tests of the research involve 32 different CLSM ratios. The water and binder ratios are 1.08 and 1.16 and the relative humidity of the curing conditions are 100％, 80％, 40％ and moist cures for one and three days. The results are to test whether each ratio under different curing conditions fits the condition of CLSM’s Construction Specifications of Public Works and also to observe the durability. Tests performed for each proportion are: Slump flow test, Flow Consistency test, Ball Drop test, Method of test for the water soluble chloride ion content of fresh concrete, the compressive strength of each age (7, 14, 28, 56, 90 days) and strain test of each age (1 to 7, 14, 28, 56, 90 days).
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JHANG, BO-JYUN, and 張博鈞. "The study of the Water Treatment Sludge on the performance of Controlled Low Strength Material." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53566036468593359414.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
103
In this study, Water Treatment Sludge used as fine aggregate in Controlled low strength material(CLSM). There are two main parts. The first part is the Cement-based CLSM, which adds small amount of cement, fly ash, slag, and Water Treatment Sludge power then the fresh and harden property are investigated. The results show (1) the addition of Water Treatment Sludge makes the workability decrease, but improves the compressive strength. (2) The addition of Water Treatment Sludge and the accelerator can shorten the initial setting time and ball drop time, which improve the compressive strength. (3) The accelerator can shorten the initial setting time and ball drop time, which improve the early strength development. (4) In the study, the mix design without aggregates have unit weight lower than 2000 kg/m3. (5) Under conditions of water-binder ratio 0.65, adding less than 40% Water Treatment Sludge, and 5% of accelerator, The fresh and harden property standard of the Public Works Department, Taipei City Government can achieved. The second part is alkali-activated CLSM, adding only pozzolan material (slag and fly ash) and Water Treatment Sludge without cement addition, and produced using alkali-activated paste, which can be applied in Controlled Low Strength Material. (1) The results show the addition of Water Treatment Sludge decreases workability, but improving the compressive strength. (2) The addition of Water Treatment Sludge increases the initial setting time and drop ball time. (3) The Alkali Equivalent shorten the initial setting time, drop ball time, but reduce compressive strength. (4) Water-to-solid ratio within 0.9, adding Water Treatment Sludge 10%, and the alkali equivalent of 9%, can approach the fresh and harden property of the Public Works Department, Taipei City Government. (5) Cost Analysis for each group of alkali-activated CLSM shows that adding more Water Treatment Sludge can reduce material costs, and higher alkali equivalents increase material costs.
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Tzeng, Yu-Wei, and 曾毓威. "The Preliminary Study of Controlled Low Strength Material Using Bottom Ash and Crushed Masonry Aggregate." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26350608075204831800.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
98
The study was conducted in accordance with current design principal of the controlled low strength material (CLSM) to investigate the compression strength of the concrete cylinders using crushed masonry aggregate in replacement of the aggregates from in-situ soils. These soils from field excavation have been commonly used in practice as aggregate materials of concrete mixture for pipeline trench and other excavation backfills. The results of laboratory tests revealed that the strength of the CLSM concrete increases due to use of the crushed masonry aggregate compared with that using aggregates from in-situ soils. The compression strength increases at 17-30%, 13-22% and 4-10% for the CLSM with water/cement ration of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0, respectively. Based on the test results when the water/cement ratio increases from 2.0 to 3.0, the optimal water/cement ratio beyond which decrease of compression strength due to increasing water/cement ratio becomes less significant is determined to increase from 2.4-2.5 to 2.5-2.6; while the optimal bottom ash content at which compression strength reaches a relative maximum value increases from 35-45% to 45-55%. In addition, the strength development at early stage of the concrete pouring decreases with increasing use of the crushed masonry aggregate. The differences of compression strength between early stage (7-day) and ultimate (28-day) are 0.4-6.5%, 2.7-6.2% and 6.7-12.7% for water/cement ratio of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0, respectively. For a particular water/cement ratio, the replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash introduces no significant influence in strength development (within 3%) for the concrete specimens used in the study.
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Chiu, Tsung-Jen, and 丘宗仁. "A Study on the Controlled Low-Strength Material Quality Determination based on Drilled Cores intensity." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31113243011326672604.
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碩士國立交通大學
工學院工程技術與管理學程
99
In construction inspection, the strength quality of general concrete and controlled low-strength material (CLSM) is mainly evaluated based on the compressive strength of cylindrical specimens and drilled core specimens. For testing the compressive strength of cylindrical specimens, CNS 1232 is the specification for general concrete, and ASTM D4832 for CLSM. These two specifications are different because of varied compressive rates. For drilled core sampling, CN1238 is the specification for general concrete, while CNS1232 is applied for testing the compressive strength. Unfortunately, there is no suitable specification for either CLSM drilled core specimen sampling or CLSM compressive test, domestically as well as internationally. Some divisions adopt CNS1238, a specification for general concrete’s drilled core specimens, for CLSM's drilled core specimens, but due to the low-strength attribute of CLSM (under 90kgf/cm2), it is not clear whether CNS1238 is suitable or not. Furthermore, no report with an approval mark from the TAF research office can be provided. For most general concrete after pouring, it is undisturbed by external forces and has to be maintained according to regulations. Bur for CLSM on the other hand, after the initial setting of CLSM in trench backfill of pipeline projects (an early strength type would take 3.5 hours; a general type would take 12 hours), asphalt concrete has to be paved, rolled, and compacted to avoid disturbing the traffic. In contrast to the fact that general concrete is undisturbed and can be maintained by following regulations, those impacts from rolling and compacting as well as traffic loads on CLSM could significantly affect the initial strength development of CLSM. Presently, reduction regulation on the compressive strength of drilled core specimens of CLSM specified in the construction contract of different pipeline divisions is inconsistent. Some contracts allow no reduction while others reduce the required strength to 85% or 75% of the drilled core strength of general concrete and treat this value as a reference value for quality. This on-site study took place at pipeline projects in Hsinghsu City and County, which is under the jurisdiction of Taiwan Water Corporation Third Branch. Treated as the control group, CLSM specimens from pre-mixed concrete fields were used for a pre-mixed experiment. CLSM specimens from trench backfill construction sites, i.e., the experimental group, were used for an on-site experiment. CLSM Cylindrical specimens as well as drilled core specimens were obtained, and they were tested for over 28-day compressive strength in order to analyze the degree of strength reduction of drilled core specimens. The authors discussed the appropriateness of using drilled core strength as a quality determinant in CSLM construction inspection based on the acquired data.
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Weng, Ming Wei, and 翁明偉. "The Feasibility of Desulfurization/Granulated Slag Resources Recovery on the Controlled Low Strength Material WithoutPortland Cement." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81274797448076799696.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
95
Desulfurization slag, steel-making procedure in The Chinese Steel Company, is the general industrial wastes that can utilize again. It can be regarded as the soda catalyst of granulated slag to proceed pozzolanic reaction, because which is a material of the high pH, content of the heavy metal is rare, content of high CaO and compositions are similar to portland cement. This investigate is an experimental studies of slag cement mortar/CLSM made with granulated/desulfurization slag and without Portland cement, and the natural aggregate be replaced with desulfurization slag aggregate. The important physical-chemical properties needed to be analyzed, including fundamental properties, composition and micro nature of the material, and fresh, hardening, and micro-structure of slag cement mortar/CLSM. The test results show that desulfurization slag can offer enough soda environment, make granulated slag proceed pozzolanic reaction. The content and fineness of granulated slag increased will cause quick setting. And content of desulfurization slag will shorten the spacing interval of initial and final setting time. In addition, the mortar which made with stone, at 28-days compressive strength reaches 42~104 kgf/cm2. The majority can accord with CLSM that 28-days compressive strength does not exceed 84 kgf/cm2. Observation of SEM and XRD, hydrate is mainly calcium carbonate, C-A-M-S crystal and continuous netted gel. And influence of compressive strength is about with whether or not be restrained changed hydrate into C-S-H gel and content of Ca(OH)2. Initial setting time of CLSM is between 7~12.5 hours, it accords with the regulation of normal CLSM. Slump, slump flow and 28-days compressive strength is between 24~28 cm, 49.5~84.0 cm, and 15~27 kgf/cm2 respectively, it accords with the regulation of non-normal CLSM. And the compressive strength increasing degree of later age is small. It accords with the definition of easy re-excavate of CLSM. So the result of study proves the all right recycle treatment of granulated slag and desulfurization slag is in concrete without Portland cement, and applies to CSLM actually.
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Lu, Sung-Chi, and 呂松吉. "The Study of Controlled Low Strength Material Using Sandy Soils from Trench Excavation Mixed with Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d9fa6b.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
96
The study was designed to investigate the mechanical properties of controlled low strength material (CLSM) with the use of re-cycled construction materials such as sandy soils from trench excavation and bottom ash from power plant furnace. A series of tests were conducted at 3 water/cement ratios (1.41, 1.71, and 2.18) and sand soils mixed with bottom ash for selected volume percentages (100:0, 80:20, and 60:40). The results of study indicated that the compressive strength of CLSM is mainly dependent upon the w/c ratio. The lower w/c ration resulted in higher strength of CLSM, especially when w/c ratio is smaller than about 1.6~1.75, the strength increases even more significantly. The results of study also revealed that strength of CLSM also increases with increasing volume percentage of the bottom ash. However, the study preliminarily concluded that the increase tends to become lesser when the bottom ash is greater than about 20-25%. In addition, the results of the study also revealed a preliminary finding that when w/c ratio is smaller than 2.5, the strength of CLSM could be enhanced by properly increasing the volume percentage of bottom ash. This water/cement ratio of 2.5 should be confirmed by further tests and study. For the practical application of the CLSM in the field, the study suggested that w/c ratio between 1.4-2.2 and volume percentage of bottom ash between 20-40% may be used in accordance with project requirements in terms of strength and workability.
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Luo, Yun-Yi, and 羅允憶. "An Experimental Study on the Controlled Low-Strength Material Using the Bottom Ash of Kaohsiung Area Incinerators." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36474518113598064969.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
95
Incineration is considered to be one of the best ways among intermediate treatment technology, because it can dispose the waste effectively, improve the passion regression, and arrive to the aim of reduction and recovery. However, it is the tough issue on how to deal with the incinerator bottom ash produced by incineration. Recently, people realized the importance of environmental protection, and government required strongly about the maintenance of the ecological environment. The old way that deals with incineration bottom ash by solidification landfill is out of time. Furthermore, the land for filling is insufficient and it is difficult to get the landfill. Therefore, how to find the best way to make the reusing reasonable and efficient is to be of great urgency. Controlled Low-Strength Material is a new self-compacting backfill material, which can take place of size gradation. The basic raw material of CLSM includes cement, water, pozzolan, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The high water-to-cement ratio and the large amount of aggregate result in the low strength and the high flowing of CLSM, which is different from general concrete. For general concrete, the higher the strength, the better the quality; by ACI, if only the unconfined compressive strength is required to be no more than 8.4 MPa in 28 days,The requirement for aggregate is not a mandatory. The materials which meet the previous experiment can be applied even if not the standard ones. This study adopts the material (bottom ash) which is provided by Kaohsiung County Southern、Gangshan、Renwu District Waste Management Plant, makes the Specimen mixture by same cement content and different water-to-cement ratio, explores to arrive the aim of whose correction flowability is more than 20cm, initial setting time is in 36 hours and the 28 days unconfined compressive strength is no more than 8.4MPa, and probes into the different influence on the strength of CLSM by mixture bottom ash among factories and the difference of engineering property.
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Cheng, Wei-Kang, and 程維康. "The Influence of Bottom Ash Ratio and Cement Ratio on the Long-term Strength of Controlled Low Strength Material Using Trench Excavation Sandy Soils." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60779442726753020798.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
96
The research was conducted to investigate the short term (28 days) and long term (60 days) strength of the controlled low strength material (CLSM) using the re-cycled materials including the sandy soils from pipe trench excavation and bottom ash from furnace of power plants. The sandy soil from trench excavations was washed and sieved to exclude sizes larger than 3/8” before the specimens were prepared with parameters of selected water cement ratios (3.2, 2.7,2.18,1.71,1.41, and 1.1) and bottom ash ratios (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%). The initial setting time of the CLSM specimens tested ranged from 12 to 36 hours which satisfy the specifications for the field operation. The results of the tests indicate that when the water cement ratio (w/c ratio) is less than 2.14, the 28-day strength of the CLSM increases more significantly up to 403% of that for w/c ratio=3.2. In addition, the 28-day strength reached the maximum when bottom ash ratio is around 50%, which is up to 141% of that for 0%bottom ash. This implies that decreasing the w/c ratio may be a main factor for increasing the short term strength of the CLSM, using the test results of w/c ratios of 2.7, 1.71 and 1.1 and bottom ash ratios of 60, 80 and 100%. The test results also indicated that the long term strength is still under development within 60 days with an increase from 3.9% to 29.95% of the 28-day strength. The significant long term strength development in some cases should be considered in the practical applications of the CLSM.
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Yu, Bo-Syun, and 余柏勲. "Design and Model Free Predictive Current Control for Brushless Direct Current Motors with Low Rare Earth Material." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5zc749.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
系統工程暨造船學系
102
In operation, cogging torque of the motor generates torque ripple, further noise, vibration or shaking, etc. These problems not only affect motor’s performance and life, but also can be used in high-precision control of machinery. In order to solve problems of cogging torque, and improve the interaction of magnetic circuit in the motor. By the micro-structure, reduced the motor usage of rare earth material Through a simple parameter setting, complete the fast simulation analysis to understand the impact of micro-groove structure on the cogging torque. The controller use model free predictive current control(MFPCC) to drive BLDC motor. The MFPCC has insensitive to the motor parameters different form model base predictive current control. The current sampling once before change the switch state. It can avoid current surge when switching state. Application of the brushless DC motor drive will check the feasibility in computer. The tracking current capability by MFPCC compare to model base predictive current control(MBPCC). Completion of the drive control system simulation.
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Lin, Han Ching, and 林漢清. "The Study of A New Class of Low Surface Free Energy Material and Reversible Wettability Control between Superhydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66336077769950104757.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立交通大學
應用化學系所
95
Abstract In this study, we focus on three major subjects which based on non-fluorine low surface energy materials: 1. Thermal and Surface Properties of Phenolic Nanocomposites Containing Octaphenol Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane POSS (Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane) molecule, which contains organic substituents on its outer surface that make the POSS nanostructure compatible with polymers, arouse much attention in recent years. We synthesized a new polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) containing eight phenol functional groups and copolymerized it with phenol and formaldehyde to form a novolac type phenolic/POSS nanocomposites containing high thermal and low surface energy properties. The incorporation of POSS leads to the formation of a surface barrier that minimized the direct contact of the polar phenolic units with the air. The presence of such a barrier not only enhanced the thermal stability of the bulk and surface of these POSS-containing composites but also led to the surface energy being maintained after treatment at high temperature. 2. Effect of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding on Low-Surface-Energy Material of Poly(vinyl phenol) We discovered that the poly(vinyl phenol) (PVPh) possesses extremely low surface energy (15.7 mJ/m2) after a simple thermal treatment procedure, even lower than the poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) (22.0 mJ/m2) calculated based on the two-liquid geometric method. In addition, we also compared surface energies of PVPh-co-PS copolymers (random and block) and their corresponding blends, these random copolymers possess the lowest fraction of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding and surface energy than the corresponding block copolymers or blends after similar thermal treatment. This finding provides a unique and easy method to prepare a low-surface-energy material through simple thermal treatment procedure without using fluoro-polymers or silicones. 3. Reversible Wettability of a Polybenzoxazine-Silica Hybrid Surface between Superhydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity Recently, reversibly controlling the surface wettability has aroused great interest and been demonstrated by various methods, however, multistep processes, stringent preparation specification, and the high cost of forming large-area environmentally responsive surfaces have heretofore limited their practical applications. Herein, we report on a simple two step process to create a roughness-enhanced solvent responsive wettability of a polybenzoxazine-silica hybrid surface. The silica nanoparticles modified with hydroxyl groups should be able to express hydrophilicity by responding to external stimuli. Reversible switching between superhydrophobicity and hydrophilicity can be achieved by repeatedly immersing the surface into selective solvents and drying it in vacuum.
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Tang, Zhenghua. "Optimising the transformation and yield to ultimate strength ratio of Nb-Ti micro-alloyed low carbon line pipe steels through alloy and microstructural control." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26466.
Full textAbstract:
Thinner walled (about 6 mm thickness) line pipe steels for smaller diameter pipelines tend to have a relatively high ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength (YS/UTS) of 0.93 or higher. This study focused on the effect of the microstructures, prior deformation in the austenite, cooling rate, coiling simulation and the additions of some micro-alloying elements on the YS/UTS ratio of a currently produced Nb-Ti and some experimental Nb-Ti-Mo line pipe steels. The experimental research included the design of the chemical compositions for five experimental alloys, simulation of the controlled hot rolling process, the determination of the strain-free as well as the strain affected continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams, phase identification and quantitative assessment of the microstructures by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the latter especially on shadowed carbon extraction replicas and, tensile tests etc. This study indicated that the transformed microstructures of the alloys were a mixture of acicular ferrite plus polygonal ferrite and the volume fraction of acicular ferrite varied from 46.3 to 55.4%. Molybdenum additions did not markedly affect the formation of acicular ferrite after hot rolling and rapid cooling. The microstructural details of the acicular ferrite were successfully revealed by TEM on shadowed extraction replicas. This technique was useful to distinguish the acicular ferrite from the polygonal ferrite through a more smooth surface relief after etching in 2% Nital of the little etched polygonal ferrite whereas the deeper etched acicular ferrite showed parallel sets of internal striations. This made it possible to measure the volume fraction of acicular ferrite in the mixed microstructures of acicular ferrite and polygonal ferrite. The continuous cooling transformation behaviors of two alloys with no molybdenum and with 0.22% Mo were constructed with no prior deformation as well as with prior deformation of the austenite. Molybdenum additions shifted the strain-free CCT diagram towards longer times and expanded the region in which acicular ferrite formed from a cooling rate range of 0.3 to 5 ºCs-1 (Mo-free) to 0.1 to 15 ºCs-1 (with 0.22% Mo). However, its effect was significantly overshadowed by prior deformation in the austenite. The strain affected CCT diagrams for both alloys appear to be similar. The prior deformation had a stronger effect on the CCT diagram than molybdenum additions and promoted acicular ferrite formation, whereas it suppressed the formation of bainite. The prior deformation had two effects in acicular ferrite formation: it promoted nucleation and suppressed its growth and, therefore, resulted in a finer overall grain size. The effect on the YS/UTS ratio at various cooling rates ranging from 1 to 34, 51, 54 or 60 ºCs-1 was investigated in three cases: (i) without prior deformation and coiling simulation, (ii) with no prior deformation but with coiling simulation at 575 and 600 ºC and, (iii) with prior deformation of 33% reduction in the austenite below the Tnr followed by coiling simulation at 575 ºC for 1 hour. It was determined that the YS/UTS ratio was a function of the microstructure and cooling rate in the case treatment (i)) without any coiling simulation and prior deformation. The coarse bainite or acicular ferrite, which was formed at high cooling rates, raised the YS/UTS ratio under conditions of no deformation prior to the transformation. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength also increased with an increase in cooling rate. With coiling conditions (treatment (ii)), the ratio was not sensitive to the cooling rate or the microstructure for the reference Mo-free alloy #6 because the coiling allows recovery of dislocations, thereby decreasing the difference in dislocation density that had arisen between a low and a high cooling rate. The YS/UTS ratio ranged from 0.75 to 0.8 after a simulated coiling at 575 ºC and from 0.76 to 0.78 after a coiling simulation at 600 ºC. Prior deformation (treatment (iii)) in the austenite raised the ratio from 0.81 to 0.86. However, the YS/UTS ratio was not sensitive to cooling rate after coiling at 575 ºC for 1 hour in the cases with and without prior deformation in the austenite. Deformation with a 33% reduction below the Tnr prior to the transformation increased the yield strength more than the ultimate tensile strength, leading to a high YS/UTS ratio that ranged from 0.81 to 0.86. The prior deformation, therefore, had a stronger effect on the YS/UTS ratio than the microstructure. Towards cache optimization in finite automataThesis (PhD (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
PhD
unrestricted